{"pageNumber":"1394","pageRowStart":"34825","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40871,"records":[{"id":70207094,"text":"70207094 - 1991 - Strain accumulation in western Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T14:40:20.521894","indexId":"70207094","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-06T08:27:52","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation in western Washington","docAbstract":"

The Juan de Fuca plate is subducted beneath the North American plate off the coast of Washington at a rate of about 40 mm/yr N68°E. The average principal strain rates (extension reckoned positive) measured in northwestern Washington are as follows: Olympic peninsula 25 km south of Port Angeles from 1982 through 1990, \"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb8276:jgrb8276-math-0001\" and \"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb8276:jgrb8276-math-0002\" and near Seattle from 1972 through 1985, \"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb8276:jgrb8276-math-0003\" and .\"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb8276:jgrb8276-math-0004\" Both strain measurements are consistent with uniaxial contraction in the direction of plate convergence. Uplift rates inferred from tide gage recordings are about 4 mm/yr on the Pacific coast and near 0 mm/yr farther inland near Seattle. These deformation rates are consistent with a model of the Cascadia subduction zone in which the plate interface beneath the continental slope and outer continental shelf is locked but free to slip farther landward. The limited downdip extent of the locked segment of the plate interface is consistent with a shallow depth (∼20 km) of the isotherm (∼450°C) that defines the brittle‐ductile transition. Small thrust events diagnostic of seismic subduction should then occur only offshore and at shallow depths. The principal strain rates measured from 1972 through 1983 in the back arc region near Richland, Washington, are \"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb8276:jgrb8276-math-0005\" and \"urn:x-wiley:01480227:media:jgrb8276:jgrb8276-math-0006\".

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB01274","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., Lisowski, M., and Prescott, W., 1991, Strain accumulation in western Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 96, no. B9, p. 14493-14507, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01274.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"14493","endPage":"14507","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370024,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Seattle Strain Network","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.14404296874997,\n 45.13555516012536\n ],\n [\n -118.76220703125001,\n 45.13555516012536\n ],\n [\n -118.76220703125001,\n 51.42661449707482\n ],\n [\n -130.14404296874997,\n 51.42661449707482\n ],\n [\n -130.14404296874997,\n 45.13555516012536\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001364,"text":"1001364 - 1991 - Standing crops and ecology of aquatic invertebrates in agricultural drainwater ponds in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T17:46:32.160023","indexId":"1001364","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standing crops and ecology of aquatic invertebrates in agricultural drainwater ponds in California","docAbstract":"

We examined standing crops and ecology of aquatic invertebrates in agricultural drainwater evaporation ponds in California from October 1982 to March 1983 and September 1983 to March 1984. Evaporation ponds supported low diversities but high standing crops of aquatic invertebrates. A water boatman (Trichocorixa reticulata) and a midge (Tanypus grodhausi) were the most abundant invertebrates, constituting 44.9% and 51.4% of total macroinvertebrate biomass. Regression models indicated that of 6 environmental variables measured, only electrical conductivity (EC) and Julian date affected biomass and density of water boatmen. EC was the only significant correlate of midge biomass in evaporation ponds.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03160848","usgsCitation":"Euliss, N., Jarvis, R.L., and Gilmer, D., 1991, Standing crops and ecology of aquatic invertebrates in agricultural drainwater ponds in California: Wetlands, v. 11, no. 2, p. 179-190, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160848.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"190","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.93405058242053,\n 42.159006210794274\n ],\n [\n -124.21732752116968,\n 37.88739714007802\n ],\n [\n -119.84880348632399,\n 32.389137747760856\n ],\n [\n -114.35310679827018,\n 32.67493824208495\n ],\n [\n -114.70536852979009,\n 33.28416766710367\n ],\n [\n -114.11087114275335,\n 34.36900887525026\n ],\n [\n -114.60941582247216,\n 34.914984018682425\n ],\n [\n -119.86963161308127,\n 38.8805300223285\n ],\n [\n -119.95227994676767,\n 42.037931749020004\n ],\n [\n -124.93405058242053,\n 42.159006210794274\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6964e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jarvis, R. L.","contributorId":31697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarvis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210203,"text":"70210203 - 1991 - Continental crustal evolution observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-20T14:08:05.638601","indexId":"70210203","displayToPublicDate":"1991-11-26T09:02:38","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3879,"text":"Eos, Earth and Space Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continental crustal evolution observations","docAbstract":"

How has the continental crust evolved? What are the primary processes responsible for its composition, structure, and mode of deformation? What role do fluids play in deep crustal processes? In the last dozen years, geophysicists have obtained images of the deep continental crust that can be used to examine these questions and refine geologic models of crustal evolution. In this report we summarize recent progress in geophysical studies of the deep continental crust and highlight some of the more important implications of deep crustal processes.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90EO00380","usgsCitation":"Mooney, W.D., and Meissner, R., 1991, Continental crustal evolution observations: Eos, Earth and Space Science News, v. 72, no. 48, p. 537-541, https://doi.org/10.1029/90EO00380.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"537","endPage":"541","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meissner, R.","contributorId":53563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meissner","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70125980,"text":"70125980 - 1991 - Sampling methods for amphibians in streams in the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:46:52","indexId":"70125980","displayToPublicDate":"1991-11-01T14:05:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Sampling methods for amphibians in streams in the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"Methods describing how to sample aquatic and semiaquatic amphibians in small streams and headwater habitats in the Pacific Northwest are presented. We developed a technique that samples 10-meter stretches of selected streams, which was adequate to detect presence or absence of amphibian species and provided sample sizes statistically sufficient to compare abundance of individual species among streams. Physical and biological parameters of stream are described as well as ways to collect amphibians effectively. The system can be modified for use in a variety of waterways and for different study objectives. We provide recommendations for improvements on future studies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Bury, R.B., and Corn, P., 1991, Sampling methods for amphibians in streams in the Pacific Northwest, 29 p.","productDescription":"29 p.","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf453e4b0e96537ddf85a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bury, R. Bruce buryb@usgs.gov","contributorId":3660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bury","given":"R.","email":"buryb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":501853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Corn, Paul Stephen 0000-0002-4106-6335","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4106-6335","contributorId":107379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corn","given":"Paul Stephen","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":501854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70126473,"text":"70126473 - 1991 - Role of exposure mode in the bioavailability of triphenyl phosphate to aquatic organisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-22T16:10:46","indexId":"70126473","displayToPublicDate":"1991-11-01T11:53:47","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of exposure mode in the bioavailability of triphenyl phosphate to aquatic organisms","docAbstract":"

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the role of the route of triphenyl phosphate (TPP) entry on its aquatic bioavailability and acute biological effects. Three TPP treatments were used for exposures of fish and invertebrates. These consisted of TPP dosed directly into water with and without clean sediment and TPP spiked onto sediment prior to aqueous exposures. Results of static acute toxicity tests (no sediment) were 0.78 mg/L (96-h LC50) for bluegill, 0.36 mg/L (48-h EC50) for midge, and 0.25 mg/L (96-h EC50) for scud. At 24 h, the sediment (1.1% organic carbon)/water partition coefficient (Kp) for TPP was 112. Use of this partition coefficient model to predict the sediment-mediated reduction of TPP concentration in water during toxicity tests resulted in a value that was only 10% less than the nominal value. However, the required nominal concentration of TPP to cause acute toxicity responses in test organisms was significantly higher than the predicted value by the model for both clay and soil-derived sediment. Direct spiking of TPP to soil minimized TPP bioavailability. Data from parallel experiments designed to track TPP residues in water through time suggest that sorption kinetics control residue bioavailability in the initial 24 h of exposure and may account for observed differences in LC50 and EC50 values from the sediment treatments.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/BF01183868","usgsCitation":"Huckins, J.N., Fairchild, J.F., and Boyle, T., 1991, Role of exposure mode in the bioavailability of triphenyl phosphate to aquatic organisms: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 21, no. 4, p. 481-485, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01183868.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"485","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294326,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01183868"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb2ee4b08312ac7cf0c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huckins, James N.","contributorId":83454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairchild, James F. jfairchild@usgs.gov","contributorId":492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"James","email":"jfairchild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyle, Terence P.","contributorId":85214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"Terence P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70126465,"text":"70126465 - 1991 - A modeling assessment of the thermal regime for an urban sport fishery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-23T11:24:46","indexId":"70126465","displayToPublicDate":"1991-11-01T11:21:06","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A modeling assessment of the thermal regime for an urban sport fishery","docAbstract":"Water temperature is almost certainly a limiting factor in the maintenance of a self-sustaining rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, formerly Salmo gairdneri) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) fishery in the lower reaches of the Cache la Poudre River near Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Irrigation diversions dewater portions of the river, but cold reservoir releases moderate water temperatures during some periods. The US Fish and Wildlife Service’s Stream Network Temperature Model (SNTEMP) was applied to a 31-km segment of the river using readily available stream geometry and hydrological and meteorological data. The calibrated model produced satisfactory water temperature predictions (R2=0.88,P<0.001, N=49) for a 62-day summer period. It was used to evaluate a variety of flow and nonflow alternatives to keep water temperatures below 23.3°C for the trout. Supplemental flows or reduced diversions of 3 m3/sec would be needed to maintain suitable summer temperatures throughout most of the study area. Such flows would be especially beneficial during weekends when current irrigation patterns reduce flows. The model indicated that increasing the riparian shade would result in little improvement in water temperatures but that decreasing the stream width would result in significant temperature reductions. Introduction of a more thermally tolerant redband trout (Oncorhynchus sp.), or smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) might prove beneficial to the fishery. Construction of deep pools for thermal refugia might also be helpful.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1007/BF02394821","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J.M., 1991, A modeling assessment of the thermal regime for an urban sport fishery: Environmental Management, v. 15, no. 6, p. 833-845, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02394821.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"833","endPage":"845","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294317,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294316,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394821"}],"volume":"15","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb07e4b08312ac7ceeb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, John M.","contributorId":77598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70205993,"text":"70205993 - 1991 - The Loma Prieta earthquake, ground motion, and damage in Oakland, Treasure Island, and San Francisco","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T23:38:57.36407","indexId":"70205993","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T14:38:06","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Loma Prieta earthquake, ground motion, and damage in Oakland, Treasure Island, and San Francisco","docAbstract":"

The basis of this study is the acceleration, velocity, and displacement wave-forms of the Loma Prieta earthquake (18 October 1989; M = 7.0) at two rock sites in San Francisco, a rock site on Yerba Buena Island, an artificial-fill site on Treasure Island, and three sites in Oakland underlain by thick sections of poorly consolidated Pleistocene sediments. The waveforms at the three rock sites display a strong coherence, as do the three sedimentary sites in Oakland. The duration of strong motion at the rock sites is very brief, suggestive of an unusually short source duration for an earthquake of this size, while the records in Oakland show strong amplification effects due to site geology. The S-wave group at Treasure Island is phase coherent with the Oakland records, but at somewhat diminished amplitudes, until the steps in acceleration at approximately 15 sec, apparently signaling the onset of liquefaction. All seven records clearly show shear-wave first motion opposite to that expected for the mainshock radiation pattern and peak amplitudes greater than expected for sites at these distances (95 ± 3 km) from an earthquake of this magnitude.

While the association between these ground motion records and related damage patterns in nearby areas has been easily and eagerly accepted by seismological and engineering observers of them, we have had some difficulty in making such relationships quantitative or even just clear. The three Oakland records, from sites that form a nearly equilateral triangle about the Cypress Street viaduct collapse, are dominated by a long-period resonance (≃ 1 1/2-sec period) far removed from the natural frequency of the structure to transverse motion (2.5 Hz) or from high-frequency amplification bands observed in aftershock studies. A spectral ratio arbiter of this discrepancy confuses it further. The failure of the East Bay crossing of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge cannot be attributed to relative displacements of the abutments in Oakland and Yerba Buena Island, but the motions of the Bay Bridge causing failure remain unknown. The steps in acceleration at Treasure Island present unusual strong-motion accelerogram processing problems, and modeling suggests that the velocity and displacement waveforms are contaminated by a spurious response of the filtering operations to the acceleration steps. A variety of coincidences suggests that the Treasure island accelerogram is the most likely strong-motion surrogate for the filled areas of the Marina District, for which no mainshock records are available, but the relative contributions of bad ground, poor construction and truly strong ground motion to damage in the Marina District will never by known in any quantitative way. The principal lesson of all of this is that until a concerted effort is mounted to instrument ground and structures that are likely to fail during earthquakes, our understanding of the very complex relationships between strong ground motion and earthquake damage will, in general, remain rudimentary, imprecise, and vague.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0810052019","usgsCitation":"Hanks, T.C., and Brady, A.G., 1991, The Loma Prieta earthquake, ground motion, and damage in Oakland, Treasure Island, and San Francisco: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 81, no. 5, p. 2019-2047, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0810052019.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"2019","endPage":"2047","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368325,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Oakland, San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"Treasure Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.49103546142578,\n 37.73081027834234\n ],\n [\n -122.2726821899414,\n 37.73081027834234\n ],\n [\n -122.2726821899414,\n 37.86509663749013\n ],\n [\n -122.49103546142578,\n 37.86509663749013\n ],\n [\n -122.49103546142578,\n 37.73081027834234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C. 0000-0003-0928-0056 thanks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0928-0056","contributorId":3065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","email":"thanks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brady, A. Gerald","contributorId":85959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gerald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70126917,"text":"70126917 - 1991 - Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-25T09:49:44","indexId":"70126917","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T09:29:53","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat","docAbstract":"

The accumulation of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is expected to warm the earth's climate at an unprecedented rate (Ramanathan 1988, Schneider 1989). If the climate models are correct, within 100 years the earth will not only be warmer than it has been during the past million years, but the change will have occurred more rapidly than any on record. Many profound changes in the earth's environment are expected, including rising sea level, increasing aridity in continental interiors, and melting permafrost.

\n
\n

Ecosystems are expected to respond variously to a rapidly changing climate. Tree ranges in eastern North American are expected to shift northward, and seed dispersal may not be adequate to maintain current diversity (Cohn 1989, Johnson and Webb 1989). In coastal wetlands, rising sea level from melting icecaps and thermal expansion could flood salt-grass marshes and generally reduce the size and productivity of the intertidal zone (Peters and Darling 1985).

\n
\n

As yet, little attention has been given to the possible effects of climatic warming on inland prairie wetland ecosystems. These wetlands, located in the glaciated portion of the North American Great Plains (Figure 1), constitute the single most important breeding area for waterfowl on this continent (Hubbard 1988). This region annually produces 50-80% of the continent's total duck production (Batt et al. 1989). These marshes also support a variety of other wildlife, including many species of nongame birds, muskrat, and mink (Kantrud et al. 1989a).

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\n

Prairie wetlands are relatively shallow, water-holding depressions that vary in size, water permanence, and water chemistry. Permanence types include temporary ponds (typically holding water for a few weeks in the springs), seasonal ponds (holding water from spring until early summer), semipermanent ponds (holding water throughout the growing season during most years), and large permanent lakes (Stewart and Kantrud 1971). Refilling usually occurs in spring from precipitation and runoff from melting snow on frozen or saturated soils (Figure 2). Annual water levels fluctuate widely due to climate variability in the Great Plains (Borchert 1950, Kantrud et al. 1989b).

\n
\n

Climate affects the quality of habitat for breeding waterfowl by controlling regional water conditions--water depth, areal extent, and length of wet/dry cycles (Cowardin et al. 1988)--and vegetation patterns such as the cover ration (the ratio of emergent plant cover to open water). With increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate models project warmer and, in some cases, drier conditions for the northern Great Plains (Karl et al. 1991, Manabe and Wetherald 1986, Mitchell 1983, Rind and Lebedeff 1984). In general, a warmer, drier climate could lower waterfowl production directly by increasing the frequency of dry basins and indirectly by producing less favorable cover rations (i.e., heavy emergent cover with few or no open-water areas).

\n
\n

The possibility of diminished waterfowl production in a greenhouse climate comes at a time when waterfowl numbers have sharply declined for other reasons (Johnson and Shaffer 1987). Breeding habitat continues to be lost or altered by agriculture, grazing, burning, mowing, sedimentation, and drainage (Kantrud et al. 1989b). For example, it has been estimated that 60% of the wetland area in North Dakota has been drained (Tiner 1984). Pesticides entering wetlands from adjacent agricultural fields have been destructive to aquatic invertebrate populations and have significantly lowered duckling survival (Grue et al. 1988).

\n
\n

In this article, we discuss current understanding and projections of global warming; review wetland vegetation dynamics to establish the strong relationship among climate, wetland hydrology, vegetation patterns, and waterflow habitat; discuss the potential effects of a greenhouse warming on these relationships; and illustrate the potential effects of climate change on wetland habitat by using a simulation model.

\n
\n

The extent to which intensive management of the waterfowl resource will be needed in the future strongly depends on whether a changing climate exacerbates the current problem of waterfowl decline. Should this occur, efforts outlined the recent North American Waterfowl Management Plan between the United States and Canada to reduce the current decline (Patterson and Nelson 1988) may need to be redoubled in coming years.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"BioScience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Biological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/1311698","usgsCitation":"Poiani, K.A., and Johnson, W., 1991, Global warming and prairie wetlands: potential consequences for waterfowl habitat: BioScience, v. 41, no. 9, p. 611-618, https://doi.org/10.2307/1311698.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"611","endPage":"618","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294462,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294461,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311698"}],"volume":"41","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252eb5e4b0e641df8a6ffa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poiani, Karen A.","contributorId":57385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poiani","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W. Carter","contributorId":97237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W. Carter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015031,"text":"70015031 - 1991 - Historic creep rate and potential for seismic slip along the Hayward Fault, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T17:34:25","indexId":"70015031","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historic creep rate and potential for seismic slip along the Hayward Fault, California","docAbstract":"

The Hayward fault is considered the most likely source of one or more major earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay area in the next few decades. Historically, at least one, and probably two, major earthquakes (about M 6.8) occurred along the Hayward fault, one in 1836 and another in 1868. Little is known about the 1836 event, but the 1868 earthquake was accompanied by a surface rupture that extended as much as 41 km along the southern part of the fault. Although the amount of surface slip in 1868 is uncertain, right slip (including afterslip) reached at least several centimeters, and possibly several decimeters in places. This paper documents the spatial variation of creep rate along the Hayward fault since the 1868 earthquake. Creep (aseismic fault slip) occurs over at least 66 km and may extend over the fault's entire 82-km length, of which about 13 km lies underwater. Creep rate seems nearly constant over decades, but short-term variations occur. We derive creep rate mainly from our own systematic surveying of offset cultural features (curbs, fences, and buildings). On each feature we solve directly for accumulated creep by using multiple linear regression. Creep rate mostly falls in the range of 3.5–6.5 mm/yr; but systematic variation occurs along strike. Fault segments with distinctly higher and lower rates generally correspond to parts of the fault most salient from the overall average alinement of the fault. Most distinctive is a 4-km-long section near the south end of the fault that creeps at about 9 mm/yr. Such a high rate has occurred there at least since the 1920s and probably since the 1868 earthquake, as indicated by an offset railroad track built in 1869. We suggest that this 9 mm/yr slip rate may approach the long-term or deep slip rate that controls average recurrence interval between major earthquakes. If so, assuming an elastic rebound model, the potential for slip in large earthquakes below the surficial creeping zone is now ∼1.1 m in the southern (1868) segment of the fault and ≥ 1.4 m in the northern (1836?) segment. Subtracting surface creep rates from a long-term slip rate of 9 mm/yr gives present potential for surface slip in large earthquakes of up to 0.8 m, with an average of 0.6 m in the northern segment and 0.4 m in the southern segment. We present a simple hypothesis for rupture potential that is compatible with historic creep rate, microseismicity distribution, and geodetic data. If seismic rupture occurs on segments 41 km long by 10 km deep (7 km fully locked, 3 km creeping), today's potential for seismic moment release is 1.4 × 1019 and 1.1 × 1019 N m for both 1836? and 1868 segments, respectively, and 2.5 × 1019 N m for both segments jointly. Converting moment to magnitude gives ML 6.8 in the northern segment, ML 6.7 in the southern segment, and ML 7.0 for simultaneous rupture of both.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91JB01589","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J.J., Borchardt, G., and Lisowski, M., 1991, Historic creep rate and potential for seismic slip along the Hayward Fault, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B11, p. 18261-18283, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01589.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"18261","endPage":"18283","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 38.134556577054134\n ],\n [\n -122.288818359375,\n 38.08268954483802\n ],\n [\n -122.1844482421875,\n 37.98750437106374\n ],\n [\n -121.9976806640625,\n 37.77071473849609\n ],\n [\n -121.9207763671875,\n 37.72510788462094\n ],\n [\n -121.871337890625,\n 37.67512527892127\n ],\n [\n -121.76971435546874,\n 37.59900015064849\n ],\n [\n -121.63787841796875,\n 37.4530574713902\n ],\n [\n -121.60491943359375,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -121.59393310546875,\n 37.376705278818356\n ],\n [\n -121.65710449218749,\n 37.36797435878155\n ],\n [\n -121.73950195312499,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -121.85760498046875,\n 37.470498470798724\n ],\n [\n -121.96197509765625,\n 37.56417412088097\n ],\n [\n -122.11029052734374,\n 37.67947293019486\n ],\n [\n -122.19818115234375,\n 37.790251927933284\n ],\n [\n -122.33001708984374,\n 37.94203148678865\n ],\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 38.028622234587964\n ],\n [\n -122.4591064453125,\n 38.10430528370985\n ],\n [\n -122.45635986328124,\n 38.14535757293734\n ],\n [\n -122.43438720703125,\n 38.153997218446115\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 38.134556577054134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"96","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a315fe4b0c8380cd5de8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lienkaemper, J. J.","contributorId":71947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borchardt, G.","contributorId":18909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchardt","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185492,"text":"70185492 - 1991 - Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T14:35:17","indexId":"70185492","displayToPublicDate":"1991-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution","docAbstract":"

Stable isotope data for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), carbonate shell material and cements, and microbial CO2 were combined with organic and inorganic chemical data from aquifer and confining-bed pore waters to construct geochemical reaction models along a flowpath in the Black Creek aquifer of South Carolina. Carbon-isotope fractionation between DIC and precipitating cements was treated as a Rayleigh distillation process. Organic matter oxidation was coupled to microbial fermentation and sulfate reduction. All reaction models reproduced the observed chemical and isotopic compositions of final waters. However, model 1, in which all sources of carbon and electron-acceptors were assumed to be internal to the aquifer, was invalidated owing to the large ratio of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 predicted by the model (5–49) compared with measured ratios (two or less). In model 2, this ratio was reduced by assuming that confining beds adjacent to the aquifer act as sources of dissolved organic carbon and sulfate. This assumption was based on measured high concentrations of dissolved organic acids and sulfate in confining-bed pore waters (60–100 μM and 100–380 μM, respectively) relative to aquifer pore waters (from less than 30 μM and 2–80 μM, respectively). Sodium was chosen as the companion ion to organic-acid and sulfate transport from confining beds because it is the predominant cation in confining-bed pore waters. As a result, excessive amounts of Na-for-Ca ion exchange and calcite precipitation (three to four times more cement than observed in the aquifer) were required by model 2 to achieve mass and isotope balance of final water. For this reason, model 2 was invalidated. Agreement between model-predicted and measured amounts of carbonate cement and ratios of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 were obtained in a reaction model that assumed confining beds act as sources of DIC, as well as organic acids and sulfate. This assumption was supported by measured high concentrations of DIC in confining beds (2.6–2.7 mM). Results from this study show that geochemical models of confined aquifer systems must incorporate the effects of adjacent confining beds to reproduce observed groundwater chemistry accurately.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elseiver","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., and Chapelle, F.H., 1991, Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution: Journal of Hydrology, v. 127, no. 1-4, p. 109-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T.","productDescription":"27 p. ","startPage":"109","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.91955566406249,\n 33.38099943104024\n ],\n [\n -81.903076171875,\n 33.33511774753217\n ],\n [\n -81.80419921875,\n 33.224903086263964\n ],\n [\n -81.551513671875,\n 33.063924198120645\n ],\n [\n -81.4141845703125,\n 32.8149783969858\n ],\n [\n -81.3922119140625,\n 32.60698915452777\n ],\n [\n -81.199951171875,\n 32.47732919639942\n ],\n [\n -81.123046875,\n 32.091882620021806\n ],\n [\n -80.8319091796875,\n 31.94750122367064\n ],\n [\n -79.9749755859375,\n 32.560703522325156\n ],\n [\n -79.156494140625,\n 33.19273094190692\n ],\n [\n -78.5577392578125,\n 33.8521697014074\n ],\n [\n -79.5025634765625,\n 34.66935854524543\n ],\n [\n -80.4583740234375,\n 34.252676117101515\n ],\n [\n -81.91955566406249,\n 33.38099943104024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"127","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70237067,"text":"70237067 - 1991 - Modelling of turbidity currents on Navy Submarine Fan, California Continental Borderland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T12:07:14.117722","indexId":"70237067","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-29T07:03:16","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"1","title":"Modelling of turbidity currents on Navy Submarine Fan, California Continental Borderland","docAbstract":"

Several Holocene turbidites can be correlated across much of Navy Fan through more than 100 sediment core localities. The uppermost muddy turbidite unit is mapped throughout the northern half of the fan; its volume, grain-size distribution and the maximum height of deposition on the basin slopes are known. These parameters can be related to the precise channel morphology and mesotopography revealed by deeptow surveys. Thus there is sufficient information to estimate detailed flow characteristics for this turbidity current as it moved from fan valley to distal basin plain.

On the upper fan, the gradient and the increasing downstream width of the channel and only limited flow overspill suggest that the flow had a Froude number close to 1.0. The sediment associated with the channel indicates friction velocities of about 0.06 ms−1 and flow velocities of about 0.75 m s−1. Using this flow velocity and channel dimensions, sediment concentration (≈︁2 × 10−3) and discharge are estimated, and from a knowledge of the total volume of sediment deposited, the flow duration is estimated to be from 2 to 9 days. It is shown that the estimates of Froude number, drag coefficient, and sediment concentration are not likely to vary by more than a factor of 2.

On the mid-fan, the flow was much thicker than the height of the surface relief of the fan and it spread rapidly. The cross-flow slope, determined from the horizontal extent of turbidite sediment, is used to estimate flow velocity, which is confirmed by consideration of both sediment grain size and rate of deposition. This again allows sediment concentration and discharge to be estimated. The requirements of flow continuity, entrainment of water during flow expansion, and observed sediment deposition provide checks on all these estimates, and provide an integrated picture of the evolution of the flow. The flow characteristics of this muddy turbidity current are well constrained compared to those for more sand-rich late Pleistocene and early Holocene turbidity currents on the fan.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep-Water Turbidite Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/9781444304473.ch1","usgsCitation":"Bowen, A.J., Normark, W.R., and Piper, D., 1991, Modelling of turbidity currents on Navy Submarine Fan, California Continental Borderland, chap. 1 of Deep-Water Turbidite Systems, v. 31, p. 169-185, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444304473.ch1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"185","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407567,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.861328125,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -114.2578125,\n 32.24997445586331\n ],\n [\n -114.2578125,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n -117.861328125,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n -117.861328125,\n 32.24997445586331\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowen, Anthony J.","contributorId":297067,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowen","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":853237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":853238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piper, David J. W.","contributorId":28631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":853239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016542,"text":"70016542 - 1991 - Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arcs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T16:57:41.765756","indexId":"70016542","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arcs","docAbstract":"

The seismic tomography problem does not have a unique solution, and published tomographic images have been equivocal with regard to the deep structure of subducting slabs. An improved tomographic method, using a more realistic background Earth model and surface-reflected as well as direct seismic phases, shows that slabs beneath the Japan and Izu Bonin island arcs are deflected at the boundary between upper and lower mantle, whereas those beneath the northern Kuril and Mariana arcs sink into the lower mantle.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/353037a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"van der Hilst, R., Engdahl, R., Spakman, W., and Nolet, G., 1991, Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arcs: Nature, v. 353, no. 6339, p. 37-43, https://doi.org/10.1038/353037a0.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488452,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/7534","text":"External Repository"},{"id":222855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"353","issue":"6339","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb435e4b08c986b326244","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van der Hilst, R.","contributorId":88882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van der Hilst","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engdahl, R.","contributorId":28014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spakman, W.","contributorId":92428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spakman","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nolet, G.","contributorId":26448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolet","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70138492,"text":"70138492 - 1991 - Rare earth elements in Japan Sea sediments and diagenetic behavior of Ce/Ce∗: results from ODP Leg 127","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T14:35:52","indexId":"70138492","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-01T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare earth elements in Japan Sea sediments and diagenetic behavior of Ce/Ce∗: results from ODP Leg 127","docAbstract":"

The relative effects of paleoceanographic and paleogeographic variations, sediment lithology, and diagenetic processes on the recorded rare earth element (REE) chemistry of Japan Sea sediments are evaluated by investigating REE total abundances and relative fractionations in 59 samples from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 127.

\n

REE total abundances (ΣREE) in the Japan Sea are strongly dependent upon the paleoceanographic position of a given site with respect to terrigenous and biogenic sources. REE concentrations at Site 794 (Yamato Basin) overall correspond well to aluminosilicate chemical indices and are strongly diluted by SiO2within the late Miocene-Pliocene diatomaceous sequence. Eu/Eu* values at Site 794 reach a maximum through the diatomaceous interval as well, most likely suggesting an association of Eu/Eu* with the siliceous component, or reflecting slight incorporation of a detrital feldspar phase. ΣREE at Site 795 (Japan Basin) also is affiliated strongly with aluminosilicate phases, yet is diluted only slightly by siliceous input. At Site 797 (Yamato Basin), REE is not as clearly associated with the aluminosilicate fraction, is correlated moderately to siliceous input, and may be sporadically influenced by detrital heavy minerals originating from the nearby rifted continental fragment composing the Yamato Rise. The biogenic influence is largest at Site 794, moderately developed at Site 797, and of only minor importance at Site 795, reflecting basinal contrasts in productivity such that the Yamato Basin records greater biogenic input than the Japan Basin, while the most productive waters overlie the easternmost sequence of Site 794.

\n

Ce/Ce* profiles at all three sites increase monotonically with depth, and record progressive diagenetic LREE fractionation. The observed Ce/Ce* record does not respond to changes in oxygenation state of the overlying water, and Ce/Ce* correlated slightly better with depth than with age. The downhole increase in Ce/Ce* at Site 794 and Site 797 is a passive response to diagenetic transfer of LREE (except Ce) from sediment to interstitial water. At Site 795, the overall lack of correlation between Ce/Ce* and L(ln/Ybnsuggests that other processes are occurring which mask the diagenetic behavior of all LREEs. First-order calculations of the Ce budget in Japan Sea waters and sediment indicate that ~20% of the excess Ce adsorbed by settling particles is recycled within the water column, and that an additional ~38% is recycled at or near the seafloor (data from Masuzawa and Koyama, 1989). Thus, because the remaining excess Ce is only ~10% of the total Ce, there is not a large source of Ce to the deeply buried sediment, further suggesting that the downhole increase in Ce/Ce* is a passive response to diagenetic behavior of the other LREEs. The REE chemistry of Japan Sea sediment therefore predicts successive downhole addition of LREEs to deeply-buried interstitial waters.

","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90365-C","usgsCitation":"Murray, R., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Brumsack, H., Gerlach, D.C., and Russ, G.P., 1991, Rare earth elements in Japan Sea sediments and diagenetic behavior of Ce/Ce∗: results from ODP Leg 127: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 9, p. 2453-2466, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90365-C.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2453","endPage":"2466","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Japan Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 132.5390625,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n 141.6796875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n 140.625,\n 50.064191736659104\n ],\n [\n 131.8359375,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n 128.671875,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n 127.61718749999999,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n 132.5390625,\n 33.7243396617476\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c3fe4b08de9379b36d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, R.","contributorId":80440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brumsack, Hans-Juergen","contributorId":61141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumsack","given":"Hans-Juergen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gerlach, David C.","contributorId":138786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerlach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Russ, G. Price","contributorId":138787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russ","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Price","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5222583,"text":"5222583 - 1991 - Lead accumulation and osprey production near a mining site on the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-05T18:00:27.971332","indexId":"5222583","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-01T12:18:02","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead accumulation and osprey production near a mining site on the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho","docAbstract":"

Mining and smelting at Kellogg-Smelterville, Idaho, resulted in high concentrations of lead in Coeur d'Alene (CDA) River sediments 15–65 km downstream, where ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) nested. Adult and nestling ospreys living along the CDA River had significantly higher blood lead concentrations than those at Lake Coeur d'Alene (intermediate area) or Pend Oreille and Flathead Lakes (reference areas). Lead concentrations in fish collected from the study areas paralleled those found in ospreys. Inhibition of blood δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and elevation of protoporphyrin concentration provided evidence of lead exposure. In adult ospreys, ALAD activity was negatively correlated with lead in blood (r=−0.57), whereas protoporphyrin was positively correlated with lead in blood (r=+0.40). Neither hemoglobin nor hematocrit was adversely affected by the relatively modest lead concentrations found in the blood. Pronounced accumulation of lead by adults or young could ultimately result in behavioral abnormalities or death, both of which would reduce productivity of the nesting osprey population. We did not observe death related to lead, behavioral abnormalities, or reduced productivity during this 1986–87 study. Despite some lead-induced biochemical changes in blood parameters, ospreys produced young at nearly identical rates in the three study areas; these rates were among the highest ever reported in the western United States. Post-fledging survival of ospreys exposed to lead early in life remains an unknown. Lead does not biomagnify in the food chain as do organochlorine pesticides and mercury and several osprey behavior traits reduce the potential for the species to accumulate critical levels of lead. Swans, which feed at a lower trophic level, continue to die from environmental lead in the region.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01060365","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Blus, L.J., Hoffman, D.J., Grove, R.A., and Hatfield, J., 1991, Lead accumulation and osprey production near a mining site on the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 21, no. 3, p. 415-424, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01060365.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"424","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194178,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur d'Alene River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.98399410932898,\n 47.75501060734919\n ],\n [\n -116.98399410932898,\n 47.31907945124988\n ],\n [\n -116.046399574322,\n 47.31907945124988\n ],\n [\n -116.046399574322,\n 47.75501060734919\n ],\n [\n -116.98399410932898,\n 47.75501060734919\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blus, Lawrence J.","contributorId":35199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grove, Robert A.","contributorId":52134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeffrey S. jhatfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeffrey S.","email":"jhatfield@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1000594,"text":"1000594 - 1991 - Striped bass stocks and concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-06T16:47:37.371114","indexId":"1000594","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Striped bass stocks and concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls","docAbstract":"

Harvest restrictions on striped bass Morone saxatilis fisheries in Atlantic coastal states were relaxed in 1990, but consistent, coastwide regulations of the harvest have been difficult to implement because of the mixed‐stock nature of the fisheries and the recognized contamination of Hudson River fish by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). We examined PCB concentrations and stock of origin of coastal striped bass to better understand the effects of these two factors on the composition of the harvest. The probability of observing differences in PCB concentration among fish from the Hudson River stock and the “southern” group (Chesapeake Bay and Roanoke River stocks combined) was investigated with the logit model (a linear model for analysis of categorical data). Although total PCB concentrations were highly variable among fish from the two groups, striped bass classified as Hudson River stock had a significantly greater probability of having PCB concentrations equal to or greater than 2.00 mg/kg than did fish belonging to the southern group for all age‐ and size‐classes examined. There was a significantly greater probability of observing total PCB concentrations equal to or exceeding 2.00 mg/kg in fish that were 5, 6, and 7 or more years old, and this probability increased linearly with age, We observed similar results when we examined the effect of size on total PCB concentration. The minimum‐size limit estimated to permit escapement of fish to sustain stock production is 610 mm total length. Unless total PCB concentrations decrease in striped bass, it is likely that many harvestable fish will have concentrations that exceed the tolerance limit set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0541:SBSACO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fabrizio, M.C., Sloan, R.J., and O'Brien, J., 1991, Striped bass stocks and concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 120, no. 5, p. 541-551, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0541:SBSACO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"541","endPage":"551","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131821,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fabrizio, Mary C.","contributorId":77471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabrizio","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloan, Ronald J.","contributorId":92628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Brien, John F.","contributorId":36511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Brien","given":"John F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014551,"text":"1014551 - 1991 - Low-cost field estimation of yellow perch daily ration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-06T16:51:22.939142","indexId":"1014551","displayToPublicDate":"1991-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Low-cost field estimation of yellow perch daily ration","docAbstract":"

We used 2 yearsˈ diel food weight data from stomachs of Lake Erie yellow perch Perca flavescens to make Elliott‐Persson (E–P) estimates of daily ration and to construct consumption response surface (CRS) regression models. The CRS models provided relatively accurate, low‐cost estimates of daily ration from only one to four fish collections – compared with nine for the E–P procedure. Besides reducing daily sampling effort, CRS models allowed flexibility in fish collection times, thus alleviating the need for 24‐h associations with sampling sites. Independent variables for CRS models included the food weight in fish stomachs from a particular collection (adjusted for water temperature) and the time of day when a fish collection was made. Accuracy of CRS model estimates of yellow perch daily ration relative to E–P estimates was evaluated with a jackknife‐like procedure. Effectiveness of CRS models arose from significant relationships that existed between food weights in yellow perch stomachs throughout certain periods of the day and average food weight in stomachs over 24 h. Similar relationships, and hence low‐cost estimation potential, are expected for other fish species with regular diel feeding activity. Because CRS models reduce time requirements in the field, they should allow more detailed coverage of important spatial and temporal variability in multiday food consumption studies for fishes. The CRS models also showed spatial robustness and a desirable capacity to estimate daily rations in years beyond those for which the models were developed.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0589:LFEOYP>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hayward, R., Margraf, F.J., Parrish, D., and Vondracek, B., 1991, Low-cost field estimation of yellow perch daily ration: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 120, no. 5, p. 589-604, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0589:LFEOYP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"604","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644a0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayward, R.S.","contributorId":48913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayward","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Margraf, F. Joseph jmargraf@usgs.gov","contributorId":257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Margraf","given":"F.","email":"jmargraf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":320577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parrish, D.L.","contributorId":15144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vondracek, B.","contributorId":69930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vondracek","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216614,"text":"70216614 - 1991 - Analysis and modeling of long‐term stream temperatures on the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon: Implications for land use and fish habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:18:23.838156","indexId":"70216614","displayToPublicDate":"1991-08-28T15:21:44","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis and modeling of long‐term stream temperatures on the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon: Implications for land use and fish habitat","docAbstract":"

Steamboat Creek basin is an important source of timber and provides crucial spawning and rearing habitat for anadromous steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Because stream temperatures are near the upper limit of tolerance for the survival of juvenile steelhead, the possible long‐term effect of clear‐cut logging on stream temperatures was assessed. Twenty‐year (1969–1989) records of summer stream temperature and flow from four tributaries and two reaches of Steamboat Creek and Boulder Creek (a nearby unlogged watershed) were analyzed. Logging records for the Steamboat Creek basin and air temperature records also were used in the analysis. A time‐series model of the components of stream temperature (seasonal cycle of solar radiation, air temperature, streamflow, an autoregressive term of order 1, and a linear trend variable) was fitted to the water‐temperature data. The linear trend variable was significant in all the fitted models except Bend Creek (a tributary fed by cool ground‐water discharge) and Boulder Creek. Because no trends in either climate (i.e., air temperature) or streamflow were found in the data, the trend variable was associated with the pre‐1969 loss and subsequent regrowth of riparian vegetation and shading canopies.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb01465.x","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., 1991, Analysis and modeling of long‐term stream temperatures on the Steamboat Creek Basin, Oregon: Implications for land use and fish habitat: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 27, no. 4, p. 637-647, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb01465.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"637","endPage":"647","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380819,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Steamboat Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.78182983398436,\n 43.30669281678247\n ],\n [\n -122.64862060546875,\n 43.30669281678247\n ],\n [\n -122.64862060546875,\n 43.36712244111069\n ],\n [\n -122.78182983398436,\n 43.36712244111069\n ],\n [\n -122.78182983398436,\n 43.30669281678247\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016641,"text":"70016641 - 1991 - Relations among fault behavior, subsurface geology, and three-dimensional velocity models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-17T16:51:42.849742","indexId":"70016641","displayToPublicDate":"1991-08-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations among fault behavior, subsurface geology, and three-dimensional velocity models","docAbstract":"The development of three-dimensional P-wave velocity models for the regions surrounding five large earthquakes in California has lead to the recognition of relations among fault behavior and the material properties of the rocks that contact the fault at seismogenic depths; regions of high moment release appear to correlate with high seismic velocities whereas rupture initiation or termination may be associated with lower seismic velocities. These relations point toward a physical understanding of why faults are divided into segments that can fail independently, an understanding that could improve our ability to predict earthquakes and strong ground motion.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.253.5020.651","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Michael, A., and Eberhart-Phillips, D., 1991, Relations among fault behavior, subsurface geology, and three-dimensional velocity models: Science, v. 253, no. 5020, p. 651-654, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.253.5020.651.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"651","endPage":"654","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.44717543439643,\n 42.002027721200136\n ],\n [\n -125.0208798540933,\n 40.56001479887367\n ],\n [\n -122.78350737001075,\n 35.568915324900935\n ],\n [\n -118.60339089079949,\n 32.72921183137639\n ],\n [\n -114.32717414524657,\n 32.561677112953504\n ],\n [\n -114.31248419189697,\n 34.94796952492324\n ],\n [\n -119.95990800234043,\n 39.060790970748315\n ],\n [\n -119.77290217327047,\n 42.05983997723163\n ],\n [\n -124.44717543439643,\n 42.002027721200136\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"253","issue":"5020","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a6e4e4b0e8fec6cdc2cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, D.","contributorId":80428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221100,"text":"5221100 - 1991 - Acid precipitation and food quality: Effects of dietary Al, Ca and P on bone and liver characteristics in American black ducks and mallards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-05T18:02:50.543725","indexId":"5221100","displayToPublicDate":"1991-08-01T12:18:03","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acid precipitation and food quality: Effects of dietary Al, Ca and P on bone and liver characteristics in American black ducks and mallards","docAbstract":"

American black ducks (Anas rubripes) and mallards (A. platyrhynchos) were fed diets varying in concentrations of aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) for 10 weeks to identify toxic effects of Al under conditions representative of areas with acid precipitation. Femur and liver tissues were analyzed for Al, Ca, and P concentrations and structural characteristics. At two weeks of age, both species demonstrated pronounced differences in femur Al and P concentrations and femur mass from dietary Al and interaction between Ca:P regimen and Al; Low Ca:Low P enhanced Al storage and decreased P and mass in femurs. Femur Ca was lowest in the Low Ca:Low P regimen but was not affected by dietary Al. At 10 weeks, femur and liver Al continued to vary with dietary Al. Elevated Al and reduced Ca lowered modulus of elasticity. Femur P increased with elevated dietary P in black ducks. Elevated dietary P negated some of the effects of dietary Al on femur mass in black ducks. Reduced Ca concentrations weakened bones of both species and lowered both Ca and P. An array of clinical signs including lameness, discoloration of the upper mandible, complete and greenstick fractures, and death were responses to elevated Al and Ca:P regimen. Black ducks seemed to display these signs over a wider range of diets than mallards. Diets of 1,000 mg/kg Al had toxic effects on both species, particularly when combined with diets low in Ca and P.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055347","usgsCitation":"Sparling, D.W., 1991, Acid precipitation and food quality: Effects of dietary Al, Ca and P on bone and liver characteristics in American black ducks and mallards: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 21, no. 2, p. 281-288, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055347.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"288","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194044,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698420","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, Donald W.","contributorId":7220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70138463,"text":"70138463 - 1991 - A method for the concentration of fine-grained rutile (TiO2) from sediment and sedimentary rocks by chemical leaching","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T17:34:38","indexId":"70138463","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T10:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for the concentration of fine-grained rutile (TiO2) from sediment and sedimentary rocks by chemical leaching","docAbstract":"

Quaternary marine sediment in the Gulf of Maine basins contains 0.7 to 1.0 wt percent TiO2 (determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry). Most of this TiO2 exists in the form of silt-size rutile crystals that are visible by using the petrographic microscope with transmitted light (Valentine and Commeau, 1990). The identification of rutile was confirmed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) system. To quantify the amount of TiO2 in the sediment contributed by rutile and its polymorphs, anatase and brookite, it was necessary to eliminate as many of the other minerals as possible, especially titanium-bearing minerals such as ilmenite, ilmenomagnetite, biotite, hornblende, oyroxene, and sphene. We accomplished this by developing a method of chemical dissolution that removed the bulk of the raw material and left the TiO2 minerals intact.

\n

Many methods using acids and bases have been developed over the years to dissolve rocks, minerals, and sediments for chemical analysis or to concentrate specific minerals (Dolcater et al., 1970; Church, 1971; Campbell, 1973, and the references cited therein). The method developed by Raman and Jackson (1965) to concentrate rutile and anatase in soils and sediments requires digesting the sample in concentrated hydrofluoric acid (HF) for 24 hours. However, Campbell (1973) found that digestion in HF for more than 2 hours results in a loss of anatase. The method of Dolcater et al. (1970) for concentrating titanium as a free oxide requires the use of hydrofluotitanic acid (H2TiF6), which is difficult to find on the commercial market. The acid can be prepared by the reaction of concentrated HF (48%) with an excess of TiO2, but the procedure requires 36 hours to complete and should be attempted with caution because it is highly exothermic. Jackson (1979) provides a detailed method for digesting soils, but many of the recommended pretreatment steps employ sodium compounds such as sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7-2H2O), and sodium dithionate (Na2S2O4), which are used for the removal of calcium carbonate, iron oxides, and phosphates. In combining the methods of Dolcater and Jackson, sodium compounds must be thoroughly washed from the sample because they form sodium fluotitanate (Na2TiF6) in the presence of hydrofluotitanic acid (Fig. 1K). French and Adams (1973) described an inexpensive method for decomposing silicates by HF digestion in polypropylene containers. Their technique was effective for a wide variety of rock types. However, it did not address the problem caused by the precipitation of insoluble fluorides, nor did it outline a procedure to concentrate any residue that remained.

\n

As no one method gave the results we required, we modified procedures described in the literature and developed a process that removes 96 to 98 wt percent of the raw sample material. The residue is composed of rutile and minor amounts of micro- and cryptocrystalline TiO2 (Fig. 1A-J), barite (Fig. 1L), elemental carbon (coal), and insoluble fluorides (Fig. 1J). The fluorides precipitate during the decomposition of siliceous material in hydrofluoric acid (e.g., MgF2 and MgAlF5-2.7H2O; Lanmyhr and Kringstad, 1966).

\n

Most of the sample analyzed by the method described were marine muds collected from the Gulf of Maine (Valentine and Commeau, 1990). The silt and clay fraction (up to 99 wt% of the sediment) is composed of clay minerals (chiefly illite-mica and chlorite), silt-size quartz and feldspar, and small crystals (2-12 um) of rutile and hematite. The bulk sediment samples contained an average of 2 to 3 wt percent CaCO3. Tiher samples analyzed include red and gray Carboniferous and Triassic sandstones and siltstones exposed around the Bay of Fundy region and Paleozoic sandstones, siltstones, and shales from northern Maine and New Brunswick. These rocks are probable sources for the fine-grained rutile found in the Gulf of Maine.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.86.4.878","usgsCitation":"Commeau, J.A., and Valentine, P.C., 1991, A method for the concentration of fine-grained rutile (TiO2) from sediment and sedimentary rocks by chemical leaching: Economic Geology, v. 86, no. 4, p. 878-882, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.86.4.878.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"878","endPage":"882","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297325,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297324,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://economicgeology.org/content/86/4/878.full.pdf"}],"volume":"86","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b1ce4b08de9379b324b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Commeau, Judith A.","contributorId":32137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Commeau","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Valentine, Page C. 0000-0002-0485-6266 pvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-6266","contributorId":1947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Page","email":"pvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185485,"text":"70185485 - 1991 - Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T13:59:31","indexId":"70185485","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems","docAbstract":"

Organic electrolytes are a common component of natural waters and are known to be important in many rock-water interactions. The influence of organic electrolytes on silica mobility, quartz solubility, and quartz dissolution kinetics, however, is less well understood. While there is mounting evidence supporting the presence of an aqueous organic-silica complex in natural waters, the significance of this species is difficult to characterize because of competing interactions in mixed inorganic-organic electrolyte environments. In the experiments reported here, the kinetics of quartz dissolution in dilute aqueous organic-acid solutions between 25 and 70°C were investigated to determine the influence of both organic and inorganic electrolytes.

Batch-reactor dissolution experiments in inorganic and organic electrolyte solutions were designed to investigate the hypothesis that organic acids at circum-neutral pH accelerate the dissolution and increase the solubility of quartz in water. Results suggest that multi-functional organic acids such as citrate and oxalate accelerate quartz dissolution by decreasing the activation energy by approximately 20%. The increase in dissolution rate was accompanied by a 100% increase in apparent quartz solubility at 25°C. Experiments using inorganic electrolytes, in contrast, increase the rate of quartz dissolution without decreasing the activation energy, and without increasing solubility.

From these data, a model for both a solution complex between dissolved organic acid and monomeric silicic acid, and an activated complex on quartz surfaces is proposed. The model suggests that dissolved organic compounds in natural waters at near-neutral pH and low temperatures are capable of accelerating the dissolution of quartz and increasing its solubility.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90023-X","usgsCitation":"Bennett, P.C., 1991, Quartz dissolution in organic-rich aqueous systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 7, p. 1781-1797, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90023-X.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"1781","endPage":"1797","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338078,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Philip C.","contributorId":30567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014957,"text":"70014957 - 1991 - Variability of an unsaturated sand unit underlying a radioactive- waste trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T14:53:23.393734","indexId":"70014957","displayToPublicDate":"1991-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability of an unsaturated sand unit underlying a radioactive- waste trench","docAbstract":"

Properties of soils vary considerably within any field. This study was conducted to investigate the variability in properties of an unsaturated sand unit that lies at a depth of 13 m below land surface. Four-hundred-forty soil core samples, obtained from a 1.75 by 18-m horizontal plane within a sand unit underlying a waste trench, were used to describe the variability of moisture content, tritium concentration, and several physical properties. A simple model based on unit-gradient theory was used to calculate fluxes of water and tritium through the study plane. The effects of including spatial variability of properties in model calculations were examined. The sand was uniform in terms of median particle size, bulk density, and proposity, but several variables, including saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and tritium concentration, showed considerable variability. In general, correlation coefficients calculated between variables were low. Spatial correlation structures were identified for moisture content, tritium concentration, and a few particle-size variables, but were absent for Ks and most other variables. Variances of Ks and field-measured volumetric moisture content (θ) were lower than published values for soils. Model-calculated fluxes of water and tritium that accounted for spatial variability of properties were considerably higher than those that did not account for the variability. Model results were more sensitive to changes in θ and residual moisture content (each parameters of the relative hydraulic conductivity function) than to changes in Ks.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040001x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., and Miller, P., 1991, Variability of an unsaturated sand unit underlying a radioactive- waste trench: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 55, no. 4, p. 899-907, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040001x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"899","endPage":"907","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Sheffield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.84909352846984,\n 41.430360108761136\n ],\n [\n -89.84909352846984,\n 41.290549512327715\n ],\n [\n -89.6214582233875,\n 41.290549512327715\n ],\n [\n -89.6214582233875,\n 41.430360108761136\n ],\n [\n -89.84909352846984,\n 41.430360108761136\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc135e4b08c986b32a4a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Patrick C.","contributorId":57880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Patrick C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242860,"text":"70242860 - 1991 - Mediterranean seabed in digital shaded relief","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-20T14:32:04.02597","indexId":"70242860","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-25T09:22:24","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mediterranean seabed in digital shaded relief","docAbstract":"

Relief-shaded images made from a large digital depth model (DDM) provide a fresh view of regional tectonism and submarine geomorphology in the central Mediterranean. The 1-km spatial resolution is better than that afforded by the 5-arc-minute worldwide digital bathymetry (DBDB5). These computer pictures enable information on seafloor morphology to be visualized and communicated in much the same way that relief maps made from digital elevation models are used to interpret subaerial topography. The images shown here (partially joined along 19°E) were taken from a new shaded-relief map of the entire Mediterranean seafloor and parts of the Bay of Biscay and Black Sea between latitude 307deg;–46°N and longitude 6°W–37°E.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90EO00215","usgsCitation":"Mark, R., Pike, R.J., Bortoluzzi, G., and Ligi, M., 1991, Mediterranean seabed in digital shaded relief: Eos Science News, v. 72, no. 26, p. 273-274, https://doi.org/10.1029/90EO00215.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"274","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Algeria, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Libya, Malta, Tunisia, Turkey","otherGeospatial":"Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Tyrhennian Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 5.547669812166873,\n 42.96796696759395\n ],\n [\n 4.964799520493159,\n 36.57631543741138\n ],\n [\n 6.535538140696502,\n 36.56454370993073\n ],\n [\n 9.619008932703878,\n 37.09674026973461\n ],\n [\n 10.277006997756558,\n 36.486849520268265\n ],\n [\n 10.512874278911255,\n 35.15112695926665\n ],\n [\n 9.432604815215257,\n 34.047387762660804\n ],\n [\n 11.325143510959407,\n 32.76808983986493\n ],\n [\n 14.86337433370673,\n 32.14252124475183\n ],\n [\n 15.506472897007654,\n 31.106300792779592\n ],\n [\n 17.615726117618834,\n 30.70085758781859\n ],\n [\n 19.007066823258498,\n 29.92762678928304\n ],\n [\n 20.721808587548026,\n 31.027846216753915\n ],\n [\n 20.38966797920608,\n 31.7178817856436\n ],\n [\n 21.29702212448484,\n 32.423912657992105\n ],\n [\n 22.594594455097393,\n 32.52865528981067\n ],\n [\n 23.193367350191693,\n 31.713785507324516\n ],\n [\n 27.353568426184097,\n 31.09073367229371\n ],\n [\n 29.488407748541476,\n 30.598638872566127\n ],\n [\n 30.623229843954533,\n 36.944311812416075\n ],\n [\n 28.66593163291944,\n 37.1951157666043\n ],\n [\n 27.368036095810027,\n 39.721504512801516\n ],\n [\n 26.77009531506323,\n 41.05562205321564\n ],\n [\n 24.14365731370515,\n 41.36403745539437\n ],\n [\n 21.78643504447041,\n 40.78937292135561\n ],\n [\n 20.045016430038913,\n 41.27799452515316\n ],\n [\n 19.922824737050803,\n 42.31211161899415\n ],\n [\n 17.199957497733635,\n 43.78291643491946\n ],\n [\n 5.547669812166873,\n 42.96796696759395\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mark, Robert K.","contributorId":30648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"Robert K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bortoluzzi, Giovanni","contributorId":304278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bortoluzzi","given":"Giovanni","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ligi, Marco","contributorId":304279,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ligi","given":"Marco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016690,"text":"70016690 - 1991 - Resource constraints in petroleum production potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-19T15:28:23.999091","indexId":"70016690","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resource constraints in petroleum production potential","docAbstract":"Geologic reasons indicate that the dominant position of the Middle East as a source of conventional petroleum will not be changed by new discoveries elsewhere. The share of world crude oil production coming from the Middle East could increase, within 10 to 20 years, to exceed 50 percent, under even modest increases in world consumption. Nonconventional resources of oil exist in large quantities, but because of their low production rates they can at best only mitigate extant trends. Increased production of natural gas outside the United States, however, offers an opportunity for geographically diversified energy supplies in the near future.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.253.5016.146","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Masters, C., Root, D.H., and Attanasi, E.D., 1991, Resource constraints in petroleum production potential: Science, v. 253, no. 5016, p. 146-152, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.253.5016.146.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"146","endPage":"152","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"253","issue":"5016","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa9eee4b0c8380cd8605a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masters, C.D.","contributorId":96664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Root, D. H.","contributorId":74019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Attanasi, E. D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":107672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"E.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210205,"text":"70210205 - 1991 - Archean and Proterozoic crustal evolution: Evidence from crustal seismology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-20T14:21:39.505648","indexId":"70210205","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T09:20:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Archean and Proterozoic crustal evolution: Evidence from crustal seismology","docAbstract":"

Seismic-velocity models for Archean and Proterozoic provinces throughout the world are analyzed. The thickness of the crust in Archean provinces is generally found to be about 35 km (except at collisional boundaries), whereas Proterozoic crust has a significantly greater thickness of about 45 km and has a substantially thicker high-velocity (>7.0 km/s) layer at the base. We consider two models that may explain these differences. The first model attributes the difference to a change in the composition of the upper mantle. The higher temperatures in the Archean mantle led to the eruption of komatiitic lavas, resulting in an ultradepleted lithosphere unable to produce significant volumes of basaltic melt. Proterozoic crust developed above fertile mantle, and subsequent partial melting resulted in basaltic underplating and crustal inflation. In the second model, convection in the hot Archean mantle is considered to have been too turbulent to sustain stable long-lived subduction zones. By the Proterozoic the mantle had cooled sufficiently for substantial island and continental arcs to be constructed, and the high-velocity basal layer was formed by basaltic underplating.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0606:AAPCEE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Durrheim, R., and Mooney, W.D., 1991, Archean and Proterozoic crustal evolution: Evidence from crustal seismology: Geology, v. 19, no. 6, p. 606-609, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0606:AAPCEE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"606","endPage":"609","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374959,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durrheim, R.","contributorId":93304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durrheim","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}