{"pageNumber":"139","pageRowStart":"3450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":70015442,"text":"70015442 - 1989 - Review of magnetic and electric field effects near active faults and volcanoes in the U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:13:41","indexId":"70015442","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Review of magnetic and electric field effects near active faults and volcanoes in the U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Synchronized measurements of geomagnetic field have been recorded along 800 km of the San Andreas fault and in the Long Valley caldera since 1974, and during eruptions on Mount St. Helens since 1980. For shorter periods of time, continuous measurements of geoelectric field measurements have been made on Mount St. Helens and near the San Andreas fault where moderate seismicity and fault slip frequently occurs. Significant tectonic and volcanic events for which nearby magnetic and electric field data have been obtained include: (1) two moderate earthquakes (ML > 5.8) for which magnetometers were close enough to expect observable signals (about three source lengths), (2) one moderate earthquake (MS 7.3) for which magnetometers were installed as massive fluid outflow occurred during the post-seismic phase, (3) numerous fault creep events and moderate seismicity, (4) a major explosive volcanic eruption and numerous minor extrusive eruptions, and (5) an episode of aseismic uplift. For one of the two earthquakes with ML > 5.8, seismomagnetic effects of -1.3 and -0.3 nT were observed. For this event, magnetometers were optimally located near the epicenter and the observations obtained are consistent with simple seismomagnetic models of the event. Similar models for the other event indicate that the expected seismomagnetic effects are below the signal resolution of the nearest magnetometer. Precursive tectonomagnetic effects were recorded on two independent instruments at distances of 30 and 50 km from a ML 5.2 earthquake. Longer-term changes were recorded in one region in southern California where a moderate ML 5.9 earthquake has since occurred. Surface observations of fault creep events have no associated magnetic or electrical signature above the present measurement precision (0.25 nT and 0.01%, respectively) and are consistent with near-surface fault failure models of these events. Longer-term creep is sometimes associated with corresponding longer-term magnetic field perturbations. Correlated changes in gravity, magnetic field, areal strain, and uplift occurred during episodes of aseismic deformation in southern California primarily between 1979 and 1983. Because the relationships between these parameters agrees with those calculated from simple deformation and tectonomagnetic models, the preferred explanation appeals to short-term strain episodes independently detected in each data set. An unknown source of meteorologically generated noise in the strain, gravity, and uplift data and an unknown, but correlated, disturbance in the absolute magnetic data might also explain the data. No clear observations of seismoelectric or tectonoelectric effects have yet been reported. The eruption of Mount St. Helens generated large oscillatory fields and 9 ?? 2 nT offset on the only surviving magnetometer. A large-scale traveling magnetic disturbance passed through the San Andreas array from 1 to 2 h after the eruption. Subsequent extrusive eruptions generated small precursory magnetic changes in some cases. These data are consistent with a simple volcanomagnetic model, magneto-gas dynamic effects, and a blast excited traveling ionospheric disturbance. Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs), also generated by earthquake-related atmospheric pressure waves, may explain many electromagnetic disturbances apparently associated with earthquakes. Local near-fault magnetic field transients rarely exceed a few nT at periods of a few minutes and longer. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(89)90213-6","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M., 1989, Review of magnetic and electric field effects near active faults and volcanoes in the U.S.A.: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 57, no. 1-2, p. 47-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90213-6.","startPage":"47","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267323,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90213-6"},{"id":224039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac75e4b0c8380cd86d40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015439,"text":"70015439 - 1989 - The nature of the crust in the Yukon-Koyukuk province as inferred from the chemical and isotopic composition of five Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary volcanic fields in western Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T21:50:49.050742","indexId":"70015439","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The nature of the crust in the Yukon-Koyukuk province as inferred from the chemical and isotopic composition of five Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary volcanic fields in western Alaska","docAbstract":"

Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary volcanic and plutonic rocks in western Alaska comprise a vast magmatic province extending from the Alaska Range north to the Arctic Circle, south to Bristol Bay, and west to the Bering Sea Shelf. The chemical and isotopic composition of five of these Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary volcanic fields in the north central part of this province were studied to determine if Paleozoic or older continental crust underlies the Yukon-Koyukuk province. Three of the fields, the Blackburn Hills, Yukon River, and Kanuti, occur within the Yukon-Koyukuk province and two, the Sischu and Nowitna, overlie bordering Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic terranes to the southeast. High initial 87Sr/86Sr of 0.7075–0.7079 and moderate initial 143Nd/144Nd of 0.51244–0.51247 of rhyolite, dacite, and high-silica andesite of the Sischu volcanic field indicate that the magmas have interacted with the underlying Paleozoic or older continental crust. The relatively limited variation of isotopic (initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7044–0.7051; initial 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51256–0.51257) and elemental compositions of andesites from the Nowitna field can be accounted for by assimilation of small amounts of Paleozoic or older continental crust during crystal fractionation of andesite parent magmas at crustal levels. The Blackburn Hills field, which consists of medium-K basalt, andesite, and rhyolite intruded by a small granitic pluton, has a large range in initial 87Sr/86Sr and initial 143Nd/144Nd that plot in the field for 60 Ma mantle, from near mid-ocean ridge basalts to near “bulk-earth” compositions (initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7033–0.7052; initial 143Nd/144Nd = 0.51253–0.51290). Andesites and basalts from the Blackburn Hills are divided into two group on the basis of rare earth element (REE) and isotopic composition. Isotopic variation in the more primitive group 1 is best explained by assimilation of the lower crust of the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Koyukuk terrane by mantle-derived basalts during crystal fractionation, though part of the isotopic variation may be due to metasomatism of an oceanic island basalt type mantle source by fluids derived from subducted sediments. Group 2 andesites from the Blackburn Hills have lower heavy REE abundances and more enriched isotopic compositions. These group 2 andesites and dacites from the Kanuti field, which have (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7043–0.7048 and (143Nd/144Nd)i = 0.51248–0.51267, appear to have formed by partial melting of the lower crust of the Koyukuk terrane. The Yukon River field consists of basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite having (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7037–0.7051 and (143Nd/144Nd)i = 0.51266–0.51280; its isotopic composition does not require the presence of Paleozoic or older continental crust under the volcanic field and may have formed by interaction between mantle-derived melts and the oceanic Angayucham/Tozitna or island arc Koyukuk terrane. Most of the intrusive rocks and rhyolite domes from the Blackburn Hills volcanic field have (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7038–0.7041 and dacites from the Kanuti volcanic field have (87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7043–0.7048. Thus little or no old continental crust was involved in the genesis of the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary rocks and therefore probably does not extend beneath this part of the Yukon-Koyukuk province. However, the ultimate source of the small volumes of enriched shoshonitic andesite (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7075, 143Nd/144Nd = 0.5125) erupted at 118 Ma in the Yukon-Koyukuk province may be continental lithosphere, which may have been thrust under this part of the Yukon-Koyukuk province during arc-continent collision in the Early Cretaceous.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15989","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moll-Stalcup, E., and Arth, J.G., 1989, The nature of the crust in the Yukon-Koyukuk province as inferred from the chemical and isotopic composition of five Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary volcanic fields in western Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15989-16020, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15989.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"15989","endPage":"16020","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae05e4b08c986b323ebd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moll-Stalcup, E.","contributorId":84636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moll-Stalcup","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015430,"text":"70015430 - 1989 - Multiple hydrothermal and metamorphic events in the Kidd Creek volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit, Timmins, Ontario: evidence from tourmalines and chlorites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T18:00:59.120917","indexId":"70015430","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple hydrothermal and metamorphic events in the Kidd Creek volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit, Timmins, Ontario: evidence from tourmalines and chlorites","docAbstract":"

Tourmaline and chlorite are the principal ferromagnesian silicate minerals in the Kidd Creek massive sulphide deposit. Tourmaline is most common in sphalerite-rich peripheral margins of the chalcopyrite stringer zone. Within the north orebody, samples typically contain <1% tourmaline, but small areas (hand-specimen scale) may have 10–20%. Chlorite is more widely distributed and in places constitutes 30–50% of rock volumes. Associated assemblages may include quartz, sulphides (principally chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and (or) pyrite), carbonate, albite, sericite, and rare fluorite, allanite, or zoisite(?).The tourmalines and chlorites record a series of multiple hydrothermal and metamorphic events. Paragenetic studies suggest that tourmaline was deposited during several discrete stages of mineralization, as evidenced by brecciation and cross-cutting relationships. Most of the tourmalines have two concentric growth zones defined by different colours (green, brown, blue, yellow). Some tourmalines also display pale discordant rims that cross-cut and embay the inner growth zones and polycrystalline, multiple-extinction domains. Late sulphide veinlets (chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite) transect the inner growth zones and pale discordant rims of many crystals. The concentric growth zones are interpreted as primary features developed by the main ore-forming hydrothermal system, whereas the discordant rims, polycrystalline domains, and cross-cutting sulphide veinlets reflect post-ore metamorphic processes.Detailed electron microprobe analyses of tourmalines show a wide compositional range, from Fe-rich dravite nearly to end-member schorl, with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios varying from 0.33 to 0.92; only minor amounts of Ca are present, yielding uniformly high Na/(Na + Ca) ratios of 0.84–0.99. Two sets of chemical zoning trends are identified in the tourmalines, involving systematic changes in Fe/(Fe + Mg), Na/(Na + Ca), Al, and Ti that are believed to reflect internal coupled substitutions (e.g.,  + Ti = Na + Al) and local mineral equilibria (e.g., tourmaline–chlorite). Analyses of the pale discordant reaction rims show consistent depletion of Fe, Ca, and Ti, presumably by fluid–solid reactions during post-ore metamorphism.Chlorites also show an extensive range in composition, from ripidolite nearly to end-member daphnite, with Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios of 0.43–0.98 and Si cation values of 5.00–5.39. Chlorites from the fringes of the footwall stringer zone have narrow compositional ranges, whereas chlorites near footwall rhyolite sills in the core of the stringer zone display major variations in Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios, including one sample with a range of 0.68–0.95. The former group of chlorites has Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios that correlate well with those of coexisting tourmalines (exclusive of late reaction rims). Data for the latter group, in contrast, fall off equilibrium KD curves, indicating that the tourmalines and chlorites within these samples are not in chemical equilibrium. The chlorites are believed to have been altered (overprinted) by Fe-rich hydrothermal fluids apparently generated during intrusion of the rhyolite sills. The tourmalines, however, are unaffected and retain primary chemical signatures.Variations in mineral proportions and mineral chemistry within the deposit mainly depend on fluctuations in temperature, pH, water/rock ratios, and amounts of entrained seawater. The major proposed control is mixing between high-temperature, Fe-rich end-member hydrothermal fluids and cold, Mg-rich entrained seawater. Fe/(Fe + Mg) variations in footwall tourmalines (and equilibrium chlorites) are believed to largely reflect the progressive infiltration of Mg-rich seawater into the margins and top of the hydrothermal system. The more Fe-rich compositions of Kidd Creek tourmalines relative to those from sediment-hosted massive sulphide deposits (e.g., Sullivan, British Columbia) may be related to the preferential generation of end-member hydrothermal fluids in proximal volcanic environments like that at Kidd Creek.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e89-059","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., and Coad, P., 1989, Multiple hydrothermal and metamorphic events in the Kidd Creek volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit, Timmins, Ontario: evidence from tourmalines and chlorites: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, no. 4, p. 694-715, https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-059.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"694","endPage":"715","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Ontario","city":"Timmins","otherGeospatial":"Kidd Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.87858848666757,\n 48.757297003475685\n ],\n [\n -81.87858848666757,\n 48.24056422849321\n ],\n [\n -80.71540319102533,\n 48.24056422849321\n ],\n [\n -80.71540319102533,\n 48.757297003475685\n ],\n [\n -81.87858848666757,\n 48.757297003475685\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a606ae4b0c8380cd71436","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coad, P.R.","contributorId":57602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coad","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015418,"text":"70015418 - 1989 - Enrichment of trace elements in garnet amphibolites from a paleo-subduction zone: Catalina Schist, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-11T16:32:01.709663","indexId":"70015418","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enrichment of trace elements in garnet amphibolites from a paleo-subduction zone: Catalina Schist, southern California","docAbstract":"

The abundance, P-T stability, solubility, and element-partitioning behavior of minerals such as rutile, garnet, sphene, apatite, zircon, zoisite, and allanite are critical variables in models for mass transfer from the slab to the mantle wedge in deep regions of subduction zones. The influence of these minerals on the composition of subduction-related magmas has been inferred (and disputed) from inverse modelling of the geochemistry of island-arc basalt, or by experiment. Although direct samples of the dehydration + partial-melting region of a mature subduction zone have not been reported from subduction complexes, garnet amphibolites from melanges of circumpacific and Caribbean blueschist terranes reflect high T (>600°C) conditions in shallower regions. Such rocks record geochemical processes that affected deep-seated, high-T portions of paleo-subduction zones.

In the Catalina Schist, a subduction-zone metamorphic terrane of southern California, metasomatized and migmatitic garnet amphibolites occur as blocks in a matrix of meta-ultramafic rocks. This mafic and ultramafic complex may represent either slab-derived material accreted to the mantle wedge of a nascent subduction zone or a portion of a shear zone closely related to the slab-mantle wedge contact, or both. The trace-element geochemistry of the complex and the distribution of trace elements among the minerals of garnet amphibolites were studied by INAA, XRF, electron microprobe, and SEM.

In order of increasing alteration from a probable metabasalt protolith, three common types of garnet amphibolite blocks in the Catalina Schist are: (1) non-migmatitic, clinopyroxene-bearing blocks, which are compositionally similar to MORB that has lost an albite component; (2) garnet-amphibolite blocks, which have rinds that reflect local interaction between metabasite, metaperidotite, and fluid; and (3) migmatites that are extremely enriched in Th, HFSE, LREE, and other trace elements. These trace-element enrichments are mineralogically controlled by rutile, garnet, sphene, apatite, zircon, zoisite, and allanite. Alkali and alkaline earth elements are much less enriched in the solid assemblage, and thus appear to be decoupled from the other elements in the inferred metasomatic process(es). The compositions of migmatitic garnet amphibolite blocks seem to complement that of “average” island-arc tholeiite.

Trace-element metasomatism reflects fluid-solid, rather than melt-solid, interaction. The metasomatic effects indicate that H2O-rich fluid, perhaps with a significant component of Na-Al silicate and alkalis, carried Th, U, Sr, REE, and HFSE. Fractionations of LREE in migmatites resemble those of migmatitic metasedimentary rocks underlying the mafic and ultramafic complex. “Exotic” LREE deposited in allanite in migmatites could have been derived from fluids in equilibrium with subducted sediment.

If the paleo-subduction zone represented by the mafic and ultramafic complex of the Catalina Schist had continued its thermal and fluid evolution, a selvage of similarly enriched rocks might have been generated along the slab-mantle wedge contact between ~30 and 85 km depth. Rocks affected by “subduction-zone metasomatism,” although rarely recognized at the surface, could be volumetrically significant products of the initiation of subduction and may prove to be geochemical probes of convergent margins that approach the significance of xenoliths in the study of other magmatic environments.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(89)90096-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Sorensen, S.S., and Grossman, J.N., 1989, Enrichment of trace elements in garnet amphibolites from a paleo-subduction zone: Catalina Schist, southern California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, no. 12, p. 3155-3177, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90096-3.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"3155","endPage":"3177","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a097de4b0c8380cd51f37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorensen, Sorena S.","contributorId":7009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorensen","given":"Sorena","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015375,"text":"70015375 - 1989 - Geochemical signatures of possible deep-seated ore deposits in Tertiary volcanic centers, Arizona and New Mexico, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T23:43:37.377529","indexId":"70015375","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical signatures of possible deep-seated ore deposits in Tertiary volcanic centers, Arizona and New Mexico, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"

A reconnaissance geochemical survey of stream drainages within 21,000 km2 of southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico shows broad zones of low-level to moderate contrast anomalies, many associated with mid-Tertiary eruptive centers and Tertiary fault zones. Of these eruptive centers, few are known to contain metallic deposits, and most of those known are minor. This, however, may be more a function of shallow erosion level than an indication of the absence of mineralization, since hydrothermal alteration and Fe-Mn-oxide staining are widespread, and geochemical anomalies are pervasive over a larger part of the region than outcrop observations would predict. Accordingly, interpretations of the geochemical data use considerations of relative erosion levels, and inferred element zonalities, to focus on possible undiscovered deposits in the subsurface of base-, precious-, and rare-metal deposits of plutonic-volcanic association. In order to enhance the identification of specific deep targets, we use the empirically determined ratio:Ag+Mn+Pb+Zn+BaAu+Mo+Cu+Bi+W\">Ag+Mn+Pb+Zn+BaAu+Mo+Cu+Bi+WThis ratio is based on reported metal contents of nonmagnetic heavy-mineral samples from the drainage sediment, determined by emission spectrographic analysis. Before the ratio was computed for each sample site, the data were normalized to a previously estimated regional threshold value. A regional isopleth map was then prepared, using a cell-averaging computer routine, with contours drawn at the 25th, 50th, 75th, 80th, 90th, 95th and 99th percentiles of the computed data.




","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(89)90086-1","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.C., and Hassemer, J., 1989, Geochemical signatures of possible deep-seated ore deposits in Tertiary volcanic centers, Arizona and New Mexico, U.S.A.: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 32, no. 1-3, p. 413-414, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(89)90086-1.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"413","endPage":"414","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16a6e4b0c8380cd55207","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, K. C. Jr.","contributorId":36578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"K.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hassemer, J.R.","contributorId":18761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hassemer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015351,"text":"70015351 - 1989 - Geochemistry of intrusive rocks associated with the Latir volcanic field, New Mexico, and contrasts between evolution of plutonic and volcanic rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:54","indexId":"70015351","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of intrusive rocks associated with the Latir volcanic field, New Mexico, and contrasts between evolution of plutonic and volcanic rocks","docAbstract":"Plutonic rocks associated with the Latir volcanic field comprise three groups: 1) ???25 Ma high-level resurgent plutons composed of monzogranite and silicic metaluminous and peralkaline granite, 2) 23-25 Ma syenogranite, and alkali-feldspar granite intrusions emplaced along the southern caldera margin, and 3) 19-23 Ma granodiorite and granite plutons emplaced south of the caldera. Major-element compositions of both extrusive and intrusive suites in the Latir field are broadly similar; both suites include high-SiO2 rocks with low Ba and Sr, and high Rb, Nb, Th, and U contents. Moreover, both intermediateto siliciccomposition volcanic and plutonic rocks contain abundant accessory sphene and apatite, rich in rare-earth elements (REE), as well as phases in which REE's are essential components. Strong depletion in Y and REE contents, with increasing SiO2 content, in the plutonic rocks indicate a major role for accessory mineral fractionation that is not observed in volcanic rocks of equivalent composition. Considerations of the rheology of granitic magma suggest that accessory-mineral fractionation may occur primarily by filter-pressing evolved magmas from crystal-rich melts. More limited accessory-mineral crystallization and fractionation during evolution of the volcanic magmas may have resulted from markedly lower diffusivities of essential trace elements than major elements. Accessory-mineral fractionation probably becomes most significant at high crystallinities. The contrast in crystallization environments postulated for the extrusive and intrusive rocks may be common to other magmatic systems; the effects are particularly pronounced in highly evolved rocks of the Latir field. High-SiO2 peralkaline porphyry emplaced during resurgence of the Questa caldera represents non-erupted portions of the magma that produced the Amalia Tuff during caldera-forming eruption. The peralkaline porphyry continues compositional and mineralogical trends found in the tuff. Amphibole, mica, and sphene compositions suggest that the peralkaline magma evolved from metaluminous magma. Extensive feldspar fractionation occurred during evolution of the peralkaline magmas, but additional alkali and iron enrichment was likely a result of high halogen fluxes from crystallizing plutons and basaltic magmas at depth. ?? 1989 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00371367","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C., Czamanske, G., and Lipman, P.W., 1989, Geochemistry of intrusive rocks associated with the Latir volcanic field, New Mexico, and contrasts between evolution of plutonic and volcanic rocks: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 103, no. 1, p. 90-109, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371367.","startPage":"90","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205461,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371367"},{"id":224250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16fee4b0c8380cd55344","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, C.M.","contributorId":78707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipman, P. W.","contributorId":93470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"P.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015232,"text":"70015232 - 1989 - Petrology and age of volcanic-arc rocks from the continental margin of the Bering Sea: Implications for Early Eocene relocation of plate boundaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T18:09:19.771625","indexId":"70015232","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and age of volcanic-arc rocks from the continental margin of the Bering Sea: Implications for Early Eocene relocation of plate boundaries","docAbstract":"

Eocene volcanic flow and dike rocks from the Beringian margin have arc characteristics, implying a convergent history for this region during the early Tertiary. The extrusive rocks are basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, and minor dacite and rhyolite. The intrusive sample is from a quartz diorite dike intruding serpentinized peridotite. Major-element oxide contents, particularly FeO*/MgO versus SiO2, identify both tholeiitic and calc-alkalic basalt; more silicic lavas have calc-alkalic affinities. Consistent with volcanic-arc compositions, spidergrams show pronounced Nb–Ta depletion and alkali enrichment relative to light-rare-earth-element (LREE) abundance. Chondrite-normalized REE plots show relatively flat patterns, with only slight LREE enrichment for tholeiitic compositions and greater LREE enrichment and lower heavy-rare-earth-element (HREE) abundance for calc-alkalic compositions. The samples, particularly those with calc-alkalic compositions, are rich in plagioclase that is strongly zoned; the more silicic samples contain orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and primary amphibole. The quartz diorite dike contains iron-rich almandine phenocrysts that appear to be magmatic, suggesting emplacement at great depth near the base of the crust or upper mantle.Chemical and mineralogical compositions are similar to those of modern Aleutian-arc lavas. They also resemble volcanic-arc compositions from western mainland Alaska, although greater chemical diversity and a stronger continental influence are observed in the Alaskan mainland rocks.Early Eocene ages of 54.4–50.2 Ma for the Beringian samples are well constrained by conventional K–Ar ages of nine plagioclase separates and by concordant 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating and total-fusion experiments. A concordant U–Pb zircon age of 53 Ma for the quartz-diorite dike is in good agreement with the K–Ar data.Plate motion studies of the North Pacific Ocean indicate more northerly directed subduction prior to the Tertiary and a continuous belt of arc-type volcanism extending from Siberia, along the Beringian margin, into mainland Alaska. Around 56 Ma (chron 25–24), subduction changed to a more westerly direction and subduction-related volcanism ceased for most of mainland Alaska. The increasingly oblique angle of convergence should have ended subduction along the Beringian margin as well. However, consistent ages of 54–50 Ma indicate a final pulse in arc-type magmatism during this period of plate adjustment, which may be explained by three different models: (1) The northern and central part of the Beringian margin maintained a higher angle of convergence, allowing a final pulse of arc-type magmatism. (2) The rocks erupted in an early, or proto, Aleutian arc and were rafted against the continental margin along transform faults. (3) The rocks erupted along a leaky transform fault, analogous to calc-alkalic volcanism in the southern California borderland.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e89-125","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Davis, A.S., Pickthorn, L., Vallier, T., and Marlow, M.S., 1989, Petrology and age of volcanic-arc rocks from the continental margin of the Bering Sea: Implications for Early Eocene relocation of plate boundaries: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, no. 7, p. 1474-1490, https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-125.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1474","endPage":"1490","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -197.4659960695814,\n 50.52803134071158\n ],\n [\n -150.82047128460496,\n 50.52803134071158\n ],\n [\n -150.82047128460496,\n 66.48242987205629\n ],\n [\n -197.4659960695814,\n 66.48242987205629\n ],\n [\n -197.4659960695814,\n 50.52803134071158\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7818e4b0c8380cd7862a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pickthorn, L.-B.G.","contributorId":83276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickthorn","given":"L.-B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vallier, T.L.","contributorId":69526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marlow, M. S.","contributorId":76743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015074,"text":"70015074 - 1989 - Igneous history of the Koyukuk terrane, western Alaska: Constraints on the origin, evolution, and ultimate collision of an accreted island arc terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T16:13:49.827716","indexId":"70015074","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Igneous history of the Koyukuk terrane, western Alaska: Constraints on the origin, evolution, and ultimate collision of an accreted island arc terrane","docAbstract":"

The Koyukuk terrane of western Alaska consists of volcanic, volcaniclastic, and plutonic rocks which range from Late Paleozoic to Early Cretaceous in age. The terrane crops out in a U-shaped belt which is roughly paralleled by outer belts of ultramafic rocks, oceanic plate basalts and cherts, and retrograded blueschist facies rocks of continental protolith. These rocks have been interpreted as components of a volcanic arc terrane that collided with the North American continental margin in Early Cretaceous time. The Koyukuk terrane consists of four time-stratigraphic units: (1) pre-Middle Jurassic basalts, (2) Middle and Late Jurassic granitic rocks, (3) lower Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks, and (4) upper Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks. Limited chemical data from the basalts of unit 1 indicate that they were erupted in a nonarc tectonic environment, possibly in an oceanic island or back arc setting. Units 2, 3, and 4 have the characteristics of subduction-related volcanic rocks (i.e., depleted Nb and Ta and enriched alkaline elements, relative to the light rare earth elements). Unit 3 contains tholeiitic, calc-alkaline, and alkaline rocks with chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns that range from flat (LaN/YbN = 1) to highly light rare earth element enriched (LaN/YbN > 15). The highly alkaline or shoshonitic lavas were erupted toward the end of unit 3 time (Valanginian) during the final stages of arc-continent collision. These alkaline lavas could have been derived by very small degrees of partial melting of a similar source to that of the earlier arc lavas. Unit 4 lavas are also alkaline or shoshonitic, but their incompatible element composition indicates that they were derived from a different source than that of the earlier arc lavas. These late alkaline lavas are chemically similar to crosscutting mid-Cretaceous plutons whose isotopic compositions (Arth et al., this issue (a)) suggest derivation by partial melting of distinctly older subcontinental lithosphere. We speculate that the parental magmas of unit 4 lavas may also have been derived by partial melting of this subcontinental mantle which was underthrust beneath the Koyukuk arc terrane during the final stage of arc-continent collision.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15843","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Box, S.E., and Patton, W.W., 1989, Igneous history of the Koyukuk terrane, western Alaska: Constraints on the origin, evolution, and ultimate collision of an accreted island arc terrane: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15843-15867, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15843.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"15843","endPage":"15867","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224401,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3865e4b0c8380cd6155b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Box, S. E.","contributorId":38567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Box","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patton, W. W. Jr.","contributorId":11231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015063,"text":"70015063 - 1989 - Significance of loessite in the Maroon Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian), Eagle Basin, northwest Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-20T23:13:46.374772","indexId":"70015063","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significance of loessite in the Maroon Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian), Eagle Basin, northwest Colorado","docAbstract":"

Quaternary loess deposits are widespread on the earth's surface, yet pre-Quaternary loess deposits have rarely been reported. The Maroon Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian) of the Eagle Basin, northwest Colorado, includes a siltstone-dominated facies interpreted as loessite (lithified loess) along its downwind basin margin. The section of inferred loessite in the Maroon Formation is locally at least 490 m thick and consists in large part of structureless and nearly structureless beds of homogeneous sandy siltstone. Bed contacts are generally planar to undulatory and are either horizontal or are characterized by gentle relief. Loessite beds are separated by common claystone drapes and weakly developed paleosols, and by rare pond deposits, channel deposits, and eolian-ripple-laminated deposits. The loess interpretation is based on 1) the homogeneity and dominance of the sandy silt grain-size; 2) the relative lack of primary sedimentary structures; 3) the gentle character of most bedding contacts and the common mantling of irregular depositional topography; 4) the inferred paleogeographic setting; and 5) the absence of suitable alternative interpretations. The loessite grades laterally into mixed fluvial-eolian deposits of the Maroon Formation in the main part of Eagle Basin, which served as the loessite sediment source. Deposition of the Maroon Formation was probably strongly affected by cyclic climatic changes synchronous with fluctuations in late Paleozoic continental ice sheets. The paleogeography and paleoclimatology of the Maroon Formation depositional system are not unique, suggesting that there are probably many other ancient loessites that have gone unrecognized.

","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM","doi":"10.1306/212F9070-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","issn":"00224472","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., 1989, Significance of loessite in the Maroon Formation (Middle Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian), Eagle Basin, northwest Colorado: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 59, no. 5, p. 782-791, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F9070-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"782","endPage":"791","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224184,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f18e4b08c986b318d11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, S. Y.","contributorId":48572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014955,"text":"70014955 - 1989 - Isotopic and trace element variations in the Ruby Batholith, Alaska, and the nature of the deep crust beneath the Ruby and Angayucham Terranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:43:02","indexId":"70014955","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic and trace element variations in the Ruby Batholith, Alaska, and the nature of the deep crust beneath the Ruby and Angayucham Terranes","docAbstract":"

Thirty-six samples from plutons of the Ruby batholith of central Alaska were collected and analyzed for 22 trace elements, and many were analyzed for the isotopic compositions of Sr, Nd, O, and Pb in order to delimit the processes that produced the diversity of granodioritic to granitic compositions, to deduce the nature of the source of magmas at about 110 Ma, and to characterize the deep crust beneath the Ruby and Angayucham terranes. Plutons of the batholith show a substantial range in initial 87Sr/86Sr (SIR) of 0.7055–0.7235 and a general decrease from southwest to northeast. Initial 143Nd/144Nd (NIR) have a range of 0.51150–0.51232 and generally increase from southwest to northeast. The δ18O values for most whole rocks have a range of +8.4 to +11.8 and an average of +10.3‰. Rb, Cs, U, and Th show large ranges of concentration, generally increase as SiO2 increases, and are higher in southwest than in northeast plutons. Sr, Ba, Zr, Hf, Ta, Sc, Cr, Co, and Zr show large ranges of concentration and generally decrease as SiO2 increases. Rare earth elements (REE) show fractionated patterns and negative Eu anomalies. REE concentrations and anomalies are larger in the southwest than in the northeast plutons. Uniformity of SIR and NIR in Sithylemenkat and Jim River plutons suggests a strong role for fractional crystallization or melting of uniform magma sources at depth. Isotopic variability in Melozitna, Ray Mountains, Hot Springs, and Kanuti plutons suggests complex magmatic processes such as magma mixing and assimilation, probably combined with fractional crystallization, or melting of a complex source at depth. The large variations in SIR and NIR in the batholith require a variation in source materials at depth. The southwestern plutons probably had dominantly siliceous sources composed of metamorphosed Proterozoic and Paleozoic upper crustal rocks. The northeastern plutons probably had Paleozoic sources that were mixtures of siliceous and intermediate to mafic crustal rocks. The inferred sources could well have been the higher-metamorphic-grade lithologic equivalents of the exposed Proterozoic(?) to Paleozoic schists, orthogneisses, and metavolcanic rocks of Ruby terrane, the silicic portions of which are quite radiogenic. The deeper crustal sources that gave rise to most of the batholithic magmas are inferred to be similar under both the Ruby metamorphic terrane and the Angayucham ophiolitic terrane.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15941","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Arth, J.G., Zmuda, C.C., Foley, N.K., Criss, R.E., Patton, W.W., and Miller, T.P., 1989, Isotopic and trace element variations in the Ruby Batholith, Alaska, and the nature of the deep crust beneath the Ruby and Angayucham Terranes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15941-15955, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15941.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"15941","endPage":"15955","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.9619140625,\n 67.99110834539987\n ],\n [\n -148.0078125,\n 68.00757101804004\n ],\n [\n -146.95312499999997,\n 66.10716955858042\n ],\n [\n -150.97412109375,\n 64.00486735371551\n ],\n [\n -156.02783203124997,\n 64.01449619484472\n ],\n [\n -155.9619140625,\n 67.99110834539987\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f9ae4b0c8380cd64652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zmuda, Clara C.","contributorId":91991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zmuda","given":"Clara","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Criss, Robert E.","contributorId":39447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patton, W. W. Jr.","contributorId":11231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70014970,"text":"70014970 - 1989 - Replacement of native oak and hickory tree species by the introduced American chestnut (Castanea dentata) in southwestern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-01T15:57:51.477365","indexId":"70014970","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1167,"text":"Canadian Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Replacement of native oak and hickory tree species by the introduced American chestnut (Castanea dentata) in southwestern Wisconsin","title":"Replacement of native oak and hickory tree species by the introduced American chestnut (Castanea dentata) in southwestern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

American chestnut was introduced at West Salem, Wisconsin, about 1880 and had begun to replace native tree species in adjacent oak-hickory woodland before 1930. Chestnut is now an important canopy species over about 20 ha of forested ridge extending north and south of the original plantation. A smaller area of less than 5 ha is dominated by chestnut in both the canopy and understory. Chestnut seedlings and small saplings are more numerous along woodland edges and in recently disturbed soil, they are rare in the interior of ungrazed pasture and entirely absent from intensively grazed areas adjacent to chestnut-dominated woodland. Random sampling of recently established seedlings indicates that from 1 to 5 seedlings/(year ∙ ha) became established in undisturbed woodland between 1986 and 1988. The general pattern of chestnut distribution indicates the importance of woodland edges in chestnut propagation and the effects of livestock grazing in excluding chestnut. Replacement of native species by chestnut appears to have occurred in two steps: isolated groups of trees became established at favorable locations, after which many additional chestnut stems became established in the understory. The recent discovery and treatment of blight indicates that the West Salem site may not be available for study of blight-free chestnut in the future.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/b89-423","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Rutter, P.A., 1989, Replacement of native oak and hickory tree species by the introduced American chestnut (Castanea dentata) in southwestern Wisconsin: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 67, no. 12, p. 3457-3469, https://doi.org/10.1139/b89-423.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3457","endPage":"3469","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"West Salem","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.11817186649428,\n 43.91748868890505\n ],\n [\n -91.11817186649428,\n 43.882689259108986\n ],\n [\n -91.0566142548254,\n 43.882689259108986\n ],\n [\n -91.0566142548254,\n 43.91748868890505\n ],\n [\n -91.11817186649428,\n 43.91748868890505\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa754e4b0c8380cd8535b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rutter, P. A.","contributorId":82464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutter","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015919,"text":"70015919 - 1989 - Petrologic evolution of divergent peralkaline magmas from the Silent Canyon caldera complex, southwestern Nevada volcanic field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:51:08.78146","indexId":"70015919","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrologic evolution of divergent peralkaline magmas from the Silent Canyon caldera complex, southwestern Nevada volcanic field","docAbstract":"

The Silent Canyon volcanic center consists of a buried Miocene peralkaline caldera complex and outlying peralkaline lava domes. Its location has been corroborated by geophysical data and more than 50 drill holes. Two widespread ash flow sheets, the Tub Spring and overlying Grouse Canyon members of the Miocene Belted Range Tuff, were erupted from the caldera complex and have volumes of 60–100 km3 and 200 km3, respectively. Eruption of the ash flows was preceded by widespread extrusion of precaldera comendite domes and was followed by extrusion of postcollapse peralkaline lavas and tuffs within and outside the caldera complex. Lava flows and tuffs were also deposited between the two major ash flow sheets. Rocks of the Silent Canyon center vary significantly in silica content and peralkalinity. The most mafic rocks are precollapse and postcollapse trachytes (65–69% SiO2). Low-silica comendites (69–73% SiO2) were erupted as the mafic upper part of the chemically zoned Grouse Canyon Member and as postcollapse lavas. The lower part of the Grouse Canyon Member and the underlying rhyolite of Split Ridge are moderately peralkaline comendite (PI is molar ratio Na + K/Al is 1.17–1.26). These comendites have major element characteristics and trace element enrichments approaching those of pantellerites. The Tub Spring Member, by contrast, is a weakly peralkaline chemically unzoned silicic comendite (75–76% SiO2) ash flow tuff. Weakly peralkaline silicic comendites (PI 1.0–1.1) are the most abundant precaldera lavas. Postcollapse lavas range from trachyte to silicic comendite; some have anomalous light rare earth element (LREE) enrichments. Silent Canyon rocks follow a common petrologic evolution from trachyte to low-silica comendite; above 73% SiO2, compositions of the moderately peralkaline comendites diverge from those of the weakly peralkaline silicic comendites. These contrasting differentiation paths are shown in the behavior of Fe and other transition metals, Al, Na, K; the trace elements Ba, Zr, Nb; and probably F and Cl. Weakly peralkaline silicic comendites show a LREE/heavy REE crossover in early erupted/late erupted rocks; moderately peralkaline comendites are enriched in all REE. The development of divergent peralkaline magmas, toward both pantelleritic and weakly peralkaline compositions, is unusual in a single volcanic center.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB05p06021","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sawyer, D., and Sargent, K.A., 1989, Petrologic evolution of divergent peralkaline magmas from the Silent Canyon caldera complex, southwestern Nevada volcanic field: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B5, p. 6021-6040, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB05p06021.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"6021","endPage":"6040","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223337,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7812e4b0c8380cd78619","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sawyer, D.A.","contributorId":107666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargent, K. A.","contributorId":58630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015854,"text":"70015854 - 1989 - Upper Jurassic mafic magmatic rocks of the eastern Klamath Mountains, northern California: remnant of a volcanic arc built on young continental crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:39:07.59262","indexId":"70015854","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper Jurassic mafic magmatic rocks of the eastern Klamath Mountains, northern California: remnant of a volcanic arc built on young continental crust","docAbstract":"

Diabasic and gabbroic dikes intruding the lower Paleozoic Trinity Ophiolite in the Lovers Leap section, Klamath Mountains, California, display strong calc-alkalic petrological and geochemical features (occurrence of primary amphiboles, zoned plagioclase phenocrysts and biotite, low TiO2, high incompatible trace-element contents, and light rare earth element enrichment). These dikes, of Late Jurassic age (149 ±6 Ma by K-Ar), are petrographically and geochemically similar to the contemporaneous calc-alkalic ultramafic-mafic magmatism well developed through the Klamath Mountains. They present negative Nb, Zr, and Ti anomalies typical of subduction-related magmatism and probably belong to a volcanic arc on an active continental margin. Their ϵSr (between -9.7 and -12.5) and ϵNd (between 5.6 and 6.3) values compare with some western U.S. Mesozoic granites. The Nd isotopic values, lower than those of mid-oceanic ridge basalts and intra-oceanic island arcs, suggest that these dikes, deriving from a depleted mantle source, have been slightly contaminated by continental material, probably subducted sediments. Values of ϵNd suggest, moreover, that no old continental crust underlies the Klamath Mountains.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0273:UJMMRO>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Brouxel, M., Lapierre, H., and Zimmermann, J., 1989, Upper Jurassic mafic magmatic rocks of the eastern Klamath Mountains, northern California: remnant of a volcanic arc built on young continental crust: Geology, v. 17, no. 3, p. 273-276, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0273:UJMMRO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"276","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223179,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd3de4b08c986b328f29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brouxel, M.","contributorId":45059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouxel","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lapierre, H.","contributorId":12329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapierre","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zimmermann, J.-L.","contributorId":82983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmermann","given":"J.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016115,"text":"70016115 - 1989 - Contribution of metapelitic sediments to the composition, heat production, and seismic velocity of the lower crust of southern New Mexico, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T15:30:07.791601","indexId":"70016115","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of metapelitic sediments to the composition, heat production, and seismic velocity of the lower crust of southern New Mexico, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"

Granulite xenoliths erupted at Kilbourne Hole maar were recently extracted from the lower crust of southern New Mexico. Garnet- and sillimanite-bearing quartzofeldspathic xenoliths had pelitic protoliths and were probably emplaced in the lower crust by tectonic underplating at a lower Proterozoic subduction zone. Thus the Kilbourne Hole metapelitic xenoliths illustrate the potential role of tectonosedimentary processes at convergent margins in determining the ultimate composition of the crust. Average P-wave velocities for metapelitic xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole are ∼ 7 km/s at 6 kbar, like those of mafic metagabbros and anorthosites. However, in contrast to mafic lithologies, the major element composition of the representative pelitic paragneiss (RPP) described in this paper is relatively siliceous and like that of average upper crust. Except for depletions of U and Cs, the trace element characteristics of the RPP are like those of pelitic sediments and are 3–10 times higher than those typically estimated for the lower crust. The heat production of the RPP is high (1.0 μW/m3) as are those of many granulite- and amphibolite-grade metapelites. In general, portions of the lower crust in which sediments are present may be high in light ion lithophile and rare earth element abundances, heat production, δ18O, and87Sr/86Sr. Moreover, the high Pb contents and unradiogenic Pb isotope signatures of metapelites provide an important reservoir for unradiogenic Pb in the earth as a whole.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(89)90111-8","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Reid, M.R., Hart, S., Padovani, E., and Wandless, G., 1989, Contribution of metapelitic sediments to the composition, heat production, and seismic velocity of the lower crust of southern New Mexico, U.S.A.: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 95, no. 3-4, p. 367-381, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(89)90111-8.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"381","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223299,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.28628482193596,\n 35.322011786543925\n ],\n [\n -109.28628482193596,\n 31.245853062399732\n ],\n [\n -102.65054263443622,\n 31.245853062399732\n ],\n [\n -102.65054263443622,\n 35.322011786543925\n ],\n [\n -109.28628482193596,\n 35.322011786543925\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa83e4b0c8380cd4db46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, M. R.","contributorId":63174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reid","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, S.R.","contributorId":70921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Padovani, E.R.","contributorId":103796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Padovani","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wandless, G.A.","contributorId":107716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandless","given":"G.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015992,"text":"70015992 - 1989 - Pillow basalts of the Angayucham terrane: Oceanic plateau and island crust accreted to the Brooks Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T16:38:13.299479","indexId":"70015992","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pillow basalts of the Angayucham terrane: Oceanic plateau and island crust accreted to the Brooks Range","docAbstract":"

The Angayucham Mountains (north margin of the Yukon-Koyukuk province) are made up of an imbricate stack of four to eight east-west trending, steeply dipping, fault slabs composed of Paleozoic (Devonian to Mississippean), Middle to Late Triassic, and Early Jurassic oceanic upper crustal rocks (pillow basalt, subordinate diabase, basaltic tuff, and radiolarian chert). Field relations and geochemical characteristics of the basaltic rocks suggest that the fault slabs were derived from an oceanic plateau or island setting and were emplaced onto the Brooks Range continental margin. The basalts are variably metamorphosed to prehnite-pumpellyite and low-greenschist facies. Major element analyses suggest that many are hypersthene-normative olivine tholeiites. Classification based on immobile trace elements confirms the tholeiitic character of most of the basalts but suggests that some had primary compositions transitional to alkali basalt. Although field and petrographic features of the basalts are similar, trace element characteristics allow definition of geographically distinct suites. A central outcrop belt along the crest of the mountains is made up of basalt with relatively flat rare earth element (REE) patterns. This belt is flanked to the north and south by LREE (light rare earth element)-enriched basalts. Radiolarian and conodont ages from interpillow and interlayered chert and limestone indicate that the central belt of basalts is Triassic in age, the southern belt is Jurassic in age, and the northern belt contains a mixture of Paleozoic and Mesozoic ages. Data for most of the basalts cluster in the “within-plate basalt” fields of trace element discriminant diagrams; none have trace-element characteristics of island arc basalt. The Triassic and Jurassic basalts are geochemically most akin to modern oceanic plateau and island basalts. Field evidence also favors an oceanic plateau or island setting. The great composite thickness of pillow basalt probably resulted from obduction faulting, but the lack of fault slabs of gabbro or peridotite suggests that obduction faults did not penetrate below oceanic layer 2, a likely occurrence if layer 2 were anomalously thick, as in the vicinity of an oceanic island. The presence of basaltic tuff interbeds indicates proximity to an explosive basaltic eruptive center. The juxtaposition of submarine basalts of differing chemical affinity and age, adjacent to higher-grade Paleozoic metamorphic rocks of the Brooks Range to the north, may be explained by obduction of internally complex (thickened) oceanic crust formed in an ocean plateau setting. Emplacement and rotation of thrust plates to steep attitudes occurred during accretion of the Brooks Range passive margin, probably beginning in the Late to Middle Jurassic.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15901","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Pallister, J., Budahn, J., and Murchey, B., 1989, Pillow basalts of the Angayucham terrane: Oceanic plateau and island crust accreted to the Brooks Range: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15901-15923, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15901.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"15901","endPage":"15923","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b5ee4b0c8380cd793e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pallister, J.S.","contributorId":46534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murchey, B.L.","contributorId":93074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchey","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016007,"text":"70016007 - 1989 - The Relief Canyon gold deposit, Nevada: A mineralized solution breccia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T14:45:14.277759","indexId":"70016007","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Relief Canyon gold deposit, Nevada: A mineralized solution breccia","docAbstract":"

The Relief Canyon gold deposit in the Humboldt Range of western Nevada is a low-grade, high-tonnage orebody of Tertiary or younger age. The host rocks include limestones of the Triassic Cane Spring Formation, which are overlain by shales of the Triassic Grass Valley Formation. The rocks were folded and metamorphosed to greenschist grade during Jurassic and Cretaceous regional tectonic activity. Mesozoic thrusting may have occurred along the shale-limestone contact, but evidence has been obscured by later hydrothermal activity. The sedimentary rocks were nominally offset along several Late Tertiary normal faults related to uplift of the range.The upper part of the Cane Spring Formation is composed of a poorly sorted breccia composed of limestone clasts with a clay matrix. Irregular pockets within this zone are filled with clay- to pebble-sized fragments derived from the Grass Valley shale. The enclosing limestone beds were tilted moderately to the southwest during Mesozoic deformation, whereas bedding within these pockets is generally horizontal, indicating post-tilting deposition of the sediments. The sediments show graded bedding and other sedimentary features that indicate deposition from flowing water. Thermally mature carbon derived from the limestone is also concentrated in small pockets in the matrix. The breccia unit is likely the product of low-temperature solution brecciation. Ground water dissolved much of the limestone directly beneath the shales, progressively creating irregular cavities and the breccia. Sediments derived from the overlying Grass Valley shale were fiuvially deposited as a matrix to the developing solution breccia.Episodic pulses of hydrothermal fluids were introduced along faults and possibly mixed with the ground water in the breccia zone. Initially, jasperoids formed along the faults, but later hydrothermal pulses introduced gold, silica, and fluorine into both the early jasperoids and the unconsolidated cave-fill sediments to form the orebody. Continued solution-related brecciation chaotically disrupted the gold deposit.Gold, fluorite, pyrite, silver, calcite, and fine-grained silica are the principal hydrothermal minerals in the deposit. Gold was deposited as micron-sized flakes of native gold and rarely as electrum during a relatively late stage of silicification of the jasperoids, the carbon-rich zones, and the clay-rich matrix of the breccia. Fluorite was deposited with and later than the gold in the jasperoids, and it in part replaced the clay-rich breccia matrix. Antimony, arsenic, mercury, and thallium are directly associated with gold in the orebody.The deposit formed at a relatively shallow depth. On the basis of fluid inclusion data, late-stage hydrothermal fluids related to gold and fluorite deposition were extremely dilute and had temperatures near 200 degrees C. The fluid inclusions in fluorite show no evidence for boiling, but porous crackle breccias in the jasperoids suggest that hydrobrecciation took place.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.2.279","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Wallace, A.R., 1989, The Relief Canyon gold deposit, Nevada: A mineralized solution breccia: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 2, p. 279-290, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.2.279.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"290","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223292,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba8b3e4b08c986b321dc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, A. R.","contributorId":59445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015701,"text":"70015701 - 1989 - Back-arc with frontal-arc component origin of Triassic Karmutsen basalt, British Columbia, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:50:20","indexId":"70015701","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Back-arc with frontal-arc component origin of Triassic Karmutsen basalt, British Columbia, Canada","docAbstract":"The largely basaltic, ???4.5-6.2-km-thick, Middle to Upper Triassic Karmutsen Formation is a prominent part of the Wrangellian sequence. Twelve analyses of major and minor elements of representative samples of pillowed and massive basalt flows and sills from Queen Charlotte and Vancouver Islands are ferrotholeiites that show a range of 10.2-3.8% MgO (as normalized, H2O- and CO2-free) and related increases in TiO2 (1.0-2.5%), Zr (43-147 ppm) and Nb (5-16 ppm). Other elemental abundances are not related simply to MgO: distinct groupings are evident in Al2O3, Na2O and Cr, but considerable scatter is present in FeO* (FeO + 0.9Fe2O3) and CaO. Some of the variation is attributed to alteration during low-rank metamorphism or by seawater - including variation of Ba, Rb, Sr and Cu, but high-field-strength elements (Sc, Ti, Y, Zr and Nb) as well as Cr, Ni, Cu and rare-earth elements (REE's) were relatively immobile. REE's show chondrite-normalized patterns ranging from light-REE depleted to moderately light-REE enriched. On eleven discriminant plots these analyses fall largely into or across fields of within-plate basalt (WIP), normal or enriched mid-ocean-ridge tholeiite (MORB) and island-arc tholeiite (IAT). Karmutsen basalts are chemically identical to the stratigraphically equivalent Nikolai Greenstone of southern Alaska and Yukon Territory. These data and the fact that the Karmutsen rests on Sicker Group island-arc rocks of Paleozoic age suggest to us that: 1. (1) the basal arc, after minor carbonate-shale deposition, underwent near-axial back-arc rifting (as, e.g., the Mariana arc rifted at different times); 2. (2) the Karmutsen basalts were erupted along this rift or basin as \"arc-rift\" tholeiitite; and 3. (3) after subsequent deposition of carbonates and other rocks, and Jurassic magmatism, a large fragment of this basalt-sediment-covered island arc was accreted to North America as Wrangellia. The major- and minor-elemental abundances of Karmutsen basalt is modeled by first mixing primitive arc magma with enriched basaltic liquid derived either from garnet peridotite or metasomatized mantle, followed by fractionation of olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase and spinel. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(89)90022-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Barker, F., Sutherland, B.A., Budahn, J., and Plafker, G., 1989, Back-arc with frontal-arc component origin of Triassic Karmutsen basalt, British Columbia, Canada: Chemical Geology, v. 75, no. 1-2, p. 81-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90022-3.","startPage":"81","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266088,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90022-3"},{"id":224274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef8ce4b0c8380cd4a2fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, F.","contributorId":101368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutherland, Brown A.","contributorId":66968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutherland","given":"Brown","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015696,"text":"70015696 - 1989 - River Valley pluton, Ontario: A late-Archean/early-Proterozoic anorthositic intrusion in the Grenville Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T16:32:56.971299","indexId":"70015696","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"River Valley pluton, Ontario: A late-Archean/early-Proterozoic anorthositic intrusion in the Grenville Province","docAbstract":"

The River Valley pluton is a ca. 100 km2 body of anorthositic and gabbroic rocks located about 50 km northeast of Sudbury, Ontario. The pluton is situated entirely within the Grenville Province, but its western margin is a series of imbricate thrust faults associated with the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone. It is dominated by coarse leuconorite and leucogabbro, with lesser anorthosite, gabbro, and rare ultramafics. Igneous textured rocks are abundant and consist of plagioclase (An60–70) charged with Fe-Ti oxide inclusions, low Ca pyroxene (orthopyroxene and/or inverted pigeonite) and augite. The most unfractionated rocks are minor olivine gabbros with Fo70–80. A variety of deformed and recrystallized equivalents of the igneous-textured rocks is also present, and these are composed largely of calcic plagioclase and hornblende.

Ten samples, including both igneous and deformed lithologies give a Pb-Pb whole-rock isochron of 2560±155Ma, which is our best estimate of the time of primary crystallization. The River Valley pluton is thus the oldest anorthositic intrusive yet reported from the Grenville Province, but is more calcic and augitic than typical massifs, and lacks their characteristic Fe-Ti oxide ore deposits. The River Valley body may be more akin to similar gabbro-anorthosite bodies situated at the boundary between the Archean Superior Province and Huronian supracrustal belt of the Southern Province west of the Grenville Front.

An Sm-Nd isochron from 3 igneous-textured leucogabbros and an augite mineral separate gives 2377 ± 68 Ma, implying slight disturbance of the Sm-Nd whole-rock-mineral system during later metamorphism. The Rb-Sr system has been substantially disturbed, giving an age of 2185 ± 105 Ma, which is similar to internal Pb-Pb isochron ages of 2165 ± 130 Ma and 2100 ± 35 Ma for two igneous-textured rocks. It is uncertain whether these ages correspond to a discrete event at this time or represent a partial resetting of the Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb systems from a younger event such as the Grenvillian orogeny of ca. 1.0 Ga. None of the isotopic systems we investigated, however, gives an age near 1.0 Ga, suggesting that neither the River Valley pluton, nor the immediately surrounding gneisses were strongly affected by metamorphism associated with the Grenvillian orogeny.

Initial isotopic ratios for the River Valley pluton correspond to single-stage model parameters of μ = 8.06, ϵNd = 0 to −3, and ISr = 0.7015 to 0.7021. Collectively, these suggest either an enriched mantle source or crustal contamination of a mantle-derived magma. The crustal component involved must have been older and more radiogenic than the majority of rocks exposed at the surface in the nearby Superior Province.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(89)90006-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ashwal, L., and Wooden, J.L., 1989, River Valley pluton, Ontario: A late-Archean/early-Proterozoic anorthositic intrusion in the Grenville Province: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, no. 3, p. 633-641, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90006-9.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"633","endPage":"641","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224169,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad9ee4b0c8380cd86f2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ashwal, L.D.","contributorId":82060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashwal","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015518,"text":"70015518 - 1989 - Remarkable isotopic and trace element trends in potassic through sodic Cretaceous plutons of the Yukon-Koyukuk Basin, Alaska, and the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Koyukuk terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:45:45","indexId":"70015518","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remarkable isotopic and trace element trends in potassic through sodic Cretaceous plutons of the Yukon-Koyukuk Basin, Alaska, and the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Koyukuk terrane","docAbstract":"

During the period from 110 to 80 m.y. ago, a 450-km-long magmatic belt was active along the northern margin of Yukon-Koyukuk basin and on eastern Seward Peninsula. The plutons intruded Upper Jurassic(?) and Lower Cretaceous volcanic arc rocks and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in Yukon-Koyukuk basin and Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic continental rocks in Seward Peninsula. Within Yukon-Koyukuk basin, the plutons vary in composition from calc-alkalic plutons on the east to potassic and ultrapotassic alkalic plutons on the west. Plutons within Yukon-Koyukuk basin were analyzed for trace element and isotopic compositions in order to discern their origin and the nature of the underling lithosphere. Farthest to the east, the calc-alkalic rocks of Indian Mountain pluton are largely tonalite and sodic granodiorite, and have low Rb (average 82 ppm), high Sr (>600 ppm), high chondrite-normalized (cn) Ce/Yb (16–37), low δ18O (+6.5 to +7.1), low initial 87Sr/86Sr (SIR) (0.704), and high initial 143Nd/144Nd (NIR) (0.5126). These rocks resemble those modelled elsewhere as partial melts and subsequent fractionates of basaltic or gabbroic metaigneous rocks, and may be products of melting in the deeper parts of the Late Jurassic(?) and Early Cretaceous volcanic arc. Farthest to the west, the two ultrapotassic bodies of Selawik and Inland Lake are high in Cs (up to 93 ppm), Rb (up to 997 ppm), Sr, Ba, Th, and light rare earth elements, have high (Ce/Yb)cn (30, 27), moderate to low δ18O (+8.4, +6.9), high SIR (0.712, 0.710), and moderate NIR (0.5121–0.5122). These rocks resemble rocks of Australia and elsewhere that were modelled as melts of continental mantle that had been previously enriched in large cations. This mantle may be Paleozoic or older. The farthest west alkalic pluton of Selawik Hills is largely monzonite, quartz monzonite, and granite; has moderate Rb (average 284 ppm), high Sr (>600 ppm), high (Ce/Yb)cn (15–25), moderate δ18O (+8.3 to +8.6), high SIR (0.708–0.712), and moderate NIR (0.5121–0.5122). These rocks may be the product of interaction of magma derived from old continental mantle and magma derived from old continental crust. Plutons between eastern and western extremes show completely gradational variations in the concentration of K and Rb and in the isotopic compositions of Sr, Nd, and O. These plutons probably originated either by melting in a mixed source composed of a Paleozoic or older continental section (mantle + crust) overlain by Mesozoic mafic arc rocks, or by mixing of ultrapotassic to potassic magmas from continental sources (mantle + crust), and tonalitic magmas from arc sources. We infer from these results that the northwest portion of Yukon-Koyukuk basin is underlain by a substantial continental basement of Paleozoic or greater age. This basement probably thins out to the east. There is no geochemical evidence for continental basement east of about longitude 157°, or along a belt of at least 50 km width flanking Ruby Geanticline as far to the southwest as about longitude 161°. These areas are probably underlain by oceanic and Mesozoic arc rocks.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15957","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Arth, J.G., Criss, R.E., Zmuda, C.C., Foley, N.K., Patton, W.W., and Miller, T.P., 1989, Remarkable isotopic and trace element trends in potassic through sodic Cretaceous plutons of the Yukon-Koyukuk Basin, Alaska, and the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Koyukuk terrane: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15957-15968, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15957.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"15957","endPage":"15968","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb094ib11p15957","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6c6e4b0c8380cd85042","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Criss, Robert E.","contributorId":39447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zmuda, Clara C.","contributorId":91991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zmuda","given":"Clara","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patton, W. W. Jr.","contributorId":11231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5210410,"text":"5210410 - 1988 - Bias of animal population trend estimates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:15","indexId":"5210410","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Bias of animal population trend estimates","docAbstract":"A computer simulation study of the population trend estimator used for the Mourning Dove Call-Count Survey, Woodcock Singing Ground Survey, Breeding Bird Survey and other surveys concluded that the estimator had negligible bias in most situations but that observer covariables should not be used with less than five years of data. With rare species (e.g. two birds per route), at least five years should be used. The estimator is seriously biased towards not detecting population changes with very rare species (e.g. 0.3 birds per route). Other technical recommendations are made.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computing Science and Statistics: Proceedings of the 20th Symposium on the Interface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Statistical Association","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","usgsCitation":"Geissler, P., and Link, W., 1988, Bias of animal population trend estimates, chap. of Computing Science and Statistics: Proceedings of the 20th Symposium on the Interface, p. 755-759.","productDescription":"xxxvii, 860","startPage":"755","endPage":"759","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ad6e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wegman, E.J.","contributorId":111626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wegman","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506423,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gantz, D.T.","contributorId":113814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gantz","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506424,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, J. J.","contributorId":54588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506422,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Geissler, P.H.","contributorId":24038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210402,"text":"5210402 - 1988 - Ferruginous hawk","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5210402","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"Ferruginous hawk","docAbstract":"In the Southwest, the ferruginous hawk is a local and isolated breeder and an uncommon but consistent winter visitor. Apparently, the breeding range of this species in the Southwest was historically much greater than today. The ferruginous hawk is being considered for listing by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service but remains unclassified by the individual states comprising the Southwest region. Habitat and diet information is summarized. Nest location and structure, breeding, and wintering biology are also discussed. Long-term and seasonal monitoring is conducted annually at several nest locations in New Mexico, while documented reproductive efforts in Arizona, Texas and Oklahoma are extremely rare and isolated. Research and management recommendations include population and habitat surveys, dietary and reproductive investigations, and habitat protection.\t","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Southwest Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Wildlife Federation.","usgsCitation":"Hall, R., Glinski, R., Ellis, D.H., Ramakka, J., and Base, D., 1988, Ferruginous hawk, chap. of Proceedings of the Southwest Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop, p. 111-118.","productDescription":"395","startPage":"111","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"395","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4842","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Glinski, Richard L.","contributorId":114079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glinski","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506411,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pendleton, Beth Giron","contributorId":111970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendleton","given":"Beth","email":"","middleInitial":"Giron","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506408,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moss, Mary Beth","contributorId":114080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"Beth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506412,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LeFranc, Maurice N.= Jr.","contributorId":113626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeFranc","given":"Maurice","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.=","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506410,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Millsap, Brian A.","contributorId":75841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millsap","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506407,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hoffman, Stephen W.","contributorId":112328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506409,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6}],"authors":[{"text":"Hall, R.S.","contributorId":73301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glinski, R.L.","contributorId":24458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glinski","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramakka, J.M.","contributorId":26393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramakka","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Base, D.L.","contributorId":24047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Base","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014114,"text":"70014114 - 1988 - Lacustrine varve formation through time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-12T15:24:39.839502","indexId":"70014114","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lacustrine varve formation through time","docAbstract":"

Studies using sediment traps in lakes reveal that the seasonal flux of sediment regulates both the composition and timing of deposition of materials that reach the bottoms of lakes. If the bottom waters of a lake are partly or totally anoxic, the seasonally deposited materials are preserved as annual groupings of laminae (varves). Common components that form individual laminae consist of allochthonous clastic material derived from the drainage basin, precipitated carbonate minerals, diatom frustules, iron-rich and manganese-rich flocs, autochthonous organic detritus, and autochthonous and allochthonous materials resuspended from the bottom.

The \"style\" of varving has changed over geologic time, reflecting changes in biologic evolution and types of materials available. Precipitated iron-rich laminations were common in the middle Precambrian. Graded sets of clastic organic laminations persisted through the Precambrian, prior to the evolution of bioturbating benthic organisms. Glaciolacustrine varves appear to have retained their distinctive character through time. Carbonate-rich varves occurred sporadically in the Precambrian and Phanerozoic.

With the exception of diatoms, major components of modern lacustrine varves were present through the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, and yet varves are rare in strata of these ages, and may have accumulated in marine to brackish-water environments. Diatoms were introduced into lacustrine systems in Early Tertiary time and are common components of varves from then on. Diatom laminae, combined with a greater chance for geologic preservation of younger lake deposits, have increased the number of geologically young occurrences of varved sediments. However, seasonal associations of modern varve components, and the processes they represent, are present in ancient deposits and provide clues to the interpretation of ancient environments. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(88)90055-7","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., and Dean, W., 1988, Lacustrine varve formation through time: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 215-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(88)90055-7.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"235","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4130e4b0c8380cd65379","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R.Y.","contributorId":22789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12803,"text":"ofr889 - 1988 - Plotting programs for rare earth elements, spider diagrams, and ternary diagrams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr889","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-9","title":"Plotting programs for rare earth elements, spider diagrams, and ternary diagrams","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr889","usgsCitation":"Bruggman, P., 1988, Plotting programs for rare earth elements, spider diagrams, and ternary diagrams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-9, i, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm.; 5.25 inch diskette, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr889.","productDescription":"i, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm.; 5.25 inch diskette","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41217,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684d87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bruggman, P. 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E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28758,"text":"wri874081 - 1988 - Potential flood and debris hazards at Katherine Landing and Telephone Cove, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Mohave County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri874081","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4081","title":"Potential flood and debris hazards at Katherine Landing and Telephone Cove, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Mohave County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Katherine Landing is a recreation site on the east shore of Lake Mohave, an impoundment on the Colorado River southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada. With proper inspection and maintenance, the present (1979) channel and diking system at Katherine Landing is judged adequate to confine and restrain floods up to and including the 100-yr flood. In contrast, the 500-yr flood probably would not be confined by some parts of the diking system. The Telephone Cove area, traversed by North and South Telephone Cove Washes, is hazardous for all floods, especially for the 100-yr and more severe floods. Determinations of peak discharge are based on streamflow regression analyses, and channel capacities are based on field surveys of channel-flow capacities. The extreme flood - a flood meteorologically and hydrologically possible but so rare as to preclude a frequency estimate - could cause great damage and possible loss of life at both the Katherine Landing and the Telephone Cove sites. The present dikes would be topped or breached by extreme flooding. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874081","usgsCitation":"Moosburner, O., 1988, Potential flood and debris hazards at Katherine Landing and Telephone Cove, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Mohave County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4081, iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874081.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4081/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57626,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4081/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e5d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moosburner, Otto","contributorId":41822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moosburner","given":"Otto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13526,"text":"ofr88566 - 1988 - Trace element and rare earth element variation in fluorites collected from skarn and epithermal mineral deposits in the Sierra Cuchillo area, south-central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:44","indexId":"ofr88566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-566","title":"Trace element and rare earth element variation in fluorites collected from skarn and epithermal mineral deposits in the Sierra Cuchillo area, south-central New Mexico","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88566","usgsCitation":"Eppinger, R., 1988, Trace element and rare earth element variation in fluorites collected from skarn and epithermal mineral deposits in the Sierra Cuchillo area, south-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-566, 108 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88566.","productDescription":"108 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0566/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42003,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0566/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42004,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0566/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42005,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0566/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627eb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eppinger, R. 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