Knowledge of carbon dioxide concentration in desert soils is required in theoretical models of the development of pedogenic and ground-water calcium carbonate. Most studies have concentrated on medium- to fine-textured soils in temperate to humid environments. Very little data exist for CO2 concentrations in stony, coarse-textured deposits such as those making up alluvial fans and fluvial terraces. The purpose of this study was to obtain CO2 concentration data in stony, coarse-textured, uncultivated soils in a desert environment.
Soil gas samples were collected from two sites—Yucca Wash and Rock Valley—at the Nevada Test Site in southern Nevada between June 1985 and June 1986 to determine soil CO2 concentrations and their seasonal and depth variations in the soil profile. Soil CO2 concentrations ranged from 0.03 volume percent in winter and summer to 0.25 volume percent in spring. During the summer, fall, and winter, CO2 concentrations were close to atmospheric levels and varied randomly with depth. In spring, CO2 varied with root density, highest concentrations occurring between 40 and 80 cm of depth. Maximum CO2 values decrease and occur at progressively deeper levels toward the end of spring. Biological activity appears to be limited throughout the year because of the arid climate. During the winter and spring, soil CO2 appears to be more dependent on temperature than moisture, whereas in the summer and fall it appears to be dependent on moisture.
Soil gas samples were also collected during the spring from three sites in the Kyle Canyon area in southern Nevada to determine the variation of soil CO2 levels with changes in elevation and vegetation. Soil CO2 values increased from 0.04 to 0.24 volume percent with increasing elevation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Williams & Wilkins","doi":"10.1097/00010694-199106000-00003","usgsCitation":"Terhune, C.L., and Harden, J.W., 1991, Seasonal variations of carbon dioxide concentrations in stony, coarse-textured desert soils of southern Nevada, USA: Soil Science, v. 151, no. 6, p. 417-429, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199106000-00003.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"429","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Kyle Canyon, Nevada Test Site, Rock Valley, Yucca Wash","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.57215965832935,\n 36.935357940977156\n ],\n [\n -116.55667759182593,\n 36.880290507621226\n ],\n [\n -116.52411186573303,\n 36.82689268256301\n ],\n [\n -116.46538678589307,\n 36.75250083047368\n ],\n [\n -116.36768960761447,\n 36.65689425228052\n ],\n [\n -116.18305583300328,\n 36.67744891655387\n ],\n [\n -116.01168537274322,\n 36.68344299281007\n ],\n [\n -115.93427504022664,\n 36.705702614953026\n ],\n [\n -115.9033109072208,\n 36.75445630760139\n ],\n [\n -116.01488855891635,\n 36.80704979320976\n ],\n [\n -116.1157889233688,\n 36.7865298001729\n ],\n [\n -116.21508769473465,\n 36.75488404241885\n ],\n [\n -116.29075201792368,\n 36.72793209163633\n ],\n [\n -116.3708316722509,\n 36.89718704619213\n ],\n [\n -116.3574850631961,\n 36.95650847263279\n ],\n [\n -116.34734164031606,\n 37.00445333355934\n ],\n [\n -116.41514241431304,\n 37.03130788631145\n ],\n [\n -116.57058710746847,\n 37.04409243246313\n ],\n [\n -116.57215965832935,\n 36.935357940977156\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.66874653036014,\n 36.27684846767032\n ],\n [\n -115.6818215433292,\n 36.27383572110618\n ],\n [\n -115.67955261978994,\n 36.25887786528443\n ],\n [\n -115.67207851871952,\n 36.25005246295588\n ],\n [\n -115.65966617229866,\n 36.238104293741145\n ],\n [\n -115.6476542241497,\n 36.231860379706816\n ],\n [\n -115.62629964966244,\n 36.2398266650315\n ],\n [\n -115.61237372956018,\n 36.24111841859431\n ],\n [\n -115.59529006997016,\n 36.25091352170193\n ],\n [\n -115.57927413910473,\n 36.25586442535618\n ],\n [\n -115.57006497885705,\n 36.2557568003521\n ],\n [\n -115.54898044038076,\n 36.25844738098267\n ],\n [\n -115.52255415445245,\n 36.262429270251275\n ],\n [\n -115.4966617328867,\n 36.263828264238356\n ],\n [\n -115.46983504868697,\n 36.27028483482704\n ],\n [\n -115.47303823486017,\n 36.27415852094177\n ],\n [\n -115.48077926811187,\n 36.28115218964544\n ],\n [\n -115.51024087546422,\n 36.28287361199655\n ],\n [\n -115.54088601561787,\n 36.27824720333986\n ],\n [\n -115.56744576763631,\n 36.282012905566816\n ],\n [\n -115.59253739265878,\n 36.27738644589441\n ],\n [\n -115.60815292525282,\n 36.28136736951646\n ],\n [\n -115.62550351702359,\n 36.277171255049836\n ],\n [\n -115.65620071784916,\n 36.26899356341566\n ],\n [\n -115.66874653036014,\n 36.27684846767032\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"151","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terhune, Christina L.","contributorId":21413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Terhune","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185494,"text":"70185494 - 1991 - Centrifugal techniques for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:49:07","indexId":"70185494","displayToPublicDate":"1991-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Centrifugal techniques for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity","docAbstract":"Centrifugal force is an alternative to large pressure gradients for the measurement of low values of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). With a head of water above a porous medium in a centrifuge bucket, both constant-head and falling-head measurements are practical at forces up to at least 1800 times normal gravity. Darcy's law applied to the known centrifugal potential leads to simple formulas for Ksat that are analogous to those used in the standard gravity-driven constant- and falling-head methods. Both centrifugal methods were tested on several fine-textured samples of soil and ceramic with Ksat between about 10−10 and 10−9 m/s. The results were compared to falling-head gravity measurements. The comparison shows most measurements agreeing to within 20% for a given sample, much of the variation probably resulting from run-to-run changes in sample structure. The falling-head centrifuge method proved to be especially simple in design and operation and was more accurate than the constant-head method. With modified apparatus, Ksat measurements less than 10−10 m/s should be attainable.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00367","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., and Mello, K.A., 1991, Centrifugal techniques for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 6, p. 1263-1269, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00367.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1263","endPage":"1269","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338090,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mello, Karen A.","contributorId":189694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mello","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70203622,"text":"70203622 - 1991 - The federal effort to evaluate coastal wetland mitigation: A report by the National Ocean Pollution Policy Board's Habitat Loss and Modification Working Group","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T14:02:12.105487","indexId":"70203622","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-28T09:12:26","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5145,"text":"Technical Memorandum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"CS/NOPPO 91-2","title":"The federal effort to evaluate coastal wetland mitigation: A report by the National Ocean Pollution Policy Board's Habitat Loss and Modification Working Group","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Ocean Pollution Program","usgsCitation":"Kiraly, S.J., Cross, F.A., and Buffington, J., 1991, The federal effort to evaluate coastal wetland mitigation: A report by the National Ocean Pollution Policy Board's Habitat Loss and Modification Working Group: Technical Memorandum CS/NOPPO 91-2, iii, 10 p.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364170,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/10184"},{"id":364171,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kiraly, Sari J.","contributorId":215873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kiraly","given":"Sari","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cross, Ford A.","contributorId":215874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cross","given":"Ford","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buffington, John D.","contributorId":215875,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buffington","given":"John D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70242958,"text":"70242958 - 1991 - Torsional response of unique building","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T22:11:48.430426","indexId":"70242958","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T16:58:12","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2467,"text":"Journal of Structural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Torsional response of unique building","docAbstract":"Acceleration response records obtained during the October 1, 1987 Whittier‐Narrows earthquake
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Nelson, W.H., 1991, Kinematic model of a continuous Heart Mountain allochthon: Discussion: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 5, p. 718-719.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"718","endPage":"719","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103%3C0718:KMOACH%3E2.3.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Heart Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.06574338548361,\n 44.68250404638832\n ],\n [\n -109.08351649369034,\n 44.70194221949751\n ],\n [\n -109.11933614253685,\n 44.69650018865943\n ],\n [\n -109.13273433180017,\n 44.693973357616045\n ],\n [\n -109.1718351698541,\n 44.678421201146904\n ],\n [\n -109.1718351698541,\n 44.65177843547184\n ],\n [\n -109.15105430487407,\n 44.63037757094625\n ],\n [\n -109.12562508851758,\n 44.606438164836675\n ],\n [\n -109.09007887210467,\n 44.60332337029078\n ],\n [\n -109.04004073669299,\n 44.62512342486278\n ],\n [\n -109.02910343933524,\n 44.6552796435563\n ],\n [\n -109.06574338548361,\n 44.68250404638832\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Willis H.","contributorId":84777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Willis","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185490,"text":"70185490 - 1991 - Sampling design for groundwater solute transport: Tests of methods and analysis of Cape Cod tracer test data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:36:12","indexId":"70185490","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling design for groundwater solute transport: Tests of methods and analysis of Cape Cod tracer test data","docAbstract":"Tests of a one-dimensional sampling design methodology on measurements of bromide concentration collected during the natural gradient tracer test conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, demonstrate its efficacy for field studies of solute transport in groundwater and the utility of one-dimensional analysis. The methodology was applied to design of sparse two-dimensional networks of fully screened wells typical of those often used in engineering practice. In one-dimensional analysis, designs consist of the downstream distances to rows of wells oriented perpendicular to the groundwater flow direction and the timing of sampling to be carried out on each row. The power of a sampling design is measured by its effectiveness in simultaneously meeting objectives of model discrimination, parameter estimation, and cost minimization. One-dimensional models of solute transport, differing in processes affecting the solute and assumptions about the structure of the flow field, were considered for description of tracer cloud migration. When fitting each model using nonlinear regression, additive and multiplicative error forms were allowed for the residuals which consist of both random and model errors. The one-dimensional single-layer model of a nonreactive solute with multiplicative error was judged to be the best of those tested. Results show the efficacy of the methodology in designing sparse but powerful sampling networks. Designs that sample five rows of wells at five or fewer times in any given row performed as well for model discrimination as the full set of samples taken up to eight times in a given row from as many as 89 rows. Also, designs for parameter estimation judged to be good by the methodology were as effective in reducing the variance of parameter estimates as arbitrary designs with many more samples. Results further showed that estimates of velocity and longitudinal dispersivity in one-dimensional models based on data from only five rows of fully screened wells each sampled five or fewer times were practically equivalent to values determined from moments analysis of the complete three-dimensional set of 29,285 samples taken during 16 sampling times.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90WR02657","usgsCitation":"Knopman, D.S., Voss, C.I., and Garabedian, S.P., 1991, Sampling design for groundwater solute transport: Tests of methods and analysis of Cape Cod tracer test data: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 5, p. 925-949, https://doi.org/10.1029/90WR02657.","productDescription":"25 p. ","startPage":"925","endPage":"949","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopman, Debra S.","contributorId":51472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopman","given":"Debra","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185800,"text":"70185800 - 1991 - Extent of reaction in open systems with multiple heterogeneous reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T10:37:11","indexId":"70185800","displayToPublicDate":"1991-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5349,"text":"American Institute of Chemical Engineers ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extent of reaction in open systems with multiple heterogeneous reactions","docAbstract":"The familiar batch concept of extent of reaction is reexamined for systems of reactions occurring in open systems. Because species concentrations change as a result of transport processes as well as reactions in open systems, the extent of reaction has been less useful in practice in these applications. It is shown that by defining the extent of the equivalent batch reaction and a second contribution to the extent of reaction due to the transport processes, it is possible to treat the description of the dynamics of flow through porous media accompanied by many chemical reactions in a uniform, concise manner. This approach tends to isolate the reaction terms among themselves and away from the model partial differential equations, thereby enabling treatment of large problems involving both equilibrium and kinetically controlled reactions. Implications on the number of coupled partial differential equations necessary to be solved and on numerical algorithms for solving such problems are discussed. Examples provided illustrate the theory applied to solute transport in groundwater flow.
The Magellan Venus orbiter carries only one scientific instrument: a 12.6-centimeter wavelength radar system shared among three data-taking modes. The synthetic-aperture mode images radar echoes from the Venus surface at a resolution of between 120 and 300 meters, depending on spacecraft altitude. In the altimetric mode, relative height measurement accuracies may approach 5 meters, depending on the terrain's roughness, although orbital uncertainties place a floor of about 50 meters on the absolute uncertainty. In areas of extremely rough topography, accuracy is limited by the inherent line-of-sight radar resolution of about 88 meters. The maximum elevation observed to date, corresponding to a planetary radius of 6062 kilometers, lies within Maxwell Mons. When used as a thermal emission radiometer, the system can determine surface emissivities to an absolute accuracy of about 0.02. Mosaicked and archival digital data products will be released in compact disk (CDROM) format.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.252.5003.260","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Pettengill, G., Ford, P., Johnson, W., Raney, R., and Soderblom, L.A., 1991, Magellan: Radar performance and data products: Science, v. 252, no. 5003, p. 260-265, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5003.260.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"265","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"252","issue":"5003","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b2de4b0c8380cd69349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pettengill, G.H.","contributorId":43899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pettengill","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ford, P.G.","contributorId":62342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, W.T.K.","contributorId":27174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raney, R.K.","contributorId":27613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raney","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016722,"text":"70016722 - 1991 - Venus volcanism: Initial analysis from Magellan data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-19T15:56:21.158735","indexId":"70016722","displayToPublicDate":"1991-04-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Venus volcanism: Initial analysis from Magellan data","docAbstract":"Magellan images confirm that volcanism is widespread and has been fundamentally important in the formation and evolution of the crust of Venus. High-resolution imaging data reveal evidence for intrusion (dike formation and cryptodomes) and extrusion (a wide range of lava flows). Also observed are thousands of small shield volcanoes, larger edifices up to several hundred kilometers in diameter, massive outpourings of lavas, and local pyroclastic deposits. Although most features are consistent with basaltic compositions, a number of large pancake-like domes are morphologically similar to rhyolite-dacite domes on Earth. Flows and sinuous channels with lengths of many hundreds of kilometers suggest that extremely high effusion rates or very fluid magmas (perhaps komatiites) may be present. Volcanism is evident in various tectonic settings (coronae, linear extensional and compressional zones, mountain belts, upland rises, highland plateaus, and tesserae). Volcanic resurfacing rates appear to be low (less than 2 km3/yr) but the significance of dike formation and intrusions, and the mode of crustal formation and loss remain to be established.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.252.5003.276","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Head, J., Campbell, D., Elachi, C., Guest, J.E., Mckenzie, D., Saunders, R., Schaber, G.G., and Schubert, G., 1991, Venus volcanism: Initial analysis from Magellan data: Science, v. 252, no. 5003, p. 276-288, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5003.276.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"276","endPage":"288","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"252","issue":"5003","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc212e4b08c986b32a8e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Head, J.W.","contributorId":67982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, D.B.","contributorId":35753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elachi, C.","contributorId":104606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elachi","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guest, J. E.","contributorId":98749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guest","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mckenzie, D.P.","contributorId":84914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mckenzie","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Saunders, R.S.","contributorId":14437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saunders","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schaber, Gerald G.","contributorId":12511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schubert, Gerald","contributorId":172425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schubert","given":"Gerald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70210206,"text":"70210206 - 1991 - Basin and range crustal and upper mantle structure, northwest to central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-20T14:33:31.39634","indexId":"70210206","displayToPublicDate":"1991-04-10T09:27:04","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basin and range crustal and upper mantle structure, northwest to central Nevada","docAbstract":"We present an interpretation of the crustal and uppermost mantle structure of the Basin and Range of northwestern Nevada based on seismic refraction/wide‐angle reflection, near‐vertical reflection, and gravity data. In comparison to most previous estimates, we find that the crust is somewhat thicker (32–36 km versus 22–30 km), and the uppermost mantle velocity is somewhat higher (8.0 km/s versus 7.3–7.9 km/s). Along our transects, the crust is thinnest (32 km) in the Carson Sink‐Buena Vista Valley region and increases by 2–4 km to the west and east, respectively. There is considerable complexity throughout the crust where velocities range from of 2.5 km/s at the surface to 7.4 km/s in the lowermost crust. Variations in velocity and structure of the upper crustal layers reveal apparent basement velocity depressions (areas of lower velocities extending up to 10 km in depth) that underlie some surface ranges as well as the basins. The middle crust rises from about 20 km beneath central Nevada to within 12 km of the surface beneath the area of thinnest crust and is characterized by a modest (∼0.1 km/s) change in velocity and low‐velocity gradients. These midcrustal layers mark the onset of high crustal reflectivity and the apparent limiting depth to which Basin and Range faults can be traced in near‐vertical reflection profiles, suggesting that these midcrustal layers represent the transition between the brittle and ductile zones of the crust. The lower crust is more structurally complex, with layers thickening and thinning in a systematic manner with the upper crustal layers; generally, where there are velocity depressions in the upper crust, the lower crust is thickest and shallowest. The geometry of these lower crustal layers (derived from refraction modeling) coincides with changes in the crustal reflectivity, determined from the Consortium of Continental Reflection Profiling reflection data. The lower crustal layer is unusually high in velocity (7.4 km/s) and is likely the layer identified as mantle in some previous studies. We do not identify the 7.4 km/s layer as mantle because (1) there is an underlying layer with a velocity (8.0 km/s) that is more consistent with the worldwide average velocity for the upper mantle, and (2) the 7.4 km/s layer does not correspond to the “reflection” Moho. Gravity modeling and comparison to existing seismic models show a general consensus in many aspects with respect to crustal structure. This new model forms the basis for speculation on some of the processes associated with rifting of the Basin and Range Province. One such process, lithospheric magmatism, is inferred from the strong attenuation of transmitted seismic waves, which occurs at the same interface at which high‐amplitude, bright spot reflections originate. Unlike previous models, the overall structure and velocity of the crust and uppermost mantle of our new model are similar to other regions worldwide which have undergone high degrees of extension.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.86.2.415","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C.G., McNamee, J., Vasquez, J., and Ericksen, G.E., 1991, A model of volcanic dome-hosted precious metal deposits in Bolivia: Economic Geology, v. 86, no. 2, p. 415-421, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.86.2.415.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"415","endPage":"421","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370411,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bolivia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-62.84647,-22.03499],[-63.98684,-21.99364],[-64.37702,-22.79809],[-64.96489,-22.07586],[-66.27334,-21.83231],[-67.10667,-22.73592],[-67.82818,-22.87292],[-68.21991,-21.49435],[-68.75717,-20.37266],[-68.44223,-19.40507],[-68.96682,-18.98168],[-69.10025,-18.26013],[-69.59042,-17.58001],[-68.95964,-16.5007],[-69.38976,-15.66013],[-69.16035,-15.32397],[-69.33953,-14.9532],[-68.94889,-14.45364],[-68.92922,-13.60268],[-68.88008,-12.89973],[-68.66508,-12.5613],[-69.52968,-10.95173],[-68.78616,-11.03638],[-68.27125,-11.01452],[-68.04819,-10.71206],[-67.1738,-10.30681],[-66.64691,-9.93133],[-65.33844,-9.76199],[-65.44484,-10.51145],[-65.3219,-10.89587],[-65.40228,-11.56627],[-64.31635,-12.46198],[-63.1965,-12.62703],[-62.80306,-13.00065],[-62.12708,-13.19878],[-61.7132,-13.4892],[-61.08412,-13.47938],[-60.5033,-13.77595],[-60.4592,-14.35401],[-60.26433,-14.64598],[-60.25115,-15.07722],[-60.54297,-15.09391],[-60.15839,-16.25828],[-58.24122,-16.29957],[-58.38806,-16.87711],[-58.2808,-17.27171],[-57.73456,-17.55247],[-57.49837,-18.17419],[-57.67601,-18.96184],[-57.95,-19.4],[-57.8538,-19.97],[-58.16639,-20.1767],[-58.18347,-19.8684],[-59.11504,-19.35691],[-60.04356,-19.34275],[-61.78633,-19.63374],[-62.26596,-20.51373],[-62.29118,-21.05163],[-62.68506,-22.24903],[-62.84647,-22.03499]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bolivia\"}}]}","volume":"86","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, Charles G.","contributorId":85940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNamee, J.","contributorId":221320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McNamee","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vasquez, J.P.","contributorId":221319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vasquez","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ericksen, G. E.","contributorId":44538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70243173,"text":"70243173 - 1991 - Single-station decomposition of seismograms for subevent time histories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-02T14:52:36.502297","indexId":"70243173","displayToPublicDate":"1991-04-01T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Single-station decomposition of seismograms for subevent time histories","docAbstract":"We have adapted an iterative least-squares inversion with positivity constraints to the problem of deconvolving the recordings of a small earthquake from the recordings of a large composite earthquake. The inversion uses an F test to minimize the number of non-zero amplitudes or subevents in the solution set, by requiring each added subevent to reduce the variance significantly. We apply this inversion to the analysis of strong motion recordings of a set of moderate-sized (4.0 ≤ ML ≤ 6.4) aftershocks of the 1976 Friuli earthquake. The earthquake pairs are selected by comparing S trigger times and polarization diagrams. The deconvolved time series are interpreted as the time history of slip events or stress release in the composite earthquake, depending on whether the recordings of the small earthquake are unfiltered or filtered to simulate the waveforms radiated by subevents. Deconvolving with the filtered recordings reduces the variance more rapidly, as a function of the number of subevents, than deconvolving with the unfiltered recordings. The deconvolved time series for three of the four earthquakes analysed indicate that the rupture processes resemble the failure of asperities where the initial subevent has the largest stress drop and the later subevents have longer durations and weaker stress drops.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb03447.x","usgsCitation":"Di Bona, M., and Boatwright, J., 1991, Single-station decomposition of seismograms for subevent time histories: Geophysical Journal International, v. 105, no. 1, p. 103-117, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb03447.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"117","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1991.tb03447.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":416622,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Di Bona, Massimo","contributorId":304692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Di Bona","given":"Massimo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boatwright, John 0000-0002-6931-5241 boat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6931-5241","contributorId":1938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"John","email":"boat@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185493,"text":"70185493 - 1991 - Comment on the treatment of residual water content in “A consistent set of parametric models for the two-phase flow of immiscible fluids in the subsurface” by L. Luckner et al.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:52:58","indexId":"70185493","displayToPublicDate":"1991-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on the treatment of residual water content in “A consistent set of parametric models for the two-phase flow of immiscible fluids in the subsurface” by L. Luckner et al.","docAbstract":"Luckner et al. [1989] (hereinafter LVN) present a clear summary and generalization of popular formulations used for convenient representation of porous media fluid flow characteristics, including water content (θ) related to suction (h) and hydraulic conductivity (K) related to θ or h. One essential but problematic element in the LVN models is the concept of residual water content (θr; in LVN, θw,r). Most studies using θr determine its value as a fitted parameter and make the assumption that liquid flow processes are negligible at θ values less than θr. While the LVN paper contributes a valuable discussion of the nature of θr, it leaves several problems unresolved, including fundamental difficulties in associating a definite physical condition with θr, practical inadequacies of the models at low θ values, and difficulties in designating a main wetting curve.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR00165","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., 1991, Comment on the treatment of residual water content in “A consistent set of parametric models for the two-phase flow of immiscible fluids in the subsurface” by L. Luckner et al.: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 4, p. 661-662, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00165.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"661","endPage":"662","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d61e4b0236b68f98f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222572,"text":"5222572 - 1991 - Effect of hunting on annual survival of grey ducks in New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-02T16:51:37.034425","indexId":"5222572","displayToPublicDate":"1991-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of hunting on annual survival of grey ducks in New Zealand","docAbstract":"We used band recovery data from grey ducks (Anas superciliosa) banded in New Zealand between 1957 and 1974 to test 2 null hypotheses: (1) hunting mortality is completely additive to natural sources of mortality, and (2) hunting mortality is completely compensated by changes in natural mortality. We modeled annual survival as a function of survival in the absence of hunting and the probability of death from hunting. The complete compensation hypothesis was rejected, but we were unable to reject the completely additive hypothesis. There was no evidence of sex- or age-specificity for the relationship between kill rate and annual survival rate. We used simulated data to evaluate model performance. Parameter estimates were unbiased despite the inclusion of estimates that lay outside the bounds of the parameter space, although model-based variance estimates were consistently less than empirical variances. Our results imply that harvest-restrictions may be useful in effecting change in annual survival rates of grey ducks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809148","usgsCitation":"Barker, R.J., Hines, J.E., and Nichols, J., 1991, Effect of hunting on annual survival of grey ducks in New Zealand: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 55, no. 2, p. 260-265, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809148.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"265","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197445,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[173.02037,-40.91905],[173.24723,-41.332],[173.95841,-40.9267],[174.24759,-41.34916],[174.24852,-41.77001],[173.87645,-42.23318],[173.22274,-42.97004],[172.71125,-43.37229],[173.08011,-43.85334],[172.30858,-43.86569],[171.45293,-44.24252],[171.18514,-44.8971],[170.6167,-45.90893],[169.83142,-46.35577],[169.33233,-46.64124],[168.41135,-46.61994],[167.76374,-46.2902],[166.67689,-46.21992],[166.50914,-45.8527],[167.04642,-45.11094],[168.30376,-44.12397],[168.94941,-43.93582],[169.66781,-43.55533],[170.52492,-43.03169],[171.12509,-42.51275],[171.56971,-41.76742],[171.94871,-41.51442],[172.09723,-40.9561],[172.79858,-40.49396],[173.02037,-40.91905]]],[[[174.61201,-36.1564],[175.33662,-37.2091],[175.3576,-36.52619],[175.80889,-36.79894],[175.95849,-37.55538],[176.7632,-37.88125],[177.43881,-37.96125],[178.01035,-37.57982],[178.51709,-37.69537],[178.27473,-38.58281],[177.97046,-39.16634],[177.20699,-39.14578],[176.93998,-39.44974],[177.03295,-39.87994],[176.88582,-40.06598],[176.50802,-40.60481],[176.01244,-41.28962],[175.23957,-41.68831],[175.0679,-41.42589],[174.65097,-41.28182],[175.22763,-40.45924],[174.90016,-39.90893],[173.82405,-39.50885],[173.85226,-39.1466],[174.5748,-38.79768],[174.74347,-38.02781],[174.69702,-37.38113],[174.29203,-36.71109],[174.319,-36.53482],[173.841,-36.12198],[173.05417,-35.23713],[172.63601,-34.52911],[173.00704,-34.45066],[173.5513,-35.00618],[174.32939,-35.2655],[174.61201,-36.1564]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"New Zealand\"}}]}","volume":"55","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6254e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Richard J.","contributorId":206174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barker","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37272,"text":"University of Otago; Dunedin, New Zealand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":336542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, James D. jnichols@usgs.gov","contributorId":139082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008065,"text":"1008065 - 1991 - Density cycles in an island population of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T15:05:16.652185","indexId":"1008065","displayToPublicDate":"1991-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density cycles in an island population of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus","docAbstract":"We report on eight years of data for a population of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on Santa Barbara Island, California which reaches exceptionally high densities and fluctuates markedly in an apparent three- to four-year cycle. The cyclic increase follows winters with high rainfall, and the decline may be similarly associated with low rainfall winters. The peak and early decline is marked by nearly complete cessation of breeding, along with heavy predation by barn owls (Tyto alba), whose numbers track those of the deer mice. This island population of Peromyscus differs from the well-established pattern for the species on the mainland, where populations occur in low to moderate numbers and are relatively stable from year to year. The pattern seen on the island is instead similar to that of cyclic microtines. We compare Microtus and the Santa Barbara Island deer mice and discuss parallels in the possible causes of the respective cycles.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3545078","usgsCitation":"Drost, C.A., and Fellers, G.M., 1991, Density cycles in an island population of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus: Oikos, v. 60, no. 3, p. 351-364, https://doi.org/10.2307/3545078.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"364","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130904,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Barbara Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.04500728052345,\n 33.488559108576396\n ],\n [\n -119.04869275681853,\n 33.48222723376799\n ],\n [\n -119.04062587302319,\n 33.46503383461739\n ],\n [\n -119.03001702332804,\n 33.4647170389419\n ],\n [\n -119.02658629743173,\n 33.47772454819079\n ],\n [\n -119.02518912209342,\n 33.4917908122782\n ],\n [\n -119.04500728052345,\n 33.488559108576396\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ebc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drost, Charles A. 0000-0002-4792-7095 charles_drost@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4792-7095","contributorId":3151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drost","given":"Charles","email":"charles_drost@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171507,"text":"70171507 - 1991 - Physical aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T17:11:25","indexId":"70171507","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-07T10:30:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1045,"text":"Biotropica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"On 18 September 1989 the western part ofHurricane Hugo crossed eastern Puerto Rico and the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF). Storm-facing slopes on the northeastern part of the island that were within 15 km of the eye and received greater than 200 mm of rain were most affected by the storm. In the LEF and nearby area, recurrence intervals associated with Hurricane Hugo were 50 yr for wind velocity, 10 to 31 yr for stream discharge, and 5 yr for rainfall intensity. To compare the magnitudes of the six hurricanes to pass over PuertoRico since 1899, 3 indices were developed using the standardized values of the product of: the maximum sustained wind speed at San Juan squared and storm duration; the square of the product of the maximum sustained wind velocity at San Juan and the ratio of the distance between the hurricane eye and San Juan to the distance between the eye and percentage of average annual rainfall delivered by the storm. Based on these indices, HurricaneHugo was of moderate intensity. However, because of the path of Hurricane Hugo, only one of these six storms (the 1932 storm) caused more damage to the LEF than Hurricane Hugo. Hurricanes of Hugo's magnitude are estimated to pass over the LEF once every 50-60 yr, on average.
","publisher":"Association for Tropical Biology","publisherLocation":"Malden, MA","doi":"10.2307/2388247","issn":"00063606","usgsCitation":"Scatena, F., and Larsen, M.C., 1991, Physical aspects of Hurricane Hugo in Puerto Rico: Biotropica, v. 23, no. 4, p. 317-323, https://doi.org/10.2307/2388247.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"323","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1235109","text":"External Repository"},{"id":322066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5750076fe4b0ee97d51bb6bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scatena, F.N.","contributorId":44766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scatena","given":"F.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":631525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242906,"text":"70242906 - 1991 - Unified theory on power laws for flow resistance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-21T17:11:20.422153","indexId":"70242906","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T12:06:06","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unified theory on power laws for flow resistance","docAbstract":"Two general power formulas, one for hydraulically smooth flows and the other for fully rough flows, are derived in a rational way from the widely accepted logarithmic formulas for the velocity profile and the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor. A regression analysis based on the method of least squares is used to determine the valid range of the local velocity (or normal distance from the wall) in the power formula. Some older empirical formulas, such as Lacey's, Manning's, Blasius', and Hazen‐Williams', and their valid ranges, are actually explained analytically by the results. Incomplete self‐similarity of the power law, in which the exponent and the associated coefficient vary with the similarity parameters, such as the Reynolds number and the relative roughness, is elucidated through the parametric representations of the power formulas and their counterparts based on the logarithmic law. This paper examines the concept and rationale behind the power formulation of uniform turbulent shear flows, thereby addressing some critical issues in the modeling of flow resistance based on the power law.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:3(371)","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., 1991, Unified theory on power laws for flow resistance: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 117, no. 3, p. 371-389, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:3(371).","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"389","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416133,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Cheng-lung","contributorId":30752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Cheng-lung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178244,"text":"70178244 - 1991 - Decreased survival of rainbow trout exposed to no. 2 fuel oil caused by sublethal preexposure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-08T13:23:57","indexId":"70178244","displayToPublicDate":"1991-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decreased survival of rainbow trout exposed to no. 2 fuel oil caused by sublethal preexposure","docAbstract":"Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed for 21 d to sublethal levels of No. 2 fuel oil (2FO). The four exposure concentrations ranged from 12 to 100 mg/L 2FO dispersed in water and resulted in 0 to 12% mortality. Following this exposure period (preexposure) the ability of preexposed trout to survive exposure to acutely lethal levels of 2FO was observed. Preexposure to either 50 or 100 mg/L 2FO consistently resulted in decreased survival and a lower LC50 for a given observation period. Unfortunately, because the LC50 determinations were not obtained independently, they could not be used to test statistically the effects of preexposure on survival. Therefore, two proportional hazard modeling techniques were applied to the data to test for effects due to preexposure. Both modeling techniques indicated that preexposure results in decreased survival of rainbow trout exposed to acutely toxic levels of 2FO. Thus, in contrast to preexposure to metals, which results in acclimation, preexposure to 2FO results in decreased survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620100308","usgsCitation":"Steadman, B.L., Stubblefield, W.A., Lapoint, T.W., Bergman, H., and Kaiser, M., 1991, Decreased survival of rainbow trout exposed to no. 2 fuel oil caused by sublethal preexposure: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 10, no. 3, p. 355-363, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620100308.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"363","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5822f23de4b0ef3123a9704a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steadman, B. L.","contributorId":176635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steadman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stubblefield, W. A.","contributorId":176736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stubblefield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lapoint, T. W.","contributorId":176737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lapoint","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bergman, H.L.","contributorId":73553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"H.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaiser, M.S.","contributorId":37836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70209149,"text":"70209149 - 1991 - Comparison of techniques that use the single scattering model to compute the quality factor Q from coda waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-03T15:45:09.448195","indexId":"70209149","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-10T10:43:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of techniques that use the single scattering model to compute the quality factor Q from coda waves","docAbstract":"Using simulated coda waves, the resolution of the single-scattering model to extract codaQ (Q c ) and its power law frequency dependence was tested. The back-scattering model ofAKI andCHOUET (1975) and the single isotropic-scattering model ofSATO (1977) were examined. The results indicate that: (1) The inputQ c models are reasonably well approximated by the two methods; (2) almost equalQ c values are recovered when the techniques sample the same coda windows; (3) lowQ c models are well estimated in the frequency domain from the early and late part of the coda; and (4) models with highQ c values are more accurately extracted from late code measurements.
Five sonobuoy seismic-refraction records were collected along the Leg 119 geophysical transect across the Prydz Bay shelf. Velocity-depth profiles are computed from the sonobuoy data and are used to produce a depth section for the principal acoustic unit boundaries observed in the seismic-reflection data along the transect. Traveltime curves generated by ray-tracing for models constructed from downhole velocity logs are compared to curves generated for models based solely on the sonobuoy data. This comparison reveals that sonobuoy data are less reliable for analysis of lithostratigraphy in vertically and laterally complex areas; however, the sonobuoy data can be used to accurately estimate the depth to a specific horizon in the reflection data to within 10 m. Near-surface velocities exceed 2.0 km/s at all sites, indicating likely overconsolidation of sediments due to glacial loading and erosion during periods of grounded ice sheets on the shelf. Sedimentary rock velocities exclusively were observed beneath the shelf to depths of 3 km. At the landward site a deep refraction is observed with a velocity and vertical gradient indicative of basement rock.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University, Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.119.1991","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., and Cooper, A.K., 1991, Sonobuoy seismic studies at ODP drill sites in Prydz Bay, Antarctica, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 119, p. 27-43, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.119.1991.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371036,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Prydz Bay, Antarctica","volume":"119","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cochrane, Guy R. 0000-0002-8094-4583 gcochrane@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-4583","contributorId":2870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"Guy","email":"gcochrane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016559,"text":"70016559 - 1991 - Seismic quiescence at Parkfield due to detachment faulting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T17:43:22.749332","indexId":"70016559","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic quiescence at Parkfield due to detachment faulting","docAbstract":"On the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California, rates of seismicity1,2 and geodetic line shortening3,4have been lower since 1986 than before. Wyss et al.1,3interpret the rate decreases as precursors to an imminent moderate earthquake (magnitude M = 5.5−6) and estimate the earthquake time to be March 1991 ± 1 yr. The earthquake was previously predicted to occur in 1988 ± 5 yr based on five of six similar earthquakes which occurred at intervals ∼22 yr, the last one in 19665. Here I present a model that attributes the rate changes to the initiation of slip on a subhorizontal detachment fault under the pending rupture area. In this model, the slip starts late in the seismic cycle, and diminishes the loading rate on the nearby San Andreas, thus acting as a buffer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/349058a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Stuart, W., 1991, Seismic quiescence at Parkfield due to detachment faulting: Nature, v. 349, no. 6304, p. 58-61, https://doi.org/10.1038/349058a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222814,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.79955759411564,\n 36.02700466266464\n ],\n [\n -120.79955759411564,\n 35.814739144143886\n ],\n [\n -120.37722086639064,\n 35.814739144143886\n ],\n [\n -120.37722086639064,\n 36.02700466266464\n ],\n [\n -120.79955759411564,\n 36.02700466266464\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"349","issue":"6304","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b3ce4b08c986b3176ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuart, W.D.","contributorId":65865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19112,"text":"ofr91237 - 1991 - Simulation of the effects of proposed tide gates on circulation, flushing, and water quality in residential canals, Cape Coral, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T18:12:46.766791","indexId":"ofr91237","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-237","title":"Simulation of the effects of proposed tide gates on circulation, flushing, and water quality in residential canals, Cape Coral, Florida","docAbstract":"Decades of dredging and filling of Florida's low-lying coastal wetlands have produced thousands of miles of residential tidal canals and adjacent waterfront property. Typically, these canals are poorly flushed, and over time, accumulated organic-rich bottom materials, contribute to an increasingly severe degraded water quality. One-dimensional hydrodynamic and constituent-transport models were applied to two dead-end canal systems to determine the effects of canal system interconnection using tide gates on water circulation and constituent flushing. The model simulates existing and possible future circulation and flushing conditions in about 29 miles of the approximately 130 miles of tidally influenced canals in Cape Coral, located on the central west coast of peninsular Florida.\r\n\r\nModel results indicate that tidal water-level differences between the two canal systems can be converted to kinetic energy, in the form of increased water circulation, but the use of one-way tide gate interconnections. Computations show that construction of from one to four tide gates will cause replacement of a volume of water equivalent to the total volume of canals in both systems in 15 to 9 days, respectively. Because some canals flush faster than others, 47 and 21 percent of the original canal water will remain in both systems 50 days after start of operation of one and four tide gates, respectively. Some of the effects that such increased flushing are expected to have include reduced density stratification and associated dissolved-oxygen depletion in canal bottom waters, increased localized reaeration, and more efficient discharge of stormwater runoff entering the canals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91237","usgsCitation":"Goodwin, C., 1991, Simulation of the effects of proposed tide gates on circulation, flushing, and water quality in residential canals, Cape Coral, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-237, v, 43 p.., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91237.","productDescription":"v, 43 p..","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":48555,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0237/ofr91237.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":150676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0237/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Cape Coral","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.19627380371094,\n 26.48901134262387\n ],\n [\n -81.88179016113281,\n 26.48901134262387\n ],\n [\n -81.88179016113281,\n 26.713720362159577\n ],\n [\n -82.19627380371094,\n 26.713720362159577\n ],\n [\n -82.19627380371094,\n 26.48901134262387\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
In late 1988, parallel studies of Lake Five‐O (pH 5.14) in the Florida panhandle and Lake Barco (pH 4.50) in north central Florida were initiated to develop hydrologic and major ion budgets of these lakes as part of an overall effort to improve understanding of the hydrologic, depositional, and biogeochemical factors that control acid‐neutralizing capacity (ANC) in seepage lakes. Preliminary findings from these studies indicate that earlier perceptions of lake hydrology and mechanisms of ANC regulation in Florida seepage lakes may have to be revised. The traditional perspective of seepage lakes in the Florida panhandle views these systems as dominated by precipitation inputs and that ANC regulation is due largely to in‐lake processes. Our results for Lake Five‐O show modest to steep hydraulic gradients almost entirely around the lake. In addition, the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the surficial aquifer is high (8–74 m day−1), indicating that large quantities of groundwater flow into Lake Five‐O. Calculations of net groundwater flow from hydrologic budgets also indicate that groundwater may comprise at least 38 to 46% of the total inflow. For Lake Barco, net flow estimates of the minimum groundwater inflow range from 5 to 14% of total inflow. Enrichment factor and ion flux calculations for Lake Five‐O and Lake Barco indicate that terrestrial as well as in‐lake processes contribute significantly to ANC regulation. The extent that terrestrial processes contribute to ANC generation is directly related to the magnitude of groundwater inflow as well as the degree of ion enrichment or depletion that occurs in the surficial aquifer. Net ANC generation in both study lakes was dominated by anion retention (NO3− and SO42−). Where previous studies concluded that in‐lake reduction was the primary sink for SO42−, our preliminary calculations show that adsorption of SO42− within the watershed is perhaps twice as important as in‐lake reduction as a source of ANC. Net base cation enrichment in both lakes was negligible.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR01435","usgsCitation":"Pollman, C.D., Lee, T.M., Andrews, W.J., Sacks, L.A., Gherini, S., and Munson, R., 1991, Preliminary analysis of the hydrologic and geochemical controls on acid‐neutralizing capacity in two acidic seepage lakes in Florida: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 9, p. 2321-2335, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR01435.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2321","endPage":"2335","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":381072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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A.","contributorId":83092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":806314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gherini, S.A.","contributorId":245505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gherini","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":806315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Munson, R.K.","contributorId":245506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Munson","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":806316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70198954,"text":"70198954 - 1991 - Assessing the solubilities and reaction kinetics of aluminous minerals in soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-27T14:07:39","indexId":"70198954","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T14:05:44","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Assessing the solubilities and reaction kinetics of aluminous minerals in soils","docAbstract":"The use of chemical thermodynamics and reaction kinetics is necessary to quantitatively model the transformation of aluminous minerals and their dissolved constituents in soils and other geochemical systems. Soils are thermodynamically open systems subject to atmospheric and biological forces and do not attain overall thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to either mass or time. However, local or partial equilibrium conditions may persist for particular minerals and their dissolved constituents. Igneous and metamorphic primary minerals break down chemically to yield disordered gels or colloids and constituent ions, which can then reorganize or precipitate to form more stable hydrous oxides, silicates, carbonates or other mineral species. Naturally-occurring iron and aluminum hydrous oxides and kaolin clays, abundant in highly weathered soils, are commonly believed to be the ultimate, stable end products of weathering reactions, but usually are thermodynamically metastable with respect to more perfectly ordered, synthetic specimens. Thermodynamic stability is no guaranty of mineral persistence; with sufficient time, even the most perfectly crystallized, stable mineral will yield to the solubilizing assault of undersaturated surface waters. All of the dissolution and precipitation reactions of soil minerals are driven by energy differences in the thermodynamic stabilities of reactants and products, and the velocities (or kinetics) of such reactions are regulated by variables of the hydrogeochemical environment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Solid acidity","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-74442-6_6","usgsCitation":"May, H.M., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1991, Assessing the solubilities and reaction kinetics of aluminous minerals in soils, chap. of Solid acidity, p. 125-148, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74442-6_6.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"148","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11243ce4b034bf6a81deb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, Howard M.","contributorId":27202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":743566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}