{"pageNumber":"1393","pageRowStart":"34800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40871,"records":[{"id":44721,"text":"wri904193 - 1991 - Depth to water in the eastern Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys, southwestern Idaho, calculated using water levels from 1980 to 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T21:54:48.013201","indexId":"wri904193","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4193","title":"Depth to water in the eastern Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys, southwestern Idaho, calculated using water levels from 1980 to 1988","docAbstract":"The vulnerability of ground water to contamination in Idaho is being assessed by the IDHW/DEQ (Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality), using a modified version of the Environmental Orotection Agency DRASTIC methods (Allers and others, 1985). The project was designed as a technique to: (1) Assign priorities for development of ground-water management and monitoring programs; (2) build support for, and public awareness of, vulnerability or ground water to contamination; (3) assist in the development of regulatory programs; and (4) provide access to technical data through the use of a GIS (geographic information system) (C. Grantha,, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, written commun., 1989). A digital representation of first-encountered water below land surface is an important element in evaluating vulnerability of ground water to contamination. Depth-to-water values were developed using existing data and computer software to construct a GIS data set to be combined with a sols data set developed by the SCS (Soil Conservation Service) and IDHW/WQB (Idaho Department of Health and Welfare/Water Quality Bureau), and a recharge data set developed by the IDWR/RSF (Idaho Department of Water Resources/Remote Sensing Facility). The USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) developed digital depth-to-water values for eleven 1:100,000-scale quadrangles on the eastern Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904193","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Maupin, M.A., 1991, Depth to water in the eastern Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys, southwestern Idaho, calculated using water levels from 1980 to 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4193, 1 Plate: 36.88 x 28.89 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904193.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.88 x 28.89 inches","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"1988-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423546,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49244.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4193/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":258702,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4193/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258701,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4193/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.0,42.5 ], [ -115.0,44.5 ], [ -111.0,44.5 ], [ -111.0,42.5 ], [ -115.0,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e756","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maupin, Molly A. 0000-0002-2695-5505 mamaupin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-5505","contributorId":951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maupin","given":"Molly","email":"mamaupin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":66443,"text":"i1824 - 1991 - Surficial geologic map of the Walden 30' x 60' quadrangle, Jackson, Larimer, and Routt counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-03T12:33:47","indexId":"i1824","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1824","title":"Surficial geologic map of the Walden 30' x 60' quadrangle, Jackson, Larimer, and Routt counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>This map is one of a series of four 30' x 60' surficial geologic maps (1:100,000 scale) intended to provide basic geologic information for planning for energy resource development and growth in northwestern Colorado. An effort is made to characterize all surficial materials, regardless of origin. Hence, residuum is given much more emphasis than is customary, and this results in several departures from conventional geologic maps: bedrock geology is deemphasized; the part of the map symbol denoting geologic age is omitted for surficial units because all surficial units shown are believed to be of Quaternary age; and faults are not shown because none in this map area was observed to displace surficial materials.</p>\n<p>Few exposures of most map units exist, except in manmade excavations, such as gravel pits and road cuts. Consequently, thicknesses usually are estimated, and data on stratification, clast size, and relative proportions of matrix and framework clasts are limited to a few localities for each map unit. The Wentworth scale is used to describe grain sizes.</p>\n<p>Mapping was done chiefly on aerial photographs taken in 1953. Hence, landslides and modifications resulting from gravel mining since 1953 may not show on this map. The scales of the aerial photographs (about 1:60,000) and the map (1:100,000) governed the minimum size of the deposits mapped. The minimum thickness of the depostis mapped is about 1.5m in most places. Deposit thickness, although not a mapping criterion, influences the topographic expression of many landforms, and landform is the basis for delineating the surficial deposits shown.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1824","usgsCitation":"Madole, R., 1991, Surficial geologic map of the Walden 30' x 60' quadrangle, Jackson, Larimer, and Routt counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1824, 54.00 x 30.62 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1824.","productDescription":"54.00 x 30.62 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":107147,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9942.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9942"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Jackson County, Larimer County, Routt County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107,40.5 ], [ -107,41 ], [ -106,41 ], [ -106,40.5 ], [ -107,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688d3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madole, R.F. 0000-0002-9081-570X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-570X","contributorId":34086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madole","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49487,"text":"ofr91115B - 1991 - Make your own paper model of a volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:23","indexId":"ofr91115B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-115","chapter":"B","title":"Make your own paper model of a volcano","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr91115B","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., and Gordon, L.C., 1991, Make your own paper model of a volcano: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-115, One 3 1/2 inch diskette, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91115B.","productDescription":"One 3 1/2 inch diskette","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649f2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, Leslie C. lgordon@usgs.gov","contributorId":4872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Leslie","email":"lgordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5072,"text":"Office of Communication and Publishing","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":239731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58784,"text":"mf1060 - 1991 - Seismicity map of the state of Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T11:15:44","indexId":"mf1060","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1060","title":"Seismicity map of the state of Georgia","docAbstract":"<p>This map is one of a series of seismicity maps produced by the U.S. Geological Survey that show earthquake data of individual states or groups of states at the scale of 1:1,000,000. This maps shows only those earthquakes with epicenters located within the boundaries of Georgia, even though earthquakes in nearby states or countries may have been felt or may have cause damage in Georgia.</p><p> The data in table 1 were used to compile the seismicity map; these data are a corrected, expanded, and updated (through 1987) version of the data used by Algermissen (1969) for a study of seismic risk in the United States. The locations and intensities of some earthquakes were revised and intensities were assigned where none had been before. Many earthquakes were added to the original list from new data sources as well as from some old data sources that has not been previously used. The data in table 1 represent best estimates of the location of the epicenter, magnitude, and intensity of each earthquake on the basis of historical and current information. Some of the aftershocks from large earthquakes are listed, but not all, especially for earthquakes that occurred before seismic instruments were universally used. </p><p>The latitude and longitude coordinates of each epicenter were rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree and sorted so that all identical locations were grouped and counted. These locations are represented on the map by a triangle. The number of earthquakes at each location is shown on the map by the Arabic number to the right of the triangle. A Roman numeral to the left of a triangle is the maximum Modified Mercoili intensity (Wood and Neumann, 1931) of all earthquakes at that geographic location, The absence of an intensity value indicates that no intensities have been assigned to earthquakes at that location. The year shown below each triangle is the latest year for which the maximum intensity was recorded.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1060","usgsCitation":"Reagor, B.G., Stover, C.W., Algermissen, S.T., and Long, L., 1991, Seismicity map of the state of Georgia (Revision - 1991): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1060, 36.03 X 28.23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1060.","productDescription":"36.03 X 28.23 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1060/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278826,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1060/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"7.10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United 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,{"id":66442,"text":"i1825 - 1991 - Surficial geologic map of the Steamboat Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, Grand, Jackson, and Routt counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-03T12:34:39","indexId":"i1825","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1825","title":"Surficial geologic map of the Steamboat Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, Grand, Jackson, and Routt counties, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>This map is one of a series of four 30' x 60' surficial geologic maps (1:100,000 scale) intended to provide basic geologic information for planning for energy resource development and growth in northwestern Colorado. An effort is made to characterize all surficial materials, regardless of origin. Hence, residuum is given much more emphasis than is customary, and this results in several departures from conventional geologic maps: bedrock geology is deemphasized; the part of the map symbol denoting geologic age is omitted for surficial units because all surficial units shown are believed to be of Quaternary age; and faults are not shown because none in this map area was observed to displace surficial materials.</p>\n<p>Few exposures of most map units exist, except in manmade excavations, such as gravel pits and road cuts. Consequently, thicknesses usually are estimated, and data on stratification, clast size, and relative proportions of matrix and framework clasts are limited to a few localities for each map unit. The Wentworth scale is used to describe grain sizes.</p>\n<p>Mapping was done chiefly on aerial photographs taken in 1953. Hence, landslides and modifications resulting from gravel mining since 1953 may not show on this map. The scales of the aerial photographs (about 1:60,000) and the map (1:100,000) governed the minimum size of the deposits mapped. The minimum thickness of the depostis mapped is about 1.5m in most places. Deposit thickness, although not a mapping criterion, influences the topographic expression of many landforms, and landform is the basis for delineating the surficial deposits shown.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1825","usgsCitation":"Madole, R., 1991, Surficial geologic map of the Steamboat Springs 30' x 60' quadrangle, Grand, Jackson, and Routt counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1825, 55.72 x 30.11 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1825.","productDescription":"55.72 x 30.11 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":107148,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9943.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9943"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Grand County, Jackson County, Routt County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107,40 ], [ -107,40.5 ], [ -106,40.5 ], [ -106,40 ], [ -107,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688da1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madole, R.F. 0000-0002-9081-570X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-570X","contributorId":34086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madole","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":67462,"text":"i2001 - 1991 - Geologic maps of science study area 3, Olympus Rupes, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T11:01:20.220391","indexId":"i2001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001","title":"Geologic maps of science study area 3, Olympus Rupes, Mars","docAbstract":"<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">This map is one in</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\"> a</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\"> series of 1:500,000</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">-scale geologic maps </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">initiated</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\"> by the National </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">Aeronautics</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\"> and Space Administration to investigate areas of </span><span class=\"AdvancedProofingIssue SCXW159199272 BCX8\">particular </span><span class=\"AdvancedProofingIssue SCXW159199272 BCX8\">scientific</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\"> interest </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">on Mars. Olympus Mons is the largest known volcanic construct in the Solar System; it is more than 600 km across and more than 27 km above datum (fig, 1, sheet 1). The volcano and the great scarp that bounds it have been the subject of much </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">scientific </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">controversy. Although i</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">t </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">has been possible to generate an empirical model that closely resembles Olympus Mons (fig. 2, sheet 1), the </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">dynamics</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\"> of scarp formation are still unproven</span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">. The scarp area is thus a logical selection as a scientific study area. It has also </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">been designated as a </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">candidate site for a proposed </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">lander/rover/sample-return mission to Mars (fig. 1, sheet 2) not only because the site may provide </span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">information about the origins of the scarp and the evolution of Olympus Mons, but also</span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW159199272 BCX8\">because the rocks of widely diverse ages may be studied from the samples collected from talus at the base of the scarp.</span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2001","usgsCitation":"Morris, E.C., Masursky, H., Applebee, D., and Strobell, M., 1991, Geologic maps of science study area 3, Olympus Rupes, Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2001, 2 Plates: 45.00 × 37.00 inches and 56.00 × 31.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2001.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 45.00 × 37.00 inches and 56.00 × 31.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":438936,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9RV7IFS","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic maps of science study area 3, Olympus Rupes, Mars"},{"id":185879,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":101430,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2001/plate-2.pdf","size":"7635","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":101429,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2001/plate-1.pdf","size":"10885","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"502000","otherGeospatial":"Mars, Olympus Rupes","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6885e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morris, E. C.","contributorId":84381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masursky, Harold","contributorId":94304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Applebee, D.J.","contributorId":22438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Applebee","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strobell, M.E.","contributorId":61819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strobell","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":60975,"text":"mf1857 - 1991 - Seismicity map of the state of Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":60974,"text":"mf1857_1986 - 1986 - Seismicity map of the state of Idaho","indexId":"mf1857_1986","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Seismicity map of the state of Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":60975,"text":"mf1857 - 1991 - Seismicity map of the state of Idaho","indexId":"mf1857","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Seismicity map of the state of Idaho"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-19T16:01:07","indexId":"mf1857","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1857","title":"Seismicity map of the state of Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>This map is one of a series of seismicity maps produced by the U.S. Geological Survey that show earthquake data of individual states or groups of states at the scale of 1:1,000,000. This map shows only those earthquakes with epicenters located within the boundaries of Idaho, even though earthquakes in nearby states or countries may have been felt or may have caused damage in Idaho.</p>\n<p>The data in table 1 were used to compile the seismicity map; these data are a corrected, expanded, and updated (through 1987) version of the data used by Algermissen (1969) for a study of seismic risk in the United States. The locations and intensities of some earthquakes were revised and intensities were assigned where none had been before. Many earthquakes were added to the original list from new data sources as well as from some old data sources that had not been previously used. The data in table 1 represent earthquake on the basis of historical and current information. Some of the aftershocks from large earthquake are listed, but not all, especially for earthquakes that occurred before seismic instruments were universally used.</p>\n<p>The latitude and longitude coordinates of each epicenter were rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree and sorted so that all identical locations were grouped and counted. These locations are represented on the map by a triangle. The number of earthquakes at each location is shown on the map by the Arabic number to the right of the triangle. A Roman numeral to the left of a triangle is the maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (Wood and Neumann, 1931) of all earthquakes at that geographic location. The absence of an intensity value indicates that no intensities have been assigned to earthquakes at that location. The year shown below each triangle is the latest year for which the maximum intensity was recorded.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1857","usgsCitation":"Stover, C.W., Reagor, B., and Algermissen, S.T., 1991, Seismicity map of the state of Idaho (Revision - 1991): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1857, Report: 25 p.; Plate: 30.29 x 39.23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1857.","productDescription":"Report: 25 p.; Plate: 30.29 x 39.23 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1857.jpg"},{"id":310086,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1857/report.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"10.03 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,{"id":49486,"text":"ofr91115A - 1991 - Make your own paper model of a volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:23","indexId":"ofr91115A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-115","chapter":"A","title":"Make your own paper model of a volcano","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr91115A","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., and Gordon, L.C., 1991, Make your own paper model of a volcano: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-115, 3 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91115A.","productDescription":"3 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0115a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86081,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0115a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db62878b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":239730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, Leslie C. lgordon@usgs.gov","contributorId":4872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Leslie","email":"lgordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5072,"text":"Office of Communication and Publishing","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":239729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17688,"text":"ofr9111A - 1991 - Some industrial mineral deposit models : descriptive deposit models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T19:16:14","indexId":"ofr9111A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-11","chapter":"A","title":"Some industrial mineral deposit models : descriptive deposit models","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9111A","usgsCitation":"Bliss, J.D., 1991, Some industrial mineral deposit models : descriptive deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-11, iv, 73 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9111A.","productDescription":"iv, 73 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1044,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/ofr-91-0011-a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e9e4b07f02db5e9290","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Orris, G. J.","contributorId":80252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"G. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749304,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":177441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207855,"text":"70207855 - 1991 - Crustal structure interpreted from magnetic anomalies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-15T16:39:25","indexId":"70207855","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T16:34:46","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure interpreted from magnetic anomalies","docAbstract":"<p>In this review, we discuss publications during the last quadrennium (1987–1990) that used aeromagnetic data, marine magnetic data, satellite magnetic data, and rock magnetic and petrologic data to provide information on the sources of magnetic anomalies. Abstracts and papers by non‐U.S. authors are not described.</p><p>The publications reviewed reflect increased integration of rock magnetic property and petrologic studies with magnetic anomaly interpretation studies, particularly in deep crustal magnetization, exploration for hydrocarbons, and inversion of marine magnetic anomalies. Interpretations of aeromagnetic data featuring image display techniques and using the horizontal gradient method for locating magnetization boundaries became standard. The magnetic anomaly map of North America appeared, the first such map of an entire continent. MAGSAT data contributed to the development of a new model for the magnetization of the oceanic crust. Forward modeling of sources of magnetic anomalies contributed to a wide range of geologic investigations on land, and inverse magnetic modeling techniques became popular for marine geologic investigations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/rog.1991.29.s1.416","usgsCitation":"Phillips, J., Reynolds, R.J., and Frey, H., 1991, Crustal structure interpreted from magnetic anomalies: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 29, no. S1, p. 416-427, https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.1991.29.s1.416.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"416","endPage":"427","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371283,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Jeffrey 0000-0002-6459-2821 jeff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":127453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jeff@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard J. 0000-0001-5032-6613 rjreynol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-6613","contributorId":1082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rjreynol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frey, Herbert","contributorId":221663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frey","given":"Herbert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70208262,"text":"70208262 - 1991 - Ecosystem modeling of Barataria Basin, Louisiana utilizing desktop parallel technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-31T14:15:53","indexId":"70208262","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T14:05:47","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Ecosystem modeling of Barataria Basin, Louisiana utilizing desktop parallel technology","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"27th Annual Conference : Water management of river systems, and symposium: Resource development of the lower Mississippi River","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"27th Annual Conference : Water Management of River Systems, and Symposium: Resource Development of the Lower Mississippi River","conferenceDate":"Sep 8-13, 1991","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","usgsCitation":"White, M.L., Maxwell, T., Costanza, R., and Doyle, T.W., 1991, Ecosystem modeling of Barataria Basin, Louisiana utilizing desktop parallel technology, <i>in</i> 27th Annual Conference : Water management of river systems, and symposium: Resource development of the lower Mississippi River, New Orleans, LA, Sep 8-13, 1991, p. 225-234.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"234","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371834,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Barataria Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.05242919921875,\n              29.10897615145302\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.41497802734375,\n              29.379781767454972\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.89837646484375,\n              29.80966763726961\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.9176025390625,\n              30.06909396443887\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.8736572265625,\n              30.121373087823045\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.10162353515625,\n              30.0286775329042\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.32135009765625,\n              30.050076521698735\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.604248046875,\n              30.121373087823045\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.9228515625,\n              30.261439550638762\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.999755859375,\n              30.330212685432734\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.34857177734375,\n              30.247204606534158\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.10986328125,\n              29.248063243796576\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.0604248046875,\n              29.19053283229458\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.76654052734375,\n              29.379781767454972\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.45343017578125,\n              29.180941290001776\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.10186767578125,\n              29.068173545070536\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.05242919921875,\n              29.10897615145302\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, M. 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,{"id":70207081,"text":"70207081 - 1991 - Fractal hierarchies of magma transport in Hawaii and critical self- organization of tremor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T13:44:52","indexId":"70207081","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T13:40:56","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractal hierarchies of magma transport in Hawaii and critical self- organization of tremor","docAbstract":"<p><span>A hierarchical model of magma transport in Hawaii is developed from the seismic records of deep (30-60 km) and intermediate-depth (5-15 km) harmonic tremor between January 1, 1962, and December 31, 1983. A tremor model of magma transport is developed from mass balances of percolation that are proportional to tremor durations. It gives reasonable magma fractions and residence times for a vertical drift velocity of 4 km yr</span><sup>-1</sup><span>&nbsp;and yields patterns of intermittency that are in accord with singularity analyses of the 22-year time series record. It is suggested that spatiotemporal universality extends from small to large scales in Hawaiian and other magmatic systems. The apparent universal scaling of frequencies may be more than 15 decades in time (1 s to about 60 m.y.) and 10 decades in length (0.1 mm to 10</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;km). -from Authors</span></p>","language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Shaw, H.R., and Chouet, B., 1991, Fractal hierarchies of magma transport in Hawaii and critical self- organization of tremor: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B6, p. 10,191-10,207.","productDescription":"17 p. 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 \"}}]}","volume":"96","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, H. R.","contributorId":23952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70208081,"text":"70208081 - 1991 - USFWS selected geographic analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-28T07:37:56","indexId":"70208081","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T12:53:49","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"USFWS selected geographic analyses","docAbstract":"<p><span>The geographic information system (GIS) used by the National Wetlands Research Center (NWRC) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been valuable in assisting natural resource managers in planning and managing coastal fish and wildlife resources. In the past 5 years, NWRC has conducted about 60 studies employing this technology. Applications have ranged from simple natural resource inventories to documentation of trends in wetland changes and complex predictive modeling of impacts of harbor expansion on biological resources. Maps, tables, and data bases from these studies have been presented before local, State, and Congressional committees as well as numerous scientific and public organizations. This paper describes and summarizes selected GIS projects related to resource inventories, analyses of wetland change, and cartographic modeling of coastal areas of the United States.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal zone '91: Proceedings of the seventh symposium on coastal and ocean management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Coastal Zone '91: Seventh Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceDate":"July 8-12, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Long Beach, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","isbn":"9780872628090","usgsCitation":"Stayner, F.O., Scurry, J.D., Johnston, J.B., Watzin, M.C., and Roscigno, P.F., 1991, USFWS selected geographic analyses, <i>in</i> Coastal zone '91: Proceedings of the seventh symposium on coastal and ocean management, v. 4, Long Beach, CA, July 8-12, 1991, p. 1968-1980.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1968","endPage":"1980","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371638,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":371584,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0071490"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stayner, Floyd O.","contributorId":216223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stayner","given":"Floyd","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scurry, James D.","contributorId":221241,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scurry","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, James B.","contributorId":78039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watzin, Mary C.","contributorId":214534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watzin","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roscigno, Pasquale F.","contributorId":214752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roscigno","given":"Pasquale","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70208080,"text":"70208080 - 1991 - Global climate change: USFWS coastal research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-27T12:49:30","indexId":"70208080","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T12:42:15","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Global climate change: USFWS coastal research","docAbstract":"<p><span>Scenarios of global climate change are still ambiguous; however, increasing sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>) concentrations seem certain, although rates of change are still being debated. Predictions for other aspects of climate change, such as temperature, tropical storm frequency and intensity, and precipitation, are still in debate, and all predictions for local (e.g., watershed) or regional effects are far from being useful for site-specific planning. While recognizing the weakness of current climate models, especially at regional and local scales, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in fulfilling its mandate for wildlife habitat protection and maintenance, advocates understanding the processes involved and forecasting potential changes. Because coastal wetlands constitute critical habitat for a significant portion of fish and wildlife under the Service's conservation charge, the Service's National Wetlands Research Center will study some of the most vulnerable coastal habitats of the Southern United States, namely coastal emergent marshes, submerged aquatic vegetation, forested wetlands, and communities of benthic invertebrates. Studies will include developing landscape-level data bases on National Wildlife Refuge wetland complexes along the coasts of the south Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Comparisons will be made between accreting and subsiding coastal marshes. Greenhouse and mesocosm experiments will be conducted on key species from each habitat type to determine their responses to elevated inorganic carbon, salinity, temperature, and ultraviolet radiation.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal zone '91 : Proceedings of the seventh symposium on coastal and ocean management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Coastal zone '91 :  Seventh Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management","conferenceDate":"July 8-12, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Long Beach, CA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","isbn":"9780872628090 ","usgsCitation":"Keough, J.R., Doyle, T.W., and Stewart, R.E., 1991, Global climate change: USFWS coastal research, <i>in</i> Coastal zone '91 : Proceedings of the seventh symposium on coastal and ocean management, v. 4, Long Beach, CA, July 8-12, 1991, p. 3163-3177.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3163","endPage":"3177","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":371578,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0073040"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keough, Janet R.","contributorId":49300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keough","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doyle, Thomas W. 0000-0001-5754-0671 doylet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Thomas","email":"doylet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, Robert E. Jr.","contributorId":72861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70210053,"text":"70210053 - 1991 - Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains: I. Historical and ecotoxicological perspectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T17:25:14.391023","indexId":"70210053","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T12:18:24","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains: I. Historical and ecotoxicological perspectives","docAbstract":"<p><span>Colonial fish-eating birds have been used as convenient model populations in which to study the impact of chronic exposure to complex mixtures of persistent lipophilic environmental contaminants within the Great Lakes ecosystem. To date, published reports of contaminant-induced adverse reproductive outcomes exist for six species. We briefly review the studies of the herring gull (</span><i>Larus argentatu</i><span>s), Forster's tern (</span><i>Sterna forsteri</i><span>), and the double-crested cormorant (</span><i>Phalacrocorax auritus</i><span>) to illustrate the use of reproductive outcomes in fish-eating birds as a biomarkerfor developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains. We discuss the management implications of using various species for such purposes. We recommend that cormorants be used more extensively in biomonitoring programs to measure exposure and effects of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and other contaminants in aquatic food chains in the Great Lakes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71352-X","usgsCitation":"Fox, G., Weseloh, D.V., Kubiak, T.J., and Erdman, T.C., 1991, Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains: I. Historical and ecotoxicological perspectives: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 17, no. 2, p. 153-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71352-X.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":374689,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.9814453125,\n              43.866218006556394\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.4208984375,\n              44.37098696297173\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.3876953125,\n              43.96119063892024\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.453125,\n              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         47.48008846346322\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.681884765625,\n              47.44294999517949\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.08837890625,\n              47.27177506640828\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41796875,\n              46.97275640318636\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.48388671874999,\n              46.78501604269254\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.165283203125,\n              46.98774725646568\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.637939453125,\n              46.822616668804926\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.42919921875,\n              46.521075663842865\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.98974609375,\n              46.521075663842865\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.890869140625,\n              46.4605655457854\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.71508789062499,\n              46.483264729155586\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.6162109375,\n              46.42271253466717\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.0888671875,\n              46.6795944656402\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.40771484375,\n              46.7248003746672\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.15502929687499,\n              46.78501604269254\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.957275390625,\n              46.76244305208004\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.045166015625,\n              46.558860303117164\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.83642578125,\n              46.475699386607516\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0673828125,\n              45.30580259943578\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.4521484375,\n              45.213003555993964\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.408203125,\n              44.465151013519616\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.0234375,\n              43.77109381775651\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.583984375,\n              43.644025847699496\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.7490234375,\n              44.05601169578525\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.4853515625,\n              42.97250158602597\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.14453125,\n              41.77131167976407\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              41.409775832009565\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.771484375,\n              41.73852846935917\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.8818359375,\n              42.779275360241904\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.783203125,\n              43.16512263158296\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.9814453125,\n              43.866218006556394\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, Glen","contributorId":223285,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fox","given":"Glen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12590,"text":"Canadian Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":788931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weseloh, D. V.","contributorId":57043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weseloh","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kubiak, Timothy J.","contributorId":74447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubiak","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Erdman, Thomas C.","contributorId":224646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erdman","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70209168,"text":"70209168 - 1991 - Evaluation of wetland development and waterbird response at Elk Creek Wildlife management area, Lake Mills, Iowa, 1961 to 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-20T08:32:40","indexId":"70209168","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T08:21:55","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of wetland development and waterbird response at Elk Creek Wildlife management area, Lake Mills, Iowa, 1961 to 1990","docAbstract":"<p><span>A waterfowl habitat&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">development</span><span>&nbsp;project along 7.5 miles (12.07 km) of stream was evaluated after 27 years. There was a modest 12% net increase in wetlands in impounded areas, but much of the&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">wetland</span><span>&nbsp;vegetation changed from seasonally flooded, nonpersistent and persistent emergents to shallow, open-water areas. An unimpounded, downstream reference area had drier plant communities, probably resulting from reduced flooding. The loss of shallow vegetated wetlands could have significant impacts on both water quality functions and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">waterbird</span><span>&nbsp;populations. The overall project goal of increasing numbers and diversity of waterfowl was met, but waterfowl numbers and species composition changed more because of transplanting and nest-box programs than habitat modifications. Although impacts on birds of shallow wetlands such as rails and songbirds were not quantitatively assessed, it is likely that the numbers of such birds were reduced because their preferred habitats were reduced markedly. Use of smaller lateral impoundments and increased management for emergents would diversity&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">waterbird</span><span>&nbsp;populations and increase dabbling duck production. © 1991 Society of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">Wetland</span><span>&nbsp;Scientists.</span></p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1007/BF03160852","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Weller, M., Kaufmann, G., and Vohs, P., 1991, Evaluation of wetland development and waterbird response at Elk Creek Wildlife management area, Lake Mills, Iowa, 1961 to 1990: Wetlands, v. 11, no. 2, p. 245-262, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160852.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"245","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","city":"Lake Mills ","otherGeospatial":"Elk Creek Wildlife ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.55682373046875,\n              43.40679346455295\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5053253173828,\n              43.40679346455295\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5053253173828,\n              43.42674390969713\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.55682373046875,\n              43.42674390969713\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.55682373046875,\n              43.40679346455295\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weller, M.W.","contributorId":54562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weller","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaufmann, G.W.","contributorId":223493,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaufmann","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vohs, P.A.","contributorId":64621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vohs","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70194854,"text":"70194854 - 1991 -  Transient eddy formation around headlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T16:10:04","indexId":"70194854","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Transient eddy formation around headlands","docAbstract":"<div class=\"t m0 x4 h5 y4 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0\"><span class=\"current-selection\">Eddies </span><span class=\"current-selection\">with </span><span class=\"current-selection\">length </span><span class=\"current-selection\">scales </span><span class=\"current-selection\">of </span><span class=\"current-selection\">1-10 </span><span class=\"current-selection\">km </span><span class=\"current-selection\">are </span><span class=\"current-selection\">commonly </span><span class=\"current-selection\">observed </span><span class=\"current-selection\">in </span><span class=\"current-selection\">coastal </span><span class=\"current-selection\">waters </span><span class=\"current-selection\">and </span><span class=\"current-selection\">play </span><span class=\"current-selection\">an&nbsp;</span><span class=\"current-selection\">important </span><span class=\"current-selection\">role </span><span class=\"current-selection\">in </span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">dispersion </span><span class=\"current-selection\">of </span><span class=\"current-selection\">water-borne </span><span class=\"current-selection\">materials. </span><span class=\"current-selection\">The </span><span class=\"current-selection\">generation </span><span class=\"current-selection\">and </span><span class=\"current-selection\">evolution </span><span class=\"current-selection\">of </span><span class=\"current-selection\">these&nbsp;</span><span class=\"current-selection\">eddies </span><span class=\"current-selection\">by </span><span class=\"current-selection\">oscillatory </span><span class=\"current-selection\">tidal </span><span class=\"current-selection\">flow </span><span class=\"current-selection\">around </span><span class=\"current-selection\">coastal </span><span class=\"current-selection\">headlands </span><span class=\"current-selection\">is </span><span class=\"current-selection\">investigated </span><span class=\"current-selection\">with </span><span class=\"current-selection\">analytical </span><span class=\"current-selection\">and </span><span class=\"current-selection\">nu</span><span class=\"current-selection\">merical </span><span class=\"current-selection\">models. </span><span class=\"current-selection\">Using </span><span class=\"current-selection\">shallow </span><span class=\"current-selection\">water </span><span class=\"current-selection\">depth-averaged </span><span class=\"current-selection\">vorticity </span><span class=\"current-selection\">dynamics, </span><span class=\"current-selection\">eddies </span><span class=\"current-selection\">are </span><span class=\"current-selection\">shown </span><span class=\"current-selection\">to </span><span class=\"current-selection\">form&nbsp;</span><span class=\"current-selection\">when </span><span class=\"current-selection\">flow </span><span class=\"current-selection\">separation </span><span class=\"current-selection\">occurs </span><span class=\"current-selection\">near </span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">tip </span><span class=\"current-selection\">of </span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">headland, </span><span class=\"current-selection\">causing </span><span class=\"current-selection\">intense </span><span class=\"current-selection\">vorticity </span><span class=\"current-selection\">generated </span><span class=\"current-selection\">along&nbsp;</span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">headland </span><span class=\"current-selection\">to </span><span class=\"current-selection\">be </span><span class=\"current-selection\">injected </span><span class=\"current-selection\">into </span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">interior. </span><span class=\"current-selection\">An </span><span class=\"current-selection\">analytic </span><span class=\"current-selection\">boundary </span><span class=\"current-selection\">layer </span><span class=\"current-selection\">model </span><span class=\"current-selection\">demonstrates </span><span class=\"current-selection\">that </span><span class=\"current-selection\">flow </span><span class=\"current-selection\">separation </span><span class=\"current-selection\">occurs </span><span class=\"current-selection\">when </span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">pressure </span><span class=\"current-selection\">gradient </span><span class=\"current-selection\">along </span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">boundary </span><span class=\"current-selection\">switches </span><span class=\"current-selection\">from </span><span class=\"current-selection\">favoring </span><span class=\"current-selection\">(ac</span><span class=\"current-selection\">celerating) </span><span class=\"current-selection\">to </span><span class=\"current-selection\">adverse </span><span class=\"current-selection\">(decelerating), </span><span class=\"current-selection\">and </span><span class=\"current-selection\">its </span><span class=\"current-selection\">occurrence </span><span class=\"current-selection\">depends </span><span class=\"current-selection\">principally </span><span class=\"current-selection\">on </span><span class=\"current-selection\">three </span><span class=\"current-selection\">parameters:&nbsp;</span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">aspect </span><span class=\"current-selection\">ratio </span><span class=\"current-selection\">[b/a], </span><span class=\"current-selection\">where </span><span class=\"current-selection\">b </span><span class=\"current-selection\">and </span><span class=\"current-selection\">a </span><span class=\"current-selection\">are </span><span class=\"current-selection\">characteristic </span><span class=\"current-selection\">width </span><span class=\"current-selection\">and </span><span class=\"current-selection\">length </span><span class=\"current-selection\">scales </span><span class=\"current-selection\">of </span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">headland;&nbsp;</span><span class=\"current-selection\">[H/CDa], </span><span class=\"current-selection\">where </span><span class=\"current-selection\">H is </span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">water </span><span class=\"current-selection\">depth, </span><span class=\"current-selection\">CD </span><span class=\"current-selection\">is </span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">depth-averaged </span><span class=\"current-selection\">drag </span><span class=\"current-selection\">coefficient; </span><span class=\"current-selection\">and </span><span class=\"current-selection\">[Uo/aa],&nbsp;</span><span class=\"current-selection\">where </span><span class=\"current-selection\">Uo </span><span class=\"current-selection\">and </span><span class=\"current-selection\">a </span><span class=\"current-selection\">are </span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">magnitude </span><span class=\"current-selection\">and </span><span class=\"current-selection\">frequency </span><span class=\"current-selection\">of </span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">far-field </span><span class=\"current-selection\">tidal </span><span class=\"current-selection\">flow. </span><span class=\"current-selection\">Simulations </span><span class=\"current-selection\">with </span><span class=\"current-selection\">a&nbsp;</span><span class=\"current-selection\">depth-averaged </span><span class=\"current-selection\">numerical </span><span class=\"current-selection\">model </span><span class=\"current-selection\">show </span><span class=\"current-selection\">a </span><span class=\"current-selection\">wide </span><span class=\"current-selection\">range </span><span class=\"current-selection\">of </span><span class=\"current-selection\">responses </span><span class=\"current-selection\">to </span><span class=\"current-selection\">changes </span><span class=\"current-selection\">in </span><span class=\"current-selection\">these </span><span class=\"current-selection\">parameters, </span><span class=\"current-selection\">including </span><span class=\"current-selection\">cases </span><span class=\"current-selection\">where </span><span class=\"current-selection\">no </span><span class=\"current-selection\">separation </span><span class=\"current-selection\">occurs, </span><span class=\"current-selection\">cases </span><span class=\"current-selection\">where </span><span class=\"current-selection\">only </span><span class=\"current-selection\">one </span><span class=\"current-selection\">eddy </span><span class=\"current-selection\">exists </span><span class=\"current-selection\">at </span><span class=\"current-selection\">a </span><span class=\"current-selection\">given </span><span class=\"current-selection\">time, </span><span class=\"current-selection\">and&nbsp;</span><span class=\"current-selection\">cases </span><span class=\"current-selection\">where </span><span class=\"current-selection\">bottom </span><span class=\"current-selection\">friction </span><span class=\"current-selection\">is </span><span class=\"current-selection\">weak </span><span class=\"current-selection\">enough </span><span class=\"current-selection\">that </span><span class=\"current-selection\">eddies </span><span class=\"current-selection\">produced </span><span class=\"current-selection\">during </span><span class=\"current-selection\">successive </span><span class=\"current-selection\">tidal cycles&nbsp;</span><span class=\"current-selection\">coexist, </span><span class=\"current-selection\">interacting </span><span class=\"current-selection\">strongly </span><span class=\"current-selection\">with </span><span class=\"current-selection\">each </span><span class=\"current-selection\">other. </span><span class=\"current-selection\">These </span><span class=\"current-selection\">simulations </span><span class=\"current-selection\">also </span><span class=\"current-selection\">demonstrate </span><span class=\"current-selection\">that </span><span class=\"current-selection\">in </span><span class=\"current-selection\">unsteady&nbsp;</span><span class=\"current-selection\">flow, </span><span class=\"current-selection\">a </span><span class=\"current-selection\">strong </span><span class=\"current-selection\">start-up </span><span class=\"current-selection\">vortex </span><span class=\"current-selection\">forms </span><span class=\"current-selection\">after </span><span class=\"current-selection\">the </span><span class=\"current-selection\">flow </span><span class=\"current-selection\">separates, </span><span class=\"current-selection\">leading </span><span class=\"current-selection\">to </span><span class=\"current-selection\">a </span><span class=\"current-selection\">much </span><span class=\"current-selection\">more </span><span class=\"current-selection\">intense </span><span class=\"current-selection\">patch&nbsp;</span><span class=\"current-selection\">of </span><span class=\"current-selection\">vorticity </span><span class=\"current-selection\">and </span><span class=\"current-selection\">stronger </span><span class=\"current-selection\">recirculation </span><span class=\"current-selection\">than </span><span class=\"current-selection\">found </span><span class=\"current-selection\">in </span><span class=\"current-selection\">steady </span><span class=\"current-selection\">flow.&nbsp;</span></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90JC02029","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., and Geyer, W.R., 1991,  Transient eddy formation around headlands: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. C2, p. 2561-2575, https://doi.org/10.1029/90JC02029.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2561","endPage":"2575","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"C2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6857f4e4b06e28e9c65f43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geyer, W. Rockwell","contributorId":195908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geyer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Rockwell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70194848,"text":"70194848 - 1991 - Wave processes and geologic responses on the floor of the Yellow Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T15:15:20","indexId":"70194848","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Wave processes and geologic responses on the floor of the Yellow Sea","docAbstract":"<p>The floor of the Yellow Sea is a geologically mundane surface: it is nearly horizontal, lacks relief, and, with few exceptions, is devoid of conspicuous geomorphologic features. However, it is the principal repository for the prodigious sediment load of the Huanghe (Yellow River); and, due to its inherent shallowness (average depth is 40 m), it is frequently stressed by waves generated by winter storms and typhoons. Analyses of mass physical properties of cores representing the upper few meters of sediment in the central and north-central Yellow Sea (near the Shandong Peninsula), in conjunction with analyses of slope stability, failure modes, and erodibility, permit an assessment of the likelihood and effect of dynamic, transient geologic events on the seabed.</p><p>Vane shear-strength profiles along with consolidation test data indicate that the present surface of the seabed is in a depositional mode and is compacting normally. in addition, liquid-limit profiles imply that in the study area these neritic sediments have been accumulating in an environment that probably has not been modified significantly since sea level reached its current level. There is no geotechnical evidence in the nine cores recovered that slope failures have occurred, and clasts, sand lenses or other manifestations of mass movements, including flows, also are absent. These observations support previous interpretations of seismic records. Moreover, slope stability analysis for static conditions shows that the sea floor is quite stable.</p><p>Regardless, shear-stress levels generated by cyclic loading during major storms may approach the sediment shear strengths, and, when coupled with concomitant excess pore pressures, could cause slope failure. Unless the failed beds collapsed or flowed, however, there probably would be little conspicuous evidence of such a failure. in fact, evaluation of the potential of these sediments for disintegrative behavior suggests that they are not prone to either collapse or flow.</p><p>Storm waves also generate oscillatory bottom currents that may erode the seabed. Whether the sediment is considered as cohesionless or cohesive, typhoons could have the potential to erode at all water depths within the Yellow Sea (i.e., to 90 m), and winter storms to water depths of 60 m or more. However, in the case of cohesive behavior, it could be that the effect of winter storms and most typhoons is generally less extreme. If the sea floor is repeatedly scoured, it is likely limited to the top few centimeters.</p><p>Despite the fact that storm waves may cause slope failure and are certainly responsible for frequent scouring, they probably leave only a subtle sedimentologic imprint on the seabed.</p><p><i></i></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"From shoreline to abyss: Contributions in marine geology in honor of Francis Parker Shepard","publisher":"SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/pec.91.09","usgsCitation":"Booth, J.S., and Winters, W.J., 1991, Wave processes and geologic responses on the floor of the Yellow Sea, chap. <i>of</i> From shoreline to abyss: Contributions in marine geology in honor of Francis Parker Shepard, v. 46, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.91.09.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350543,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China, North Korea, South Korea","otherGeospatial":"Yellow Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              115.75195312499999,\n              30.486550842588485\n            ],\n            [\n              128.49609375,\n              30.486550842588485\n            ],\n            [\n              128.49609375,\n              41.705728515237524\n            ],\n            [\n              115.75195312499999,\n              41.705728515237524\n            ],\n            [\n              115.75195312499999,\n              30.486550842588485\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"46","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6857f5e4b06e28e9c65f4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Booth, James S.","contributorId":93477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winters, William J. bwinters@usgs.gov","contributorId":522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"William","email":"bwinters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70198220,"text":"70198220 - 1991 - An axial view of a metamorphic core complex:  Crustal structure of the Whipple and Chemehuevi Mountains, southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-20T09:50:44","indexId":"70198220","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An axial view of a metamorphic core complex:  Crustal structure of the Whipple and Chemehuevi Mountains, southeastern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>A 135‐km‐long, NW‐SE trending, seismic refraction/wide‐angle reflection profile provides a unique along‐strike view of the crustal structure of a belt of metamorphic core complexes in southeastern California: the Whipple, Chemehuevi, and Sacramento mountains metamorphic core complexes. Interpretation of the seismic data was done by two‐dimensional forward modeling of travel times and amplitudes. The final model consists of (1) a thin (&lt; 1.5 km) veneer of upper plate and fractured lower plate rocks (velocities of 1.5–5.3 km s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) overlying a fairly homogeneous basement with velocities of 6.0 km s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>; (2) a localized, high‐velocity (6.4 km s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) body, situated directly beneath the Whipple Mountains; (3) a 6.3–6.4 km s</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>middle crust that is thickest beneath the core complexes; (4) a 6.65±0.15 km s</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>lower crust; (5) crustal thickness of 27 km with a deeper crustal root (3 km) beneath the Whipple Mountains metamorphic core complex; and (6) a<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>P<sub>n</sub></i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>velocity of 8.0±0.10 km s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. The crustal structure that underlies the belt of metamorphic core complexes provides new insights into the processes that control extension in the deep crust. Upper crustal velocities are higher beneath the Whipple Mountains (where velocities increase to 6.4 km s</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>at ∼5 km depth) than beneath the Chemehuevi and Sacramento mountains. In addition, midcrustal discontinuities rise 2–5 km beneath the Whipple complex compared to the other complexes. These observations support greater uplift and a slightly deeper midcrustal origin for the rocks now exposed in the core of the Whipple Mountains compared to rocks in the Chemehuevi and Sacramento mountains. Despite the enhanced uplift and extension in the Whipple Mountains, the crust is thicker here (30 km) than anywhere else along the Colorado River extensional corridor. This may be in part a relic of compressional and magmatic thickening during the Mesozoic. However, we suggest that inflation of the crust during Tertiary extension was the dominant mechanism. Both mantle‐derived magmatism and lateral ductile inflow in the crust are proposed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB01003","usgsCitation":"Wilson, J.M., McCarthy, J., Johnson, R., and Howard, K.A., 1991, An axial view of a metamorphic core complex:  Crustal structure of the Whipple and Chemehuevi Mountains, southeastern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 96, no. B7, p. 12293-12311, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01003.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"12293","endPage":"12311","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355862,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.290283203125,\n              32.55607364492026\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.9833984375,\n              32.55607364492026\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.9833984375,\n              35.17380831799959\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.290283203125,\n              35.17380831799959\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.290283203125,\n              32.55607364492026\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112412e4b034bf6a81dd7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, J. M.","contributorId":88753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, Jill jmccarthy@usgs.gov","contributorId":2732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"Jill","email":"jmccarthy@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":740610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, R.A.","contributorId":93864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70195490,"text":"70195490 - 1991 - Modes of cross-shore sediment transport on the shoreface of the Middle Atlantic Bight","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T13:59:50","indexId":"70195490","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modes of cross-shore sediment transport on the shoreface of the Middle Atlantic Bight","docAbstract":"<p>The mechanisms responsible for onshore and offshore sediment fluxes across the shoreface zone seaward of the surf zone were examined in a 3-year field study. The study was conducted in the southern part of the Middle Atlantic Bight in the depth region 7–17 m using instrumented tripods supporting electromagnetic current meters, pressure sensors, suspended sediment concentration sensors, and sonar altimeters. The observations embraced fairweather, moderate energy, swell-dominated, and storm conditions. Cross-shore mean flows ranged from near zero during fairweather to &gt; 20 cm s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>during the storm; oscillatory flows were on the order of 10 cm s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>during fairweather and 100 cm s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>during the storm. Suspended sediment concentrations at about 10 cm above the bed were &lt; 0.1 kg m<sup>−3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>under fairweather conditions, 1–2 kg m<sup>−3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>under moderate swell conditions, and &gt; 5 kg m<sup>−3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>during the storm.</p><p>Three methods were applied to evaluate the relative importance of incident waves, long-period oscillations, mean flows and gravity in effecting shoreward or seaward sediment flux: (1) an energetics transport model was applied to instantaneous near-bottom velocity data, (2) higher moments of near-bottom flows were estimated and compared, and (3) suspended sediment fluxes were estimated directly from the instantaneous products of cross-shore velocity and suspended sediment concentration. The results show that measurable contributions were made by all four of the processes. Most significantly, mean flows were seen to dominate and cause offshore fluxes during the storm and to contribute significantly to onshore and offshore flux during fairweather and moderate energy. Incident waves were, in all cases, the major source of bed shear stress but also caused shoreward as well as seaward net sediment advection. Low-frequency effects involving wave groups and long-period waves made secondary contributions to cross-shore sediment flux. Contrary to expectations, low-frequency fluxes were just as often shoreward as seaward. Whereas cross-correlations between suspended sediment concentration and the instantaneous near-bottom current speed were high and in phase under storm conditions, they were weak and out of phase during fairweather conditions. This suggests that simple energetics models are probably inadequate for predicting fairweather transport of suspended sediment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(91)90200-N","usgsCitation":"Wright, L., Boon, J.D., Kim, S., and List, J.H., 1991, Modes of cross-shore sediment transport on the shoreface of the Middle Atlantic Bight: Marine Geology, v. 96, no. 1-2, p. 19-51, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(91)90200-N.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Middle Atlantic Bight","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.51953125,\n              34.379712580462204\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.8720703125,\n              34.379712580462204\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.8720703125,\n              40.26276066437183\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51953125,\n              40.26276066437183\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51953125,\n              34.379712580462204\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2a4ae4b0da30c1bfd7ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, L.D.","contributorId":53116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boon, John D.","contributorId":108029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boon","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kim, S.C.","contributorId":202553,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kim","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70195483,"text":"70195483 - 1991 - Numerical simulations of hydrothermal circulation resulting from basalt intrusions in a buried spreading center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T13:11:45","indexId":"70195483","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical simulations of hydrothermal circulation resulting from basalt intrusions in a buried spreading center","docAbstract":"<p>A two-dimensional, one by two-kilometer section through the seafloor was simulated with a numerical model to investigate coupled fluid and heat flow resulting from basalt intrusions in a buried spreading center. Boundary and initial conditions and physical properties of both sediments and basalt were constrained by field surveys and drilling in the Guaymas Basin, central Gulf of California. Parametric variations in these studies included sediment and basalt permeability, anisotropy in sediment permeability, and the size of heat sources. Faults were introduced through new intrusions both before and after cooling.</p><p>Background heat input caused fluid convection at velocities ≤ 3 cm a<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>through shallow sediments. Eighty to ninety percent of the heat introduced at the base of the simulations exited through the upper, horizontal surface, even when the vertical boundaries were made permeable to fluid flow. The simulated injection of a 25–50 m thick basalt intrusion at a depth of 250 m resulted in about 10 yr of pore-fluid expulsion through the sea-floor in all cases, leaving the sediments above the intrusions strongly underpressured. A longer period of fluid recharge followed, sometimes accompanied by reductions in total seafloor heat output of 10% in comparison to pre-intrusion values. Additional discharge-recharge events were dispersed chaotically through the duration of the cooling period. These cycles in heat and fluid flow resulted from the response of the simulated system to a thermodynamic shock, the sudden emplacement of a large heat source, and not from mechanical displacement of sediments and pore fluids, which was not simulated.</p><p>Water/rock mass ratios calculated from numerical simulations are in good agreement with geochemical estimates from materials recovered from the Guaymas Basin, assuming a bulk basalt permeability value of at least 10<sup>−17</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>2</sup>/(10<sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>mD). The addition of faults through intrusions and sediments in these simulations did not facilitate continuous, rapid venting. Increased heat input at the base of the faults resulted in temporarily greater fluid discharge, but the flow could not be sustained because the modeled system could not recharge cold fluid quickly enough to remove sufficient heat through the vents.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier B.V.","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(91)90153-9","usgsCitation":"Fisher, A., and Narasimhan, T., 1991, Numerical simulations of hydrothermal circulation resulting from basalt intrusions in a buried spreading center: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 103, no. 1-4, p. 100-115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90153-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"115","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351732,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2a4ae4b0da30c1bfd7d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, A.T.","contributorId":51528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Narasimhan, T.N.","contributorId":202548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Narasimhan","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70189555,"text":"70189555 - 1991 - Geochemical evolution of acidic ground water at a reclaimed surface coal mine in western Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-17T10:41:18","indexId":"70189555","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geochemical evolution of acidic ground water at a reclaimed surface coal mine in western Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>Concentrations of dissolved sulfate and acidity in ground water increase downflow in mine spoil and underlying bedrock at a reclaimed surface coal mine in the bituminous field of western Pennsylvania. Elevated dissolved sulfate and negligible oxygen in ground water from bedrock about 100 feet below the water table suggest that pyritic sulfur is oxidized below the water table, in a system closed to oxygen. Geochemical models for the oxidation of pyrite (FeS<sub>2</sub>) and production of sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>) and acid (H<sup>+</sup>) are presented to explain the potential role of oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) and ferric iron (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) as oxidants. Oxidation of pyrite by O<sub>2</sub> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> can occur under oxic conditions above the water table, whereas oxidation by Fe<sup>3+</sup> also can occur under anoxic conditions below the water table. The hydrated ferric-sulfate minerals roemerite [Fe<sup>2+</sup>Fe<sub>4</sub><sup>3+</sup>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>·14H<sub>2</sub>O], copiapite [Fe<sup>2+</sup>Fe<sub>4</sub><sup>3+</sup>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>·20H<sub>2</sub>0], and coquimbite [Fe<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub><span>·</span>9H<sub>2</sub>O] were identified with FeS<sub>2</sub> in coal samples, and form on the oxidizing surface of pyrite in an oxic system above the water table. These soluble ferric-sulfate 11 salts11 can dissolve with recharge waters or a rising water table releasing Fe<sup>3+</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>. and H<sup>+</sup>, which can be transported along closed-system ground-water flow paths to pyrite reaction sites where O<sub>2</sub> may be absent. The Fe<sup>3+</sup> transported to these sites can oxidize pyritic sulfur. The computer programs WATEQ4F and NEWBAL were used to compute chemical speciation and mass transfer, respectively, considering mineral dissolution and precipitation reactions plus mixing of waters from different upflow zones. Alternative mass-balance models indicate that (a) extremely large quantities of O<sub>2</sub>, over 100 times its aqueous solubility, can generate the observed concentrations of dissolved SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> from FeS<sub>2</sub>, or (b) under anoxic conditions, Fe<sup>3+</sup> from dissolved ferric-sulfate minerals can oxidize FeS<sub>2</sub> along closed-system ground-water flow paths. In a system open to O<sub>2</sub>, such as in the unsaturated zone, the aqueous solubility of O<sub>2</sub> is not limiting, and oxidation of pyrite by O<sub>2</sub> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> accounts for most SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> observed in acidic ground water. However, in a system closed to O<sub>2</sub>, such as in the saturated zone, O<sub>2</sub> solubility is limiting; hence, ferric oxidation of pyrite is a reasonable explanation for the observed elevated SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> with increasing depth below the water table.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 1991","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"8th Annual Meeting of the ASSMR","conferenceDate":"May 14-17, 1991","conferenceLocation":"Durango, CO","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mining and Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C.A., 1991, Geochemical evolution of acidic ground water at a reclaimed surface coal mine in western Pennsylvania, <i>in</i> Proceedings American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 1991, Durango, CO, May 14-17, 1991, p. 43-68.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"68","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343929,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343928,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asmr.us/Publications/Conference-Proceedings?y=1991"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Clarion County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-79.2095,41.3368],[-79.2099,41.2515],[-79.2093,41.2024],[-79.2095,41.187],[-79.21,41.1562],[-79.2096,41.1376],[-79.2097,41.1194],[-79.2096,41.1126],[-79.2104,41.0971],[-79.2101,41.0835],[-79.2144,41.0835],[-79.2148,41.0526],[-79.2203,41.0503],[-79.2245,41.0489],[-79.2311,41.047],[-79.2335,41.0447],[-79.2365,41.041],[-79.2383,41.0391],[-79.2425,41.0373],[-79.2479,41.0349],[-79.2552,41.0326],[-79.2594,41.0307],[-79.2618,41.0284],[-79.2647,41.0252],[-79.2713,41.0196],[-79.2803,41.0141],[-79.2827,41.0127],[-79.2881,41.0121],[-79.2936,41.0125],[-79.2998,41.0142],[-79.3016,41.0133],[-79.3034,41.0115],[-79.3081,41.0082],[-79.3147,41.004],[-79.3208,41.0021],[-79.3274,41.0011],[-79.3317,41.0015],[-79.3342,41.0038],[-79.3373,41.0042],[-79.3397,41.0032],[-79.3427,41.0009],[-79.3451,40.9995],[-79.3481,40.9999],[-79.3524,41.0012],[-79.3549,41.0026],[-79.3574,41.0043],[-79.3604,41.0047],[-79.3628,41.0038],[-79.364,41.002],[-79.3646,41.0006],[-79.3663,40.9965],[-79.3692,40.9906],[-79.3691,40.9865],[-79.3684,40.9842],[-79.3682,40.9765],[-79.3699,40.9733],[-79.3723,40.9705],[-79.3741,40.9696],[-79.3777,40.9686],[-79.3802,40.9695],[-79.3802,40.9713],[-79.3803,40.975],[-79.3798,40.9777],[-79.3792,40.9795],[-79.3775,40.9813],[-79.3769,40.9832],[-79.3776,40.985],[-79.3788,40.9854],[-79.3818,40.9858],[-79.3837,40.9858],[-79.3849,40.9867],[-79.3843,40.9881],[-79.3837,40.9885],[-79.3826,40.9894],[-79.3789,40.99],[-79.3771,40.9913],[-79.3765,40.9927],[-79.3784,40.994],[-79.3827,40.9949],[-79.3906,40.9943],[-79.3948,40.9929],[-79.3978,40.9915],[-79.4003,40.9915],[-79.4015,40.9919],[-79.4015,40.9928],[-79.4016,40.9951],[-79.4023,40.9978],[-79.4035,40.9996],[-79.4054,41.0005],[-79.4072,41],[-79.4084,40.9991],[-79.4102,40.999],[-79.4114,40.9995],[-79.4109,41.0008],[-79.4091,41.0031],[-79.4079,41.004],[-79.4067,41.0063],[-79.408,41.0081],[-79.4099,41.009],[-79.4123,41.0099],[-79.4141,41.0094],[-79.4165,41.008],[-79.4189,41.0052],[-79.4269,40.9879],[-79.4305,40.9855],[-79.436,40.9859],[-79.4415,40.9868],[-79.4446,40.9863],[-79.4464,40.9849],[-79.4475,40.983],[-79.4511,40.9816],[-79.4572,40.9815],[-79.4597,40.9819],[-79.4603,40.9833],[-79.4597,40.9846],[-79.4579,40.9856],[-79.4555,40.987],[-79.455,40.9893],[-79.4575,40.9906],[-79.4623,40.9896],[-79.4654,40.9918],[-79.4795,40.9948],[-79.4862,40.996],[-79.488,40.9951],[-79.4898,40.9933],[-79.4922,40.9905],[-79.4933,40.9869],[-79.4925,40.9819],[-79.4924,40.9791],[-79.4955,40.9782],[-79.5003,40.9763],[-79.5027,40.9767],[-79.5046,40.9799],[-79.5066,40.9839],[-79.5091,40.9857],[-79.5121,40.9866],[-79.5152,40.9861],[-79.517,40.9847],[-79.5169,40.9828],[-79.5162,40.9801],[-79.5161,40.977],[-79.5185,40.9756],[-79.5228,40.9764],[-79.5284,40.9781],[-79.5339,40.9817],[-79.5389,40.9843],[-79.5419,40.9843],[-79.5492,40.9828],[-79.5522,40.9827],[-79.5559,40.985],[-79.5614,40.9862],[-79.5664,40.987],[-79.5712,40.987],[-79.5754,40.986],[-79.579,40.9841],[-79.5832,40.9804],[-79.5879,40.9749],[-79.5891,40.9726],[-79.5939,40.9707],[-79.5994,40.9715],[-79.6122,40.9745],[-79.6209,40.9775],[-79.6215,40.9798],[-79.6222,40.9816],[-79.621,40.9839],[-79.6193,40.9866],[-79.6169,40.9889],[-79.6127,40.9913],[-79.6091,40.9927],[-79.6037,40.9942],[-79.5988,40.9942],[-79.5939,40.993],[-79.5884,40.9917],[-79.5841,40.9918],[-79.5811,40.9927],[-79.5793,40.9941],[-79.5782,40.9955],[-79.5789,40.9991],[-79.5814,41.0022],[-79.5839,41.0045],[-79.587,41.0058],[-79.5913,41.0071],[-79.5974,41.0079],[-79.6023,41.0083],[-79.6053,41.0087],[-79.606,41.01],[-79.606,41.0109],[-79.6061,41.0127],[-79.6037,41.015],[-79.6014,41.0178],[-79.6008,41.0201],[-79.5997,41.0228],[-79.5974,41.0288],[-79.597,41.0337],[-79.597,41.0351],[-79.597,41.0365],[-79.5983,41.0383],[-79.6002,41.0396],[-79.6026,41.04],[-79.605,41.0395],[-79.6069,41.039],[-79.611,41.0367],[-79.6129,41.0367],[-79.6172,41.037],[-79.6398,41.0421],[-79.6503,41.0465],[-79.6571,41.0491],[-79.6621,41.0508],[-79.6645,41.0526],[-79.6652,41.0553],[-79.6647,41.0562],[-79.6635,41.0576],[-79.6629,41.059],[-79.6588,41.0631],[-79.6576,41.0636],[-79.6564,41.065],[-79.6552,41.0659],[-79.6552,41.0668],[-79.6546,41.0673],[-79.6541,41.0686],[-79.6541,41.0709],[-79.6554,41.0741],[-79.6735,41.0869],[-79.6754,41.0896],[-79.6768,41.0928],[-79.6775,41.0964],[-79.6776,41.1],[-79.6767,41.1096],[-79.6768,41.1127],[-79.6763,41.1177],[-79.6761,41.13],[-79.6761,41.1318],[-79.6768,41.135],[-79.6769,41.1368],[-79.6776,41.1386],[-79.6794,41.1404],[-79.6807,41.1417],[-79.6826,41.144],[-79.6833,41.1453],[-79.6833,41.1467],[-79.6833,41.148],[-79.6834,41.1494],[-79.6828,41.1508],[-79.6792,41.154],[-79.6775,41.1572],[-79.677,41.1604],[-79.6783,41.1622],[-79.6815,41.1667],[-79.6896,41.172],[-79.6945,41.1751],[-79.6995,41.1786],[-79.6996,41.1795],[-79.6985,41.1836],[-79.6979,41.1841],[-79.693,41.1837],[-79.6826,41.1825],[-79.6704,41.1846],[-79.6685,41.1814],[-79.6648,41.18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Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70190668,"text":"70190668 - 1991 - Volcano spacing and plate rigidity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:09:40","indexId":"70190668","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcano spacing and plate rigidity","docAbstract":"<p><span>In-plane stresses, which accompany the flexural deformation of the lithosphere under the load of adjacent volcanoes, may govern the spacing of volcanoes in hotspot provinces. Specifically, compressive stresses in the vicinity of a volcano prevent new upwelling in this area, forcing a new volcano to develop at a minimum distance that is equal to the distance in which the radial stresses change from compressional to tensile (the inflection point). If a volcano is modeled as a point load on a thin elastic plate, then the distance to the inflection point is proportional to the thickness of the plate to the power of 3/4. Compilation of volcano spacing in seven volcanic groups in East Africa and seven volcanic groups of oceanic hotspots shows significant correlation with the elastic thickness of the plate and matches the calculated distance to the inflection point. In contrast, volcano spacing in island arcs and over subduction zones is fairly uniform and is much larger than predicted by the distance to the inflection point, reflecting differences in the geometry of the source and the upwelling areas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0397:VSAPR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., 1991, Volcano spacing and plate rigidity: Geology, v. 19, no. 4, p. 397-400, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0397:VSAPR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"400","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345633,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59b8f222e4b08b1644e0af06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":710075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70210204,"text":"70210204 - 1991 - Speculations on continental crustal evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-20T14:17:59.675525","indexId":"70210204","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-24T09:14:26","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3879,"text":"Eos, Earth and Space Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Speculations on continental crustal evolution","docAbstract":"<p>The evolution of the continental crust is a topic that has challenged Earth scientists since the earliest hypotheses of crustal evolution were put forth by such luminaries as Hutton, the 18th century Scottish scientist, and later by Stille (Germany), Argand (France), and Dana (United States). Recent geophysical observations provide important constraints on hypotheses of crustal evolution, and the most important of these observations are reviewed in a companion paper [<i>Mooney and Meissner</i>, 1991], henceforth referred to as Paper 1. In this article we briefly speculate on crustal evolution using both geological and geophysical data as guidelines.</p><p>For the past 25 years, the basic framework for models of the evolution of the Earth's crust and lithosphere has been plate tectonics. This framework has been particularly successful in explaining the processes that form and modify the oceanic crust but has had somewhat more limited success in its application to the continental crust. Some of the basic tenets of plate tectonics, as applied to the continental crust, are listed below. Continental masses coalesce and disperse as ocean basins open and close in the Wilson cycle.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90EO00405","usgsCitation":"Meissner, R., and Mooney, W.D., 1991, Speculations on continental crustal evolution: Eos, Earth and Space Science News, v. 72, no. 52, p. 585-590, https://doi.org/10.1029/90EO00405.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"585","endPage":"590","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374958,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"52","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meissner, R.","contributorId":53563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meissner","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207095,"text":"70207095 - 1991 - The velocity field along the San Andreas Fault in central and southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T14:49:51.772546","indexId":"70207095","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-06T08:50:19","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The velocity field along the San Andreas Fault in central and southern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>The velocity field within a 100‐km‐broad zone centered on the San Andreas fault between the Mexican border and San Francisco Bay has been inferred from repeated surveys of trilateration networks in the 1973–1989 interval. The velocity field has the appearance of a shear flow that remains parallel to the local strike of the fault even through such major deflections as the big bend of the San Andreas fault in the Transverse Ranges of southern California. Across‐strike profiles of the fault‐parallel component of velocity exhibit the expected sigmoidal shape, whereas across‐strike profiles of the fault‐normal component of velocity are flat and featureless. No significant convergence upon the fault is observed even along the big bend sector of the fault. Simple dislocation models can explain most of the features of the observed velocity field, but those explanations are not unique. About 35 mm/yr of relative plate motion is accounted for within the span of the trilateration networks. Geologic studies indicate that the secular slip rate on the San Andreas fault is about 35 mm/yr. The agreement between these two estimates implies that most of the strain accumulation is elastic and will be recovered in subsequent earthquakes. The relative motion observed across the San Andreas fault (35 mm/yr) plus that observed across the Eastern California shear zone (8 mm/yr) accounts for most (43 mm/yr) of the observed North America‐Pacific relative plate motion (47 mm/yr).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB00199","usgsCitation":"Lisowski, M., Savage, J.C., and Prescott, W., 1991, The velocity field along the San Andreas Fault in central and southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 96, no. B5, p. 8369-8389, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB00199.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"8369","endPage":"8389","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370025,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.37695312499999,\n              32.2313896627376\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.115234375,\n              32.2313896627376\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.115234375,\n              35.71083783530009\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.37695312499999,\n              35.71083783530009\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.37695312499999,\n              32.2313896627376\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}