In the Albany area of southwestern Georgia, the Upper Floridan aquifer lies entirely within the Dougherty Plain district of the Coastal Plain physiographic province, and consists of the Ocala Limestone of late Eocene age. The aquifer is divided throughout most of the study area into an upper and a lower lithologic unit, which creates an upper and a lower water-bearing zone. The lower water-bearing zone consists of alternating layers of sandy limestone and medium-brown, recrystallized dolomitic limestone, and ranges in thickness from about 50 to 100 feet. It is highly fractured, and exhibits well-developed permeability by solution features that are responsible for transmitting most of the ground water in the aquifer. Transmissivity of the lower water-bearing zone ranges from about 90,000 to 178,000 feet squared per day. The upper water-bearing zone is a finely crystallized-to-oolitic, locally dolomitic limestone having an average thickness of about 60 feet. Transmissivities in the upper water-bearing zone are considerably less than those in the lower water-bearing zone. The Upper Floridan aquifer is overlain by about 20 to 120 feet of undifferentiated overburden consisting of fine-to-coarse quartz sand and noncalcareous clay. A clay zone about 10 to 30 feet thick may be continuous throughout the southwestern part of the Albany area, and where present, causes confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer and creates perched ground water after periods of heavy rainfall. The Upper Floridan aquifer is confined below by the Lisbon Formation, a mostly dolomitic limestone that contains trace amounts of glauconite. The Lisbon Formation is at least 50 feet thick in the study area, and acts as an impermeable base to the Upper Floridan aquifer. The quality of ground-water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is suitable for most uses; wells generally yield water of the hard, calcium-bicarbonate type that generally meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Primary or Secondary Drinking Water Regulations.
The water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer was evaluated by compiling results of test drilling and aquifer testing in the study area, and by conducting computer simulations of the ground-water-flow system under the seasonal-low conditions of November 1985, and under conditions of pumping within a 12square-mile area located southwest of Albany. Results of test drilling, aquifer testing, and water-quality analyses indicate that, in the area southwest of Albany, geohydrologic conditions in the Upper Floridan aquifer, undifferentiated overburden, and Lisbon Formation were favorable for the aquifer to provide a large quantity of water without having adverse effects on the ground-water system. The confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer by the undifferentiated overburden and the rural setting of the area of potential development decreases the likelihood that chemical constituents will enter the aquifer during development of the ground-water resources.
Computer simulations of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer, incorporating conditions for regional flow across model boundaries, leakage from rivers and other surface-water features, and vertical leakage from the undifferentiated overburden, were conducted by using a finite-element model for groundwater flow in two dimensions. Comparison of computed and measured water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer for November 1985 at 74 locations indicated that computed water levels generally were within 5 feet of the measured values, which is the accuracy to which measured water levels were known. Water-level altitudes ranged from about 260 feet to 130 feet above sea level in the study area during calibration. Aquifer discharge to the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam was computed by the calibrated model to be about 1 billion gallons per day; about 300 million gallons per day greater than was measured for similar low-flow conditions. The excess computed discharge was attributed partially to stream withdrawals for industrial use, non-reported use, and channel evaporation, but mostly to increased gradients and increased flow from the aquifer to the river than existed during calibration.
Results from the calibrated finite-element model indicate that ground-water flow is dominated by inflow from regional-flow components to the west, north, and east of the study area, and by outflow to the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam. Simulation results indicated that directions of ground-water flow were not changed appreciably by pumping at the November 1985 rates. However, vertical leakage from the undifferentiated overburden caused local deviations in the regional flow pattern.
A sensitivity analysis that was performed on 18 hydrologic factors affecting the flow system in the Upper Floridan aquifer showed that computed water levels changed the most (were the most sensitive) in response to changes in hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, vertical leakage coefficient and water level in the undifferentiated overburden, and stage of the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam. Computed water levels were least sensitive to changes in well pumpage, flow across the northern boundary and from Lake Worth, the boundary coefficient for the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam, and flow from Cooleewahee Creek.
Simulations of six pumping scenarios in the area of potential development southwest of Albany showed that the Upper Floridan aquifer is capable of providing at least 72 million gallons per day from five locations (14.4 million gallons per day each) within this area without causing adverse affects on the flow system. The 72million-gallon-per-day scenario yielded a maximum drawdown of about 9.4 feet, which placed the water level in the Upper Floridan aquifer about 50 feet above the top of the lower water-bearing zone. Hence, the likelihood of aquifer dewatering, well interference, or sinkhole development from pumping as much as 72 million gallons per day from within the area of potential development is small. All pumping scenarios showed that about 81 percent of the ground-water pumpage was derived from regional flow that would have discharged to the Flint River downstream from the Lake Worth dam. The dominant ground-water-flow direction toward the Flint River was not changed and no induced recharge from the Flint River entered the potential-development area. Induced recharge from the undifferentiated overburden contributed to about 1.5 percent of the total volume pumped during the simulations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9152","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with City of Albany Water, Gas, and Light Commission","usgsCitation":"Torak, L.J., Davis, G.S., Strain, G.A., and Herndon, J.G., 1991, Geohydrology and evaluation of water-resource potential of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, southwestern Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-52, vii, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9152.","productDescription":"vii, 86 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398248,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0052/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torak, Lynn J. ljtorak@usgs.gov","contributorId":401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torak","given":"Lynn","email":"ljtorak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":175117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, G. S.","contributorId":28995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strain, George A.","contributorId":68287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strain","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herndon, Jennifer G.","contributorId":17592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herndon","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38504,"text":"pp1391 - 1991 - Cenozoic giant pectinids from California and the Tertiary Caribbean Province: Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten, and Nodipecten species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-31T13:12:09.244355","indexId":"pp1391","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1391","displayTitle":"Cenozoic giant pectinids from California and the Tertiary Caribbean Province: Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten, and Nodipecten species","title":"Cenozoic giant pectinids from California and the Tertiary Caribbean Province: Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten, and Nodipecten species","docAbstract":"Tertiary pectinids recognized for more than 125 years by field geologists can now be used to date and correlate 3-4 m.y. increments of the geologic record and to determine faunal distributions in relation to tectonic terranes. Fossil pectinids are commonly preserved in shallowmarine clastic deposits that mostly lack microfossils. The stratigraphic ranges of Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten, and Nodipecten can be used to subdivide provincial megafaunal stages in California and to correlate chronostratigraphic units in the Pacific Northwest and Atlantic Coastal Plain. One New World taxon, \"Macrochlamis\" magnolia ojaiensis, n. subsp., supports a direct correlation between the middle \"Vaqueros\" Stage of California (interpolated as 27-23 m.y. B.P.) and an Upper Chattian-Lower Aquitanian Stage section in southwestern Switzerland. Two lithologic units widespread in California, the Vaqueros Formation (spanning 12 m.y., from the late Oligocene into the early Miocene) and Temblor Formation (deposited over a period of 26 m.y., from the late Eocene or early Oligocene to the middle Miocene), transgress much longer periods of time than have been generally recognized.
Certain species pairs are identified as cognates, close relatives descended from a common ancestor. Close similarities are found between widely separated assemblages from the Salton Trough of California and the Caribbean, the Gulf Coastal Plain of eastern Mexico and the Sinu Valley of western Colombia, the Santa Rosalia area in Baja California Sur, Mexico, and the Paraguana Peninsula of Venezuela. Distribution patterns for relatively recently dispersed taxa have important implications for middle to late Cenozoic paleogeography and tectonic history, especially in west Mexico and the Caribbean. Speciation was concurrent with the closure of the Isthmus of Panama, the opening of the Gulf of California, and possibly with the northward translation of segments of the California Continental Borderland. Tertiary Caribbean and PacificPanamic Lyropectens and Nodipectens are plotted on a simplified tectonic map as an early step in considering Cenozoic molluscan distributions in relation to major plate boundaries. Taxa having unusual distributions are tabulated with the tectonic events that may have modified their observed geographic ranges. Southern California and the Baja California peninsula include tectonostratigraphic terranes and tectonic slivers that may have moved on the order of hundreds or thousands of kilometers in the Paleogene. Relations between recently dispersed faunas and tectonic terrane boundaries are further complicated by short-term variations in oceanographic phenomena such as currents, El Nino events, and shifts in areas of upwelling.
Lyropecten evolved in the late Oligocene or early Miocene, Nodipecten by the late middle Miocene. According to the classification used here, Lyropecten still lives in the Galapagos. Holocene Nodipectens divide the Pacific-Panamic and Caribbean provinces into two subprovinces each. Habitat, life history, dispersal, and growth data are summarized for living Nodipectens, whose distinctive shell features include ledges and hollow nodes. Phylogenetic lineages are based on progressive trends in node formation and rib schemes, some of which have biostratigraphic significance.
Flood magnitudes for selected recurrence intervals from 2 to 500 years were determined for 330 gaged sites in the study area where annual peak-flow records have been collected. The principal study area is Mississippi; however, selected data collected in adjoining States on streams draining into or from Mississippi are also included, flood frequency at a gaged stream site is defined by fitting the Pearson Type III probability distribution to the log-transformed annual peaks. The accuracy of the flood frequency determined for a gaged site is determined primarily by the number of years of annual peak-flow record (the sample size). Greater accuracy is achieved in the current analysis than in previous analyses because of the additional years of annual peak-flow record. Flood-frequency and basin characteristics at gaged sites were used to develop regression equations for estimating flood frequency where annual peak-flow records are not available.
Flood frequency for ungaged stream sites in Mississippi may be estimated using basin characteristics in regression equations. Regression equations were computed using the generalized-least-squares procedure rather than the ordinary-least-squares procedure used in previous regional hydrologic analyses. The generalized-least-squares procedure considers the variable error of the gaging station flood frequencies and corrects for the cross-correlation of concurrent annual peaks. When the gaging stations in the sample for regression analysis have widely varying record lengths and concurrent peak flows, which are correlated between sites, the generalizedleast-squares procedure provides more accurate estimates of the regression coefficients and model error than does the ordinary-least-squares procedure. These flood-frequency equations provide managers with improved tools for estimating flood frequencies for purposes of management and design.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914037","usgsCitation":"Landers, M.N., and Wilson, K., 1991, Flood characteristics of Mississippi streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4037, vi, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914037.","productDescription":"vi, 82 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57054,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4037/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4037/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef2a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landers, M. N.","contributorId":63428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landers","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, K.V. Jr.","contributorId":31419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27449,"text":"wri914086 - 1991 - Methods for estimating monthly mean concentrations of selected water-quality constituents for stream sites in the Red River of the North basin, North Dakota and Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T12:46:13","indexId":"wri914086","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4086","title":"Methods for estimating monthly mean concentrations of selected water-quality constituents for stream sites in the Red River of the North basin, North Dakota and Minnesota","docAbstract":"Future development of the Garrison Diversion Unit may divert water from the Missouri River into the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North for municipal and industrial use. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's Canals, Rivers, and Reservoirs Salinity Accounting Procedures model can be used to predict the effect various operating plans could have on water quality in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North. The model uses, as Input, monthly means of streamflow and selected water-quality constituents for a 54-year period at 28 nodes on the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North. This report provides methods for estimating monthly mean concentrations of selected water-quality constituents that can be used for input to and calibration of the salinity model.
Mater-quality data for 32 gaging stations can be used to define selected water-quality characteristics at the 28 model nodes. Materquality data were retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey's National Mater Data Storage and Retrieval System data base and statistical summaries were prepared. The frequency of water-quality data collection at the gaging stations is inadequate to define monthly mean concentrations of the individual water-quality constituents for all months for the 54-year period; therefore, methods for estimating monthly mean concentrations were developed. Relations between selected water-quality constituents [dissolved solids, hardness (as CaCO3), sodium, sulfate, and chloride] and streamflow were developed as the primary method to estimate monthly mean concentrations. Relations between specific conductance and streamflow and relations between selected water-quality constituents [dissolved solids, hardness (as CaCO3), sodium, sulfate, and chloride] and specific conductance were developed so that a cascaded-regression relation could be developed as a second method of estimating monthly mean concentrations and, thus, utilize a large specific-conductance data base.
Information about the quantity and the quality of ground water discharging to the Sheyenne River is needed for model input for reaches of the river where ground water accounts for a substantial part of streamflow during periods of low flow. Ground-water discharge was identified for two reaches of the Sheyenne River. Ground-water discharge to the Sheyenne River in the vicinity of Warwick, N.Dak., was about 14.8 cubic feet per second and the estimated dissolved-solids concentration was about 441 milligrams per liter during October 15 and 16, 1986. Ground-water discharge to the Sheyenne River in a reach between Lisbon and Kindred, N.Dak., ranged from an average of 25.3 cubic feet per second during September 13 to November 19, 1963, to about 45.0 cubic feet per second during October 21 and 22, 1986. Dissolved-solids concentration was estimated at about 442 milligrams per liter during October 21 and 22, 1986.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914086","usgsCitation":"Guenthner, R., 1991, Methods for estimating monthly mean concentrations of selected water-quality constituents for stream sites in the Red River of the North basin, North Dakota and Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4086, Report: viii, 113 p.; Plate: 21.56 x 16.03 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914086.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 113 p.; Plate: 21.56 x 16.03 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4086/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56308,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4086/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56309,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4086/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a386","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guenthner, R. S.","contributorId":31433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guenthner","given":"R. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44782,"text":"wri914020 - 1991 - Depth to water in the western Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys, southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon, calculated using water levels from 1980 to 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-14T19:52:58.572387","indexId":"wri914020","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4020","title":"Depth to water in the western Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys, southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon, calculated using water levels from 1980 to 1988","docAbstract":"The vulnerability of ground water to contamination in Idaho is being assessed by the ISHW/DEQ (Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality), using a modified version of the Environmental Protection Agency DRASTIC methods (Allers and others, 1985). The project was designed as a technique to: (1) Assign priorities for development of ground-water management and monitoring programs; (2) build support for, and public awareness of, vulnerability of ground water to contamination; (3) assist in the development of regulatory programs; and (4) provide access to technical data through the use of a GIS (geographic information system) (C. Grantham, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, written commun., 1989). Digital representation of first-encountered water below land surface is an important element in evaluating vulnerability of ground water to contamination. Depth-to-water values were developed using existing data and computer software to construct a GIS data set to be combined with a soils data set developed by the SCS (Soul Conservation Service) and the IDHW/WQB (Idaho Department of Health and Welfare/Water Quality Bureau), and a recharge data set developed by the IDWR/RSF (idaho Department of Water Resources/Remote Sensing Facility). The USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) has developed digital depth-to-water values for eleven 1:100,00-scale quadrangles on the eastern Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Maupin, M.A., 1991, Depth to water in the western Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys, southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon, calculated using water levels from 1980 to 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4020, 1 Plate: 37.00 x 28.81 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914020.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.00 x 28.81 inches","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"1988-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430233,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47458.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82113,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4020/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169202,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4020/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5,42.5 ], [ -117.5,45.0 ], [ -115.0,45.0 ], [ -115.0,42.5 ], [ -117.5,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66deeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maupin, Molly A. 0000-0002-2695-5505 mamaupin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-5505","contributorId":951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maupin","given":"Molly","email":"mamaupin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26783,"text":"wri904081 - 1991 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Rochester area, southeastern Minnesota, 1987-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-06T12:00:06","indexId":"wri904081","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4081","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Rochester area, southeastern Minnesota, 1987-88","docAbstract":"Ground-water flow in the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer was studied in a 700 square-mile area surrounding Rochester, Minnesota. The aquifer consisting of sandstone, limestone, and dolomite is locally confined by the Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood sequence of shales and limestones. Regional flow in the aquifer is from a ground-water divide on the western, southern, and eastern sides of the city toward various rivers. A 140-square-mile area of the aquifer is a source of water supply for the Rochester area.
\nA cone of depression in the potentiometric surface of the aquifer throughout most of the year is centered around high-capacity (greater than about 200 gallons per minute) wells in downtown Rochester. The cone covered an area of about 2.3 square miles in August 1988.
\nMost streams in the area gain water from the ground-water system. One reach of the South Fork Zumbro River, however, loses water to the system. This loss is probably caused by the pumping of nearby high-capacity wells.
\nA ground-water-flow model was used to simulate the effects of an extended drought near Rochester. Conclusions based on the simulations are that (1) reduced recharge and increased pumping, conditions that could exist during a 3-year drought, would probably lower water levels 5 to 10 feet regionally and more than 30 feet in the city; (2) pumping of six additional municipal wells on the perimeter of the city would lower regional water levels about 1 to 5 feet; and (3) that water levels would recover 1 to 18 feet if pumping from six municipal wells in downtown Rochester were discontinued.
\nThe area encompasses five recharge zones that can be delineated on the basis of recharge rate. About 54 percent of recharge to the aquifer in the area contributing water to Rochester is from a zone along the edge of the Decorah-Platteville-Glenwood confining unit. About 10 percent of recharge in this contributing area is to the sewered area of Rochester.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri904081","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Rochester, Minnesota","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., 1991, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Rochester area, southeastern Minnesota, 1987-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4081, vi, 102 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904081.","productDescription":"vi, 102 p.","numberOfPages":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4081/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55668,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4081/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.666667,\n 44.166667\n ],\n [\n -92.125,\n 44.166667\n ],\n [\n -92.125,\n 43.85\n ],\n [\n -92.43,\n 43.85\n ],\n [\n -92.43,\n 43.83\n ],\n [\n -92.69,\n 43.83\n ],\n [\n -92.69,\n 43.85\n ],\n [\n -92.666667,\n 43.85\n ],\n [\n -92.666667,\n 44.166667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625298","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29779,"text":"wri904076 - 1991 - Hydrogeology and ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks of the Little Lehigh Creek basin, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-12T13:29:40","indexId":"wri904076","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4076","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks of the Little Lehigh Creek basin, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Little Lehigh Creek basin is underlain mainly by a complex assemblage of highly-deformed Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate rocks. The Leithsville Formation, Allentown Dolomite, Beekmantown Group, and Jacksonburg Limestone act as a single hydrologic unit. Ground water moves through fractures and other secondary openings and generally is under water-table conditions. Median annual ground-water discharge (base flow) to Little Lehigh Creek near Allentown (station 01451500) during 1946-86 was 12.97 inches or 82 percent of streamflow. Average annual recharge for 1975-83 was 21.75 inches. Groundwater and surface-water divides do not coincide in the basin. Ground-water underflow from the Little Lehigh Creek basin to the Cedar Creek basin in 1987 was 4 inches per year. A double-mass curve analysis of the relation of cumulative precipitation at Allentown to the flow of Schantz Spring for 1956-84 showed that cessation of quarry pumping and development of ground water for public supply in the Schantz Spring basin did not affect the flow of Schantz Spring. Ground-water flow in the Little Lehigh Creek basin was simulated using a finite-difference, two-dimensional computer model. The geologic units in the modeled area were simulated as a single water-table aquifer. The 134-squaremile area of carbonate rocks between the Lehigh River and Sacony Creek was modeled to include the natural hydrologic boundaries of the ground-water-flow system. The ground-water-flow model was calibrated under steady-state conditions using 1975-83 average recharge, evapotranspiration, and pumping rates. Each geologic unit was assigned a different hydraulic conductivity. Initial aquifer hydraulic conductivity was estimated from specific-capacity data. The average (1975-83) water budget for the Little Lehigh Creek basin was simulated. The simulated base flow from the carbonate rocks of the Little Lehigh Creek basin above gaging station 01451500 is 11.85 inches per year. The simulated ground-water underflow from the Little Lehigh Creek basin to the Cedar Creek basin is 4.04 inches per year. For steady-state calibration, the root-mean-squared difference between observed and simulated heads was 21.19 feet. The effects of increased ground-water development on base flow and underflow out of the Little Lehigh Creek basin for average and drought conditions were simulated by locating a hypothetical well field in different parts of the basin. Steady-state simulations were used to represent equilibrium conditions, which would be the maximum expected long-term effect. Increased ground-water development was simulated as hypothetical well fields pumping at the rate of 15, 25, and 45 million gallons per day in addition to existing ground-water withdrawals. Four hypothetical well fields were located near and away from Little Lehigh Creek in upstream and downstream areas. The effects of pumping a well field in different parts of the Little Lehigh Creek basin were compared. Pumping a well field located near the headwaters of Little Lehigh Creek and away from the stream would have greatest effect on inducing underflow from the Sacony Greek basin and the least effect on reducing base flow and underflow to the Ceda^r Creek basin. Pumping a well field located near the headwaters of Little Leh|igh Creek near the stream would have less impact on inducing underflow from|the Sacony Creek basin and a greater impact on reducing the base flow of Little Lehigh Creek because more of the pumpage would come from diverted base flow. Pumping a well field located in the downstream area of the Little Lehigh Creek basin away from the stream would have the greatest effect on the underflow to the Cedar Creek basin. Pumping a well field located in the downstream area of the Little Lehigh Creek basin near the stream would have the greatest effect on reducing the base flow of Little Lehigh Cteek. Model simulations show that groundwater withdrawals do not cause a proportional reduction in base flow. Under average conditions, ground-water withdrawals are equal to 48 to 70 percent of simulated base-flow reductions; under drought conditions, ground-water withdrawals are equal to 35 to 73 percent of simulated base-flow reductions. The hydraulic effects of pumping largely depend on well location. In the Little Lehigh basin, surface-water and ground-water divides do not coincide, and ground-water development, especially near surface-water divides, can cause ground-water divides to shift and induce ground-water underflow from adjacent basins. Large-scale ground-water pumping in a basin may not produce expected reductions of base flow in that basin because of shifts in the ground-water divide; however, such shifts can reduce base flow in adjacent surface-water basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904076","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R., Cecil, L., and Senior, L., 1991, Hydrogeology and ground-water flow in the carbonate rocks of the Little Lehigh Creek basin, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4076, viii, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS 83 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904076.","productDescription":"viii, 84 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS 83 p.]","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4076/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58581,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4076/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58582,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4076/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625696","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, R. A.","contributorId":36155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Senior, L.A.","contributorId":32958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26785,"text":"wri884193 - 1991 - Simulation of effects of ground-water development on water-levels in glacial-drift aquifers in the Brooten-Belgrade area, west-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T20:37:33.32057","indexId":"wri884193","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4193","title":"Simulation of effects of ground-water development on water-levels in glacial-drift aquifers in the Brooten-Belgrade area, west-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Ground-water flow in the confined- and unconfined-drift aquifers in the Brooten-Belgrade area of west-central Minnesota was simulated with a three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water-flow model. Model results indicate that about 96 percent of the total inflow to the modeled area is from precipitation. Discounting evapotranspiration, 63 percent of the total outflow is ground-water discharge to the East Branch Chippewa and North Fork Crow Rivers, and 34 percent is ground-water pumpage.
\nThe model was used to simulate the steady-state effects of below-normal precipitation (drought) and hypothetical increases in ground-water development. Model results indicate that reduced recharge and increased pumping during a hypothetical 3-year extended drought would lower regional water levels from 2 to 5 feet in each aquifer and as much as 20 feet in the lowermost aquifer zone; ground-water discharge to the East Branch Chippewa and North Fork Crow Rivers would be reduced by 38 percent. The addition of 10 to 20 hypothetical wells in confined aquifers, pumping 123 to 246 million gallons per year, would result in regional water-level declines of 0.1 to 0.5 feet. Simulated water-level declines in wells completed in the lower part of the system would be as much as 5.0 feet as a result of pumping 246 million gallons per year from 20 hypothetical wells. Water-level declines in overlying and underlying aquifers would range from 0.4 to 2.8 feet. Ground-water discharge to the East Branch Chippewa and North Fork Crow Rivers would be unaffected by the pumpage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri884193","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Western Minnesota Resource Conservation and Development Association","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., 1991, Simulation of effects of ground-water development on water-levels in glacial-drift aquifers in the Brooten-Belgrade area, west-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4193, v, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884193.","productDescription":"v, 66 p.","numberOfPages":"71","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29169,"text":"wri914078 - 1991 - An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-02T19:54:23","indexId":"wri914078","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4078","title":"An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914078","usgsCitation":"Plummer, N., Prestemon, E., and Parkhurst, D., 1991, An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling NET geochemical reactions along a flow PATH: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4078, iv, 227 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914078.","productDescription":"iv, 227 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4078/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4078/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684564","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prestemon, E.C.","contributorId":61867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prestemon","given":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parkhurst, D.L.","contributorId":12474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31066,"text":"wsp2370B - 1991 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12080,"text":"ofr88715 - 1989 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","indexId":"ofr88715","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":31066,"text":"wsp2370B - 1991 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2370B","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:08","indexId":"wsp2370B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2370","chapter":"B","title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","docAbstract":"Owens Valley, a long, narrow valley located along the east flank of the Sierra Nevada in east-central California, is the main source of water for the city of Los Angeles. The city diverts most of the surface water in the valley into the Owens River-Los Angeles Aqueduct system, which transports the water more than 200 miles south to areas of distribution and use. Additionally, ground water is pumped or flows from wells to supplement the surface-water diversions to the river-aqueduct system. Pumpage from wells needed to supplement water export has increased since 1970, when a second aqueduct was put into service, and local concerns have been expressed that the increased pumpage may have had a detrimental effect on the environment and the indigenous alkaline scrub and meadow plant communities in the valley. The scrub and meadow communities depend on soil moisture derived from precipitation and the unconfined part of a multilayered aquifer system. This report, which describes the hydrogeology of the aquifer system and the water resources of the valley, is one in a series designed to (1) evaluate the effects that groundwater pumping has on scrub and meadow communities and (2) appraise alternative strategies to mitigate any adverse effects caused by, pumping. \r\n\r\nTwo principal topographic features are the surface expression of the geologic framework--the high, prominent mountains on the east and west sides of the valley and the long, narrow intermountain valley floor. The mountains are composed of sedimentary, granitic, and metamorphic rocks, mantled in part by volcanic rocks as well as by glacial, talus, and fluvial deposits. The valley floor is underlain by valley fill that consists of unconsolidated to moderately consolidated alluvial fan, transition-zone, glacial and talus, and fluvial and lacustrine deposits. The valley fill also includes interlayered recent volcanic flows and pyroclastic rocks. The bedrock surface beneath the valley fill is a narrow, steep-sided graben that is structurally separated into the Bishop Basin to the north and the Owens Lake Basin to the south. These two structural basins are separated by (1) a bedrock high that is the upper bedrock block of an east-west normal fault, (2) a horst block of bedrock (the Poverty Hills), and (3) Quaternary basalt flows and cinder cones that intercalate and intrude the sedimentary deposits of the valley fill. The resulting structural separation of the basins allowed separate development of fluvial and lacustrine depositional systems in each basin. \r\n\r\nNearly all the ground water in Owens Valley flows through and is stored in the saturated valley fill. The bedrock, which surrounds and underlies the valley fill, is virtually impermeable. Three hydrogeologic units compose the valley-fill aquifer system, a defined subdivision of the ground-water system, and a fourth represents the valley fill below the aquifer system and above the bedrock. The aquifer system is divided into horizontal hydrogeologic units on the basis of either (1) uniform hydrologic characteristics of a specific lithologic layer or (2) distribution of the vertical hydraulic head. Hydrogeologic unit 1 is the upper unit and represents the unconfined part of the system, hydrogeologic unit 2 represents the confining unit (or units), and hydrogeologic unit 3 represents the confined part of the aquifer system. Hydrogeologic unit 4 represents the deep part of the ground-water system and lies below the aquifer system. Hydrogeologic unit 4 transmits or stores much less water than hydrogeologic unit 3 and represents either a moderately consolidated valley fill or a geologic unit in the valley fill defined on the basis of geophysical data. \r\n\r\nNearly all the recharge to the aquifer system is from infiltration of runoff from snowmelt and rainfall on the Sierra Nevada. In contrast, little recharge occurs to the system by runoff from the White and Inyo Mountains or from direct precipitation on the valley floor. Ground wat","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2370B","usgsCitation":"Hollett, K.J., Danskin, W.R., McCaffrey, W.F., and Walti, C.L., 1991, Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2370, 77 p. 2 plates n pocket. Supercedes Open-file report 88-715., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2370B.","productDescription":"77 p. 2 plates n pocket. Supercedes Open-file report 88-715.","numberOfPages":"77","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2370b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247342,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2370b/plate-1.pdf","size":"3064","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247343,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2370b/plate-2.pdf","size":"3753","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59626,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2370b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollett, Kenneth J.","contributorId":40580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollett","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Danskin, Wesley R. 0000-0001-8672-5501 wdanskin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-5501","contributorId":1034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danskin","given":"Wesley","email":"wdanskin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCaffrey, William F.","contributorId":99155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffrey","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walti, Caryl L.","contributorId":64698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walti","given":"Caryl","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29489,"text":"wri904164 - 1991 - A steady-state unsaturated-zone model to simulate pesticide transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-28T10:18:57","indexId":"wri904164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4164","title":"A steady-state unsaturated-zone model to simulate pesticide transport","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri904164","usgsCitation":"Rutledge, A.T., and Helgesen, J.O., 1991, A steady-state unsaturated-zone model to simulate pesticide transport: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4164, iv, 13 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904164.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4164/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58330,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6298","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rutledge, A. T.","contributorId":38532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutledge","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helgesen, J. O.","contributorId":62600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38447,"text":"pp1406C - 1991 - Geochemistry of ground water in alluvial basins of Arizona and adjacent parts of Nevada, New Mexico, and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:00","indexId":"pp1406C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1406","chapter":"C","title":"Geochemistry of ground water in alluvial basins of Arizona and adjacent parts of Nevada, New Mexico, and California","docAbstract":"Chemical and isotope analyses of ground water from 28 basins in the Basin and Range physiographic province of Arizona and parts of adjacent States were used to evaluate ground-water quality, determine processes that control ground-water chemistry, provide independent insight into the hydrologic flow system, and develop information transfer. The area is characterized by north- to northwest-trending mountains separated by alluvial basins that form a regional topography of alternating mountains and valleys. On the basis of ground-water divides or zones of minimal basin interconnection, the area was divided into 72 basins, each representing an individual aquifer system. These systems are joined in a dendritic pattern and collectively constitute the major water resource in the region. \r\n\r\nGeochemical models were developed to identify reactions and mass transfer responsible for the chemical evolution of the ground water. On the basis of mineralogy and chemistry of the two major rock associations of the area, a felsic model and a mafic model were developed to illustrate geologic, climatic, and physiographic effects on ground-water chemistry. Two distinct hydrochemical processes were identified: (1) reactions of meteoric water with minerals and gases in recharge areas and (2) reactions of ground water as it moves down the hydraulic gradient. Reactions occurring in recharge and downgradient areas can be described by a 13-component system. Major reactions are the dissolution and precipitation of calcite and dolomite, the weathering of feldspars and ferromagnesian minerals, the formation of montmorillonite, iron oxyhydroxides, and probably silica, and, in some basins, ion exchange. \r\n\r\nThe geochemical modeling demonstrated that relatively few phases are required to derive the ground-water chemistry; 14 phases-12 mineral and 2 gas-consistently account for the chemical evolution in each basin. The final phases were selected through analysis of X-ray diffraction and fluorescence data, aqueous speciation and saturation data, and mass-balance and isotopic constraints and through chemical models developed from mineral combinations among the 27 phases that were considered realistic in these geologically and mineralogically complex basins. X-ray diffraction of basin-fill sediments confirm the presence of the postulated minerals and their weathering sequences. \r\n\r\nHigh partial pressures of soil CO2 and large concentrations of dissolved CO2 in recharge areas, and the rapid depletion of CO2 downgradient, accompanied by high weathering rates of the silicates which also decrease downgradient, indicate that carbonic acid is the impetus in the weathering process. Reactions in the soil zone and the unsaturated zone are influential and, in some instances, are as important as the mineralogy of the source rock in determining ground-water compositions. \r\n\r\nThe basins can be divided geochemically into two general categories-closed systems, which evolve under closed hydrologic conditions, and open systems, which are open to CO2 and other constituents along the flow path. The ground-water chemistry of the unconfined aquifers in the eastern part of the study area and of the aquifers underlying the flood plain along the Colorado River generally evolves under open conditions. The ground-water chemistry of most basins in the central and western parts and of the confined aquifers in the eastern part evolves under closed conditions. The factors that determine whether a basin is an open or closed system are the amount of and the spatial and seasonal distribution of annual precipitation and the presence or absence of fine-grained confining units. \r\n\r\nThe basins along the Colorado River are unique among basins in the region. Virtually all ground water underlying the flood plain originated as seepage or overbank flow from the Colorado River. Initial deuterium content of about -120 per mil is indicative of precipitation from the central part of Colorado. Using chemical m","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1406C","usgsCitation":"Robertson, F.N., 1991, Geochemistry of ground water in alluvial basins of Arizona and adjacent parts of Nevada, New Mexico, and California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1406, p. C1-C90, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1406C.","productDescription":"p. C1-C90","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1406c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64922,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1406c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6aad69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Frederick N.","contributorId":108160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29083,"text":"wri884016 - 1991 - Water quality of lakes and streams in Voyageurs National Park, northern Minnesota, 1977-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T18:38:46.93796","indexId":"wri884016","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4016","title":"Water quality of lakes and streams in Voyageurs National Park, northern Minnesota, 1977-84","docAbstract":"Water-quality investigations in six interconnected lakes that comprise most of the surface area of Voyageurs National Park in northern Minnesota revealed substantial differences in water-quality. Three large lakes; Sand Point, Namakan, and Rainy, near the eastern and northern boundaries of the Park; are oligotrophic to mesotrophic, having low dissolved solids and alkalinity, and dimictic circulation. In contrast, Kabetogama Lake, Black Bay, and Sullivan Bay, near the western and southern boundaries of the Park, were eutrophic, having higher dissolved solids and alkalinity, and polymictic circulation. Chemical characteristics of the three lakes along the eastern and northern boundary were similar to those of the Namakan River--a major source of inflow that drains an extensive area of exposed bedrock and thin noncalcareous drift east of the Park. The lake and embayments along the western and southern boundary receive inflow from two streams that drain an area west and south of the Park that is overlain by calcareous drift. Samples from one of these streams contained dissolved-solids concentrations about five times, and total alkalinity concentrations about eight times concentrations measured in the Namakan River. The nutrient-enriched lakes and embayments had high algal productivity that produced blooms of blue-green algae in some years. Annual patterns in the levels of trophic-state indicators revealed that the shallow, polymictic lakes experienced seasonal increases in totalphosphorus concentrations in their euphotic zones that did not occur in the deeper, dimictic lakes; this indicates a link between the frequent recirculation of these lakes and internal cycling of phosphorus. Secchi-disk transparency was limited by organic color in Sand Point, Namakan, and Rainy Lakes, and resuspended bottom material reduced transparency in Black Bay. Waters in the large lakes and embayments met nearly all U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criteria for protection of freshwater aquatic life, recreation, and drinking water. Some sites exceeded criteria because of oil and grease, phenols, sulfide, and ammonia. Reconnaissance sampling of 19 small lakes in remote areas of the Park indicated that most of them are sharply stratified and had very low dissolved solids and alkalinity concentrations (4.0-29 milligrams per liter total alkalinity). Thirteen of the lakes could be classified as moderately sensitive to acid precipitation, and two could be classified extremely sensitive. About half of the interior lakes had low nutrient concentrations (10-30 micrograms per liter total phosphorus) and low algal productivity (0.1- 2.0 micrograms per liter chlorophyll a). Five of the lakes had a marked reduction in trophic state from spring to summer. The Namakan River is the largest source of inflow to the Park and was found to have better quality than its receiving waters based on dissolved solids and nutrient concentrations, algal productivity, and transparency. The Ash River was found to deliver water that generally was poorer in quality than its receiving waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri884016","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Payne, G.A., 1991, Water quality of lakes and streams in Voyageurs National Park, northern Minnesota, 1977-84: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4016, vi, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884016.","productDescription":"vi, 95 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407460,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46943.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4016/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57939,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4016/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Voyageurs National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.15788269042969, 48.62519355056901 ], [ -93.15513610839844, 48.57524422229134 ], [ -93.14414978027344, 48.562976382535126 ], [ -93.1146240234375, 48.5493419587775 ], [ -93.11187744140625, 48.54616006450406 ], [ -93.11050415039062, 48.5152398224152 ], [ -93.14002990722656, 48.5152398224152 ], [ -93.14826965332031, 48.50978134908701 ], [ 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48.63200099590253 ], [ -92.98347473144531, 48.62428582180531 ], [ -93.08990478515625, 48.62791663890294 ], [ -93.15788269042969, 48.62519355056901 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9969","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Payne, G. A.","contributorId":62190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35299,"text":"b1986 - 1991 - Marion Peak quadrangle, Fresno County, California— Analytic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-27T20:07:14.797415","indexId":"b1986","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1986","title":"Marion Peak quadrangle, Fresno County, California— Analytic data","docAbstract":"The Marion Peak 15-minute quadrangle includes about 620 km2 on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada in Fresno County, California, between 36°45' and 37°00' N. latitude and 118°30' and 118°45 W. longitude. This report supplements the geologic map of the Marion Peak quadrangle by providing modal and chemical analyses of the granitic and volcanic rock samples.
\nGranitic rocks of the batholith underlie 95 percent of the quadrangle area. Most of the remaining area is underlain by septa of pre-batholithic metamorphosed sediments and volcanic rocks which occur between the individual granitic masses. Cenozoic volcanic rocks underlie a small area, and they include an eroded dacitic volcanic center and scattered erosional remnants of basaltic lava flows.
\nAbout 300 samples of typical plutonic and volcanic rocks were collected during the course of geologic mapping; of these, 30 granitic, 2 metavolcanic, and 9 Cenozoic volcanic rocks were chemically analyzed for their major elements, and most were also analyzed for selected trace elements. In addition, 178 samples of granitic rocks were analyzed modally for the volume percent of their constituent minerals. Measurements of specific gravity and magnetic susceptibility are also included.
\nThe average chemical composition of the granitic rocks in the quadrangle, estimated from the analyzed samples, is a silicic granodiorite that contains 69.2 weight percent SiO2.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1986","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., 1991, Marion Peak quadrangle, Fresno County, California— Analytic data: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1986, iii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1986.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391034,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22206.htm"},{"id":63161,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1986/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1986/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Fresno County","otherGeospatial":"Marion Peak quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.75,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -118.75,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -118.75,\n 36.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605731","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James Gregory","contributorId":73622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James Gregory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30027,"text":"wri914127 - 1991 - Field experiments and simulations of infiltration-rate response to changes in hydrologic conditions for an artificial-recharge test basin near Oakes, southeastern North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T13:49:02","indexId":"wri914127","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4127","title":"Field experiments and simulations of infiltration-rate response to changes in hydrologic conditions for an artificial-recharge test basin near Oakes, southeastern North Dakota","docAbstract":"Ponded depth in an artificial-recharge basin was used as a management option to conduct turbid water from the James River to the Oakes aquifer. Infiltration-rate response to changes in ponded depth was evaluated for a 15xl5-meter artificial-recharge test basin constructed in a medium-sandy soil in the irrigation area near Oakes, southeastern North Dakota. Field experiments conducted at the test basin indicated that the clogged soil surface was easily scoured by currents caused by the addition of turbid water to increase ponded depth. Field measurements and computer-model simulations indicated that infiltration-rate response to an increase in ponded depth would be large for a clogged soil condition consisting of a surface filter-cake layer 0.1 centimeter in depth underlain by a sediment-clogged layer extending from 0.1 to 23 centimeters beneath the basin floor. Simulated infiltration-rate response to changes in ponded depth for surface filter-cake layer impedance values ranging from 0 to 1,000 hours indicated that infiltration-rate response would approach and remain near the maximum value for impedance values greater than 10 hours. The smallest infiltration-rate response would occur for impedance values less than 1 hour. For the case of a ground-water mound intersecting the basin floor, the percentage of infiltration-rate response to changes in ponded depth was not influenced by basin geometry, basin surface area, or underlying aquifer hydraulic conductivity. The simulated infiltration-rate response to changes in ponded depth increased when the water-table depth was shallow. Total recharge per unit area was greater for artificial-recharge basins having a less compact geometry than for artificial-recharge basins having a more compact geometry, for artificial-recharge basins having a small surface area than for artificial-recharge basins having a large surface area, and for artificial-recharge basins where underlying aquifer hydraulic conductivity was large rather than small. Artificial-recharge basin conditions most conducive to an effective infiltration-rate response to changes in ponded depth were least conducive to an enhanced total recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914127","usgsCitation":"Sumner, D.M., Schuh, W., and Cline, R., 1991, Field experiments and simulations of infiltration-rate response to changes in hydrologic conditions for an artificial-recharge test basin near Oakes, southeastern North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4127, v, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914127.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4127/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58831,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4127/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f598b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sumner, D. M.","contributorId":100827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuh, W.M.","contributorId":76367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuh","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cline, R.L.","contributorId":41473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cline","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26531,"text":"wri914068 - 1991 - Techniques for estimating selected parameters of the US Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System in eastern Montana and northeastern Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri914068","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4068","title":"Techniques for estimating selected parameters of the US Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System in eastern Montana and northeastern Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor,","doi":"10.3133/wri914068","usgsCitation":"Cary, L.E., 1991, Techniques for estimating selected parameters of the US Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System in eastern Montana and northeastern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4068, iv, 39 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914068.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4068/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55393,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cary, L. E.","contributorId":47369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cary","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29480,"text":"wri904098 - 1991 - An Axisymmetric finite-difference flow model to simulate drawdown in and around a pumped well","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri904098","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4098","title":"An Axisymmetric finite-difference flow model to simulate drawdown in and around a pumped well","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri904098","usgsCitation":"Rutledge, A.T., 1991, An Axisymmetric finite-difference flow model to simulate drawdown in and around a pumped well: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4098, vi, 33 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904098.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4098/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58324,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4098/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686549","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rutledge, A. T.","contributorId":38532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutledge","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28835,"text":"wri884230 - 1991 - Hydrology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow at a taconite-tailings basin near Keewatin, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:33:44","indexId":"wri884230","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4230","title":"Hydrology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow at a taconite-tailings basin near Keewatin, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Taconite tailings, a waste product from processing of iron ore, have been deposited in a 2.5-square-mile containment basin near Keewatin, Minnesota, The basin, which is bounded by earthen dikes of compacted drift and clayey bouldery till, contains saturated tailings consisting of chert and other silica-rich particles that range from clay to coarse-sand size.
\nRunoff from the tailings is slight and occurs only after heavy rains and snowmelt. Average discharge from the basin from April 1982 through June 1984 was about 0.6 cubic foot per second. Instantaneous discharge ranged from zero during much of the period to about 140 cubic feet per second following snowmelt in spring 1982. Daily mean discharge from the basin exceeded 20 cubic feet per second on two days during the period of study.
\nWater levels in wells range from 0 to 25 feet below the tailings surface; seasonal fluctuations range from 2 to 8 feet. Ground water flows radially from a mound in the north-central part of the basin under a hydraulic gradient of 4.7 x 10-3 feet per foot. Vertical flow also is downward to drift deposits beneath the tailings. Vertical gradients range from 7.0 x 10-3 to 6.0 x 10-1 feet per foot.
\nSaturated thickness of the tailings ranges from about 1 to 35 feet. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranges from about 1 to 500 feet per day. Transmissivities range from about 25 feet squared per day in fine tailings to about 350 feet squared per day in coarse tailings. Ground-water recharge from precipitation was 11.8 inches from October 1982 through September 1983. Ground-water outflow as leakage to the underlying drift deposits was 9.9 inches for the same period.
\nWater collected from wells completed in the tailings and from the drainage ditch at the basin outlet is of a mixed type in which the magnesium concentration only slightly exceeds concentrations of calcium and sodium plus potassium, expressed in milliequivalents, and concentrations of sulfate and bicarbonate, expressed in milliequivalents, are equal. Concentrations of arsenic, fluoride, and nitrite plus nitrate in water from the tailings were notably greater than in water from adjacent aquifers. However, only fluoride, manganese, and nitrite plus nitrate concentrations equalled or exceeded State drinking-water standards. Suspended-sediment concentrations in streamflow ranged from less than 1 milligram per liter during low-flow periods to about 4,600 milligrams per liter following snowmelt in the spring of 1982.
\nNumerical-model simulations of ground-water flow near the vicinity of the tailings basin indicate that, if areal recharge were doubled during spring and fall, water levels in wells could average about 4 feet above 1983 levels during these periods. Model results indicate that water levels in the tailings could possibly remain about 5 feet above 1983 levels at the end of the year. Water levels in the tailings at the outlet of the basin could be about 1 foot above 1983 levels during the spring stress period and could be nearly 1.5 feet above 1983 levels during the fall stress period. Under these hypothetical climatic conditions, ground-water contribution to discharge at the outlet could be about 50 cubic feet per second during spring and about 80 cubic feet per second during fall.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri884230","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Board and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Myette, C., 1991, Hydrology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow at a taconite-tailings basin near Keewatin, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4230, vi, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884230.","productDescription":"vi, 61 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57711,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4230/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.083333,\n 47.404167\n ],\n [\n -93.083333,\n 47.358333\n ],\n [\n -93,\n 47.358333\n ],\n [\n -93,\n 47.404167\n ],\n [\n -93.083333,\n 47.404167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696c0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myette, C. F.","contributorId":97115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myette","given":"C. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34552,"text":"b1980A - 1991 - Gold deposits related to greenstone belts in Brazil; deposit modeling workshop; Part A, excursions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:27","indexId":"b1980A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1980","chapter":"A","title":"Gold deposits related to greenstone belts in Brazil; deposit modeling workshop; Part A, excursions","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b1980A","usgsCitation":"Thorman, C.H., Ladeira, E.A., and Schnabel, D.C., 1991, Gold deposits related to greenstone belts in Brazil; deposit modeling workshop; Part A, excursions: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1980, p. A1-A86, ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1980A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A86, ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1980a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62449,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1980a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db674132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorman, Charles H. cthorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":254,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thorman","given":"Charles","email":"cthorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":213160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ladeira, Eduardo A.","contributorId":62606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladeira","given":"Eduardo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schnabel, Diane C.","contributorId":94538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnabel","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":213162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28163,"text":"wri914055 - 1991 - Calibration, verification, and use of a steady-state stream water-quality model for Monument and Fountain creeks, east-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri914055","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4055","title":"Calibration, verification, and use of a steady-state stream water-quality model for Monument and Fountain creeks, east-central Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914055","usgsCitation":"Kuhn, G., 1991, Calibration, verification, and use of a steady-state stream water-quality model for Monument and Fountain creeks, east-central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4055, vii, 149 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914055.","productDescription":"vii, 149 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4055/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56997,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuhn, Gerhard","contributorId":102080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuhn","given":"Gerhard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33286,"text":"b1930 - 1991 - Gold-bearing skarns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:14","indexId":"b1930","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1930","title":"Gold-bearing skarns","docAbstract":"In recent years, a significant proportion of the mining industry's interest has been centered on discovery of gold deposits; this includes discovery of additional deposits where gold occurs in skarn, such as at Fortitude, Nevada, and at Red Dome, Australia. Under the classification of Au-bearing skarns, we have modeled these and similar gold-rich deposits that have a gold grade of at least 1 g/t and exhibit distinctive skarn mineralogy. Two subtypes, Au-skarns and byproduct Au-skarns, can be recognized on the basis of gold, silver, and base-metal grades, although many other geological factors apparently are still undistinguishable largely because of a lack of detailed studies of the Au-skarns. Median grades and tonnage for 40 Au-skarn deposits are 8.6 g/t Au, 5.0 g/t Ag, and 213,000 t. Median grades and tonnage for 50 byproduct and Au-skarn deposits are 3.7 g/t Au, 37 g/t Ag, and 330,000 t. Gold-bearing skarns are generally calcic exoskarns associated with intense retrograde hydrosilicate alteration. These skarns may contain economic amounts of numerous other commodities (Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, As, Bi, W, Sb, Co, Cd, and S) as well as gold and silver. Most Au-bearing skarns are found in Paleozoic and Cenozoic orogenic-belt and island-arc settings and are associated with felsic to intermediate intrusive rocks of Paleozoic to Tertiary age. Native gold, electru, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena, bismuth minerals, and magnetite or hematite are the most common opaque minerals. Gangue minerals typically include garnet (andradite-grossular), pyroxene (diopside-hedenbergite), wollastonite, chlorite, epidote, quartz, actinolite-tremolite, and (or) calcite.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/b1930","usgsCitation":"Theodore, T., Orris, G.J., Hammerstrom, J.M., and Bliss, J.D., 1991, Gold-bearing skarns: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1930, iv, 61 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1930.","productDescription":"iv, 61 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3145,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b1930/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1930/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":61068,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1930/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673fd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Theodore, Ted G.","contributorId":57840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodore","given":"Ted G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orris, Greta J. 0000-0002-2340-9955 greta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9955","contributorId":3472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"Greta","email":"greta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammerstrom, Jane M.","contributorId":106944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammerstrom","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}