We compared streamflow in basins under the combined impacts of an upland dam and groundwater pumping withdrawals, by examining streamflow in the presence and absence of each impact. As a qualitative analysis, inter-watershed streamflow comparisons were performed for several rivers flowing into the east side of the Central Valley, CA. Results suggest that, in the absence of upland dams supporting large reservoirs, some reaches of these rivers might develop ephemeral streamflow in late summer. As a quantitative analysis, we conducted a series of streamflow/groundwater simulations (using MODFLOW-2000 plus the streamflow routing package, SFR1) for a representative hypothetical watershed, with an upland dam and groundwater pumping in the downstream basin, under humid, semi-arid, and arid conditions. As a result of including the impact of groundwater pumping, post-dam removal simulated streamflow was significantly less than natural streamflow. The model predicts extensive ephemeral conditions in the basin during September for both the arid and semi-arid cases. The model predicts continued perennial conditions in the humid case, but spatially weighted, average streamflow of only 71% of natural September streamflow, as a result of continued pumping after dam removal.
Environmental tracers are used to estimate groundwater ages and travel times, but the strongly heterogeneous nature of many subsurface environments can cause mixing between waters of highly disparate ages, adding additional complexity to the age-estimation process. Mixing may be exacerbated by the presence of wells because long open intervals or long screens with openings at multiple depths can transport water and solutes rapidly over a large vertical distance. The effect of intraborehole flow on groundwater age was examined numerically using direct age transport simulation coupled with the Multi-Node Well Package of MODFLOW. Ages in a homogeneous, anisotropic aquifer reached a predevelopment steady state possessing strong depth dependence. A nonpumping multi-node well was then introduced in one of three locations within the system. In all three cases, vertical transport along the well resulted in substantial changes in age distributions within the system. After a pumping well was added near the nonpumping multi-node well, ages were further perturbed by a flow reversal in the nonpumping multi-node well. Results indicated that intraborehole flow can substantially alter groundwater ages, but the effects are highly dependent on local or regional flow conditions and may change with time.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-006-0139-8","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Zinn, B., and Konikow, L.F., 2007, Effects of intraborehole flow on groundwater age distribution: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 15, no. 4, p. 633-643, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0139-8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"633","endPage":"643","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":212809,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0139-8"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0728e4b0c8380cd515ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zinn, B.A.","contributorId":78153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zinn","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":424684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":424683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70032794,"text":"70032794 - 2007 - Simulation of Intra- or transboundary surface-water-rights hierarchies using the farm process for MODFLOW-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:10:26","indexId":"70032794","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2501,"text":"Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of Intra- or transboundary surface-water-rights hierarchies using the farm process for MODFLOW-2000","docAbstract":"Water-rights driven surface-water allocations for irrigated agriculture can be simulated using the farm process for MODFLOW-2000. This paper describes and develops a model, which simulates routed surface-water deliveries to farms limited by streamflow, equal-appropriation allotments, or a ranked prior-appropriation system. Simulated diversions account for deliveries to all farms along a canal according to their water-rights ranking and for conveyance losses and gains. Simulated minimum streamflow requirements on diversions help guarantee supplies to senior farms located on downstream diverting canals. Prior appropriation can be applied to individual farms or to groups of farms modeled as “virtual farms” representing irrigation districts, irrigated regions in transboundary settings, or natural vegetation habitats. The integrated approach of jointly simulating canal diversions, surface-water deliveries subject to water-rights constraints, and groundwater allocations is verified on numerical experiments based on a realistic, but hypothetical, system of ranked virtual farms. Results are discussed in light of transboundary water appropriation and demonstrate the approach’s suitability for simulating effects of water-rights hierarchies represented by international treaties, interstate stream compacts, intrastate water rights, or ecological requirements.
he Joint Universal Parameter IdenTification and Evaluation of Reliability Application Programming Interface (JUPITER API) improves the computer programming resources available to those developing applications (computer programs) for model analysis.
The JUPITER API consists of eleven Fortran-90 modules that provide for encapsulation of data and operations on that data. Each module contains one or more entities: data, data types, subroutines, functions, and generic interfaces. The modules do not constitute computer programs themselves; instead, they are used to construct computer programs. Such computer programs are called applications of the API. The API provides common modeling operations for use by a variety of computer applications.
The models being analyzed are referred to here as process models, and may, for example, represent the physics, chemistry, and(or) biology of a field or laboratory system. Process models commonly are constructed using published models such as MODFLOW (Harbaugh et al., 2000; Harbaugh, 2005), MT3DMS (Zheng and Wang, 1996), HSPF (Bicknell et al., 1997), PRMS (Leavesley and Stannard, 1995), and many others. The process model may be accessed by a JUPITER API application as an external program, or it may be implemented as a subroutine within a JUPITER API application . In either case, execution of the model takes place in a framework designed by the application programmer. This framework can be designed to take advantage of any parallel processing capabilities possessed by the process model, as well as the parallel-processing capabilities of the JUPITER API.
Model analyses for which the JUPITER API could be useful include, for example:
Compare model results to observed values to determine how well the model reproduces system processes and characteristics.
The capabilities provided by the JUPITER API include, for example, communication with process models, parallel computations, compressed storage of matrices, and flexible input capabilities. The input capabilities use input blocks suitable for lists or arrays of data. The input blocks needed for one application can be included within one data file or distributed among many files. Data exchange between different JUPITER API applications or between applications and other programs is supported by data-exchange files.
The JUPITER API has already been used to construct a number of applications. Three simple example applications are presented in this report. More complicated applications include the universal inverse code UCODE_2005 (Poeter et al., 2005), the multi-model analysis MMA (Eileen P. Poeter, Mary C. Hill, E.R. Banta, S.W. Mehl, and Steen Christensen, written commun., 2006), and a code named OPR_PPR (Matthew J. Tonkin, Claire R. Tiedeman, Mary C. Hill, and D. Matthew Ely, written communication, 2006).
This report describes a set of underlying organizational concepts and complete specifics about the JUPITER API. While understanding the organizational concept presented is useful to understanding the modules, other organizational concepts can be used in applications constructed using the JUPITER API.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm6E1","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"2006, JUPITER: Joint Universal Parameter IdenTification and Evaluation of Reliability - An Application Programming Interface (API) for Model Analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-E1, xiv, 268 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6E1.","productDescription":"xiv, 268 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9322,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6e1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db666fd3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Banta, Edward R. 0000-0001-8132-9315 erbanta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8132-9315","contributorId":2202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"Edward","email":"erbanta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726035,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poeter, Eileen P.","contributorId":78805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poeter","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726036,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doherty, John E.","contributorId":8817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doherty","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7046,"text":"Watermark Numerical Computing","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":726037,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726038,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79541,"text":"sir20065310 - 2006 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow, Lake Point, Tooele County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:35:57","indexId":"sir20065310","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5310","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow, Lake Point, Tooele County, Utah","docAbstract":"Water for new residential development in Lake Point, Utah may be supplied by public-supply wells completed in consolidated rock on the east side of Lake Point. Ground-water flow models were developed to help understand the effect the proposed withdrawal will have on water levels, flowing-well discharge, spring discharge, and ground-water quality in the study area. This report documents the conceptual and numerical ground-water flow models for the Lake Point area.
The ground-water system in the Lake Point area receives recharge from local precipitation and irrigation, and from ground-water inflow from southwest of the area. Ground water discharges mostly to springs. Discharge also occurs to evapotranspiration, wells, and Great Salt Lake. Even though ground water discharges to Great Salt Lake, dense salt water from the lake intrudes under the less-dense ground water and forms a salt-water wedge under the valley. This salt water is responsible for some of the high dissolved-solids concentrations measured in ground water in Lake Point.
A steady-state MODFLOW-2000 ground-water model of Tooele Valley adequately simulates water levels, ground-water discharge, and ground-water flow direction observed in Lake Point in 1969 and 2002. Simulating an additional 1,650 acre-feet per year withdrawal from wells causes a maximum projected drawdown of about 550 feet in consolidated rock near the simulated wells and drawdown exceeding 80 feet in an area encompassing most of the Oquirrh Mountains east of Lake Point. Drawdown in most of Lake Point ranges from 2 to 10 ft, but increases to more than 40 feet in the areas proposed for residential development. Discharge to Factory Springs, flowing wells, evapotranspiration, and Great Salt Lake is decreased by about 1,100 acre-feet per year (23 percent).
The U.S. Geological Survey SUTRA variable-density ground-water-flow model generates a reasonable approximation of 2002 dissolved-solids concentration when simulating 2002 withdrawals. At most locations with measured dissolved-solids concentration in excess of 1,000 milligrams per liter, the model simulates salt-water intrusion with similar concentrations.
Simulating an additional 1,650 acre-feet per year withdrawal increased simulated dissolved-solids concentration by 200 to 1,000 milligrams per liter throughout much of Lake Point and near Factory Springs at a depth of about 250 to 300 feet below land surface. The increase in dissolved-solids concentration with increased withdrawals is greater at a depth of about 700 to 800 feet and exceeds 1,000 milligrams per liter throughout most of Lake Point. At the north end of Lake Point, increases exceed 10,000 milligrams per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065310","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tooele County; Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and Lake Point Improvement Project","usgsCitation":"Brooks, L.E., 2006, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow, Lake Point, Tooele County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5310, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065310.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9096,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5310/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Tooele County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Point","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.35185623168945,\n 40.605351404521244\n ],\n [\n -112.35185623168945,\n 40.70445674541596\n ],\n [\n -112.22465515136717,\n 40.70445674541596\n ],\n [\n -112.22465515136717,\n 40.605351404521244\n ],\n [\n -112.35185623168945,\n 40.605351404521244\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688a74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, Lynette E. 0000-0002-9074-0939 lebrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-0939","contributorId":2718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Lynette","email":"lebrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":290183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79234,"text":"sir20065195 - 2006 - Simulation and particle-tracking analysis of ground-water flow near the Savannah River site, Georgia and South Carolina, 2002, and for selected ground-water management scenarios, 2002 and 2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T09:20:29","indexId":"sir20065195","displayToPublicDate":"2006-10-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5195","title":"Simulation and particle-tracking analysis of ground-water flow near the Savannah River site, Georgia and South Carolina, 2002, and for selected ground-water management scenarios, 2002 and 2020","docAbstract":"Ground-water flow under 2002 hydrologic conditions was evaluated in an eight-county area in Georgia and South Carolina near the Savannah River Site (SRS), by updating boundary conditions and pumping rates in an existing U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) ground-water model. The original ground-water model, developed to simulate hydrologic conditions during 1987-92, used the quasi-three-dimensional approach by dividing the Floridan, Dublin, and Midville aquifer systems into seven aquifers. The hydrogeologic system was modeled using six active layers (A2-A7) that were separated by confining units with an overlying source-sink layer to simulate the unconfined Upper Three Runs aquifer (layer A1). Potentiometric- surface maps depicting September 2002 for major aquifers were used to update, evaluate, and modify boundary conditions used by the earlier ground-water flow model.\r\n\r\nThe model was updated using the USGS finite-difference code MODFLOW-2000 for mean-annual conditions during 1987-92 and 2002. The specified heads in the source-sink layer A1 were lowered to reflect observed water-level declines during the 1998-2002 drought. These declines resulted in a decrease of 12.1 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) in simulated recharge or vertical inflow to the uppermost confined aquifer (Gordon, layer A2). Although ground-water pumpage in the study area has increased by 32 Mgal/d since 1995, most of this increase (17.5 Mgal/d) was from the unconfined Upper Three Runs aquifer (source-sink layer A1) with the remaining 14.5 Mgal/d assigned to the active layers within the model (A2-A7).\r\n\r\nThe simulated water budget for 2002 shows a decrease from the 1987-92 model from 1,040 Mgal/d to 1,035 Mgal/d. The decreased ground-water inflows and increased ground-water withdrawal rates reduced the simulated ground-water outflow to river cells in the active layers of the model by 43 Mgal/d. The calibration statistics for all layers of the 2002 simulation resulted in a decrease in the root mean square (RMS) of the residuals from 10.6 to 8.0 feet (ft). The residuals indicate 83.3 percent of the values for the 2002 simulation met the calibration error criteria established in the original model, whereas 88.8 percent was within the specified range for the 1987-92 simulation. Simulated ground-water outflow to the Savannah River and its tributaries during water year 2002 was 560 cubic feet per second (ft3/s), or 86 percent of the observed gain in mean-annual streamflow between streamflow gaging stations at the Millhaven, Ga., and Augusta, Ga. At Upper Three Runs Creek, simulated ground-water discharge during 2002 was 110 ft3/s, or 83 percent of the observed streamflow at two streamflow gaging stations near the SRS. These results indicate that the constructed model calibrated to 1987-92 conditions and modified for 2002 dry conditions is still representative of the hydrologic system.\r\n\r\nThe USGS particle-tracking code MODPATH was used to generate advective water-particle pathlines and their associated time-of-travel based on MODFLOW simulations for 1987-92, 2002, and each of four hypothetical ground-water management scenarios. The four hypothetical ground-water management scenarios represent hydrologic conditions for (1) reported pumping for 2002 and boundary conditions for an average year; (2) reported pumping for 2002 with SRS pumping discontinued and boundary conditions for an average year; (3) projected 2020 pumping and boundary conditions for an average year; and (4) projected 2020 pumping and boundary conditions for a dry year. The MODPATH code was used in forward-tracking mode to evaluate flowpaths from areas on the SRS and in backtracking mode to evaluate further areas of previously documented trans-river flow on the Georgia side of the Savannah River. Trans-river flow is a condition in which the local head gradients might allow migration of contaminants from the SRS into the underlying aquifers and beneath the Savannah River into Georgia. More...","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065195","usgsCitation":"Cherry, G.S., 2006, Simulation and particle-tracking analysis of ground-water flow near the Savannah River site, Georgia and South Carolina, 2002, and for selected ground-water management scenarios, 2002 and 2020: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5195, 156 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065195.","productDescription":"156 p.","numberOfPages":"156","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2020-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8693,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5195/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-81.5497,32.4921],[-81.5363,32.4828],[-81.5403,32.471],[-81.526,32.4499],[-81.5407,32.42],[-81.5346,32.3953],[-81.4848,32.3317],[-81.4654,32.3256],[-81.4328,32.2453],[-81.781,32.153],[-81.7823,32.1758],[-81.8193,32.2382],[-81.8447,32.2444],[-81.893,32.2749],[-81.9673,32.2674],[-81.9193,32.4151],[-81.9355,32.4225],[-81.9745,32.4707],[-81.9718,32.5135],[-82.0307,32.5391],[-82.0021,32.6072],[-82.0826,32.6634],[-82.1447,32.8124],[-82.2152,32.8047],[-82.2565,32.8241],[-82.3105,32.8303],[-82.3114,32.8463],[-82.3164,32.8358],[-82.3257,32.8414],[-82.3624,32.8161],[-82.4181,32.8118],[-82.4177,32.7995],[-82.3988,32.7771],[-82.4305,32.7613],[-82.4735,32.7775],[-82.5212,32.8223],[-82.5261,32.8333],[-82.5108,32.9174],[-82.538,32.9462],[-82.5501,33.0196],[-82.5562,33.015],[-82.6004,33.0357],[-82.6271,33.064],[-82.6412,33.0854],[-82.6378,33.0982],[-82.6618,33.1283],[-82.6985,33.1443],[-82.7192,33.1694],[-82.7367,33.1726],[-82.7409,33.2309],[-82.7464,33.2459],[-82.7814,33.2669],[-82.7835,33.3088],[-82.7945,33.3138],[-82.7895,33.3188],[-82.7988,33.332],[-82.8009,33.3634],[-82.8201,33.3734],[-82.8233,33.4262],[-82.8442,33.434],[-82.8634,33.4631],[-82.8148,33.5213],[-82.7885,33.5107],[-82.746,33.5134],[-82.7217,33.5397],[-82.7222,33.5588],[-82.7017,33.5906],[-82.6581,33.6009],[-82.6509,33.6109],[-82.6052,33.5003],[-82.6493,33.6087],[-82.6173,33.6122],[-82.6183,33.6313],[-82.5896,33.6376],[-82.5835,33.6503],[-82.5703,33.6393],[-82.5636,33.6452],[-82.5427,33.6396],[-82.5371,33.6492],[-82.5217,33.645],[-82.51,33.6595],[-82.482,33.6399],[-82.4605,33.6379],[-82.4494,33.6511],[-82.4246,33.64897272727273],[-82.404,33.6713],[-82.3953,33.6644],[-82.3725,33.6825],[-82.3626,33.6747],[-82.3542,33.6929],[-82.3437,33.6883],[-82.3045,33.7003],[-82.2748,33.6838],[-82.2427,33.6931],[-82.2191,33.6861],[-82.2371,33.7076],[-82.2507,33.7524],[-82.2954,33.7819],[-82.3091,33.8072],[-82.3907,33.8586],[-82.4353,33.8739],[-82.4908,33.9118],[-82.5139,33.9391],[-82.567,33.9603],[-82.5937,34.0131],[-82.5298,34.0719],[-82.4999,34.0718],[-82.484,34.0811],[-82.4459,34.0602],[-82.3267,34.0639],[-82.3063,33.9714],[-82.245,34.0189],[-82.2135,33.9856],[-82.1778,33.9732],[-82.1509,33.9867],[-82.045,33.9832],[-82.0474,33.9531],[-82.0159,33.9598],[-81.9139,34.092],[-81.87,34.1292],[-81.8781,34.1595],[-81.8539,34.1784],[-81.7766,34.1671],[-81.7284,34.187],[-81.6365,34.1466],[-81.623,34.1271],[-81.5896,34.1168],[-81.5411,34.0812],[-81.5223,34.0835],[-81.505,34.0745],[-81.4302,34.0835],[-81.4029,34.0708],[-81.3897,34.0754],[-81.4371,34.1302],[-81.4041,34.1776],[-81.3735,34.18],[-81.3525,34.1969],[-81.3392,34.1974],[-81.3114,34.1856],[-81.2996,34.1639],[-81.3151,34.1461],[-81.2777,34.1007],[-81.2051,34.0982],[-81.1484,34.0751],[-81.0979,34.0179],[-81.0613,34.0047],[-81.0469,33.9879],[-81.017,33.9306],[-81.0303,33.9152],[-81.0087,33.9043],[-81.0219,33.8879],[-81.0125,33.8802],[-81.038,33.8706],[-81.0418,33.8592],[-81.0583,33.7469],[-81.0363,33.7451],[-81.033,33.7642],[-81.0142,33.781],[-80.9606,33.7788],[-80.9253,33.7556],[-81.0429,33.7069],[-80.9656,33.6251],[-80.9436,33.6437],[-80.9403,33.6087],[-80.9199,33.6055],[-80.8807,33.6195],[-80.808,33.604],[-80.6942,33.5219],[-80.6784,33.4868],[-80.6592,33.4708],[-80.6119,33.4702],[-80.625,33.4885],[-80.5884,33.5384],[-80.6109,33.5512],[-80.6037,33.5557],[-80.5525,33.5651],[-80.5042,33.5358],[-80.5063,33.5517],[-80.4869,33.5612],[-80.4468,33.5387],[-80.4475,33.5241],[-80.4685,33.5183],[-80.4614,33.506],[-80.4356,33.4909],[-80.4379,33.4786],[-80.3925,33.4447],[-80.3558,33.4304],[-80.2225,33.4437],[-80.2225,33.3923],[-80.2384,33.3915],[-80.253,33.306],[-80.3149,33.2641],[-80.3449,33.2779],[-80.3587,33.2735],[-80.3621,33.2575],[-80.3939,33.2645],[-80.4296,33.2579],[-80.4669,33.2713],[-80.4855,33.2809],[-80.5027,33.3342],[-80.8913,33.1273],[-80.8799,33.0918],[-80.8991,33.0581],[-80.9368,33.1018],[-81.0781,33.029],[-81.0584,33.0177],[-81.0545,32.9917],[-81.0157,32.9576],[-80.9862,32.9034],[-80.9098,32.8424],[-80.8504,32.7435],[-80.8488,32.7285],[-80.8265,32.7038],[-80.9029,32.6215],[-80.9617,32.6461],[-80.9475,32.6625],[-80.9464,32.6885],[-80.9633,32.6967],[-81.0151,32.7532],[-81.2789,32.5579],[-81.3393,32.5673],[-81.3861,32.5956],[-81.5385,32.5092],[-81.5497,32.4921]],[[-82.2032,33.6719],[-82.2032,33.6719]],[[-82.2007,33.6593],[-82.2012,33.6533],[-82.2007,33.6593]],[[-82.1531,33.6052],[-82.1531,33.6052]],[[-82.0464,33.5625],[-82.0382,33.554],[-82.0464,33.5625]],[[-81.7575,33.1982],[-81.7575,33.1982]],[[-81.7609,33.1913],[-81.7655,33.1881],[-81.7609,33.1913]],[[-81.7016,33.117],[-81.6851,33.1135],[-81.7016,33.117]],[[-81.6621,33.1046],[-81.6569,33.1009],[-81.6621,33.1046]],[[-81.5999,33.085],[-81.5999,33.085]],[[-81.598,33.0796],[-81.598,33.0796]],[[-81.5944,33.0721],[-81.5873,33.0717],[-81.5944,33.0721]],[[-81.579,33.0654],[-81.579,33.0654]],[[-81.5637,33.0606],[-81.5637,33.0606]],[[-81.5585,33.0555],[-81.5585,33.0555]],[[-81.78,33.216],[-81.78,33.216]],[[-81.7725,33.2198],[-81.7666,33.2131],[-81.7725,33.2198]],[[-82.7381,33.2563],[-82.7381,33.2563]],[[-82.7276,33.2586],[-82.7276,33.2586]],[[-82.7222,33.2618],[-82.7172,33.2654],[-82.7222,33.2618]],[[-82.709,33.269],[-82.709,33.269]],[[-82.6875,33.2721],[-82.682,33.273],[-82.6875,33.2721]],[[-82.6606,33.2889],[-82.6606,33.2889]],[[-82.6584,33.2902],[-82.6584,33.2902]],[[-82.6402,33.3025],[-82.6402,33.3025]],[[-82.621,33.307],[-82.621,33.307]],[[-82.616,33.3065],[-82.616,33.3065]],[[-82.5802,33.3228],[-82.5802,33.3228]],[[-82.5742,33.3223],[-82.5742,33.3223]],[[-82.4317,33.2752],[-82.3842,33.3123],[-82.4317,33.2752]],[[-82.39433333333334,33.3136],[-82.39433333333334,33.3136]],[[-82.399528,33.315068000000004],[-82.399528,33.315068000000004]],[[-82.4116,33.322],[-82.4116,33.322]],[[-82.4138,33.3252],[-82.4138,33.3252]],[[-82.4176,33.3316],[-82.4176,33.3316]],[[-82.4319317919075,33.33325722543352],[-82.4319317919075,33.33325722543352]],[[-82.4489,33.3386],[-82.4489,33.3386]],[[-82.45764999999997,33.3409],[-82.45764999999997,33.3409]],[[-82.4681,33.3419],[-82.4681,33.3419]],[[-82.47707391304348,33.339297826086955],[-82.47707391304348,33.339297826086955]],[[-82.48789107142858,33.339233928571424],[-82.48789107142858,33.339233928571424]],[[-82.4963724137931,33.33802068965517],[-82.4963724137931,33.33802068965517]],[[-82.4989076923077,33.33853936651584],[-82.4989076923077,33.33853936651584]],[[-82.51393478260869,33.34424999999999],[-82.51393478260869,33.34424999999999]],[[-82.5344,33.3567],[-82.5344,33.3567]],[[-82.5411,33.354],[-82.5411,33.354]],[[-82.5455,33.3517],[-82.5455,33.3517]],[[-82.5482,33.3563],[-82.5442,33.3749],[-82.5482,33.3563]],[[-81.8181,32.6469],[-81.8181,32.6469]],[[-81.7256,32.5721],[-81.7197,32.5675],[-81.7256,32.5721]],[[-81.7127,32.5646],[-81.7127,32.5646]],[[-81.696,32.5531],[-81.696,32.5531]],[[-81.6852,32.5488],[-81.6852,32.5488]],[[-82.3436,33.3121],[-82.3436,33.3121]],[[-82.3255,33.3038],[-82.3255,33.3038]],[[-82.3168,33.2992],[-82.3168,33.2992]],[[-82.3141,33.2983],[-82.3141,33.2983]],[[-82.3097,33.2955],[-82.3097,33.2955]],[[-82.3053,33.2918],[-82.3053,33.2918]],[[-82.289,33.2745],[-82.289,33.2745]],[[-82.2857,33.2735],[-82.2857,33.2735]],[[-82.2732,33.268],[-82.2732,33.268]],[[-82.2682,33.2675],[-82.2682,33.2675]],[[-82.1724,33.2969],[-82.1724,33.2969]],[[-82.1273,33.2547],[-82.1273,33.2547]],[[-82.1093,33.2413],[-82.1093,33.2413]],[[-82.0754,33.2374],[-82.0754,33.2374]],[[-82.0244,33.2329],[-82.0244,33.2329]],[[-81.8835,33.2612],[-81.8835,33.2612]],[[-82.3809,33.3118],[-82.3809,33.3118]],[[-82.37154,33.31098],[-82.37154,33.31098]],[[-82.3579,33.3126],[-82.3579,33.3126]],[[-81.771,32.9114],[-81.771,32.9114]],[[-81.7768,32.9219],[-81.7768,32.9219]],[[-81.7849,32.9284],[-81.7849,32.9284]],[[-81.7898,32.9298],[-81.7898,32.9298]],[[-81.7925,32.9303],[-81.7925,32.9303]],[[-81.7969,32.9335],[-81.7969,32.9335]],[[-81.7985,32.934],[-81.7985,32.934]],[[-81.8001,32.9349],[-81.8001,32.9349]],[[-81.8083,32.9346],[-81.8083,32.9346]],[[-81.81285555555556,32.9364],[-81.81285555555556,32.9364]],[[-81.8153,32.9415],[-81.8153,32.9415]],[[-81.8164,32.9437],[-81.8164,32.9437]],[[-81.8218,32.9456],[-81.8218,32.9456]],[[-81.82702727272728,32.94321818181818],[-81.82702727272728,32.94321818181818]],[[-81.829,32.9425],[-81.829,32.9425]],[[-81.8361,32.9444],[-81.8361,32.9444]],[[-81.84385555555556,32.9481],[-81.84385555555556,32.9481]],[[-81.8453,32.9486],[-81.8453,32.9486]],[[-81.8475,32.9491],[-81.8475,32.9491]],[[-81.8497,32.9496],[-81.8497,32.9496]],[[-81.8513,32.95],[-81.8513,32.95]],[[-81.8546,32.9505],[-81.8546,32.9505]],[[-82.2324,33.2313],[-82.2324,33.2313]],[[-82.24558539325844,33.24490337078652],[-82.24558539325844,33.24490337078652]],[[-82.25678235294117,33.26030882352941],[-82.25678235294117,33.26030882352941]],[[-82.5849,33.1708],[-82.5849,33.1708]],[[-82.5735,33.1544],[-82.5735,33.1544]],[[-82.5784,33.1457],[-82.5784,33.1457]],[[-82.5796,33.1298],[-82.5796,33.1298]],[[-82.5774,33.1243],[-82.5774,33.1243]],[[-82.5884,33.1235],[-82.5884,33.1235]],[[-82.59284000000001,33.123929090909094],[-82.59284000000001,33.123929090909094]],[[-82.3058,33.3633],[-82.3058,33.3633]],[[-82.3112,33.371],[-82.3112,33.371]],[[-82.33744351145037,33.42080916030534],[-82.33744351145037,33.42080916030534]],[[-82.34632500000001,33.42675000000001],[-82.34632500000001,33.42675000000001]],[[-82.35724,33.44156],[-82.35724,33.44156]],[[-82.3787,33.4606],[-82.3825,33.4647],[-82.3787,33.4606]],[[-82.3897054347826,33.483113043478255],[-82.3897054347826,33.483113043478255]],[[-82.3987,33.498],[-82.3987,33.498]],[[-82.39775217391306,33.51897826086954],[-82.39775217391306,33.51897826086954]],[[-82.4346,33.5632],[-82.4346,33.5632]],[[-82.4329,33.5687],[-82.4246,33.5745],[-82.4329,33.5687]],[[-82.4123,33.5977],[-82.4123,33.5977]],[[-82.4244,33.6023],[-82.4244,33.6023]],[[-82.4326,33.6082],[-82.4326,33.6082]],[[-82.43237857142856,33.6101],[-82.43237857142856,33.6101]],[[-82.4304,33.6141],[-82.4304,33.6141]],[[-82.43526,33.62454],[-82.43526,33.62454]],[[-82.4364,33.626],[-82.4364,33.626]],[[-82.44149174311926,33.62992660550458],[-82.44149174311926,33.62992660550458]],[[-82.4413,33.6333],[-82.4413,33.6333]],[[-82.434,33.6419],[-82.434,33.6419]],[[-82.4296,33.6451],[-82.4296,33.6451]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bulloch\",\"state\":\"GA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6492ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, Gregory S. 0000-0002-5567-1587 gccherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-1587","contributorId":1567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Gregory","email":"gccherry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79175,"text":"sir20065137 - 2006 - A graphical modeling tool for evaluating nitrogen loading to and nitrate transport in ground water in the mid-Snake region, south-central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:20","indexId":"sir20065137","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5137","title":"A graphical modeling tool for evaluating nitrogen loading to and nitrate transport in ground water in the mid-Snake region, south-central Idaho","docAbstract":"A flow and transport model was created with a graphical user interface to simplify the evaluation of nitrogen loading and nitrate transport in the mid-Snake region in south-central Idaho. This model and interface package, the Snake River Nitrate Scenario Simulator, uses the U.S. Geological Survey's MODFLOW 2000 and MOC3D models. The interface, which is enabled for use with geographic information systems (GIS), was created using ESRI's royalty-free MapObjects LT software. The interface lets users view initial nitrogen-loading conditions (representing conditions as of 1998), alter the nitrogen loading within selected zones by specifying a multiplication factor and applying it to the initial condition, run the flow and transport model, and view a graphical representation of the modeling results.\r\n\r\nThe flow and transport model of the Snake River Nitrate Scenario Simulator was created by rediscretizing and recalibrating a clipped portion of an existing regional flow model. The new subregional model was recalibrated with newly available water-level data and spring and ground-water nitrate concentration data for the study area. An updated nitrogen input GIS layer controls the application of nitrogen to the flow and transport model. Users can alter the nitrogen application to the flow and transport model by altering the nitrogen load in predefined spatial zones contained within similar political, hydrologic, and size-constrained boundaries.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20065137","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.W., Skinner, K.D., and Pollock, D.W., 2006, A graphical modeling tool for evaluating nitrogen loading to and nitrate transport in ground water in the mid-Snake region, south-central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5137, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065137.","productDescription":"40 p.","numberOfPages":"40","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8632,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5137/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8633,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":21,"text":"Referenced Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5137/Software.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae512","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, David W.","contributorId":77146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, Kenneth D. 0000-0003-1774-6565 kskinner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1774-6565","contributorId":1836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"Kenneth","email":"kskinner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, David W. dwpolloc@usgs.gov","contributorId":4248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"David","email":"dwpolloc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79176,"text":"sir20065167 - 2006 - Simulation of ground-water flow and areas contributing recharge to extraction wells at the Drake Chemical Superfund Site, City of Lock Haven and Castanea Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T17:41:48","indexId":"sir20065167","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5167","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and areas contributing recharge to extraction wells at the Drake Chemical Superfund Site, City of Lock Haven and Castanea Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Extensive remediation of the Drake Chemical Superfund Site has been ongoing since 1983. Contaminated soils were excavated and incinerated on site between 1996 and 1999. After 1999, remedial efforts focused on contaminated ground water. A ground-water remediation system was started in November 2000. The source area of the contaminated ground water was assumed to be the zone 1 area on the Drake Chemical site. The remedial system was designed to capture ground water migrating from zone 1. Also, the remediation system was designed to pump and treat the water in an anoxic environment and re-infiltrate the treated water underground through an infiltration gallery that is hydrologically downgradient of the extraction wells. A numerical ground-water flow model of the surrounding region was constructed to simulate the areas contributing recharge to remedial extraction wells installed on the Drake Chemical site. The three-dimensional numerical flow model was calibrated using the parameter-estimation process in MODFLOW-2000. The model included three layers that represented three poorly sorted alluvial sediment units that were characterized from geologic well and boring logs.
Steady-state ground-water flow was simulated to estimate the areas contributing recharge to three extraction wells for three different pumping scenarios--all wells pumping at 2 gallons per minute, at approximately 5 gallons per minute, and at 8 gallons per minute. Simulation results showed the contributing areas to the three extraction wells encompassed 92 percent of zone 1 at a pumping rate of approximately 5 gallons per minute. The contributing areas did not include a very small area in the southwestern part of zone 1 when the three extraction wells were pumped at approximately 5 gallons per minute. Pumping from a fourth extraction well in that area was discontinued early in the operation of the remediation system because the ground water in that area met performance standards. The areas contributing recharge to the three extraction wells did encompass zone 1 at a pumping rate of 8 gallons per minute. At pumping rates of 2 gallons per minute, the contributing areas for the three extraction wells did not encompass zone 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20065167","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Schreffler, C.L., 2006, Simulation of ground-water flow and areas contributing recharge to extraction wells at the Drake Chemical Superfund Site, City of Lock Haven and Castanea Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5167, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065167.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8635,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5167/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Castanea Township, Lock Haven","otherGeospatial":"Drake Chemical Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.51266479492188,\n 41.09849932105247\n ],\n [\n -77.35404968261719,\n 41.09849932105247\n ],\n [\n -77.35404968261719,\n 41.18692242290296\n ],\n [\n -77.51266479492188,\n 41.18692242290296\n ],\n [\n -77.51266479492188,\n 41.09849932105247\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a2e4b07f02db5bf1e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schreffler, Curtis L. clschref@usgs.gov","contributorId":333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreffler","given":"Curtis","email":"clschref@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79149,"text":"tm6A19 - 2006 - Documentation of the Unsaturated-Zone Flow (UZF1) Package for modeling Unsaturated Flow Between the Land Surface and the Water Table with MODFLOW-2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:22","indexId":"tm6A19","displayToPublicDate":"2006-09-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A19","title":"Documentation of the Unsaturated-Zone Flow (UZF1) Package for modeling Unsaturated Flow Between the Land Surface and the Water Table with MODFLOW-2005","docAbstract":"Percolation of precipitation through unsaturated zones is important for recharge of ground water. Rain and snowmelt at land surface are partitioned into different pathways including runoff, infiltration, evapotranspiration, unsaturated-zone storage, and recharge. A new package for MODFLOW-2005 called the Unsaturated-Zone Flow (UZF1) Package was developed to simulate water flow and storage in the unsaturated zone and to partition flow into evapotranspiration and recharge. The package also accounts for land surface runoff to streams and lakes.\r\n\r\nA kinematic wave approximation to Richards? equation is solved by the method of characteristics to simulate vertical unsaturated flow. The approach assumes that unsaturated flow occurs in response to gravity potential gradients only and ignores negative potential gradients; the approach further assumes uniform hydraulic properties in the unsaturated zone for each vertical column of model cells. The Brooks-Corey function is used to define the relation between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water content. Variables used by the UZF1 Package include initial and saturated water contents, saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity, and an exponent in the Brooks-Corey function. Residual water content is calculated internally by the UZF1 Package on the basis of the difference between saturated water content and specific yield.\r\n\r\nThe UZF1 Package is a substitution for the Recharge and Evapotranspiration Packages of MODFLOW-2005. The UZF1 Package differs from the Recharge Package in that an infiltration rate is applied at land surface instead of a specified recharge rate directly to ground water. The applied infiltration rate is further limited by the saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity. The UZF1 Package differs from the Evapotranspiration Package in that evapotranspiration losses are first removed from the unsaturated zone above the evapotranspiration extinction depth, and if the demand is not met, water can be removed directly from ground water whenever the depth to ground water is less than the extinction depth. The UZF1 Package also differs from the Evapotranspiration Package in that water is discharged directly to land surface whenever the altitude of the water table exceeds land surface. Water that is discharged to land surface, as well as applied infiltration in excess of the saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity, may be routed directly as inflow to specified streams or lakes if these packages are active; otherwise, this water is removed from the model.\r\n\r\nThe UZF1 Package was tested against the U.S. Geological Survey's Variably-Saturated Two-Dimensional Flow and Transport Model for a vertical unsaturated flow problem that includes evapotranspiration losses. This report also includes an example in which MODFLOW-2005 with the UZF1 Package was used to simulate a realistic surface-water/ground-water flow problem that includes time and space variable infiltration, evapotranspiration, runoff, and ground-water discharge to land surface and to streams. Another simpler problem is presented so that the user may use the input files as templates for new problems and to verify proper code installation.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tm6A19","usgsCitation":"Niswonger, R., Prudic, D.E., and Regan, R.S., 2006, Documentation of the Unsaturated-Zone Flow (UZF1) Package for modeling Unsaturated Flow Between the Land Surface and the Water Table with MODFLOW-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A19, 74 p.; 14 figs.; 8 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A19.","productDescription":"74 p.; 14 figs.; 8 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8687,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6a19/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68679c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G.","contributorId":45402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Regan, R. Steven 0000-0003-4803-8596","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4803-8596","contributorId":87237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Steven","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":76877,"text":"ofr20061148 - 2006 - Simulation of selected ground-water pumping scenarios at Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T09:00:42","indexId":"ofr20061148","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1148","title":"Simulation of selected ground-water pumping scenarios at Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia","docAbstract":"A regional MODFLOW ground-water flow model of parts of coastal Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina was used to evaluate the effects of current and hypothetical groundwater withdrawal, and the relative effects of pumping in specific areas on ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer near Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield (HAAF), coastal Georgia. Simulation results for four steady-state pumping scenarios were compared to each other and to a Base Case condition. The Base Case represents year 2000 pumping rates throughout the model area, with the exception that permitted annual average pumping rates for the year 2005 were used for 26 production wells at Fort Stewart and HAAF. The four pumping scenarios focused on pumping increases at HAAF resulting from projected future demands and additional personnel stationed at the facility and on reductions in pumping at Fort Stewart.\r\n\r\nScenarios A and B simulate 1- and 2-million-gallon-perday (Mgal/d) increases, respectively, at HAAF. Simulated water-level change maps for these scenarios indicate an area of influence that extends into parts of Bryan, Bulloch, Chatham, Effingham, and Liberty Counties, Ga., and Beaufort and Jasper Counties, S.C., with maximum drawdowns from 0.5 to 4 feet (ft) for scenario A and 1 to 8 ft for Scenario B.\r\n\r\nFor scenarios C and D, increases in pumping at HAAF were offset by decreases in pumping at Fort Stewart. Scenario C represents a 1-Mgal/d increase at HAAF and a 1-Mgal/d decrease at Fort Stewart; simulated water-level changes range from 0.4 to -4 ft. Scenario D represents a 2-Mgal/d increase at HAAF and 2-Mgal/d decrease at Fort Stewart; simulated water-level changes range from 0.04 to -8 ft. The simulated water-level changes indicate an area of influence that extends into parts of Bryan, Bulloch, Chatham, Effingham, Liberty, and McIntosh Counties, Ga., and Jasper and Beaufort Counties, S.C. In general, decreasing pumping at Fort Stewart by an equivalent amount to pumping increases at HAAF reduced the magnitude and extent of drawdown resulting from the additional pumping. None of the scenarios resulted in large changes in the configuration of the simulated potentiometric surface and related ground-water flow directions.\r\n\r\nThe scenarios simulated vary from the original model only by increasing pumpage less than 1 percent of the total calibrated model withdrawals. The changes in pumpage are located near the center of the original model area. Thus, the scenarios described in this report are considered to be reasonable with no less uncertainty than the original calibrated model.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061148","usgsCitation":"Cherry, G.S., 2006, Simulation of selected ground-water pumping scenarios at Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1148, iv, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061148.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8043,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1148/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.73553466796875,\n 31.59959193922864\n ],\n [\n -81.73553466796875,\n 32.535236240827224\n ],\n [\n -80.452880859375,\n 32.535236240827224\n ],\n [\n -80.452880859375,\n 31.59959193922864\n ],\n [\n -81.73553466796875,\n 31.59959193922864\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605d50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cherry, Gregory S. 0000-0002-5567-1587 gccherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5567-1587","contributorId":1567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Gregory","email":"gccherry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76785,"text":"ofr20061143 - 2006 - Simulated water budgets and ground-water/surface-water interactions in Bushkill and parts of Monocacy Creek watersheds, Northampton County, Pennsylvania: A preliminary study with identification of data needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-01T19:33:14.011523","indexId":"ofr20061143","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1143","title":"Simulated water budgets and ground-water/surface-water interactions in Bushkill and parts of Monocacy Creek watersheds, Northampton County, Pennsylvania: A preliminary study with identification of data needs","docAbstract":"This report, prepared in cooperation with the Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Mineral Resources Management, provides a preliminary analysis of water budgets and generalized ground-water/surface-water interactions for Bushkill and parts of Monocacy Creek watersheds in Northampton County, Pa., by use of a ground-water flow model. Bushkill Creek watershed was selected for study because it has areas of rapid growth, ground-water withdrawals from a quarry, and proposed stream-channel modifications, all of which have the potential for altering ground-water budgets and the interaction between ground water and streams.
Preliminary 2-dimensional, steady-state simulations of ground-water flow by the use of MODFLOW are presented to show the status of work through September 2005 and help guide ongoing data collection in Bushkill Creek watershed. Simulations were conducted for (1) predevelopment conditions, (2) a water table lowered for quarry operations, and (3) anthropogenic changes in hydraulic conductivity of the streambed and aquifer. Preliminary results indicated under predevelopment conditions, the divide between the Bushkill and Monocacy Creek ground-water basins may not have been coincident with the topographic divide and as much as 14 percent of the ground-water discharge to Bushkill Creek may have originated from recharge in the Monocacy Creek watershed. For simulated predevelopment conditions, Schoeneck Creek and parts of Monocacy Creek were dry, but Bushkill Creek was gaining throughout all reaches.
Simulated lowering of the deepest quarry sump to an altitude of 147 feet for quarry operations caused ground-water recharge and streamflow leakage to be diverted to the quarry throughout about 14 square miles and caused reaches of Bushkill and Little Bushkill Creeks to change from gaining to losing streams. Lowering the deepest quarry sump to an altitude of 100 feet caused simulated ground-water discharge to the quarry to increase about 4 cubic feet per second. Raising the deepest sump to an altitude of 200 feet caused the simulated discharge to the quarry to decrease about 14 cubic feet per second.Decreasing the hydraulic conductivity of the streambed of Bushkill Creek in the reach of large losses of flow caused simulated ground-water levels to decline and ground-water discharge to a quarry to decrease from 74 to 45 cubic feet per second.
Decreasing the hydraulic conductivity of a hypothesized highly transmissive zone with a plug of relatively impermeable material caused ground-water levels to increase east of the plug and decline west of the plug, and decreased the discharge to a quarry from 74 to 53 cubic feet per second. Preliminary results of the study have significant limitations, which need to be recognized by the user. The results demonstrated the usefulness of ground-water modeling with available data sets, but as more data become available through field studies, a more complete evaluation could be conducted of the preliminary assumptions in the conceptual model, model sensitivity, and effects of boundary conditions. Additional streamflow and ground-water-level measurements would be needed to better quantify recharge and aquifer properties, particularly the anisotropy of carbonate rocks. Measurements of streamflow losses at average, steady-state hydrologic conditions could provide a more accurate estimate of ground-water recharge from this source, which directly affects water budgets and contributing areas simulated by the model.
This report evaluates the performance of a numerical model of the ground-water system in northern Utah Valley, Utah, that originally simulated ground-water conditions during 1947-1980 and was updated to include conditions estimated for 1981-2002. Estimates of annual recharge to the ground-water system and discharge from wells in the area were added to the original ground-water flow model of the area.
The files used in the original transient-state model of the ground-water flow system in northern Utah Valley were imported into MODFLOW-96, an updated version of MODFLOW. The main model input files modified as part of this effort were the well and recharge files. Discharge from pumping wells in northern Utah Valley was estimated on an annual basis for 1981-2002. Although the amount of average annual withdrawals from wells has not changed much since the previous study, there have been changes in the distribution of well discharge in the area. Discharge estimates for flowing wells during 1981-2002 were assumed to be the same as those used in the last stress period of the original model because of a lack of new data. Variations in annual recharge were assumed to be proportional to changes in total surface-water inflow to northern Utah Valley. Recharge specified in the model during the additional stress periods varied from 255,000 acre-feet in 1986 to 137,000 acre-feet in 1992.
The ability of the updated transient-state model to match hydrologic conditions determined for 1981-2002 was evaluated by comparing water-level changes measured in wells to those computed by the model. Water-level measurements made in February, March, or April were available for 39 wells in the modeled area during all or part of 1981-2003. In most cases, the magnitude and direction of annual water-level change from 1981 to 2002 simulated by the updated model reasonably matched the measured change. The greater-than-normal precipitation that occurred during 1982-84 resulted in period-of-record high water levels measured in many of the observation wells in March 1984. The model-computed water levels at the end of 1982-84 also are among the highest for the period. Both measured and computed water levels decreased during the period representing ground-water conditions from 1999 to 2002. Precipitation was less than normal during 1999-2002.
The ability of the model to adequately simulate climatic extremes such as the wetter-than-normal conditions of 1982-84 and the drier-than-normal conditions of 1999-2002 indicates that the annual variation of recharge to the ground-water system based on streamflow entering the valley, which in turn is primarily dependent upon precipitation, is appropriate but can be improved. The updated transient-state model of the ground-water system in northern Utah Valley can be improved by making revisions on the basis of currently available data and information.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/sir20065064","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central Utah Water Conservancy District; Jordan Valley Water Conservancy District representing Draper City; Highland Water Company; Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights; and the municipalities of Alpine, American Fork, Cedar Hills, Eagle Mountain, Highland, Lehi, Lindon, Orem, Pleasant Grove, Provo, Saratoga Springs, and Vineyard","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., 2006, Evaluation of the ground-water flow model for northern Utah Valley, Utah, updated to conditions through 2002 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5064, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065064.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7256,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5064/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Northern Utah Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.06054687499999,\n 40.04023218690451\n ],\n [\n -112.06054687499999,\n 40.65563874006118\n ],\n [\n -111.4617919921875,\n 40.65563874006118\n ],\n [\n -111.4617919921875,\n 40.04023218690451\n ],\n [\n -112.06054687499999,\n 40.04023218690451\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76393,"text":"tm6A12 - 2006 - MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model - documentation of shared node local grid refinement (LGR) and the boundary flow and head (BFH) package","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-04T09:43:30","indexId":"tm6A12","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A12","title":"MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model - documentation of shared node local grid refinement (LGR) and the boundary flow and head (BFH) package","docAbstract":"This report documents the addition of shared node Local Grid Refinement (LGR) to MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular, transient, three-dimensional, finite-difference ground-water flow model. LGR provides the capability to simulate ground-water flow using one block-shaped higher-resolution local grid (a child model) within a coarser-grid parent model. LGR accomplishes this by iteratively coupling two separate MODFLOW-2005 models such that heads and fluxes are balanced across the shared interfacing boundary. LGR can be used in two-and three-dimensional, steady-state and transient simulations and for simulations of confined and unconfined ground-water systems.\r\n\r\n Traditional one-way coupled telescopic mesh refinement (TMR) methods can have large, often undetected, inconsistencies in heads and fluxes across the interface between two model grids. The iteratively coupled shared-node method of LGR provides a more rigorous coupling in which the solution accuracy is controlled by convergence criteria defined by the user. In realistic problems, this can result in substantially more accurate solutions and require an increase in computer processing time. The rigorous coupling enables sensitivity analysis, parameter estimation, and uncertainty analysis that reflects conditions in both model grids. \r\n\r\n This report describes the method used by LGR, evaluates LGR accuracy and performance for two- and three-dimensional test cases, provides input instructions, and lists selected input and output files for an example problem. It also presents the Boundary Flow and Head (BFH) Package, which allows the child and parent models to be simulated independently using the boundary conditions obtained through the iterative process of LGR.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Book 6: Modeling techniques, Section A. Ground-water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm6A12","usgsCitation":"Mehl, S.W., and Hill, M.C., 2006, MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model - documentation of shared node local grid refinement (LGR) and the boundary flow and head (BFH) package: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A12, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A12.","productDescription":"78 p.","numberOfPages":"78","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7179,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6a12/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648d0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mehl, Steffen W. swmehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehl","given":"Steffen","email":"swmehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":287179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":76403,"text":"tm6A10 - 2006 - User guide to the UNC process and three utility programs for computation of nonlinear confidence and prediction intervals using MODFLOW-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:18","indexId":"tm6A10","displayToPublicDate":"2006-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A10","title":"User guide to the UNC process and three utility programs for computation of nonlinear confidence and prediction intervals using MODFLOW-2000","docAbstract":"This report introduces and documents the Uncertainty (UNC) Process, a new Process in MODFLOW-2000 that calculates uncertainty measures for model parameters and for predictions produced by the model. Uncertainty measures can be computed by various methods, but when regression is applied to calibrate a model (for example when using the Parameter-Estimation Process of MODFLOW-2000) it is advantageous to also use regression-based methods to quantify uncertainty. For this reason the UNC Process computes (1) confidence intervals for parameters of the Parameter-Estimation Process and (2) confidence and prediction intervals for most types of functions that can be computed by a MODFLOW-2000 model calibrated by the Parameter-Estimation Process. The types of functions for which the Process works include hydraulic heads, hydraulic head differences, head-dependent flows computed by the head-dependent flow packages for drains (DRN6), rivers (RIV6), general-head boundaries (GHB6), streams (STR6), drain-return cells (DRT1), and constant-head boundaries (CHD), and for differences between flows computed by any of the mentioned flow packages. The UNC Process does not allow computation of intervals for the difference between flows computed by two different flow packages.\r\n\r\nThe report also documents three programs, RESAN2-2k, BEALE2-2k, and CORFAC-2k, which are valuable for the evaluation of results from the Parameter-Estimation Process and for the preparation of input values for the UNC Process. RESAN2-2k and BEALE2-2k are significant updates of the residual analysis and modified Beale's measure programs first published by Cooley and Naff (1990) and later modified for use with MODFLOWP (Hill, 1994) and MODFLOW-2000 (Hill and others, 2000). CORFAC-2k is a new program that computes correction factors to be used by UNC.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Book 6: Modeling techniques, Section A. Ground-water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tm6A10","usgsCitation":"Christensen, S., and Cooley, R.L., 2006, User guide to the UNC process and three utility programs for computation of nonlinear confidence and prediction intervals using MODFLOW-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A10, 195 p.; data files, https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A10.","productDescription":"195 p.; data files","numberOfPages":"195","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":194736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7180,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm6A10/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69626a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, Steen","contributorId":13316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Steen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooley, Richard L.","contributorId":8831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70028383,"text":"70028383 - 2006 - Stochastic uncertainty analysis for unconfined flow systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T12:01:36","indexId":"70028383","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stochastic uncertainty analysis for unconfined flow systems","docAbstract":"A new stochastic approach proposed by Zhang and Lu (2004), called the Karhunen‐Loeve decomposition‐based moment equation (KLME), has been extended to solving nonlinear, unconfined flow problems in randomly heterogeneous aquifers. This approach is on the basis of an innovative combination of Karhunen‐Loeve decomposition, polynomial expansion, and perturbation methods. The random log‐transformed hydraulic conductivity field (lnKS) is first expanded into a series in terms of orthogonal Gaussian standard random variables with their coefficients obtained as the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the covariance function of lnKS. Next, head h is decomposed as a perturbation expansion series Σh(m), where h(m) represents the mth‐order head term with respect to the standard deviation of lnKS. Then h(m) is further expanded into a polynomial series of m products of orthogonal Gaussian standard random variables whose coefficients hi1,i2,...,im(m) are deterministic and solved sequentially from low to high expansion orders using MODFLOW‐2000. Finally, the statistics of head and flux are computed using simple algebraic operations on hi1,i2,...,im(m). A series of numerical test results in 2‐D and 3‐D unconfined flow systems indicated that the KLME approach is effective in estimating the mean and (co)variance of both heads and fluxes and requires much less computational effort as compared to the traditional Monte Carlo simulation technique.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2005WR004766","usgsCitation":"Liu, G., Zhang, D., and Lu, Z., 2006, Stochastic uncertainty analysis for unconfined flow systems: Water Resources Research, v. 42, no. 9, Article W09412; 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004766.","productDescription":"Article W09412; 18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2005wr004766","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-09-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9855e4b08c986b31bf9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Gaisheng","contributorId":15158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Gaisheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Dongxiao","contributorId":26409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Dongxiao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, Zhiming","contributorId":174148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhiming","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":417826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70030564,"text":"70030564 - 2006 - MODFLOW/MT3DMS-based simulation of variable-density ground water flow and transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:05","indexId":"70030564","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"MODFLOW/MT3DMS-based simulation of variable-density ground water flow and transport","docAbstract":"This paper presents an approach for coupling MODFLOW and MT3DMS for the simulation of variable-density ground water flow. MODFLOW routines were modified to solve a variable-density form of the ground water flow equation in which the density terms are calculated using an equation of state and the simulated MT3DMS solute concentrations. Changes to the MODFLOW and MT3DMS input files were kept to a minimum, and thus existing data files and data files created with most pre- and postprocessors can be used directly with the SEAWAT code. The approach was tested by simulating the Henry problem and two of the saltpool laboratory experiments (low- and high-density cases). For the Henry problem, the simulated results compared well with the steady-state semianalytic solution and also the transient isochlor movement as simulated by a finite-element model. For the saltpool problem, the simulated breakthrough curves compared better with the laboratory measurements for the low-density case than for the high-density case but showed good agreement with the measured salinity isosurfaces for both cases. Results from the test cases presented here indicate that the MODFLOW/MT3DMS approach provides accurate solutions for problems involving variable-density ground water flow and solute transport. ?? 2006 National Ground Water Association.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00156.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Langevin, C., and Guo, W., 2006, MODFLOW/MT3DMS-based simulation of variable-density ground water flow and transport: Ground Water, v. 44, no. 3, p. 339-351, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00156.x.","startPage":"339","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477602,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.549.1049","text":"External Repository"},{"id":211960,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00156.x"},{"id":239350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ae4e4b0c8380cd69117","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langevin, C.D.","contributorId":25976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guo, W.","contributorId":43230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70030494,"text":"70030494 - 2006 - Quantitative methods to direct exploration based on hydrogeologic information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:04","indexId":"70030494","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2340,"text":"Journal of Hydroinformatics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative methods to direct exploration based on hydrogeologic information","docAbstract":"Quantitatively Directed Exploration (QDE) approaches based on information such as model sensitivity, input data covariance and model output covariance are presented. Seven approaches for directing exploration are developed, applied, and evaluated on a synthetic hydrogeologic site. The QDE approaches evaluate input information uncertainty, subsurface model sensitivity and, most importantly, output covariance to identify the next location to sample. Spatial input parameter values and covariances are calculated with the multivariate conditional probability calculation from a limited number of samples. A variogram structure is used during data extrapolation to describe the spatial continuity, or correlation, of subsurface information. Model sensitivity can be determined by perturbing input data and evaluating output response or, as in this work, sensitivities can be programmed directly into an analysis model. Output covariance is calculated by the First-Order Second Moment (FOSM) method, which combines the covariance of input information with model sensitivity. A groundwater flow example, modeled in MODFLOW-2000, is chosen to demonstrate the seven QDE approaches. MODFLOW-2000 is used to obtain the piezometric head and the model sensitivity simultaneously. The seven QDE approaches are evaluated based on the accuracy of the modeled piezometric head after information from a QDE sample is added. For the synthetic site used in this study, the QDE approach that identifies the location of hydraulic conductivity that contributes the most to the overall piezometric head variance proved to be the best method to quantitatively direct exploration. ?? IWA Publishing 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydroinformatics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2166/hydro.2006.006","issn":"14647141","usgsCitation":"Graettinger, A., Lee, J., Reeves, H.W., and Dethan, D., 2006, Quantitative methods to direct exploration based on hydrogeologic information: Journal of Hydroinformatics, v. 8, no. 2, p. 77-90, https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2006.006.","startPage":"77","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477450,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2006.006","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":239309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211927,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2006.006"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9220e4b0c8380cd8068e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graettinger, A.J.","contributorId":105884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graettinger","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, J.","contributorId":58596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeves, H. W.","contributorId":53739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dethan, D.","contributorId":99740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dethan","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":427356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}