Chemical analyses of water from eight test holes and geophysical logs for nine test holes drilled in the Central Oklahoma aquifer are presented. The test holes were drilled to investigate local occurrences of potentially toxic, naturally occurring trace substances in ground water. These trace substances include arsenic, chromium, selenium, residual alpha-particle activities, and uranium. Eight of the nine test holes were drilled near wells known to contain large concentrations of one or more of the naturally occurring trace substances. One test hole was drilled in an area known to have only small concentrations of any of the naturally occurring trace substances.
Water samples were collected from one to eight individual sandstone layers within each test hole. A total of 28 water samples, including four duplicate samples, were collected. The temperature, pH, specific conductance, alkalinity, and dissolved-oxygen concentrations were measured at the sample site. Laboratory determinations included major ions, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, and trace elements (aluminum, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, hexavalent chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, strontium, vanadium and zinc). Radionuclide activities and stable isotope (5 values also were determined, including: gross-alpha-particle activity, gross-beta-particle activity, radium-226, radium-228, radon-222, uranium-234, uranium-235, uranium-238, total uranium, carbon-13/carbon-12, deuterium/hydrogen-1, oxygen-18/oxygen-16, and sulfur-34/sulfur-32. Additional analyses of arsenic and selenium species are presented for selected samples as well as analyses of density and iodine for two samples, tritium for three samples, and carbon-14 for one sample.
Geophysical logs for most test holes include caliper, neutron, gamma-gamma, natural-gamma logs, spontaneous potential, long- and short-normal resistivity, and single-point resistance. Logs for test-hole NOTS 7 do not include long- and short-normal resistivity, spontaneous-potential, or single-point resistivity. Logs for test-hole NOTS 7A include only caliper and natural-gamma logs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Oklahoma City, OK","doi":"10.3133/ofr91464","usgsCitation":"Schlottmann, J.L., and Funkhouser, R.A., 1991, Chemical analysis of water samples and geophysical logs from cored test holes drilled in the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-464, vi, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91464.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":349776,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0464/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0464/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Central Oklahoma Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.75,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -96.75,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bcceb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlottmann, Jamie L.","contributorId":8830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlottmann","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Funkhouser, Ron A.","contributorId":58294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funkhouser","given":"Ron","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016572,"text":"70016572 - 1991 - Error in measuring radon in soil gas by means of passive detectors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016572","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2905,"text":"Nuclear Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Error in measuring radon in soil gas by means of passive detectors","docAbstract":"Passive detection of radon isotopes depends on diffusion of radon atoms from the sites of their generation to the location of the detecting or collecting device. Because some radon decays en route to a passive detector in soil, the radon concentration measured by the detector must be less than the concentration in those soil pores where it is undiminished by diffusion to the detector cavity. The true radon concentration may be significantly underestimated in moist soils. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"09698086","usgsCitation":"Tanner, A., 1991, Error in measuring radon in soil gas by means of passive detectors: Nuclear Geophysics, v. 5, no. 1-2, p. 25-30.","startPage":"25","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a49e4b0c8380cd522af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanner, A.B.","contributorId":44155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016464,"text":"70016464 - 1991 - Recognition of microclimate zones through radon mapping, Lechuguilla Cave, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:44","indexId":"70016464","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1884,"text":"Health Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recognition of microclimate zones through radon mapping, Lechuguilla Cave, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Radon concentrations range from <185 to 3,515 Bq m-3 throughout Lechuguilla Cave, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico. Concentrations in the entrance passages and areas immediately adjacent to these passages are controlled by outside air temperature and barometric pressure, similar to other Type 2 caves. Most of the cave is developed in three geographic branches beneath the entrance passages; these areas maintain Rn levels independent of surface effects, an indication that Rn levels in deep, complex caves or mines cannot be simply estimated by outside atmospheric parameters. These deeper, more isolated areas are subject to convective ventilation driven by temperature differences along the 477-m vertical extent of the cave. Radon concentrations are used to delineate six microclimate zones (air circulation cells) throughout the cave in conjunction with observed airflow data. Suspected surface connections contribute fresh air to remote cave areas demonstrated by anomalous Rn lows surrounded by higher values, the presence of mammalian skeletal remains, CO2 concentrations and temperatures lower than the cave mean, and associated surficial karst features.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Health Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00179078","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, K., and LaRock, E.J., 1991, Recognition of microclimate zones through radon mapping, Lechuguilla Cave, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico: Health Physics, v. 61, no. 4, p. 493-500.","startPage":"493","endPage":"500","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9679e4b0c8380cd81ffa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, K.I.","contributorId":91865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"K.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaRock, E. J.","contributorId":108190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRock","given":"E.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016357,"text":"70016357 - 1991 - Radon-222 and its parent radionuclides in groundwater from two study areas in New Jersey and Maryland, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T12:44:27.399751","indexId":"70016357","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radon-222 and its parent radionuclides in groundwater from two study areas in New Jersey and Maryland, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"A study of groundwater chemistry and radionuclide mobility in New Jersey and Maryland was conducted to investigate natural processes that control the mobility of radionuclides in the water-rock system. Groundwater was sampled from two geological units in New Jersey and from six in Maryland. The water sampled was from aquifiers in fractured metamorphic rocks of varying composition and metamorphic grade. In both areas, groundwater chemistry was affected most by aquifier mineralogy and lithology; concentrations of total dissolved U, 226Ra and 222Rn were similarly affected. In evey sample for which measurements were made, dissolved Utotal and 226Ra were present in much lower concentrations than 222Rn when expressed in terms of their radioactivity. On the other hand, the total amount of 222Rn that could be produced in these rocks, given their U contents, is much higher than the concentrations observed in groundwater. Thus, the emanating efficiencies of the aquifer rocks studied must be near 10% or less. Such low emanating efficiencies require that a fraction of the 226Ra in the rock be located close to the water-rock interface so that 222Rn, when produced, can be rapidly and efficiently transferred to the aqueous phase. This condition is established when a similar fraction of the U is in a readily leachable position. No known U or Ra solids were supersaturated in any of the samples. Thus, adsorption processes probably play a role in limiting mobilities of Utotal and 226Ra. 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S.","contributorId":15200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duval","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reimer, G.M.","contributorId":59800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schumann, R.R.","contributorId":14429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Owen, D.E.","contributorId":35336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Otton, J. K.","contributorId":52589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016335,"text":"70016335 - 1990 - Variations of electric resistance and H2 and Rn emissions of concrete blocks under increasing uniaxial compression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:41","indexId":"70016335","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations of electric resistance and H2 and Rn emissions of concrete blocks under increasing uniaxial compression","docAbstract":"Electric resistance and emissions of hydrogen and radon isotopes of concrete (which is somewhat similar to fault-zone materials) under increasing uniaxial compression were continuously monitored to check whether they show any pre- and post-failure changes that may correspond to similar changes reported for earthquakes. The results show that all these parameters generally begin to increase when the applied stresses reach 20% to 90% of the corresponding failure stresses, probably due to the occurrence and growth of dilatant microcracks in the specimens. The prefailure changes have different patterns for different specimens, probably because of differences in spatial and temporal distributions of the microcracks. The resistance shows large co-failure increases, and the gas emissions show large post-failure increases. The post-failure increase of radon persists longer and stays at a higher level than that of hydrogen, suggesting a difference in the emission mechanisms for these two kinds of gases. The H2 increase may be mainly due to chemical reaction at the crack surfaces while they are fresh, whereas the Rn increases may be mainly the result of the increased emanation area of such surfaces. The results suggest that monitoring of resistivity and gas emissions may be useful for predicting earthquakes and failures of concrete structures. ?? 1990 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00878079","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"King, C., and Luo, G., 1990, Variations of electric resistance and H2 and Rn emissions of concrete blocks under increasing uniaxial compression: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 134, no. 1, p. 45-56, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00878079.","startPage":"45","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205322,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878079"},{"id":222956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"134","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc196e4b08c986b32a672","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, C.-Y.","contributorId":81225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"C.-Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luo, G.","contributorId":92429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016293,"text":"70016293 - 1990 - Pedologic and climatic controls on Rn-222 concentrations in soil gas, Denver, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T01:12:08.579299","indexId":"70016293","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pedologic and climatic controls on Rn-222 concentrations in soil gas, Denver, Colorado","docAbstract":"Soil-gas radon concentrations are controlled seasonally by factors of climate and pedology. In a swelling soil of the semiarid Western United States, soil-gas radon concentrations at 100 cm depth increase in winter and spring due to increased emanation with higher soil moisture and the capping effect of surface water or ice. Increased soil moisture results from a combination of higher winter and spring precipitation and decreased insolation in fall and winter, lowering soil temperatures so that water infiltrates deeper and evaporates more slowly. Radon concentrations in soil drop markedly through the summer and fall. The increased insolation of spring and summer warms and dries the soil, limiting the amount of water that reaches 100 cm. As the soil dries, radon emanation decreases, and deep soil cracks develop. These cracks aid convective transport of soil gas, increase radon's flux into the atmosphere, and lower its concentration in soil gas. Probable controls on the distribution of uranium within the soil column include its downward leaching, its precipitation or adsorption onto B-horizon clays, concretions, or cement, and the uranium content and mineralogy of the soil's granitic and gneissic precursors.
Radium-226 and 222Rn activities are greater in the estuarine waters of northern Charlotte Harbor and the lower tidal Peace and Myakka Rivers, Florida, than in either the freshwater reaches of the rivers or waters of the lower estuary and the Gulf of Mexico. The activity of 226Ra in the tidal rivers increases with decreasing river inflow, with a maximum value of 548 dpm 1001−1 measured in the tidal Myakka River. The source of the high activity of 226Ra and 222Rn is predominantly ground water inflow. Because of the large ground water input, the contribution of 226Ra from suspended and bottom sediments is a smaller fraction of the total 226Ra input than in many other estuaries. Although ground water 226Ra activity in the area varies widely, we estimate that artesian ground water inflow to the tidal rivers is similar in magnitude to the flow of the rivers above the tidal reach during the dry season.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(90)90037-R","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., Kraemer, T.F., and McPherson, B.F., 1990, Radium and radon in Charlotte Harbor Estuary, Florida: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 31, no. 4, p. 439-457, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(90)90037-R.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"457","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223546,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Charlotte Harbor Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.19774043533315,\n 26.80812762769952\n ],\n [\n -82.27165183615983,\n 26.690477760512806\n ],\n [\n -82.1848847846222,\n 26.466904775860627\n ],\n [\n -82.08780877646603,\n 26.406903934019837\n ],\n [\n -81.93489258662748,\n 26.44844630618998\n ],\n [\n -81.71242937865895,\n 26.626036709931938\n ],\n [\n -81.36278393335351,\n 26.662893557818762\n ],\n [\n -81.04148811874879,\n 26.778761396255746\n ],\n [\n -81.1153689745133,\n 26.974929489673798\n ],\n [\n -81.32240718659834,\n 26.959616124067693\n ],\n [\n -81.43030195326705,\n 27.030237597496892\n ],\n [\n -81.47792313739073,\n 27.16560359920203\n ],\n [\n -81.48296213522812,\n 27.304943197712433\n ],\n [\n -81.50001557001633,\n 27.48119132263278\n ],\n [\n -81.57632014714761,\n 27.692707052973446\n ],\n [\n -81.62155701574075,\n 27.931771989176312\n ],\n [\n -81.86099798558715,\n 27.932160344117605\n ],\n [\n -82.0746537544436,\n 27.93617063819012\n ],\n [\n -82.05330492106481,\n 27.584601419730205\n ],\n [\n -82.09847702561096,\n 27.40912095406624\n ],\n [\n -82.1672034030666,\n 27.321169799627185\n ],\n [\n -82.18712843347923,\n 27.24259952846063\n ],\n [\n -82.33312858939593,\n 27.14090893654928\n ],\n [\n -82.26818497222499,\n 26.900866079021284\n ],\n [\n -82.19774043533315,\n 26.80812762769952\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9425e4b0c8380cd81226","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraemer, T. F.","contributorId":63400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraemer","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McPherson, B. F.","contributorId":62983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015928,"text":"70015928 - 1990 - Radium distribution and indoor radon in the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T01:13:17.237124","indexId":"70015928","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radium distribution and indoor radon in the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"Aerial gamma-ray data were compiled to produce a map showing the distribution of radium (226Ra) in near-surface materials in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and parts of Montana, Wyoming, California, Nevada, and Utah). A comparison of measurements of indoor concentration levels of radon (222Rn) in homes with the apparent surface concentration of radium shows that aerial gamma-ray data provide a first order estimate of the relative amounts of indoor radon for township-sized areas where soils have low to moderate permeability. Townships with average indoor radon levels above the general trend of the data are almost all characterized by soils that have higher intrinsic permeabilities.
The solubilization and subsequent resorption of radionuclides by ore components or by reaction products during the milling of uranium ores may have both economic and environmental consequences. Particle-size redistribution of radium during milling has been demonstrated by previous investigators; however, the identification of sorbing components in the tailings has received little experimental attention. In this study, uranium-bearing sandstone ore was milled, on a laboratory scale, with sulfuric acid. At regular intervals, filtrate from this suspension was placed in contact with mixtures of quartz sand and various potential sorbents which occur as gangue in uranium ores; the potential sorbents included clay minerals, iron and aluminum oxides, feldspar, fluorspar, barite, jarosite, coal, and volcanic glass. After equilibration, the quartz sand-sorbent mixtures were separated from the filtrate and radioassayed by gamma-spectrometry to determine the quantities of 238U, 230Th, 226Ra, and 210Pb sorbed, and the radon emanation coefficients. Sorption of 238U was low in all cases, with maximal sorptions of 1–2% by the bentonite- and coal-bearing samples. 230Th sorption also was generally less than 1%; maximal sorption here was observed in the fluorspar-bearing sample and appears to be associated with the formation of gypsum during milling. 226Ra and 210 Pb generally showed higher sorption than the other nuclides - more than 60% of the 26Ra solubilized from the ore was sorbed on the barite-bearing sample. The mechanism (s) for this sorption by a wide variety of substrates is not yet understood. Radon emanation coefficients of the samples ranged from about 5 to 30%, with the coal-bearing samples clearly demonstrating an emanating power higher than any of the other materials.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-386X(90)90099-N","issn":"0304386X","usgsCitation":"Landa, E.R., and Bush, C.A., 1990, Geochemical hosts of solubilized radionuclides in uranium mill tailings: Hydrometallurgy, v. 24, no. 3, p. 361-372, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-386X(90)90099-N.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"372","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223482,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1641e4b0c8380cd550ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, C. A.","contributorId":43344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015728,"text":"70015728 - 1990 - Reconnaissance techniques for determining soil-gas radon concentrations: an example from Prince Georges County, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T12:21:50.479447","indexId":"70015728","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconnaissance techniques for determining soil-gas radon concentrations: an example from Prince Georges County, Maryland","docAbstract":"Preliminary field measurements of soil-gas radon (Rn) concentrations can provide an initial assessment of the Rn potential in any location and aid in designing a larger or more detailed sampling program. Radon reconnaissance requires some special considerations because a large area must be covered in a short period of time and analyses must be made soon after collection because of Rn decay. A simple approach to collection and field analysis consists of a small-diameter probe pounded into the ground to a depth of at least 0.75 m. Analysis is by an alpha-scintillometer. Soil-gas samples collected along a traverse in Prince Georges County, Maryland, demonstrate the utility of the technique. Although this region in the Coastal Plain province might be considered to possess the type of geologic setting that would not contribute to significant Rn potential, the reconnaissance sampling revealed Rn soil-gas concentrations of up to 2500 pCi/L (picocuries per liter) indicating that the potential exists for indoor accumulations in excess of 4 pCi/L.
Contamination of groundwater from point and nonpoint sources (such as landfills, feedlots, agricultural chemicals applied to fields, and septic systems) is a recognized problem in the karst area of southeastern Minnesota. The US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources, Began a study in October 1987 to improve the understanding of local groundwater flow through karst terrain in southeastern Minnesota. The objectives of the study are to: (1) describe the orientations of systematic rock fractures and solution channels of the Prairie du Chien Group of Ordovician-age carbonate rocks in southeastern Minnesota, and, if possible, to define the principal and minor axes of these orientations; and (2) evaluate the effect of fractures and solution channels in the Prairie du Chien Group on the local flow of groundwater. Groundwater in the Upper Carbonate aquifer regionally flows toward the periphery of the aquifer and locally flows into streams and bedrock valleys. The hydraulic gradient in this aquifer generally is greatest near areas of groundwater seepage to streams. Regional groundwater flow in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer generally is to the south and east in much of Fillmore and Houston Counties and in the southern parts of Olmsted and Winona Counties. Groundwater seepage to selected streams was evaluated by current-meter measurements of downstream gains or losses of streamflow and by an experimental approach based on radon activity in streams. The activity of radon in groundwater ranges from two to four orders of magnitude greater than the activity in surface water; therefore, groundwater seepage to streams generally increases the in-stream radon activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr89253","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., 1989, Flow of ground water through fractured carbonate rocks in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan Aquifer, southeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-253, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89253.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50273,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0253/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Prairie du Chien-Jordan Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c0e4b07f02db53c023","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13435,"text":"ofr89340 - 1989 - Radium distribution map and radon potential in the Bonneville Power Administration service area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T21:31:00.757949","indexId":"ofr89340","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-340","title":"Radium distribution map and radon potential in the Bonneville Power Administration service area","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89340","usgsCitation":"Duval, J.S., Otton, J.K., and Jones, W.J., 1989, Radium distribution map and radon potential in the Bonneville Power Administration service area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-340, 125 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89340.","productDescription":"125 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406351,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17637.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":145135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0340/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41879,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0340/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -125,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -125,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649abe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duval, Joseph S.","contributorId":22314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duval","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":167804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, W. J.","contributorId":79088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":12619,"text":"ofr89486 - 1989 - Helium and radon soil-gas surveys of collapse features on the Hualapai Indian Reservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:42","indexId":"ofr89486","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-486","title":"Helium and radon soil-gas surveys of collapse features on the Hualapai Indian Reservation","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr89486","usgsCitation":"Been, J., and Szarzi, S., 1989, Helium and radon soil-gas surveys of collapse features on the Hualapai Indian Reservation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-486, i, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89486.","productDescription":"i, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0486/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41025,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0486/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635da7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Been, J.M.","contributorId":26685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Been","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szarzi, S.L.","contributorId":6860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szarzi","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015573,"text":"70015573 - 1989 - Uranium in Holocene valley-fill sediments, and uranium, radon, and helium in waters, Lake Tahoe-Carson Range area, Nevada and California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015573","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium in Holocene valley-fill sediments, and uranium, radon, and helium in waters, Lake Tahoe-Carson Range area, Nevada and California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Uraniferous Holocene sediments occur in the Carson Range of Nevada and California, U.S.A., between Lake Tahoe and Carson Valley. The hosts for the uranium include peat and interbedded organic-rich sand, silt, and mud that underly valley floors, fens, and marshes along stream valleys between the crest of the range and the edge of Lake Tahoe. The known uranium accumulations extend along the Carson Range from the area just southeast of South Lake Tahoe northward to the area just east of Carson City; however, they almost certainly continue beyond the study area to the north, west, and south. Due to the young age of the accumulations, uranium in them is in gross disequilibrium with its highly radioactive daughter products. These accumulations have thus escaped discovery with radiation detection equipment in the past. The uranium content of these sediments approaches 0.6 percent; however, the average is in the range of 300-500 ppm. Waters associated with these sediments locally contain as much as 177 ppb uranium. Modest levels of helium and radon also occur in these waters. Uraniferous waters are clearly entering the private and public water supply systems in some parts of the study area; however, it is not known how much uranium is reaching users of these water supplies. Many of the waters sampled in the study area exceed the published health effects guidance level of the Environmental Protection Agency. Regulatory standards for uranium in waters have not been published, however. Much uranium is stored in the sediments along these stream valleys. Estimates for a marsh and a fen along one drainage are 24,000 and 15,000 kg, respectively. The potential effects of man-induced environmental changes on the uranium are uncertain. Laboratory studies of uraniferous sediment rich in organic matter may allow us to evaluate the potential of liberating uranium from such sediments and creating transient increases in the level of uranium moving in water in the natural environment. ?? 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01666567","issn":"00990094","usgsCitation":"Otton, J.K., Zielinski, R.A., and Been, J., 1989, Uranium in Holocene valley-fill sediments, and uranium, radon, and helium in waters, Lake Tahoe-Carson Range area, Nevada and California, U.S.A.: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 13, no. 1, p. 15-28, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01666567.","startPage":"15","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205407,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01666567"},{"id":223724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbdabe4b08c986b329167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otton, J. K.","contributorId":52589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zielinski, R. A. 0000-0002-4047-5129","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":106930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Been, J.M.","contributorId":26685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Been","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014399,"text":"70014399 - 1988 - Radon measurements for earthquake prediction along the North Anatolian Fault Zone: A progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-21T16:41:52.510143","indexId":"70014399","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radon measurements for earthquake prediction along the North Anatolian Fault Zone: A progress report","docAbstract":"Radon (222Rn) concentration has been continuously measured since 1983 in groundwater at a spring and in subsurface soil gas at five sites along a 200 km segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone near Bolu, Turkey. The groundwater radon concentration showed a significant increase before the Biga earthquake of magnitude 5.7 on 5 July 1983 at an epicentral distance of 350 km, and a long-term increase between March 1983 and April 1985. The soil-gas radon concentration showed large changes in 1985, apparently not meteorologically induced. The soil-gas and groundwater data at Bolu did not show any obvious correlation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(88)90047-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Friedmann, H., Aric, K., Gutdeutsch, R., King, C., Altay, C., and Sav, H., 1988, Radon measurements for earthquake prediction along the North Anatolian Fault Zone: A progress report: Tectonophysics, v. 152, no. 3-4, p. 209-214, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90047-9.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"214","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225893,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"152","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9440e4b0c8380cd812bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedmann, H.","contributorId":63276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedmann","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aric, K.","contributorId":92930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aric","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gutdeutsch, R.","contributorId":69848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutdeutsch","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, C.-Y.","contributorId":81225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"C.-Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Altay, C.","contributorId":30877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Altay","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sav, H.","contributorId":14697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sav","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":15860,"text":"ofr8818 - 1988 - Relationships between geology, equivalent uranium concentration, and radon in soil gas, Fairfax County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:14","indexId":"ofr8818","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-18","title":"Relationships between geology, equivalent uranium concentration, and radon in soil gas, Fairfax County, Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8818","usgsCitation":"Schumann, R., and Owen, D., 1988, Relationships between geology, equivalent uranium concentration, and radon in soil gas, Fairfax County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-18, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8818.","productDescription":"28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0018/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44864,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0018/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c090","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumann, R.R.","contributorId":14429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen, D.E.","contributorId":35336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15617,"text":"ofr8852 - 1988 - Radon soil-gas survey in Prince Georges County, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:52","indexId":"ofr8852","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-52","title":"Radon soil-gas survey in Prince Georges County, Maryland","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8852","usgsCitation":"Reimer, G., 1988, Radon soil-gas survey in Prince Georges County, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-52, 12 p. :ill ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8852.","productDescription":"12 p. :ill ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44576,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649a52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimer, G.M.","contributorId":59800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29990,"text":"wri884025 - 1988 - Distribution of gases in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T21:06:02","indexId":"wri884025","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4025","title":"Distribution of gases in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","docAbstract":"The unsaturated zone is a medium that provides pneumatic communication for the movement of gases from wastes buried in landfills to the atmosphere, biota, and groundwater. Gases in unsaturated glacial and eolian deposits near a waste-disposal trench at the low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Bureau County, Illinois, were identified, and the spatial and temporal distributions of the partial pressures of those gases were determined for the period January 1984 through January 1986. Methods for the collection and analyses of the gases are described, as are geologic and hydrologic characteristics of the unsaturated zone that affect gas transport. The identified gases, which are of natural and of waste origin, include nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, carbon dioxide, methane, propane, butane, tritiated water vapor, 14carbon dioxide, and 222 radon. Concentrations of methane and 14carbon dioxide originated at the waste, as shown by partial-pressure gradients of the gases; 14carbon dioxide partial pressures exceeded natural background partial pressures by factors greater than 1 million at some locations. Variations in partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide were seasonal among piezometers because of increased root and soil-microbe respiration during summer. Variations in methane and 14carbon dioxide partial pressures were apparently related to discrete releases from waste sources at unpredictable intervals of time. No greater than background partial pressures for tritiated water vapor or 222 radon were measured. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884025","usgsCitation":"Striegl, R.G., 1988, Distribution of gases in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4025, vii, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884025.","productDescription":"vii, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58798,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4025/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2446,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=88-4025","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4025/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db64111d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58530,"text":"mf2047 - 1988 - Map showing radon potential of rocks and soils in Fairfax County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T15:00:18","indexId":"mf2047","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2047","title":"Map showing radon potential of rocks and soils in Fairfax County, Virginia","docAbstract":"Since 1984, indoor radon has gained national attention as a significant health hazard in the United States. Radon is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas derived from uranium by radioactive decay. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) now projects that 5,000 to 20,000 lung-cancer deaths per year may be attributed to the long-term exposure to indoor radon and its radioactive decay products. Indoor radon has been previously recognized as a health hazard associated with uranium-bearing mill tailings or building materials, but it was not until December 1984 that some natural soils and rocks were found to be sources of indoor radon at levels comparable to those in uranium mines. It is now suspected that elevated indoor radon levels are far more widespread than initially though. The EPA considers 4 picoCuries of radon per liter of air (pCi/L) as the level (in a year-round measurement) at which actions ought to be taken to lower the concentration of indoor radon. All soils and rocks contain measurable amounts of uranium, which generate measurable amounts of radon. Certain soils and rocks, however, have a greater potential to cause indoor radon problems than others because (1) they have a higher uranium content and thus can generate higher levels of radon in soil gas (gas that occupies the pores of the soil), and (2) the permeability of the sol or rack is sufficiently high that radon-bearing soil gas can flow freely and move indoors through the foundation of the structure. This study was designed to demonstrate the correlation between the geologic environment and indoor radon levels and to demonstrate a method of assessment that could be used by other informed workers in areas of their interest. A parallel study by Gundersen and others (1988) of the radon potential of rocks and soils in Montgomery County, Md., used somewhat different methods of assessment because the data available for and assessment of Montgomery County differed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2047","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the County of Fairfax","usgsCitation":"Otton, J.K., Schumann, R.R., Owen, D.E., Thurman, N., and Duval, J.S., 1988, Map showing radon potential of rocks and soils in Fairfax County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2047, 1 Plate: 43.60 x 52.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2047.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 43.60 x 52.14 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278828,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2047/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"48000","country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Fairfax County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.5,38.583333 ], [ -77.5,39.066667 ], [ -77.166667,39.066667 ], [ -77.166667,38.583333 ], [ -77.5,38.583333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a343e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":259633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schumann, R. Randall 0000-0001-8158-6960 rschumann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-6960","contributorId":1569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.","email":"rschumann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":259634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owen, Douglass E.","contributorId":76282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Douglass","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, Nelson","contributorId":57756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"Nelson","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duval, Joseph S.","contributorId":22314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duval","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":58531,"text":"mf2043 - 1988 - Map showing radon potential of rocks and soils in Montgomery County, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T14:39:43","indexId":"mf2043","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2043","title":"Map showing radon potential of rocks and soils in Montgomery County, Maryland","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the radon potential of Montgomery County in the context of its geology. Radon is a naturally occurring gas produced by the radioactive decay of uranium. Radon produced by uraniferous rocks and soils may enter a house through porous building materials and through openings in walls and floors. Radon gases has a tendency to move from the higher pressure commonly existing in the soil to the lower pressure commonly existing in the house. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA, 1986a) estimates that elevated levels of indoor radon may be associated with 5,000 to 20,000 of the 130,000 lung cancer deaths per year. They also estimate that 8 to 12 percent of the homes in the United States will have annual average indoor radon levels exceeding 4 picoCuries per liter of air (pCi/L). Above this level, the U.S. EPA recommends homeowners take remedial action. May factors control the amount of radon which may enter a home from the geologic environment. Soil drainage, permeability, and moisture content effect the amount of radon that can be released from rocks and soils (known as the emmanation) and may limit or increase how far it can migrate. Well drained, highly permeable soils facilitate the movement of radon. Soils with water content in the 8 to 15 percent range enhance the emmanation of radon (Lindmark, 1985). Daily and seasonal variations in soil and indoor radon can be caused by meteorologic factors such as barometric pressure, temperature, and wind (Clements and Wilkening, 1974; Schery and other, 1984). Construction practices also inhibit or promote entry of radon into the home (U.S. EPA, 1986b). In general, however, geology controls the source and distribution of radon (Akerblom and Wilson, 1982; Gundersen and others, 1987, 1988; Sextro and others, 1987; U.S. EPA, 1983; Peake, 1988; Peake and Hess, 1988). The following sections describe: 1) the methods used to measure radon and equivalent uranium (eU) in soil; 2) the radon potential ratings that were developed for this study; and 3) the characteristics of the rocks and soils in Montgomery County that give them their radon potential.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2043","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Montgomery County Government","usgsCitation":"Gundersen, L., Reimer, G., Wiggs, C., and Rice, C.A., 1988, Map showing radon potential of rocks and soils in Montgomery County, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2043, 1 Plate: 55.24 x 42.95 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2043.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 55.24 x 42.95 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278829,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2043/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"62500","datum":"National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"Maryl","county":"Montgomery County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.5,38.916667 ], [ -77.5,39.333333 ], [ -76.916667,39.333333 ], [ -76.916667,38.916667 ], [ -77.5,38.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a95e4b07f02db659e36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gundersen, L.C.","contributorId":19154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gundersen","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reimer, G.M.","contributorId":59800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimer","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiggs, C.R.","contributorId":57152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiggs","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rice, C. A.","contributorId":106116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014419,"text":"70014419 - 1988 - A tentative protocol for measurement of radon availability from the ground","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T15:31:46.948915","indexId":"70014419","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3223,"text":"Radiation Protection Dosimetry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A tentative protocol for measurement of radon availability from the ground","docAbstract":"A procedure is being tested in order to determine its suitability for assessing the intrinsic ability of the ground at a particular site to supply 222Rn to a basement structure to be built on the site. Soil gas is sucked from a borehole probe through an alpha scintillation chamber and flow meter by a pump. The permeability of the soil is calculated from the flow rate and the pressure difference between the atmosphere and the borehole at the intake point. The diffusion coefficient is estimated from the water fraction in the soil pores. The upward migration distance for radon in such soil during one mean life is computed from an arbitrary steady pressure difference. This mean migration distance, multiplied by the measured radon concentration, gives the 'radon availability number'. Measurements at sites of known indoor radon concentration suggest that numbers below 2 kBq.m-2 indicate litte chance of elevated indoor radon and above 20 kBq.m-2 indicate that elevated indoor radon is likely. The range of uncertainty and the point-to-point and seasonal variations to be expected are under investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080246","issn":"01448420","usgsCitation":"Tanner, A., 1988, A tentative protocol for measurement of radon availability from the ground: Radiation Protection Dosimetry, v. 24, no. 1-4, p. 79-83, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080246.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5f5e4b0c8380cd47062","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanner, A.B.","contributorId":44155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013737,"text":"70013737 - 1988 - A tentative protocol for measurement of radon availability from the ground","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013737","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2895,"text":"Northeastern Environmental Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A tentative protocol for measurement of radon availability from the ground","docAbstract":"A procedure is being tested in order to determine its suitability for assessing the intrinsic ability of the ground at a particular site to supply radon (222Rn) to a basement structure to be built on the site. The mean migration distance, multiplied by the measured radon concentration gives the \"Radon Availability Number' (RAN). Measurements at sites of known indoor radon concentration suggest that RANs below 2 kBq/m2 (5x104 pCi/m2) indicate little chance of elevated indoor radon and RANs above 20 kBq/m2 (5x105 pCi/m2) indicate that elevated indoor radon is likely. The range of uncertainty and the point-to-point and seasonal variations to be expected are under investigation. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Northeastern Environmental Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0730630X","usgsCitation":"Tanner, A., 1988, A tentative protocol for measurement of radon availability from the ground: Northeastern Environmental Science, v. 7, no. 1, p. 58-62.","startPage":"58","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5f5e4b0c8380cd4705f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanner, A.B.","contributorId":44155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}