Hydrostratigraphic and geochemical data collected in two adjacent watersheds on the Delmarva Peninsula, in Kent County, Maryland, indicate that shallow subsurface stratigraphy is an important factor that affects the concentrations of nitrogen in ground water discharging as stream base flow. The flux of nitrogen from shallow aquifers can contribute substantially to the eutrophication of streams and estuaries, degrading water quality and aquatic habitats. The information presented in this report includes a hydrostratigraphic framework for the Locust Grove study area, analyses and interpretation of ground-water chemistry, and an analysis of nutrient yields from stream base flow. An understanding of the processes by which ground-water nitrogen discharges to streams is important for optimal management of nutrients in watersheds in which ground-water discharge is an appreciable percentage of total streamflow. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), collected and analyzed hydrostratigraphic and geochemical data in support of ground-water flow modeling by the USEPA.
The adjacent watersheds of Morgan Creek and Chesterville Branch have similar topography and land use; however, reported nitrogen concentrations are generally 6 to 10 milligrams per liter in Chesterville Branch but only 2 to 4 milligrams per liter in Morgan Creek. Ground water in the surficial aquifer in the recharge areas of both streams has high concentrations of nitrate (greater than 10 milligrams per liter as N) and dissolved oxygen. One component of the ground water discharging to Morgan Creek typically is anoxic and contains virtually no dissolved nitrate; most of the ground water discharging to Chesterville Branch is oxygenated and contains moderately high concentrations of nitrate.
The surficial aquifer in the study area is composed of the deeply weathered sands and gravels of the Pensauken Formation (the Columbia aquifer) and the underlying glauconitic sands of the upper Aquia Formation (the Aquia aquifer). The lower 6 to 9 meters of the Aquia Formation is a low-permeability silt-clay with abundant glauconite. The Aquia confining layer underlies the Columbia-Aquia surficial aquifer throughout the study area. The sediment redox transition, identified in cores, that occurs in the upper 0.5 to 1 meter of the Aquia confining layer is thought to be a site for subsurface denitrification of ground water. The first confined aquifer is composed of the glauconitic sands in the upper 9 to 11 meters of the Hornerstown Formation. The Hornerstown aquifer is underlain by 10 to 15 meters of glauconitic silt-clay at the base of the Hornerstown Formation (the Hornerstown confining layer), and 5 meters of low-permeability clay in the underlying Severn Formation.
The Aquia and Hornerstown Formations dip and thicken to the southeast, and the Aquia confining layer subcrops shallowly (within 5 meters of the land surface) in a band that strikes southwest to northeast across the northern edge of the study area. The surficial aquifer is very thin (generally less than 5 meters) north of Morgan Creek, and the alluvial valley of Morgan Creek has incised into the top of the Aquia confining layer. In contrast, the Aquia confining layer lies 22 meters below Chesterville Branch, and the surficial aquifer approaches 30 meters in thickness (away from the creek).
Chemically reduced iron sulfides and glauconite in the Aquia confining layer are likely substrates for denitrification of nitrate in ground water. Evidence from the dissolved concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, iron, argon, and nitrogen gas, and stable nitrogen isotopes support the interpretation that ground water flowing near the top of the Aquia confining layer, or through the confined Hornerstown aquifer, has undergone denitrification. This process appears to have the greatest effect on ground-water chemistry north of Morgan Creek, where the surficial aquifer is thin and a greater percentage of the ground water contacts the Aquia confining layer.
The base-flow discharges of total nitrogen from the two watersheds are of similar magnitude, although Chesterville Branch has somewhat higher loads (29,000 kilograms of nitrogen per year) than Morgan Creek (20,000 kilograms of nitrogen per year), although Morgan Creek has a larger drainage area and a greater discharge of water. The base-flow yield of nitrogen (load per unit area) in Chesterville Branch (median of 0.058 grams per second per square kilometer at the outlet) is more than twice that of Morgan Creek (median of 0.022 grams per second per square kilometer at the outlet), reflecting the higher concentration of nitrate in ground water discharging to Chesterville Branch. Total nitrogen concentrations tend to decrease downstream in Chesterville Branch and increase downstream in Morgan Creek. The downstream trend in Chesterville Branch may be affected by instream nitrogen uptake and denitrification, and an increasing proportion of older, denitrified ground water in downstream discharge. The downstream trends in Morgan Creek may be affected by inflow from tributaries, downstream changes in the source of discharge water, and downstream changes in the riparian zone, which could affect the processes and degree of denitrification.
Although these two watersheds appear to have landscape features (such as topography, land use, and soils) that would produce similar nitrogen discharges, a more detailed examination of landscape features indicates that Chesterville Branch has soils that are slightly better drained, tributary stream outlets at higher altitudes, and a slightly higher percentage of agricultural land. All of these factors have been related to higher nitrogen yields. Nonetheless, most of the data support the interpretation that hydrostratigraphy has the greatest effect in producing the difference in nitrogen yields between the two watersheds.
The removal of the remnants of three hydroelectric dams on the Kalamazoo River near Plainwell, Otsego, and Allegan, Michigan, has been proposed. The benefits of this removal include returning the Kalamazoo River to its pre-dam flow, increasing recreational use and safety on the river, and improving aquatic habitat. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has designated this reach of the Kalamazoo River as a Federal Superfund site because of the historical discharge of papermill waste containing polychlorinated biphenyls. Much of this waste material remains concentrated in organic sediment and kaolinite clay deposited upstream from the three dam foundations. Sediment containing up to 150 milligrams per kilogram polychlorinated biphenyls could move if dam foundations are removed; therefore, it is necessary to estimate the characteristic and configuration of the sediment before work begins.
Data collected from augered sections and sediment cores show that impoundment sediments were deposited in two distinctly different sedimentary environments. Interbedded lacustrine sediments that overlie the pre-dam channel surface consist of organic-rich silt and clay, fine to medium sand, and some gravel. These materials were deposited in a repetitive, cyclic fashion related to former stream velocities when the impoundment water levels were 5-10 feet higher. Lowering of these water levels and demolition of the superstructures of these dams resulted in erosion of much of these instream lacustrine sediments and subsequent deposition of coarse-grained alluvium in the impounded channel behind the remaining dam foundations.
The composite thicknesses of the lacustrine deposits and overlying alluvium was determined from sediment cores collected from each impoundment. The volume of instream sediment contained in each impoundment is estimated to be about 77,600 cubic yards at the Plainwell impoundment; 268,900 cubic yards at the Otsego impoundment; and 1,192,600 cubic yards at the Trowbridge impoundment. Estimates do not include bank or flood-plain deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri024098","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Rheaume, S.J., Rachol, C., Hubbell, D., and Simard, A., 2002, Sediment characteristics and configuration within three dam impoundments on the Kalamazoo River, Michigan, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4098, v, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024098.","productDescription":"v, 58 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333706,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":344064,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4098/pdf/WRIR02-4098.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3852,"rank":99,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4098/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Kalamazoo River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.79858779907225,\n 42.4213022942761\n ],\n [\n -85.79858779907225,\n 42.51614463822353\n ],\n [\n -85.63482284545897,\n 42.51614463822353\n ],\n [\n -85.63482284545897,\n 42.4213022942761\n ],\n [\n -85.79858779907225,\n 42.4213022942761\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc0ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rheaume, S. J.","contributorId":70804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rheaume","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rachol, C. M. 0000-0001-9984-3435","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9984-3435","contributorId":59085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rachol","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubbell, D. L.","contributorId":85636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbell","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simard, Andreanne","contributorId":34180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simard","given":"Andreanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44965,"text":"wri024032 - 2002 - Comparison of the hydrogeology and water quality of a ground-water augmented lake with two non-augmented lakes in northwest Hillsborough County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T19:19:44.229929","indexId":"wri024032","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4032","title":"Comparison of the hydrogeology and water quality of a ground-water augmented lake with two non-augmented lakes in northwest Hillsborough County, Florida","docAbstract":"The hydrologic effects associated with augmenting a lake with ground water from the Upper Floridan aquifer were examined in northwest Hillsborough County, Florida, from June 1996 through May 1999. The hydrogeology, ground-water flow patterns, water budgets, and water-quality characteristics were compared between a lake that has been augmented for more than 30 years (Round Lake) and two nearby nonaugmented lakes (Dosson Lake and Halfmoon Lake).
Compared to the other study lakes, Round Lake is in a more leakage-dominated hydrogeologic setting. The intermediate confining unit is thin or highly breached, which increases the potential for vertical ground-water flow. Round Lake has the least amount of soft, organic lake-bottom sediments and the lake bottom has been dredged deeper and more extensively than the other study lakes, which could allow more leakage from the lake bottom. The area around Round Lake has experienced more sinkhole activity than the other study lakes. During this study, three sinkholes developed around the perimeter of the lake, which may have further disrupted the intermediate confining unit.
Ground-water flow patterns around Round Lake were considerably different than the nonaugmented lakes. For most of the study, groundwater augmentation artificially raised the level of Round Lake to about 2 to 3 feet higher than the adjacent water table. As a result, lake water recharged the surficial aquifer around the entire lake perimeter, except during very wet periods when ground-water inflow occurred around part of the lake perimeter. The non-augmented lakes typically had areas of ground-water inflow and areas of lake leakage around their perimeter, and during wet periods, ground-water inflow occurred around the entire lake perimeter. Therefore, the area potentially contributing ground water to the non-augmented lakes is much larger than for augmented Round Lake. Vertical head loss within the surficial aquifer was greater at Round Lake than the other study lakes, which is additional evidence of the limited confinement at Round Lake.
A comparison of the water quality and lake-bottom sediments at the three lakes indicate that Round Lake is strongly influenced by the addition of large quantities of calcium-bicarbonate enriched augmentation water. Round Lake had higher alkalinity, pH, calcium and dissolved oxygen concentrations, specific conductance, and water clarity than the two non-augmented lakes. Round Lake was generally saturated to supersaturated with respect to calcite, but was undersaturated when augmentation was low and after high rainfall periods. Calcium carbonate has accumulated in the lake sediments from calcite precipitation, from macrophytes such as Nitella sp., and from the deposition of carbonate-rich mollusk shells, such as Planerbella sp., both of which thrive in the high alkalinity lake water. Lake-bottom sediments and aquatic biota at Round Lake had some of the highest radium-226 activity levels measured in a Florida lake. The high radium-226 levels (27 disintegrations per minute per dry mass) can be atrributed to augmenting the lake with ground water from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Although the ground water has relatively low levels of radium-226 (5.8 disintegrations per minute per liter), the large volumes of ground water added to the lake for more than 30 years have caused radium-226 to accumulate in the sediments and lake biota.
The Round Lake basin had higher calcium and bicarbonate concentrations in the surficial aquifer than at the non-augmented lakes, which indicates the lateral leakage of calcium-bicarbonate enriched lake water into the surficial aquifer. Deuterium and oxygen-18 data indicated that water in well nests near the lake consists of as much as 100 percent lake leakage, and water from the augmentation well had a high percentage of recirculated lake water (between 59 and 73 percent lake leakage). The ground water surrounding Round Lake was undersaturated with respect to calcite, indicating that the water is capable of dissolving calcite in the underlying limestone aquifer.
Annual and monthly ground-water outflow (lake leakage) was significantly higher at Round Lake than at the non-augmented lakes for the 3-year study period. Minimum estimates of the total annual ground-water inflow and outflow were made from monthly net ground-water flow values. Based on these estimates, total annual groundwater outflow from Round Lake was more than 10 times higher than for the non-augmented lakes. Local ground-water pumping, augmentation, and hydrogeologic factors are responsible for the high net ground-water outflow at Round Lake. Localized ground-water pumping causes the head difference between the lake and the Upper Floridan aquifer to increase, which increases lake leakage and results in lower lake levels. Augmenting the lake further increases the head difference between the lake, the water table, and the Upper Floridan aquifer, which results in an increase in lateral and vertical lake leakage. The lack of confinement or breaches in the intermediate confining unit facilitates the downward movement of this augmented lake water back into the Upper Floridan aquifer. The increase in ground-water circulation in the leakage-dominated hydrogeologic setting at Round Lake has made the basin more susceptible to karst activity (limestone dissolution, subsidence, and sinkhole formation)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024032","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southwest Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., and Sacks, L.A., 2002, Comparison of the hydrogeology and water quality of a ground-water augmented lake with two non-augmented lakes in northwest Hillsborough County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4032, vi, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024032.","productDescription":"vi, 74 p.","costCenters":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161519,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3839,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024032","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415454,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51961.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":345248,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/PDF_files/wri02_4032_metz.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Hillsborough County","otherGeospatial":"Dosson Lake, Halfmoon Lake, Round Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.5667,\n 28.085\n ],\n [\n -82.483333,\n 28.085\n ],\n [\n -82.483333,\n 28.1333\n ],\n [\n -82.5667,\n 28.1333\n ],\n [\n -82.5667,\n 28.085\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab7e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, Patricia A. pmetz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"Patricia","email":"pmetz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sacks, Laura A.","contributorId":19134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024965,"text":"70024965 - 2002 - Determination of melanterite-rozenite and chalcanthite-bonattite equilibria by humidity measurements at 0.1 MPa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-09T16:27:10.884365","indexId":"70024965","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of melanterite-rozenite and chalcanthite-bonattite equilibria by humidity measurements at 0.1 MPa","docAbstract":"Melanterite (FeSO4·7H2O)-rozenite (FeSO4·4H2O) and chalcanthite (CuSO4·5H2O)-bonattite (CuSO4·3H2O) equilibria were determined by humidity measurements at 0.1 MPa. Two methods were used; one is the gas-flow-cell method (between 21 and 98 °C), and the other is the humiditybuffer method (between 21 and 70 °C). The first method has a larger temperature uncertainty even though it is more efficient. With the aid of humidity buffers, which correspond to a series of saturated binary salt solutions, the second method yields reliable results as demonstrated by very tight reversals along each humidity buffer. These results are consistent with those obtained by the first method, and also with the solubility data reported in the literature. Thermodynamic analysis of these data yields values of 29.231 ± 0.025 and 22.593 ± 0.040 kJ/mol for standard Gibbs free energy of reaction at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa for melanterite-rozenite and chalcanthite-bonattite equilibria, respectively. The methods used in this study hold great potential for unraveling the thermodynamic properties of sulfate salts involved in dehydration reactions at near ambient conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"De Gruyter","doi":"10.2138/am-2002-0112","usgsCitation":"Chou, I., Seal, R., and Hemingway, B.S., 2002, Determination of melanterite-rozenite and chalcanthite-bonattite equilibria by humidity measurements at 0.1 MPa: American Mineralogist, v. 87, no. 1, p. 108-114, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-0112.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"114","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffb4e4b0c8380cd4f343","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, R.R. 0000-0003-0901-2529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":90331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024825,"text":"70024825 - 2002 - Continuous GPS observations of postseismic deformation following the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake (Mw 7.1)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024825","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continuous GPS observations of postseismic deformation following the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake (Mw 7.1)","docAbstract":"Rapid field deployment of a new type of continuously operating Global Positioning System (GPS) network and data from Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) stations that had recently begun operating in the area allow unique observations of the postseismic deformation associated with the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. Innovative solutions in fieldcraft, devised for the 11 new GPS stations, provide high-quality observations with 1-year time histories on stable monuments at remote sites. We report on our results from processing the postseismic GPS data available from these sites, as well as 8 other SCIGN stations within 80 km of the event (a total of 19 sites). From these data, we analyze the temporal character and spatial pattern of the postseismic transients. Data from some sites display statistically significant time variation in their velocities. Although this is less certain, the spatial pattern of change in the postseismic velocity field also appears to have changed. The pattern now is similar to the pre-Landers (pre-1992) secular field, but laterally shifted and locally at twice the rate. We speculate that a 30 km ?? 50 km portion of crust (near Twentynine Palms), which was moving at nearly the North American plate rate (to within 3.5 mm/yr of that rate) prior to the 1992 Landers sequence, now is moving along with the crust to the west of it, as though it has been entrained in flow along with the Pacific Plate as a result of the Landers and Hector Mine earthquake sequence. The inboard axis of right-lateral shear deformation (at lower crustal to upper mantle depth) may have jumped 30 km farther into the continental crust at this fault junction that comprises the southern end of the eastern California shear zone.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000912","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Hudnutt, K., King, N., Galetzka, J., Stark, K., Behr, J., Aspiotes, A., van, W.S., Moffitt, R., Dockter, S., and Wyatt, F., 2002, Continuous GPS observations of postseismic deformation following the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake (Mw 7.1): Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1403-1422, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000912.","startPage":"1403","endPage":"1422","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478721,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140801-153058779","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207858,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000912"},{"id":233105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa57e4b0c8380cd4da68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudnutt, K.W.","contributorId":104674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnutt","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, N.E.","contributorId":29950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galetzka, J.E.","contributorId":95238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galetzka","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stark, K.F.","contributorId":61987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Behr, J.A.","contributorId":36318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behr","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Aspiotes, A.","contributorId":94466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aspiotes","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"van, Wyk S.","contributorId":52757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van","given":"Wyk","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Moffitt, R.","contributorId":73783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moffitt","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dockter, S.","contributorId":98504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dockter","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wyatt, F.","contributorId":68047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyatt","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":44955,"text":"wri024159 - 2002 - Evaluation of passive diffusion bag and dialysis samplers in selected wells at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, July 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T18:15:37.282548","indexId":"wri024159","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4159","title":"Evaluation of passive diffusion bag and dialysis samplers in selected wells at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, July 2001","docAbstract":"Field comparisons of chemical concentrations obtained from dialysis samplers, passive diffusion bag samplers, and low-flow samplers showed generally close agreement in most of the 13 wells tested during July 2001 at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. The data for chloride, sulfate, iron, alkalinity, arsenic, and methane appear to show that the dialysis samplers are capable of accurately collecting a passive sample for these constituents. In general, the comparisons of volatile organic compound concentrations showed a relatively close correspondence between the two different types of diffusion samples and between the diffusion samples and the low-flow samples collected in most wells. Divergence appears to have resulted primarily from the pumping method, either producing a mixed sample or water not characteristic of aquifer water moving through the borehole under ambient conditions. The fact that alkalinity was not detected in the passive diffusion bag samplers, highly alkaline waters without volatilization loss from effervescence, which can occur when a sample is acidified for preservation. Both dialysis and passive diffusion bag samplers are relatively inexpensive and can be deployed rapidly and easily. Passive diffusion bag samplers are intended for sampling volatile organic compounds only, but dialysis samplers can be used to sample both volatile organic compounds and inorganic solutes. Regenerated cellulose dialysis samplers, however, are subject to biodegradation and probably should be deployed no sooner than 2 weeks prior to recovery.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n1 U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina.\r\n\r\n2 Air Florce Center for Environmental Excellence, San Antionio, Texas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024159","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., and Pravecek, T., 2002, Evaluation of passive diffusion bag and dialysis samplers in selected wells at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, July 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4159, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024159.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162263,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415510,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52343.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3829,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024159/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hickam Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.9711,\n 21.3497\n ],\n [\n -157.9711,\n 21.3133\n ],\n [\n -157.9256,\n 21.3133\n ],\n [\n -157.9256,\n 21.3497\n ],\n [\n -157.9711,\n 21.3497\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fac13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pravecek, Tasha","contributorId":11260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pravecek","given":"Tasha","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024185,"text":"70024185 - 2002 - An ecosystem report on the Panama Canal: Monitoring the status of the forest communities and the watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024185","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An ecosystem report on the Panama Canal: Monitoring the status of the forest communities and the watershed","docAbstract":"In 1996, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Republic of Panama's Environmental Authority, with support from the United States Agency for International Development, undertook a comprehensive program to monitor the ecosystem of the Panama Canal watershed. The goals were to establish baseline indicators for the integrity of forest communities and rivers. Based on satellite image classification and ground surveys, the 2790 km2 watershed had 1570 km2 of forest in 1997, 1080 km2 of which was in national parks and nature monuments. Most of the 490 km2 of forest not currently in protected areas lies along the west bank of the Canal, and its management status after the year 2000 turnover of the Canal from the U.S. to Panama remains uncertain. In forest plots designed to monitor forest diversity and change, a total of 963 woody plant species were identified and mapped. We estimate there are a total of 850-1000 woody species in forests of the Canal corridor. Forests of the wetter upper reaches of the watershed are distinct in species composition from the Canal corridor, and have considerably higher diversity and many unknown species. These remote areas are extensively forested, poorly explored, and harbor an estimated 1400-2200 woody species. Vertebrate monitoring programs were also initiated, focusing on species threatened by hunting and forest fragmentation. Large mammals are heavily hunted in most forests of Canal corridor, and there was clear evidence that mammal density is greatly reduced in hunted areas and that this affects seed predation and dispersal. The human population of the watershed was 113 000 in 1990, and grew by nearly 4% per year from 1980 to 1990. Much of this growth was in a small region of the watershed on the outskirts of Panama City, but even rural areas, including villages near and within national parks, grew by 2% per year. There is no sewage treatment in the watershed, and many towns have no trash collection, thus streams near large towns are heavily polluted. Analyses of sediment loads in rivers throughout the watershed did not indicate that erosion has been increasing as a result of deforestation, rather, erosion seems to be driven largely by total rainfall and heavy rainfall events that cause landslides. Still, models suggest that large-scale deforestation would increase landslide frequency, and failure to detect increases in erosion could be due to the gradual deforestation rate and the short time period over which data are available. A study of runoff showed deforestation increased the amount of water from rainfall that passed directly into streams. As a result, dry season flow was reduced in a deforested catchment relative to a forested one. Currently, the Panama Canal watershed has extensive forest areas and streams relatively unaffected by humans. But impacts of hunting and pollution near towns are clear, and the burgeoning population will exacerbate these impacts in the next few decades. Changes in policies regarding forest protection and pollution control are necessary.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1020378926399","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Ibanez, R., Condit, R., Angehr, G., Aguilar, S., Garcia, T., Martinez, R., Sanjur, A., Stallard, R., Wright, S., Rand, A., and Heckadon, S., 2002, An ecosystem report on the Panama Canal: Monitoring the status of the forest communities and the watershed: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 80, no. 1, p. 65-95, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020378926399.","startPage":"65","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207264,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020378926399"},{"id":232069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea2ee4b0c8380cd486a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ibanez, R.","contributorId":40761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ibanez","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Condit, R.","contributorId":88529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condit","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Angehr, G.","contributorId":7042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angehr","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aguilar, S.","contributorId":57625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aguilar","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Garcia, T.","contributorId":57241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martinez, R.","contributorId":36558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sanjur, A.","contributorId":81276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanjur","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stallard, R. 0000-0001-8209-7608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8209-7608","contributorId":12653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Wright, S.J.","contributorId":92765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rand, A.S.","contributorId":40762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rand","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Heckadon, S.","contributorId":95232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heckadon","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":54117,"text":"wdrTX015 - 2002 - Water resources data Texas, water year 2001, volume 5. Guadalupe River basin, Nueces River basin, Rio Grande basin, and intervening coastal basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T11:09:26","indexId":"wdrTX015","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T21:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"TX-01-5","title":"Water resources data Texas, water year 2001, volume 5. Guadalupe River basin, Nueces River basin, Rio Grande basin, and intervening coastal basins","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2001 water year for Texas are presented in six volumes, and consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and canals; stage, contents, and water-quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. Volume 5 contains records for water discharge at 77 gaging stations; stage only at 4 gaging stations; stage and contents at 5 lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 27 gaging stations; and data for 23 partial-record stations comprised of 3 flood-hydrograph, 8 low-flow, 4 crest-stage, and 3 miscellaneous stations. Also included are lists of discontinued surface-water discharge or stage-only stations and discontinued surface-water-quality stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in Texas. 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Colorado River basin, Lavaca River basin, and intervening coastal basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T11:09:43","indexId":"wdrTX014","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"TX-01-4","title":"Water resources data Texas, water year 2001, volume 4. Colorado River basin, Lavaca River basin, and intervening coastal basins","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2001 water year for Texas are presented in six volumes, and consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and canals; stage, contents, and water-quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. 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Colorado River basin, Lavaca River basin, and intervening coastal basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report TX-01-4, HTML Document; Report: xxx, 355 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrTX014.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: xxx, 355 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5553,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrtx014/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":334012,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-TX-01-4/pdf/VOL4-2001.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -102.3486328125,\n 33.394759218577995\n ],\n [\n -101.0302734375,\n 32.91648534731439\n ],\n [\n -100.21728515624999,\n 32.11980111179328\n ],\n [\n -99.20654296875,\n 31.259769987394286\n ],\n [\n -98.50341796875,\n 30.845647420182598\n ],\n [\n -97.2509765625,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -96.70166015624999,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -96.21826171874999,\n 29.132970130878636\n ],\n [\n -96.1083984375,\n 28.729130483430154\n ],\n [\n -96.56982421875,\n 28.20760859532738\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 28.033197847676377\n ],\n [\n -97.2509765625,\n 27.877928333679495\n ],\n [\n -97.822265625,\n 27.916766641249065\n ],\n [\n -98.26171875,\n 28.033197847676377\n ],\n [\n -98.72314453125,\n 28.478348692223165\n ],\n [\n -99.42626953125,\n 28.844673680771795\n ],\n [\n -100.0634765625,\n 29.516110386062277\n ],\n [\n -100.5029296875,\n 30.12612436422458\n ],\n [\n -101.62353515625,\n 30.90222470517144\n ],\n [\n -102.10693359375,\n 31.12819929911196\n ],\n [\n -102.67822265625,\n 31.55981453201843\n ],\n [\n -103.11767578124999,\n 32.45415593941475\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 33.779147331286474\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd2f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gandara, Susan C.","contributorId":178740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gandara","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54115,"text":"wdrTX013 - 2002 - Water resources data Texas, water year 2001, volume 3. San Jacinto River basin, Brazos River basin, San Bernard River basin, and intervening coastal basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T17:03:22","indexId":"wdrTX013","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"TX-01-3","title":"Water resources data Texas, water year 2001, volume 3. San Jacinto River basin, Brazos River basin, San Bernard River basin, and intervening coastal basins","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2001 water year for Texas are presented in six volumes, and consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and canals; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. Volume 3 contains records for water discharge at 83 gaging stations; stage only at 8 gaging stations; stage and contents at 32 lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 27 gaging stations; and data for 46 partial-record stations comprised of 21 flood-hydrograph, 22 low-flow, and 3 miscellaneous stations. Also included are lists of discontinued surface-water discharge or stage-only stations and discontinued surface- water-quality stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Federal, State, and local agencies in Texas. Records for a few pertinent stations in the bordering States also are included.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrTX013","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Texas and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Gandara, S.C., 2002, Water resources data Texas, water year 2001, volume 3. San Jacinto River basin, Brazos River basin, San Bernard River basin, and intervening coastal basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report TX-01-3, HTML Document; Report: xxxii, 492 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrTX013.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: xxxii, 492 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334013,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-TX-01-3/pdf/VOL3-2001.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":5552,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdrtx013/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 34.06176136129718\n ],\n [\n -102.667236328125,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -101.84326171875,\n 33.4955977448657\n ],\n [\n -101.1181640625,\n 33.073130945006625\n ],\n [\n -100.118408203125,\n 32.602361666817515\n ],\n [\n -98.96484375,\n 31.840232667909365\n ],\n [\n -97.767333984375,\n 30.968189296794247\n ],\n [\n -97.14111328125,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -96.52587890625,\n 29.707139348134145\n ],\n [\n -96.21826171874999,\n 29.219302076779456\n ],\n [\n -95.95458984375,\n 28.545925723233477\n ],\n [\n -95.526123046875,\n 28.70986084394286\n ],\n [\n -95.00976562499999,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -94.757080078125,\n 29.248063243796576\n ],\n [\n -94.85595703125,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -95.03173828125,\n 29.983486718474694\n ],\n [\n -95.614013671875,\n 30.80791068136646\n ],\n [\n -96.35009765625,\n 31.5504526754715\n ],\n [\n -97.086181640625,\n 32.045332838858506\n ],\n [\n -98.06396484375,\n 32.861132322810946\n ],\n [\n -99.2724609375,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -100.72265625,\n 34.243594729697406\n ],\n [\n -101.458740234375,\n 34.615126683462194\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 35.003003395276714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd30d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gandara, Susan C.","contributorId":178740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gandara","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50629,"text":"ofr02159 - 2002 - Flow-velocity, water-temperature and conductivity data collected in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 wet seasons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T15:43:09.677069","indexId":"ofr02159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-159","title":"Flow-velocity, water-temperature and conductivity data collected in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 wet seasons","docAbstract":"A project within the U. S. Geological Survey Place- Based Studies Program is focused on investigation of ?Forcing Effects on Flow Structure in Vegetated Wetlands of the Everglades.? Data-collection efforts conducted within this project at three locations in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, during the 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 wet seasons are described in this report. Techniques for collecting and processing the data and summaries of daily mean flowvelocity, water-temperature, and conductivity data are presented. The quality-checked and edited data have been compiled and stored on the USGS South Florida Information Access website.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02159","usgsCitation":"Flow-Velocity, Water-Temperature and Conductivity Data Collected in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, During 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 Wet Seasons; 2002; OFR; 2002-159; Riscassi, Ami L.; Schaffranek, R. W.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0159/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4123,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0159/ofr02-159.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2002-0159"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.35291405682605,\n 26.41134811620782\n ],\n [\n -81.27638804061057,\n 26.41134811620782\n ],\n [\n -81.27638804061057,\n 25.046450291276315\n ],\n [\n -80.35291405682605,\n 25.046450291276315\n ],\n [\n -80.35291405682605,\n 26.41134811620782\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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Davie, FL 33314
The pools in the lower reach of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the adjoining Lake Mallalieu, are eutrophic because of high phosphorus loading. To determine how changes in phosphorus loading would affect the trophic status of these pools, the water-quality model, BATHTUB, was used to simulate existing (1999) water quality and simulate the water quality with various phosphorus-loading scenarios. Water quality in the pools may respond differently during different flow regimes; therefore, sensitivity and scenario evaluations were performed not only for 1999, but also for a simulated period with relatively low flows throughout the basin (using flow data from 1988) and for a simulated period with relatively high flows throughout the basin (using flow data from 1996).
\nOn the basis of the BATHTUB simulations, linear increases in phosphorus loading should cause the following changes in water quality in each of the pools: linear increases in phosphorus concentrations, although at a smaller rate than the increase in loading; non-linear increases in chlorophyll a concentrations, with a smaller relative response with higher phosphorus loading; increase in the frequency of algal blooms, with a higher frequency of intense algal blooms; and slightly decreased water clarity.
\nThe response in water quality to changes in the phosphorus loading should be relatively similar regardless of the flow regime. Reducing phosphorus loading by about 50 percent would be necessary for the Lake St. Croix pools to be classified as mesotrophic with respect to phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations, whereas a larger reduction in phosphorus loading would be needed for Lake Mallalieu to be classified as mesotrophic. Even with these reductions, water clarity will remain poor because of the high non-algal turbidity and stained water in the pools.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024181","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., and Lenz, B.N., 2002, Response of the St. Croix River pools, Wisconsin and Minnesota, to various phosphorus-loading scenarios: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4181, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024181.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3834,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir-02-4181/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82252,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4181/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4181/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"St. Croix River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.8729248046875,\n 46.1912395780416\n ],\n [\n -93.394775390625,\n 45.924408558629004\n ],\n [\n -93.5980224609375,\n 45.60250901510302\n ],\n [\n -93.71337890625,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -93.5650634765625,\n 45.19752230305685\n ],\n [\n -93.306884765625,\n 45.023067895446175\n ],\n [\n -93.0267333984375,\n 44.87144275016589\n ],\n [\n -92.9608154296875,\n 44.695992981720714\n ],\n [\n -92.625732421875,\n 44.50434127765394\n ],\n [\n -92.274169921875,\n 44.35920579433503\n ],\n [\n -91.9940185546875,\n 44.42593442145313\n ],\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 44.55133484083592\n ],\n [\n -92.1148681640625,\n 45.42544355958045\n ],\n [\n -92.16430664062499,\n 45.67932023569538\n ],\n [\n -92.0599365234375,\n 46.00459325574482\n ],\n [\n -92.3236083984375,\n 46.3886223381617\n ],\n [\n -92.74108886718749,\n 46.426499019253\n ],\n [\n -92.8729248046875,\n 46.1912395780416\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f782f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lenz, Bernard N.","contributorId":85170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44975,"text":"wri024075 - 2002 - Ground-water levels in the Floridan-Midville aquifer in the Breezy Hill area, Aiken and Edgefield Counties, South Carolina, April 1999-November 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T20:40:17.522486","indexId":"wri024075","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4075","title":"Ground-water levels in the Floridan-Midville aquifer in the Breezy Hill area, Aiken and Edgefield Counties, South Carolina, April 1999-November 2000","docAbstract":"The Breezy Hill area in Aiken and Edgefield Counties of west-central South Carolina is a rapidly growing region in need of increasing amounts of ground water. From 1995 to 1998, the local water utility increased ground-water withdrawals in the Breezy Hill area from 1.4 to 2.1 million gallons per day to meet water-supply demands. As development continues, future demands for ground water will likely put stress on the surfaceand ground-water resources of the area. To address this issue, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Aiken County, compiled and interpreted geologic and hydrologic data needed to map the ground-water system in the Breezy Hill study area.
The Breezy Hill study area consists of four interfluvial areas comprising the regions between Horse and Little Horse Creeks, Little Horse and Hightower Creeks, Hightower Creek and Franklin Branch, and Franklin Branch and Mims Branch. Across the interfluvial areas, the average elevation of the water-level surface ranged from 200 to 480 feet above sea level, and the average saturated thickness of the Floridan-Midville aquifer ranged from less than 20 to 70 feet thick. A water-level contour map of the surface of the Floridan-Midville aquifer indicates that recharge to the aquifer occurs mainly within the interfluves. Recharge is derived principally from precipitation, although there is some potential for ground-water recharge from underlying crystalline rocks. Ground water discharges along the flanks of the interfluves into the bounding streams where the elevations of the ground water and streams coincide.
From April 1999 to November 2000, calculated long-term normal precipitation totaled about 84.0 inches; however, actual recorded precipitation totaled 69.2 inches, representing about a 17.6 percent decrease in precipitation during this period. Published estimates of annual evapotranspiration range from 30 to 35 inches.
A U.S. Geological Survey surface-water gaging station located near the center of the study area on Little Horse Creek monitors runoff from a drainage area of 26.6 square miles. Average annual flow for the station for water years 1990-2000 was 33.8 cubic feet per second. From April 1999 to November 2000, the monthly average flow was less than the average monthly flow for the longterm record, excluding December 1999 to March 2000 when no data were collected. Monthly average flow for Little Horse Creek exceeded the normal monthly flow during June and July 1999.
Ground water in the Breezy Hill area is principally withdrawn from the unconfined Floridan- Midville aquifer. Ground-water withdrawals by the local water utility increased 37 percent from 1989 to 2000 (315.2 to 500 million gallons, respectively). From January 1999 to December 2000, the utility exceeded the long-term monthly average groundwater withdrawals for every month except September and December 2000. Calculated long-term monthly ground-water withdrawals by the utility for a 20-month period from April 1999 to November 2000 totaled 674 million gallons; however, actual ground-water withdrawals totaled 883 million gallons, which is 31 percent more than the long-term average ground-water withdrawals for the production wells.
Published estimates of average annual ground-water recharge rates for the study area range from 13 to 15 inches per year. A base-flow recession analysis of streamflow data for Little Horse Creek provided an estimated recharge rate of 14.9 inches per year for the drainage area. Using an estimated average porosity ranging from 30 to 35 percent observed in sand-aquifer cores, the average annual recharge of 13 to 15 inches would cause a 3.6- to 4.1-foot water-level change to the saturated thickness of the aquifer, if applied instantaneously. The water-level declines observed in wells from April 1999 to November 2000 approximated an average decline of 4 feet.
From November 1999 to November 2000, ground-water levels in six wells near utility pumping centers declined 2 to 5 feet. Long-term waterlevel declines of 10.27 and 11.50 feet were measured in two wells between May 1992 and April 2000, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024075","usgsCitation":"Harrelson, L.G., Falls, W.F., and Prowell, D.C., 2002, Ground-water levels in the Floridan-Midville aquifer in the Breezy Hill area, Aiken and Edgefield Counties, South Carolina, April 1999-November 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4075, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024075.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162173,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411738,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51833.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3848,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024075/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Aiken County, Edgefield County","otherGeospatial":"Floridan-Midville aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.9542,\n 33.6583\n ],\n [\n -81.9542,\n 33.48\n ],\n [\n -81.7747,\n 33.48\n ],\n [\n -81.7747,\n 33.6583\n ],\n [\n -81.9542,\n 33.6583\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667573","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrelson, Larry G.","contributorId":70059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrelson","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falls, W. Fred 0000-0003-2928-9795 wffalls@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2928-9795","contributorId":107754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falls","given":"W.","email":"wffalls@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Fred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prowell, David C.","contributorId":46956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prowell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54353,"text":"wdrIA011 - 2002 - Water resources data Iowa water year 2001, Volume 1. surface water--Mississippi River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T08:18:48","indexId":"wdrIA011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IA-01-1","title":"Water resources data Iowa water year 2001, Volume 1. surface water--Mississippi River basin","docAbstract":"Water resources data for water year 2000 for Iowa consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This report, in two volumes, contains stage or discharge records for 126 gaging stations; stage or contents records for 9 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality records for 4 gaging stations; sediment records for 12 gaging stations; and water levels for 167 ground-water observation wells. Also included are peak-flow data for 93 crest-stage partial-record stations, water-quality data from 45 municipal wells, and precipitation data collected at 6 gaging stations and 2 precipitation sites. Additional water data were collected at various sites not included in the systematic data-collection program, and are published here as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, State, and Federal agencies in Iowa.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrIA011","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (Geological Survey Bureau), Iowa Department of Transportation, and with Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Nalley, G., Gorman, J., Goodrich, R., Miller, V., Turco, M., and Linhart, S.M., 2002, Water resources data Iowa water year 2001, Volume 1. surface water--Mississippi River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IA-01-1, xiii, 383 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIA011.","productDescription":"xiii, 383 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":87871,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2001/ia-01-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":5444,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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V.E.","contributorId":43423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Turco, M.J.","contributorId":63092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turco","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Linhart, S. M.","contributorId":102517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linhart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":54354,"text":"wdrIA012 - 2002 - Water resources data, Iowa, water year 2001, Volume 2. surface water--Missouri River basin, and ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T08:27:52","indexId":"wdrIA012","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IA-01-2","title":"Water resources data, Iowa, water year 2001, Volume 2. surface water--Missouri River basin, and ground water","docAbstract":"The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State, county, municipal, and other Federal agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Iowa each water year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. To make this data readily available to interested parties outside of the Geological Survey, the data is published annually in this report series entitled “Water Resources Data - Iowa” as part of the National Water Data System.
Water resources data for water year 2001 for Iowa consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This report, in two volumes, contains stage or discharge records for 132 gaging stations; stage records for 9 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality records for 4 gaging stations; sediment records for 13 gaging stations; and water levels for 163 ground-water observation wells. Also included are peak-flow data for 92 crest-stage partial-record stations, water-quality data from 86 municipal wells, and precipitation data collected at 6 gaging stations and 2 precipitation sites. Additional water data were collected at various sites not included in the systematic data-collection program, and are published here as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, State, and Federal agencies in Iowa.
Records of discharge or stage of streams, and contents or stage of lakes and reservoirs were first published in a series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled “Surface Water Supply of the United States.” Through September 30, 1960, these water-supply papers were published in an annual series; during 1961-65 and 1966-70, they were published in 5- year series. Records of chemical quality, water temperatures, and suspended sediment were published from 1941 to 1970 in an annual series of water-supply papers entitled “Quality of Surface Waters of the United States.” Records of ground-water levels were published from 1935 to 1974 in a series of water-supply papers entitled “Ground-Water Levels in the United States.” Water-supply papers may be consulted in the libraries of the principal cities in the United States, or they may be purchased from Books and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, Colorado 80225.
For water years 1961 through 1970, streamflow data were released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Water-quality records for water years 1964 through 1970 were similarly released either in separate reports or in conjunction with streamflow records.
Beginning with the 1971 water year, water data for streamflow, water quality, and ground water is published in official U.S. Geological Survey reports on a State-boundary basis. These official reports carry an identification number consisting of the two-letter State postal abbreviation, the last two digits of the water year, and the volume number. For example, this report is identified as “U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report IA-01-1.” These water-data reports are for sale by the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
Water resources data published herein for the 2001 water year comprise the following records:
o Water discharge for 168 gaging stations on streams, canals and drains.
o Discharge for 146 peak-flow stations and miscellaneous sites, and 14 springs.
o Stage and contents for 20 lakes and reservoirs.
o Water-quality data for 95 stream, lake, canal, spring, and drain sites, and 53 wells.
o Water levels for 97 primary/continuous record wells, and 654 secondary observation wells.
o Water withdrawals for 12 wells
o Precipitation totals for 31 stations.
Additional water-data, collected at various sites that are not part of the systematic data-collection program, are published
as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Information System
operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Nevada.