{"pageNumber":"1391","pageRowStart":"34750","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40883,"records":[{"id":70016413,"text":"70016413 - 1991 - Age and petrology of the Tertiary As Sarat volcanic field, southwestern Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-19T16:03:09.567663","indexId":"70016413","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and petrology of the Tertiary As Sarat volcanic field, southwestern Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p><span>Harrat As Sarat forms the second smallest and southernmost of the basalt fields of western Saudi Arabia and is part of a voluminous Red Sea rift-related continental alkali basalt province. The rocks of the As Sarat were emplaced during the first stage of Red Sea rifting and represent the northernmost extension of the Tertiary Trap Series volcanics that occur mainly in the Yemen Arab Republic and Ethiopia. The field consists of up to 580 m of basalt flows, that are intruded by basaltic plugs, necks, minor dikes, and highly evolved peralkaline trachyte intrusions. K-Ar ages indicate that the As Sarat field formed between 31 and 22 Ma and contains an eruption hiatus of one million years that began about 25 Ma ago. Pre-hiatus flows are primarily hypersthene normative intersertal subalkaline basalt, whereas the majority of post-hiatus flows are nepheline normative alkali basalt and hawaiite with trachytic textures. Normative compositions of the basalts are consistent with their genesis by partial melting at varying depths. Trace element abundances in the basalt indicate that varying degrees of partial melting and fractional crystallization (or crystal accumulation) had major and minor roles, respectively, in development of compositional variation in these rocks. Modeling indicates that the pre-hiatus subalkaline basalts represent 8–10 percent mantle melting at depths of about 70 km and the post-hiatus alkali basalts represent 4–9 percent mantle melting at depths greater than 70 km.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(91)90149-M","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"du Bray, E.A., Stoeser, D.B., and McKee, E.D., 1991, Age and petrology of the Tertiary As Sarat volcanic field, southwestern Saudi Arabia: Tectonophysics, v. 198, no. 2-4, p. 155-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90149-M.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"180","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223321,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"southwestern Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              41.0158436987893,\n              19.081977061614097\n            ],\n            [\n              41.0158436987893,\n              16.580940353147597\n            ],\n            [\n              43.408785827154475,\n              16.580940353147597\n            ],\n            [\n              43.408785827154475,\n              19.081977061614097\n            ],\n            [\n              41.0158436987893,\n              19.081977061614097\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"198","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e1e4b0c8380cd47f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"du Bray, Edward A. 0000-0002-4383-8394 edubray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-8394","contributorId":755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"du Bray","given":"Edward","email":"edubray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoeser, Douglas B. dstoeser@usgs.gov","contributorId":1821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeser","given":"Douglas","email":"dstoeser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKee, Edwin D.","contributorId":60207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70015034,"text":"70015034 - 1991 - Remote estimation of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in a moderately turbid estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T15:25:06.941279","indexId":"70015034","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote estimation of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in a moderately turbid estuary","docAbstract":"<p><span>Solutions of the radiative transfer equation are used to derive relationships of water reflectance to the diffuse attenuation coefficient (K) in moderately turbid water (K &gt; 0.5 m</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). Data sets collected from the NOAA AVHRR and&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;observations from five different dates confirm the appropriateness of these relationships, in particular the logistic equation. Values of K calculated from the reflectance data agree to within 60% of the observed values, although the reflectance derived using a more comprehensive aerosol correction is sensitive to chlorophyll concentrations greater than 50 μg L</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. Agreement between&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;and remote observations improves as the time interval between samples is narrowed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(91)90088-N","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Stumpf, R.P., and Pennock, J., 1991, Remote estimation of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in a moderately turbid estuary: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 38, no. 3, p. 183-191, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(91)90088-N.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"191","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223799,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6eae4b0c8380cd850f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stumpf, R. P.","contributorId":30649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pennock, J.R.","contributorId":92433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pennock","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016390,"text":"70016390 - 1991 - Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:46:31.681606","indexId":"70016390","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow","docAbstract":"<p><span>Changes in groundwater flow were observed near four Experimental Wetland Areas (EWAs) constructed along a reach of the Des Plaines River in northeastern Illinois. These changes were observed during monthly monitoring of groundwater elevation in nested piezometers and shallow observation wells before and after the wetlands were filled with water. A numerical model was calibrated with observed data and used to estimate seepage from the wetlands into the Des Plaines River.</span></p><p><span>After the wetlands became operational, groundwater levels in adjacent wells increased by about 0.5m, while water levels in wells distant from the wetlands decreased. The increase in groundwater levels near the wetlands is a result of seepage from the wetlands. Numerical predictions of seepage from the wetlands are 60–150 m<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;day<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;for two wetlands situated over sand and gravel and less than 1 m<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;day<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;for two wetlands situated over clayey till. The difference in seepage rates is attributed to two factors. First, the hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel unit is greater than that of the till, and thus there is less mounding and a greater capacity for transmitting water beneath the wetlands overlying this deposit. Secondly, the wetlands located over till are groundwater flow-through ponds, whereas the wetlands over the sand and gravel are primarily groundwater recharge areas.</span></p><p><span>The model was used to estimate that seepage from the wetlands will double groundwater discharge into the Des Plaines River and a tributary relative to pre-operational discharge from the study area. Overall, the wetlands have acted as a constant head boundary, stabilizing groundwater flow patterns.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90161-A","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hensel, B., and Miller, M., 1991, Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow: Journal of Hydrology, v. 126, no. 3-4, p. 293-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90161-A.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"314","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223009,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Des Plaines River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.40451297304003,\n              41.655774271771435\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.40451297304003,\n              41.286983415428296\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.03797076571307,\n              41.286983415428296\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.03797076571307,\n              41.655774271771435\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.40451297304003,\n              41.655774271771435\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0841e4b0c8380cd51a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hensel, B.R.","contributorId":83669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensel","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, M.V.","contributorId":78474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014916,"text":"70014916 - 1991 - The record of Pliocene sea-level change at Enewetak Atoll","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T15:13:51.830097","indexId":"70014916","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The record of Pliocene sea-level change at Enewetak Atoll","docAbstract":"<p>Detailed seismic stratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, and chemostratigraphy indicate that atoll-wide subaerial exposure surfaces (major disconformities) developed during major sea-level lowstands form prominent seismic reflectors and are coincident with biostratigraphic breaks in the Plio-Pleistocene on Enewetak Atoll. Sea-level models based on the stratigraphic position and age of major disconformities suggest a maximum sea-level highstand elevation of 36 m above present sea level and a maximum sea-level lowstand elevation of 63 m below present sea level for the Pliocene.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90023-N","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Wardlaw, B.R., and Quinn, T.M., 1991, The record of Pliocene sea-level change at Enewetak Atoll: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 247-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90023-N.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"258","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223902,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              162.11685789055355,\n              11.687677837348588\n            ],\n            [\n              162.11685789055355,\n              11.323029792807546\n            ],\n            [\n              162.41351792864384,\n              11.323029792807546\n            ],\n            [\n              162.41351792864384,\n              11.687677837348588\n            ],\n            [\n              162.11685789055355,\n              11.687677837348588\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baefbe4b08c986b324480","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wardlaw, Bruce R. bwardlaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"Bruce","email":"bwardlaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinn, T. M.","contributorId":71320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016719,"text":"70016719 - 1991 - The temperature dependence of ponded infiltration under isothermal conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:12:55.237239","indexId":"70016719","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The temperature dependence of ponded infiltration under isothermal conditions","docAbstract":"<p><span>A simple temperature-sensitive modification to the Green and Ampt infiltration equation is described; this assumes that the temperature dependence of the hydraulic conductivity is reciprocally equal to the temperature dependence of the viscosity of liquid water, and that both the transmission zone saturation and the wetting front matric potential gradient are independent of temperature. This modified Green and Ampt equation is compared with ponded, isothermal infiltration experiments run on repacked columns of Olympic Sand and Aiken Loam at 5, 25, and 60°C. Experimental results showed increases in infiltration rates of at least 300% between 5 and 60°C for both soil materials, with subsequent increases in cumulative infiltration of even greater magnitudes for the loam. There is good agreement between measured and predicted initial infiltration rates at 25°C for both soil materials, yet at 60°C, the predicted results overestimate initial infiltration rates for the sand and underestimate initial rates for the loam. Measurements of the wetting depth vs. cumulative infiltration indicate that the transmission zone saturation increased with increasing temperature for both soil materials. In spite of this increased saturation with temperature, the final infiltration rates at both 25 and 60°C were predicted accurately using the modified Green and Ampt equation. This suggests that increased saturation occurred primarily in dead-end pore spaces, so that transmission zone hydraulic conductivities were unaffected by these temperature-induced changes in saturation. In conclusion, except for initial infiltration rates at 60°C, the measured influence of temperature on infiltration rates was fully accounted for by the temperature dependence of the viscosity of liquid water.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90175-H","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., and Murphy, F., 1991, The temperature dependence of ponded infiltration under isothermal conditions: Journal of Hydrology, v. 122, no. 1-4, p. 119-128, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90175-H.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"128","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0ece4b08c986b325129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, J.","contributorId":29953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, F.","contributorId":42358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016774,"text":"70016774 - 1991 - A comparison of short-term measurements of lake evaporation using eddy correlation and energy budget methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:18:38.13965","indexId":"70016774","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of short-term measurements of lake evaporation using eddy correlation and energy budget methods","docAbstract":"<p>Concurrent short-term measurements of evaporation from a shallow lake, using eddy correlation and energy budget methods, indicate that sensible and latent heat flux between lake and atmosphere, and energy storage in the lake, may vary considerably across the lake. Measuring net radiation with a net radiometer on the lake appeared to be more accurate than measuring incoming radiation nearby and modeling outgoing radiation. Short-term agreement between the two evaporation measurements was obtained by using an energy storage term that was weighted to account for the area-of-influence of the eddy correlation sensors. Relatively short bursts of evaporation were indicated by the eddy correlation sensors shortly after midnight on two of three occasions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90168-H","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D., and Rosenberry, D., 1991, A comparison of short-term measurements of lake evaporation using eddy correlation and energy budget methods: Journal of Hydrology, v. 122, no. 1-4, p. 15-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90168-H.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Lake Hefner","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.62819146440343,\n              35.589009637494655\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.62819146440343,\n              35.54492865517361\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.56614054595696,\n              35.54492865517361\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.56614054595696,\n              35.589009637494655\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.62819146440343,\n              35.589009637494655\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"122","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e373e4b0c8380cd46027","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":374458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014990,"text":"70014990 - 1991 - Pliocene environments and climates in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T14:56:41.494539","indexId":"70014990","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene environments and climates in the western United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>The available evidence from the western United States suggests that the climate of the Early and Middle Pliocene (prior to ∼2.4 Ma) was less seasonal (more equable) and generally more humid than now. Along the Pacific coast, summer drought was less pronounced than today. In the interior of the Pacific Northwest rainfall was more abundant and mild winter temperatures prevailed across much of the High Plains. In the Northwestern interior, a trend toward drier conditions began after ∼4 Ma, although there may have been short periods of relatively humid conditions after this time. The period between 2.5 or 2.4-2.0 Ma was drier than earlier in the Pliocene throughout the American West, and apparently colder in many regions, although the occurrence of land tortoises as far north as Kansas may indicate intermittent frost-free conditions during this interval. After ∼2.0 Ma conditions became warmer and more humid.</span></p><p><span>The general climatic trends in the terrestrial data parallel fluctuations seen in North Pacific and in Oxygen Isotopic records of global glacial fluctuations. Global Climate Model (GCM) simulations of the regional effects of Late Cenozoic uplift and mountain-building are generally in accord with the nature, direction, and amplitude of differences between Pliocene and modern climates.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90013-K","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R., 1991, Pliocene environments and climates in the western United States: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 115-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90013-K.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224122,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.29546398038738,\n              48.91838410077392\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.72027632879114,\n              47.89695948250414\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.93720318972439,\n              40.67477664049575\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.90591569158656,\n              32.47010596136208\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.50329630573381,\n              31.4822705216175\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.92193240615329,\n              31.710826532858746\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.92193240615329,\n              49.034548956921896\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.29546398038738,\n              48.91838410077392\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c6ae4b0c8380cd79992","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70014993,"text":"70014993 - 1991 - Pliocene sea surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Ocean at 3.0 Ma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:54:50.403925","indexId":"70014993","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene sea surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Ocean at 3.0 Ma","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sea-surface temperature (SST) estimates based on quantitative analysis of planktic foraminifer faunas in North Atlantic deep sea cores suggest that high-frequency, low-amplitude variability related to orbital forcing was superimposed on long-term changes that delineate intervals within the Pliocene that were both warmer and cooler than today. SST estimates from several DSDP and ODP sites, as well as land sections, have been combined into a synoptic view of SST during a Pliocene warm interval centered at about 3.0 Ma. The Pliocene North Atlantic warm interval SST estimates show little evidence for warming in tropical regions whereas mid- to high-latitude areas show moderate to strong warming. SST estimates for the last interglacial (Isotope Stage 5e) show a similar pattern, but warming during the last interglacial was not as pronounced as the Middle Pliocene warming. The regional distribution of SST estimates during these past warm events suggests an increase in ocean circulation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90018-P","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Dowsett, H., and Poore, R., 1991, Pliocene sea surface temperatures of the North Atlantic Ocean at 3.0 Ma: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 189-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90018-P.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"204","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224125,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c7ce4b0c8380cd799eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dowsett, H.J. 0000-0003-1983-7524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":87924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014917,"text":"70014917 - 1991 - Pliocene-climate history of the western United States derived from lacustrine ostracodes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T15:04:40.394022","indexId":"70014917","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene-climate history of the western United States derived from lacustrine ostracodes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Pliocene sediments from several sites in western North America contain ostracodes indicating deposition in lacustrine and wetland settings. The ostracodes offer a means of reconstructing the aquatic paleoenvironment. Because water temperature, chemistry, and lake volume are coupled to climate, reconstruction of these parameters provides a direct insight into Pliocene climate. The site ages were determined from tephrochronology, paleomagnetics, and associated mammals.</span></p><p><span>The morphology of many ostracode species also provides direct information about the paleoenvironment in which they lived. During the Pliocene (about 3.5-2.5 Ma) some species have unusually ornate carapace morphology indicative of large geologically stable lakes, which must have required a stable climate to sustain them.</span></p><p><span>North American Pliocene climate changed from a modern-like state 4.5-3.5 Ma to a period with greater precipitation and less evaporation than today, 3.5-2.5 Ma. This wetter period, inferred from the large geologically long-lived lakes, implies a stable atmospheric circulation pattern. The stable circulation pattern collapsed around 2.5 Ma and climate returned to a modern-like situation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90014-L","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Forester, R.M., 1991, Pliocene-climate history of the western United States derived from lacustrine ostracodes: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 133-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90014-L.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"146","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223903,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.88979781814412,\n              49.19542933723014\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.59394793998801,\n              38.17486211764782\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.2358498447006,\n              32.60824619499338\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.51096196702797,\n              30.675502476867095\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.37787234745322,\n              49.19542933723014\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.88979781814412,\n              49.19542933723014\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c84e4b0c8380cd79a1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015047,"text":"70015047 - 1991 - Steady- and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate controls on atmospheric CO2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:47:36.553583","indexId":"70015047","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Steady- and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate controls on atmospheric CO2","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two contrasting hypotheses have recently been proposed for the past long-term relation between atmospheric CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;and the carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle. One approach (Berner, 1990) suggests that CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;levels have varied in a manner that has maintained chemical weathering and carbonate sedimentation at a steady state with respect to tectonically controlled decarbonation reactions. A second approach (Raymo&nbsp;</span><i>et al.</i><span>, 1988), applied specificlly to the late Cenozoic, suggests a decrease in CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;caused by an uplift-induced increase in chemical weathering, without regard to the rate of decarbonation. According to the steady-state (first) hypothesis, increased weathering and carbonate sedimentation are generally associated with increasing atmospheric CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>, whereas the uplift (second) hypothesis implies decreasing CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;under the same conditions.</span></p><p><span>An ocean-atmosphere-sediment model has been used to assess the response of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;and carbonate sedimentation to global perturbations in chemical weathering and decarbonation reactions. Although this assessment is theoretical and cannot yet be related to the geologic record, the model simulations compare steady-state and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate cycle response. The e-fold response time of the ‘CO<sub>2</sub>-weathering’ feedback mechanism is between 300 and 400 ka. The response of carbonate sedimentation is much more rapid. These response times provide a measure of the strength of steady-state assumptions, and imply that certain systematic relations are sustained throughout steady-state and non-steady-state scenarios for the carbonate-silicate cycle. The simulations suggest that feedbacks can maintain the system near a steady state, but that non-steady-state effects may contribute to long-term trends. The steady-state and uplift hypotheses are not necessarily incompatible over time scales of a few million years.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90026-Q","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Sundquist, E., 1991, Steady- and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate controls on atmospheric CO2: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 283-296, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90026-Q.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"296","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224013,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b981ce4b08c986b31be2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sundquist, E.T.","contributorId":13990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundquist","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20657,"text":"ofr91642 - 1991 - Text to accompany slides/photographs of Lower Cretaceous pollen and spores in sediments from the Muirkirk clay pit (Prince Georges County, MD)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-26T15:19:41","indexId":"ofr91642","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-642","title":"Text to accompany slides/photographs of Lower Cretaceous pollen and spores in sediments from the Muirkirk clay pit (Prince Georges County, MD)","docAbstract":"<p>The pollen and spores found in clay beds at the Muirkirk clay pit are those of ferns and lycopods, seed ferns, shrubby conifers, bald cypress-type conifers, and tree-sized conifers.  Some of the ferns and conifers have modern representatives which help interpret the vegetation of this site that bears Early Cretaceous dinosaur fossils.  The plants, as well as the presence of algae, fungi, and mineral remains of bacteria, show that the site was once a wetland that developed on the clay floor of a waning oxbow lake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91642","usgsCitation":"Robbins, E.I., 1991, Text to accompany slides/photographs of Lower Cretaceous pollen and spores in sediments from the Muirkirk clay pit (Prince Georges County, MD): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-642, Report: 2 p.; 15 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91642.","productDescription":"Report: 2 p.; 15 plates","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0642/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50184,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0642/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryl","county":"Prince Georges County","otherGeospatial":"Muirkirk Clay Pit","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.089524,38.536611 ], [ -77.089524,39.131189 ], [ -76.66925,39.131189 ], [ -76.66925,38.536611 ], [ -77.089524,38.536611 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683731","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, Eleanora I.","contributorId":44527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Eleanora","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17942,"text":"ofr91131B - 1991 - How to construct four paper models that describe island coral reefs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:20","indexId":"ofr91131B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-131","chapter":"B","title":"How to construct four paper models that describe island coral reefs","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open File Reports Section [distributor,","doi":"10.3133/ofr91131B","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., 1991, How to construct four paper models that describe island coral reefs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-131, 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91131B.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bc1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17941,"text":"ofr91131A - 1991 - How to construct four paper models that describe island coral reefs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:20","indexId":"ofr91131A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-131","chapter":"A","title":"How to construct four paper models that describe island coral reefs","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr91131A","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., 1991, How to construct four paper models that describe island coral reefs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-131, 19 leaves :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91131A.","productDescription":"19 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0131a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47182,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0131a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17139,"text":"ofr9152 - 1991 - Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17139,"text":"ofr9152 - 1991 - Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","indexId":"ofr9152","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":59,"text":"wsp2391 - 1993 - Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","indexId":"wsp2391","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":59,"text":"wsp2391 - 1993 - Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","indexId":"wsp2391","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T18:17:18.108896","indexId":"ofr9152","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-52","title":"Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia","docAbstract":"<p>In the Albany area of southwestern Georgia, the Upper Floridan aquifer lies entirely within the Dougherty Plain district of the Coastal Plain physiographic province, and consists of the Ocala Limestone of late Eocene age. The aquifer is divided throughout most of the study area into an upper and a lower lithologic unit, which creates an upper and a lower water-bearing zone. The lower water-bearing zone consists of alternating layers of sandy limestone and medium-brown, recrystallized dolomitic limestone, and ranges in thickness from about 50 to 100 feet. It is highly fractured, and exhibits well-developed permeability by solution features that are responsible for transmitting most of the ground water in the aquifer. Transmissivity of the lower water-bearing zone ranges from about 90,000 to 178,000 feet squared per day. The upper water-bearing zone is a finely crystallized-to-oolitic, locally dolomitic limestone having an average thickness of about 60 feet. Transmissivities in the upper water-bearing zone are considerably less than those in the lower water-bearing zone. The Upper Floridan aquifer is overlain by about 20 to 120 feet of undifferentiated overburden consisting of fine-to-coarse quartz sand and noncalcareous clay. A clay zone about 10 to 30 feet thick may be continuous throughout the southwestern part of the Albany area, and where present, causes confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer and creates perched ground water after periods of heavy rainfall. The Upper Floridan aquifer is confined below by the Lisbon Formation, a mostly dolomitic limestone that contains trace amounts of glauconite. The Lisbon Formation is at least 50 feet thick in the study area, and acts as an impermeable base to the Upper Floridan aquifer. The quality of ground-water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is suitable for most uses; wells generally yield water of the hard, calcium-bicarbonate type that generally meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Primary or Secondary Drinking Water Regulations.</p><p>The water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer was evaluated by compiling results of test drilling and aquifer testing in the study area, and by conducting computer simulations of the ground-water-flow system under the seasonal-low conditions of November 1985, and under conditions of pumping within a 12square-mile area located southwest of Albany. Results of test drilling, aquifer testing, and water-quality analyses indicate that, in the area southwest of Albany, geohydrologic conditions in the Upper Floridan aquifer, undifferentiated overburden, and Lisbon Formation were favorable for the aquifer to provide a large quantity of water without having adverse effects on the ground-water system. The confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer by the undifferentiated overburden and the rural setting of the area of potential development decreases the likelihood that chemical constituents will enter the aquifer during development of the ground-water resources.</p><p>Computer simulations of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer, incorporating conditions for regional flow across model boundaries, leakage from rivers and other surface-water features, and vertical leakage from the undifferentiated overburden, were conducted by using a finite-element model for groundwater flow in two dimensions. Comparison of computed and measured water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer for November 1985 at 74 locations indicated that computed water levels generally were within 5 feet of the measured values, which is the accuracy to which measured water levels were known. Water-level altitudes ranged from about 260 feet to 130 feet above sea level in the study area during calibration. Aquifer discharge to the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam was computed by the calibrated model to be about 1 billion gallons per day; about 300 million gallons per day greater than was measured for similar low-flow conditions. The excess computed discharge was attributed partially to stream withdrawals for industrial use, non-reported use, and channel evaporation, but mostly to increased gradients and increased flow from the aquifer to the river than existed during calibration.</p><p>Results from the calibrated finite-element model indicate that ground-water flow is dominated by inflow from regional-flow components to the west, north, and east of the study area, and by outflow to the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam. Simulation results indicated that directions of ground-water flow were not changed appreciably by pumping at the November 1985 rates. However, vertical leakage from the undifferentiated overburden caused local deviations in the regional flow pattern.</p><p>A sensitivity analysis that was performed on 18 hydrologic factors affecting the flow system in the Upper Floridan aquifer showed that computed water levels changed the most (were the most sensitive) in response to changes in hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, vertical leakage coefficient and water level in the undifferentiated overburden, and stage of the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam. Computed water levels were least sensitive to changes in well pumpage, flow across the northern boundary and from Lake Worth, the boundary coefficient for the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam, and flow from Cooleewahee Creek.</p><p>Simulations of six pumping scenarios in the area of potential development southwest of Albany showed that the Upper Floridan aquifer is capable of providing at least 72 million gallons per day from five locations (14.4 million gallons per day each) within this area without causing adverse affects on the flow system. The 72million-gallon-per-day scenario yielded a maximum drawdown of about 9.4 feet, which placed the water level in the Upper Floridan aquifer about 50 feet above the top of the lower water-bearing zone. Hence, the likelihood of aquifer dewatering, well interference, or sinkhole development from pumping as much as 72 million gallons per day from within the area of potential development is small. All pumping scenarios showed that about 81 percent of the ground-water pumpage was derived from regional flow that would have discharged to the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam. The dominant ground-water-flow direction toward the Flint River was not changed and no induced recharge from the Flint River entered the potential-development area. Induced recharge from the undifferentiated overburden contributed to about 1.5 percent of the total volume pumped during the simulations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9152","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with City of Albany Water, Gas, and Light Commission","usgsCitation":"Torak, L.J., Davis, G.S., Strain, G.A., and Herndon, J.G., 1991, Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-52, vii, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9152.","productDescription":"vii, 86 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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S.","contributorId":28995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strain, George A.","contributorId":68287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strain","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herndon, Jennifer G.","contributorId":17592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herndon","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":19927,"text":"ofr90371 - 1991 - Adaptation of a ground-water-flow model of the Little Androscoggin River Valley aquifer, Oxford County, Maine to a microcomputer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:44","indexId":"ofr90371","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-371","title":"Adaptation of a ground-water-flow model of the Little Androscoggin River Valley aquifer, Oxford County, Maine to a microcomputer","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr90371","usgsCitation":"Mack, T.J., 1991, Adaptation of a ground-water-flow model of the Little Androscoggin River Valley aquifer, Oxford County, Maine to a microcomputer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-371, 52 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90371.","productDescription":"52 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0371/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49435,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0371/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699bc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918 tjmack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":1677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"tjmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17332,"text":"ofr91536 - 1991 - A method of converting no-flow cells to variable-head cells for the U. S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:22","indexId":"ofr91536","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-536","title":"A method of converting no-flow cells to variable-head cells for the U. S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr91536","usgsCitation":"McDonald, M.G., Harbaugh, A.W., Orr, B.R., and Ackerman, D.J., 1991, A method of converting no-flow cells to variable-head cells for the U. S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-536, 99 p.,12 figures, 2 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91536.","productDescription":"99 p.,12 figures, 2 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0536/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46471,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0536/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae060","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, Michael G.","contributorId":47352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harbaugh, Arlen W. harbaugh@usgs.gov","contributorId":426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"Arlen","email":"harbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":175959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orr, Brennon R.","contributorId":18747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"Brennon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ackerman, Daniel J.","contributorId":9286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":17767,"text":"ofr91525 - 1991 - System requirements specification for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T16:16:06","indexId":"ofr91525","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-525","title":"System requirements specification for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System II","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division is designing and developing a new computer software system for processing and storing hydrologic data. This system, the National Water Information System (NWIS-II) will replace the current water-data and information systems: the National Water Data Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE), the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX), and the National Water-Use Information System, as well as the current National Water Information System (NWIS-I). The new system will be utilized across the Nation on the Distributed Information System (DIS-II), a network of 32-bit microcomputers on a wide-area network of desktop workstations and related hardware. </p><p>The purpose of the NWIS-II System Requirements Specification is to integrate requirements described by eight User Groups representing the disciplines for Surface Water, Ground Water, Water Quality, Water Sediment, Water Use, Biology, Geographic Information, and National Water Data Exchange. The requirements specified in this document will serve as the framework for subsequent design and development activities throughout the life cycle of NWIS-II to ensure that the development products reflect the needs of the users. Specification details and associated data-base plans are contained in the description of the integrated functional requirements, the logical data model and the data dictionary, the plan for transferring data from the existing system to NWIS-II, and the descriptions of performance requirements and design constraints. </p><p>The NWIS-II will be consistent across hydrologic disciplines and the other major Division software systems. The color-graphics desktop environment of NWIS-II will utilize multi-window and multi-tasking capabilities with multilevel of help for the users. Data will be distributed among nodes and be automatically accessible during input, editing, verification and analysis of data. Hydrologic data will be cataloged independent of the Environmental Protection Agency's storage and retrieval (STORET) codes. Character, digital, and graphical data will be entered into NWIS-II from digital and analog recorders, external files, or keyboard through standard and user-defined input forms. Data will be verified manually or automatically during input, retrieval, and editing of data. Numerous reference lists will be maintained so that entry of codes on forms will not be required. User-defined series of computer actions for standard programs will be supported for processing basic data and other frequently repeated processes. Data will be verified and exchanged through links to other DIS-II software, including a Geographic Information System, and selected external software. Quality assurance of data will include aging of data through change on status type and tracking access violations. Output of data will be to a variety of media in standard and user-defined formats. The data base will be preserved by operations such as backup, recovery, audit trails, archiving, and data histories. In addition, an index of water data from USGS and other agencies will be maintained.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91525","usgsCitation":"1991, System requirements specification for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System II: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-525, xxii, 622 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91525.","productDescription":"xxii, 622 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":47000,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0525/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.67 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":150738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0525/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687c81","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mathey, Sharon B.","contributorId":107980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathey","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":752841,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17639,"text":"ofr91514 - 1991 - Review of water demand and water utilization studies for the Provo River drainage basin, and review of a study of the effects of the proposed Jordanelle Reservoir on seepage to underground mines, Bonneville unit of the central Utah project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-26T20:16:49.984532","indexId":"ofr91514","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-514","title":"Review of water demand and water utilization studies for the Provo River drainage basin, and review of a study of the effects of the proposed Jordanelle Reservoir on seepage to underground mines, Bonneville unit of the central Utah project","docAbstract":"<p><strong>Problem:&nbsp;</strong>Questions have been raised concerning the adequacy of available water to fulfill the needs of storage, exchanges, diversions, and instream flows, pursuant to existing water rights in the Provo River drainage basin part of the Bonneville Unit. Also, concern has been expressed about the potential for seepage of water from Jordanelle Reservoir to underground mines. The Utah Congressional Delegation requested that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) review the results of analyses performed by and for the USBR.</p><p><strong>Purpose and Scope:</strong>&nbsp;The purpose of this report is to present the results of the USGS review of (1) the hydrologic data, techniques, and model used by the USBR in their hydrologic analyses of the Provo River drainage basin and (2) the results of a study of the potential for seepage from the Jordanelle Reservoir to nearby underground mines.<br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p><p>The USGS reviewed USBR-supplied water demands, water utilization studies, and models of seepage from Jordanelle Reservoir. The USBR estimated that about 90 percent of the water supply for Jordanelle Reservoir will be water from Strawberry Reservoir exchanged for water from the Provo River stored in Utah Lake. If the Utah State Engineer allows the USBR to claim an estimated 19,700 acre-feet of return flows from the CUP, only about 77 percent of the supply would be derived from exchange of existing water rights in Utah Lake. The USGS assumed that planned importations of water from the Uinta Basin will be available and deliverable to fulfill the proposed exchanges.</p><p>Water rights and demands are important for determining water availability. The USGS did not conduct an independent review of water rights and demands. The USSR and Utah Division of Water Rights use different methods in some areas for determining stress on the system based on past records. The USSR used \"historical observed diversions\" and the Utah Division of Water Rights use \"diversion entitlements\", which may not be equal to the historical diversions. The USGS based its review upon water demands used by the USSR. The Utah Division of Water Rights has responsibility for granting and enforcing water rights, and the final decisions on how the rights will be adjudicated lies with the Utah Division of Water Rights and with the courts. The USGS review did not consider the draft water distribution plan for the Utah Lake drainage basin proposed by the Utah State Engineer (written commun., October 15,1991). This plan, when finalized, may have an effect on water availability to the CUP. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/ofr91514","usgsCitation":"Waddell, K., Freethey, G., Susong, D., and Pyper, G., 1991, Review of water demand and water utilization studies for the Provo River drainage basin, and review of a study of the effects of the proposed Jordanelle Reservoir on seepage to underground mines, Bonneville unit of the central Utah project: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-514, iii, 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91514.","productDescription":"iii, 111 p.","numberOfPages":"116","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":405720,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18156.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":46836,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0514/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0514/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Provo River drainage basin, proposed Jordanelle Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.661,\n              40.196\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.875,\n              40.196\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.875,\n              40.754\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.661,\n              40.754\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.661,\n              40.196\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603e62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waddell, K.M.","contributorId":59009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddell","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freethey, G. W.","contributorId":105714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"G. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Susong, D. D.","contributorId":12868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"D. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pyper, G. E.","contributorId":35337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyper","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":20784,"text":"ofr91479 - 1991 - Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of regional ground-water flow, carbonate-rock province, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr91479","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-479","title":"Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of regional ground-water flow, carbonate-rock province, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nMay be purchased from Books & Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr91479","usgsCitation":"Schaefer, D.H., 1991, Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of regional ground-water flow, carbonate-rock province, Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-479, 4 p. ;1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91479.","productDescription":"4 p. ;1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0479/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50335,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0479/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6361c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaefer, D. H.","contributorId":84763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17396,"text":"ofr91385 - 1991 - Modern Arctic podocopid ostracode database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr91385","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-385","title":"Modern Arctic podocopid ostracode database","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr91385","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Briggs, W.M., Brouwers, E., Whatley, R., Wood, A., and Cotton, M., 1991, Modern Arctic podocopid ostracode database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-385, 51 p., :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91385.","productDescription":"51 p., :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0385/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46531,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0385/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6996cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":176263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, W. M. Jr.","contributorId":60249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brouwers, E. M.","contributorId":98319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouwers","given":"E. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whatley, R.C.","contributorId":85211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whatley","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wood, Adrian","contributorId":63830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Adrian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cotton, M.A.","contributorId":33726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotton","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":17492,"text":"ofr91447 - 1991 - Pliocene climates of the Northern Hemisphere; abstracts of the joint US/USSR workshop on Pliocene paleoclimates, Moscow, USSR, April, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:15","indexId":"ofr91447","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-447","title":"Pliocene climates of the Northern Hemisphere; abstracts of the joint US/USSR workshop on Pliocene paleoclimates, Moscow, USSR, April, 1990","docAbstract":"A joint US-USSR workshop met at the Laboratory of Paleogeography \r\nof the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow from April 20th to \r\n23rd, 1990 to discuss Pliocene paleoclimates and to develop a joint long- \r\nterm research program. Soviet participants included more than fifteen \r\nscientists from across the USSR, and the United States was represented by \r\nfour scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (Table 1). As with the 1989 \r\nDenver Pliocene workshop (Gosnell and Poore, 1990), the objectives of the \r\n1990 Moscow workshop included establishing the chronology and \r\namplitude of Pliocene climatic changes, mapping the spatial patterns in \r\nthese variations, and determining the biologic responses to climatic change \r\n(see also Cronin and Dowsett, 1991, for further Pliocene paleoclimatic \r\nstudies). These data will form the basis for explorations of General \r\nCirculation Model simulations of Pliocene paleoclimates and will provide \r\ninsights into the nature of climatic circulation in a warmer-than-modern \r\nmean global climate state. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr91447","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.S., Borisova, O.K., and Svetlitskaya, T.V., 1991, Pliocene climates of the Northern Hemisphere; abstracts of the joint US/USSR workshop on Pliocene paleoclimates, Moscow, USSR, April, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-447, 45 p., :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91447.","productDescription":"45 p., :ill. ;28 cm.","temporalStart":"1990-04-01","temporalEnd":"1990-04-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0447/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46643,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0447/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684deb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Robert Stephen","contributorId":47772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borisova, Olga K.","contributorId":18389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borisova","given":"Olga","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Svetlitskaya, Tatanya V.","contributorId":86786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svetlitskaya","given":"Tatanya","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":20728,"text":"ofr9164 - 1991 - Hydrology of the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T12:21:16","indexId":"ofr9164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-64","title":"Hydrology of the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems","docAbstract":"<p>A complex, multilayered ground-water flow system exists in the Coastal Plain sediments of Texas. The Tertiary and Quaternary clastic deposits have an areal extent of 114,000 square miles onshore and in the Gulf of Mexico. Two distinct aquifer systems are recognized within the sediments, which range in thickness from a few feet to more than 12,000 feet The older system--the Texas coastal uplands aquifer system-consists of four aquifers and two confining units in the Claiborne and Wilcox Groups. It is underlain by the practically impermeable Midway confining unit or by the top of the geopressured zone. It is overlain by the nearly impermeable Vicksburg-Jackson confining unit, which separates it from the younger coastal lowlands aquifer system. The coastal lowlands aquifer system consists of five permeable zones and two confining units that range in age from Oligocene to Holocene. The hydrogeologic units of both systems are exposed in bands that parallel the coastline. The units dip and thicken toward the Gulf. Quality of water in the aquifer systems is highly variable, with dissolved solids ranging from less than 500 to 150,000 milligrams per liter.</p><p>Substantial withdrawal from the aquifer systems began in the early 1900's and increased nearly continuously into the 1970's. The increase in withdrawal was relatively rapid from about 1940 to 1970. Adverse hydrologic effects, such as saltwater encroachment in coastal areas, land-surface subsidence in the Houston-Galveston area, and long-term dewatering in the Whiter Garden area, were among some of the factors that caused pumping increases to slow or to cease in the 1970's and 1980's.</p><p>Ground-water withdrawals in the study area in 1980 were about 1.7 billion gallons per day. Nearly all of the withdrawal was from four units: Permeable zones A, B, and C of Miocene age and younger, and the lower Claiborae-upper Wilcox aquifer. Ground-water levels have declined hundreds of feet in the intensively pumped areas of Houston-Galveston, Kingsville, Winter Garden, and Lufkin-Nacogdoches. Water-level declines have caused inelastic compaction of clays which, in turn, has resulted in land-surface subsidence of more than one foot in an area of about 2,000 square miles. Maximum subsidence of nearly 10 feet occurs in the Pasadena area east of Houston.</p><p>A three-dimensional, variable-density digital model was developed to simulate predevelopment and transient flow in the aquifer systems. The modeled area is larger than the study area, and includes adjacent parts of Louisiana and Mexico. The transient model calibration period was from 1910 (predevelopment) to 1982. Model-generated head distributions, water-level hydrographs, and land-surface subsidence were matched to measured data in selected, intensively pumped areas.</p><p>For the study area, mean horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the calibrated model ranges from 10 feet per day for the middle Wilcox aquifer to 25 feet per day for permeable zone A. Mean transmissivity ranges from about 4,600 feet squared per day for the middle Claiborne aquifer to about 10,400 feet squared per day for permeable zone D. Mean vertical hydraulic conductivity ranges from 1.1x10<sup>-5</sup> feet per day for the Vicksburg-Jackson confining unit, to 3.8x10<sup>-3</sup> feet per day for permeable zone A. Mean values of calibrated storage coefficient range from 52x10<sup>-4</sup> for the middle Claiborne aquifer to 1.7x10<sup>-3</sup> for the middle Wilcox aquifer and permeable zone C. Calibrated inelastic specific storage values for clay beds in permeable zones A, B, and C in the Houston-Galveston area are 8.5x10<sup>-5</sup>, 8.0x10<sup>-5</sup>, and 8.0x10<sup>-6</sup> feet<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. These values are 85, 80, and 8 times greater than the estimated elastic specific storage value for the clays in permeable zones A, B, and C, respectively.</p><p>Recharge rates were mapped for predevelopment conditions as determined from a steady-state model calibration. A maximum rate of 3 inches per year was simulated in small areas, and the average rate for the study area was 034 inch per year. Total simulated recharge was 85 million cubic feet per day in the outcrop area. Recharge was equal to discharge in outcrop areas (79 million cubic feet per day) plus net lateral flow out of the study area (6 million cubic feet per day).</p><p>Rates of inflow and outflow to the ground-water system have nearly tripled from predevelopment to 1982 (85 to 276 million cubic feet per day) based on model simulation. Withdrawal of 231 million cubic feet per day was supplied principally by an increase in outcrop recharge and, to a lesser extent, from a decrease in natural discharge and release of water from storage in aquifers and compacting clay beds. The average simulated 1982 recharge rate for the study area was 0.52 inch per year, with a maximum simulated rate of 6 inches per year in Jackson and Wharton Counties.</p><p>Because withdrawal has caused problems such as saltwater intrusion, land-surface subsidence, and aquifer dewatering, the Texas Department of Water Resources has projected that ground-water use will decline substantially in most of the study area by the year 2030. Some areas remain favorable for development of additional ground-water supplies. Pumping from older units that are farther inland and in areas where potential recharge is greater will minimize adverse hydrologic effects.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr9164","usgsCitation":"Ryder, P.D., and Ardis, A.F., 1991, Hydrology of the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-64, ix, 147 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9164.","productDescription":"ix, 147 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50282,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0064/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"34.28 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":154171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0064/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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D.","contributorId":60188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ardis, Ann F.","contributorId":96672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ardis","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2449,"text":"wsp2346 - 1991 - Geohydrology and ground-water resources of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T09:51:18","indexId":"wsp2346","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2346","title":"Geohydrology and ground-water resources of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The aquifers underlying the 134.6-square-mile city of Philadelphia are divided by the Fall Line into the unconsolidated aquifers (chiefly sand and gravel) of the Coastal Plain and the consolidated-rock aquifers (chiefly schist of the Wissahickon Formation) of the Piedmont. Ground water is present under confined and unconfined conditions. The principal units of the confined-aquifer system are the lower and middle sands of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system. The lower sand unit is the most productive aquifer in Philadelphia. The median yield of wells screened in the lower sand unit is 275 gal/min (gallons per minute), and yields of some wells are as high as 1,350 gal/min. The median specific capacity is 16 (gal/min)/ft (gallons per minute per foot of drawdown). The principal units of the unconsolidated unconfined-aquifer system are the upper sand unit of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system and the informally named Trenton gravel. The median yield of wells tapping these two undifferentiated units is 90 gal/min, and yields of some wells are as high as 1,370 gal/min. The median specific capacity is 12 (gal/min)/ft. The consolidated unconfined-aquifer system consists mainly of the Wissahickon Formation. The median yield of nondomestic wells that tap the Wissahickon Formation is 45 gal/min, and yields are as high as 350 gal/min. The median specific capacity is 0.5 (gal/min)/ft. \r\n\r\nUrbanization has considerably modified the hydrologic cycle in Philadelphia. Impervious surfaces have reduced recharge areas and evapotranspiration and have increased direct runoff. Leakage from the water-distribution system, which is supplied from the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, was about 60 to 72 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) in 1980. Groundwater infiltration to sewers is estimated to be as much as 135 Mgal/d when the water table is high. The potentiometric surface of the lower sand unit has been lowered substantially by pumping. By 1954, cones of depression were more than 50 ft (feet) below sea level at the U.S. Naval Base and more than 70 ft below sea level along the Delaware River northeast of the naval base. As a result of withdrawals, declining heads in the lower sand unit caused water to flow downward from the overlying unconsolidated deposits and the water table to decline below sea level along the Delaware River. Beginning in the mid1960's, ground-water withdrawals from the lower sand unit decreased, and, by 1979, water levels had risen 25 ft at the U.S. Naval Base and 45 ft farther north along the Delaware River. As of 1985, water levels in the lower sand unit were controlled largely by pumping in nearby parts of New Jersey. \r\n\r\nUrbanization also has caused substantial degradation of the quality of ground water in Philadelphia. By 1945, the quality of water in the unconfined aquifer system began to deteriorate as contaminants present at the land surface migrated down- ward. Withdrawal of water from the deeper confined aquifers caused a head decline that resulted in downward movement of contaminated water from the overlying unconfined aquifer system. Consequently, water in the confined aquifers deteriorated progressively in chemical quality so it resembles water in the unconfined aquifer system. \r\n\r\nThe concentration of dissolved solids in water samples collected during 1979-80 ranged from 90 to 4,480 mg/L (milligrams per liter). The average concentration of 778 mg/L was 45 percent higher than that of samples collected during 1945-58. Water from the unconfined unconsolidated aquifers generally had the highest dissolved-solids concentration. The concentration of dissolved iron in water samples collected during 197980 ranged from 0 to 220 mg/L and exceeded 0.30 mg/L in 71 percent of the samples. The average concentration of 17 mg/L was nearly 30 percent higher than that of samples collected during 1945-58. Many wells have been abandoned because of elevated iron concentrations. The concentration of dissolved manganese in water ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp2346","usgsCitation":"Paulachok, G.N., 1991, Geohydrology and ground-water resources of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2346, vii, 79 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2346.","productDescription":"vii, 79 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2346/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28524,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2346/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paulachok, Gary N. gnpaulac@usgs.gov","contributorId":3500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulachok","given":"Gary","email":"gnpaulac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":145222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17098,"text":"ofr91469 - 1991 - Evaluation of a modified automatic sampler for the collection of water samples for analysis of trace organic compounds or suspended sediment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:11","indexId":"ofr91469","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-469","title":"Evaluation of a modified automatic sampler for the collection of water samples for analysis of trace organic compounds or suspended sediment","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr91469","usgsCitation":"Tai, D.Y., Jennings, M., White, K.D., and Garcia, L., 1991, Evaluation of a modified automatic sampler for the collection of water samples for analysis of trace organic compounds or suspended sediment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-469, 26 p., 11 figures, 6 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91469.","productDescription":"26 p., 11 figures, 6 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0469/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46221,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0469/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fafcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jennings, M.E.","contributorId":76775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, K. D.","contributorId":45717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garcia, L.A.","contributorId":73059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":21305,"text":"ofr91149 - 1991 - Ground-squirrel mounds and related patterned ground along the San Andreas Fault in Central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-21T15:01:49","indexId":"ofr91149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-149","title":"Ground-squirrel mounds and related patterned ground along the San Andreas Fault in Central California","docAbstract":"<p>Extensive areas of mound topography and related patterned ground, apparently derived from the mounds of the California Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi beecheyi), are in central California. &nbsp;The relation of patterned ground to the San Andreas fault west of Bakersfield may provide insight into the timing of deformation along the fault as well as the history of ground squirrels. &nbsp;Mound topography appears to have evolved through several stages from scattered mounds currently being constructed on newly deposited alluvial surfaces, to saturation of areas by mounds, followed by coalescence, elongation and lineation of the mounds. &nbsp;Elongation, coalescence and modification of the mounds has been primarily by wind, but to a lesser extent by drainage and solifluction. &nbsp;A time frame including ages of 4,000, 10,500, 29,000, and 73,000 years BP is derived by relating the patterns to slip on the San Andreas fault. &nbsp;Further relating of the patterns to faulting, tilting, and warping may illuminate details of the rates and history of deformation. &nbsp;Similarly, relating the patterns to the history of ground squirrel activity may help answer such problems as rates of dispersal and limits on population density.</p>","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr91149","usgsCitation":"Wallace, R.E., 1991, Ground-squirrel mounds and related patterned ground along the San Andreas Fault in Central California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-149, 25 p.  :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91149.","productDescription":"25 p.  :ill. ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":50862,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154308,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0149/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d457","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, Robert E.","contributorId":15570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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