The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained a program of seismic monitoring at potentially active volcanoes in the Cook Inlet region since 1988. The principal objectives of this program include the seismic surveillance of the Cook Inlet volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog reflects the status and evolution of the seismic monitoring program, and presents the basic seismic data for the time interval January 1, 1991, to December 31, 1993. For an interpretation of these data the reader should refer to several recent articles on volcano related seismicity in the Cook Inlet region (e.g. Jolly and others, 1994; Power and others, 1995; and McNutt and others, 1995). A similar catalog covers the period from October 12, 1989 to December 31, 1991 (Power and others 1993).
\nThe AVO seismic monitoring program has undergone significant changes during the catalog period. The changes included 1) new seismic stations placed at Mount Spurr and Redoubt Volcano, resulting in increased earthquake detection capability and improved earthquake locations, 2) the addition of several regional stations to the seismic data acquisition system which improved location quality near the volcano and enhanced our ability to scale eruptions and measure magnitudes of the largest volcanic earthquakes, 3) installation of a new event detection algorithm XDETECT (Rogers, 1993), which offered increased data collection capabilities , 4) modifications to the earthquake location program HYPOELLIPSE (Lahr, 1989) which now allows distinct velocity models and station corrections at each volcanic center, and 5) the addition of seismic stations at Augustine and niamna volcanoes to the data acquisition/location system.
\nThe 1992 eruptions at Mount Spurr's Crater Peak vent provided the highlight of the catalog period. The crisis included three sub-plinian eruptions, which occurred on June 27, August 18, and September 16-17, 1992. The three eruptions punctuated a complex seismic sequence which included volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes, tremor, and both deep and shallow long period (LP) earthquakes. The seismic sequence began on August 18, 1991, with a small swarm of volcano-tectonic events beneath Crater Peak, and spread throughout the volcanic complex by November of the same year. Elevated levels of seismicity persisted at Mount Spurr beyond the catalog time period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9670","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Jolly, A.D., Power, J.A., Stihler, S.D., Rao, L.N., Davidson, G., Paskievitch, J.F., Estes, S., and Lahr, J.C., 1996, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters for Augustine, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Mount Spurr volcanoes, Alaska: January 1, 1991 - December 31, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-70, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9670.","productDescription":"89 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51197,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0070/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":154487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0070/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.13818359375,\n 59.20968817840924\n ],\n [\n -154.13818359375,\n 61.695081959115974\n ],\n [\n -152.7099609375,\n 61.695081959115974\n ],\n [\n -152.7099609375,\n 59.20968817840924\n ],\n [\n -154.13818359375,\n 59.20968817840924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efb11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jolly, Arthur D.","contributorId":57913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolly","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":185035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stihler, Scott D.","contributorId":31373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stihler","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rao, Lalitha N.","contributorId":174441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rao","given":"Lalitha","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":13662,"text":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":185042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davidson, Gail","contributorId":76344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"Gail","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Paskievitch, John F. jpaskie@usgs.gov","contributorId":3709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paskievitch","given":"John","email":"jpaskie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Estes, Steve","contributorId":55881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lahr, John C.","contributorId":20328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":26714,"text":"wri954279 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri954279","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4279","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio","docAbstract":"The City of Columbus, Ohio, operates four radial collector wells in southern Franklin County. The 'South Well Field' is completed in permeable outwash and ice-contact deposits, upon which flow the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. The wells are designed to yield approximately 42 million gallons per day; part of that yield results from induced infiltration of surface water from the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. The well field supplied up to 30 percent of the water supply of southern Columbus and its suburbs in 1991. This report describes the hydrogeology of southern Franklin County and a tran sient three-dimensional, numerical ground-water- flow model of the South Well Field.\r\n\r\nThe primary source of ground water in the study area is the glacial drift aquifer. The glacial drift is composed of sand, gravel, and clay depos ited during the Illinoian and Wisconsinan glaciations. In general, thick deposits of till containing lenses of sand and gravel dominate the drift in the area west of the Scioto River. The thickest and most productive parts of the glacial drift aquifer are in the buried valleys in the central and eastern parts of the study area underlying the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the glacial drift aquifer differs spa tially and ranges from 30 to 375 feet per day. The specific yield ranges from 0.12 to 0.30.\r\n\r\nThe secondary source of ground water within the study area is the underlying carbonate bedrock aquifer, which consists of Silurian and Devonian limestones, dolomites, and shales. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the carbonate bedrock aquifer ranges from 10 to 15 feet per day. The storage coefficient is about 0.0002. \r\n\r\nThe ground-water-flow system in the South Well Field area is recharged by precipitation, regional ground-water flow, and induced stream infiltration. Yearly recharge rates varied spatially and ranged from 4.0 to 12.0 inches. \r\n\r\nThe three-dimensional, ground-water-flow model was constructed by use of the U.S. Geological Survey three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water-flow code. Recharge, boundary flux, and river leakage are the principal sources of water to the flow system. The study area is bounded on the north and south by streamlines, with flow entering the area from the east and west. Areal recharge is contributed throughout the study area, although a comparatively high percentage of precipitation reaches the water table in the area east of the Scioto River where little surface drain age exists. Ground-water flow is downward in the uplands of the Scioto River, and upward near the river in the glacial drift and carbonate bedrock aquifers.\r\n\r\nThe numerical model contains 53 rows, 45 columns, and 3 layers. The uppermost two layers represent the glacial drift. The bottom layer represents the carbonate bedrock. The horizontal model grid is variably spaced to account for differences in available data and to simulate heads accurately in specific areas of interest. The length and width of grid cells range from 200 to 2,000 feet; the finer spacings are designed to increase detail in the areas near the collector wells. The model uses 7,155 active nodes. \r\n\r\nMeasurements of water levels from October 1979 were used to represent steady-state conditions before municipal pumping at the well field began. Measurements made during March 1986 were used to represent steady-state conditions after commencement of pumping at the well field. Water levels measured during March 1986 - June 1991 were used for calibration targets in the transient simulations. \r\n\r\nThe transient model was discretized into eight stress periods of 93 to 487 days on the basis of recharge, well-field pumpage, and available water-level data. Transient model calibration was based on seven sets of hydraulic-head measure ments made during March 1986 - June 1991. This time period includes large-scale increases in well- field production associated with a drought in the summer of 1988, an","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarch Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954279","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, W.L., Bair, E., and Yost, W., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4279, iv, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954279.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4279/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55589,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4279/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6253b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, W. L.","contributorId":22801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bair, E. Scott","contributorId":73231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bair","given":"E. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yost, W.P.","contributorId":51791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yost","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018662,"text":"70018662 - 1996 - Conodont color and surface textural alteration in the Muschelkalk (Triassic) of the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb district, Poland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018662","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conodont color and surface textural alteration in the Muschelkalk (Triassic) of the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb district, Poland","docAbstract":"Limestone and dolostone samples were collected from sites within and adjacent to ore zones in the Trzebionka mine, Silesia-Cracow zinc-lead mining district, southern Poland, to assess the level of thermal alteration of the enclosed conodonts, via the color alteration index (CAI) technique, and to study any surface alteration effects on these microfossils. Additional conodont sampling from stratigraphic levels correlative with the horizons being mined in the Trzebionka mine was accomplished at four surface and two borehole localities in the district, to compare the CAI and surface alteration effects at these, commercially non-mineralized, localities with those effects in the mine. Data show that: 1. The overall background thermal level of the Triassic strata studied, presumably due to only shallow burial, is very low: CAI = 1; in the range of 50 to 80??C. 2. CAI values in the ore zones in the Trzebionka mine are slightly higher than this regional background: 1+ to 1.5 (in the range ???50 to 90??C minimum heating over geologic time of about 0.1 to more than 1 m. y.). This implies that heating \"events\" of higher temperatures affecting the conodonts, including the passage of the local ore-bearing solutions, were of rather short duration(s), on the order of about 1,000 to 50,000 years. CAI data from the Trzebionka Mine is consistent with temperature data from fluid inclusions, indicating ore-bearing fluid temperatures in the 100 to 138??C range, and the scenario that these fluids were resident in these strata for a geologically short period. 3. Conodonts from both surface and subsurface samples rarely show surface corrosion effects, but tend to show apatite overgrowths. These overgrowths vary in degree of development, but are consistent for each morphological type of conodont element, and qualitatively are consistent in each sample observed. 4. Ichthyoliths (fish teeth, spines, and scales), found in most of the samples, do not exhibit either mineral overgrowths or apparent corrosion effects to the extent seen in the conodont elements. 5. Ichthyoliths show color alteration effects that are consistent within-sample but which are very different from the CAI values of conodonts in the same sample. The color alteration of the fish teeth might be of value as a thermal maturation index in the future, if and when calibrated through controlled laboratory experimental testing, but at present cannot and should not be used as equivalent to conodont CAI.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08669465","usgsCitation":"Repetski, J., and Narkiewicz, M., 1996, Conodont color and surface textural alteration in the Muschelkalk (Triassic) of the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb district, Poland: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, v. 154, p. 112-120.","startPage":"112","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9d0e4b0c8380cd4d7c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Repetski, J.E.","contributorId":38579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Narkiewicz, M.","contributorId":98053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Narkiewicz","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018622,"text":"70018622 - 1996 - Beach-ridge development in Lake Michigan: Shoreline behavior in response to quasi-periodic lake-level events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-17T11:03:55.579916","indexId":"70018622","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beach-ridge development in Lake Michigan: Shoreline behavior in response to quasi-periodic lake-level events","docAbstract":"Strandplains of arcuate beach ridges are common in coastal embayments in parts of the Great Lakes. Similarities in beach-ridge development and geomorphology are recognizable in many of the embayments in the Lake Michigan basin despite differences in size and shape, available sediment type and supply, predepositional slope and topography, and hydrographic regime between the embayments. These similarities are primarily a product of three scales of quasiperiodic lake-level variation ranging in time from 30 to 600 years and in water level change from 0.5 to 3.7 m. The interaction of these three lake-level variations can be represented on a Curray (1964) diagram (rate of water level change versus rate of sediment supply). The position of any shoreline on the diagram and the type of behavior the shoreline is experiencing is a product of the interaction of the three variations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(95)00110-7","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Thompson, T., and Baedke, S., 1996, Beach-ridge development in Lake Michigan: Shoreline behavior in response to quasi-periodic lake-level events: Marine Geology, v. 129, no. 1-2, p. 163-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(95)00110-7.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227127,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f032e4b0c8380cd4a649","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, T.A.","contributorId":73226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baedke, S.J.","contributorId":14585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedke","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30257,"text":"wri944218 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Review and analysis of available pesticide information, 1968-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T14:38:37","indexId":"wri944218","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4218","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Review and analysis of available pesticide information, 1968-91","docAbstract":"In 1991 the Trinity River Basin study unit was among the first 20 study units in which work began under full-scale program implementation of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. A retrospective assessment was undertaken to review and analyze existing pesticide data and related environmental factors. Population and land-use data indicate human modifications to the landscape and hydrologic system of the study area during the period 1968–91. A variety of crops treated with pesticides were identified, with wheat and cotton accounting for the largest number of acres treated annually (541,250 and 519,870 acres, respectively). Agricultural-use estimates for the later period covered by this report (1988–90) indicate that 105 different pesticides were used and that 24 pesticides accounted for 75 percent of average agricultural use in the study area. Sorghum was treated by the largest number of the 24 mostused pesticides, and cotton was treated by the second largest number of those pesticides. Dimethoate and methyl parathion were the most heavily used of the organophosphate class pesticides. The herbicide 2,4–D was the most heavily used chlorophenoxy pesticide. Carbamate pesticides are used extensively in the study area, with carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl, and thiodicarb accounting for the majority of the use of this class of pesticide. Miscellaneous pesticides included alachlor, arsenic acid, picloram, and glyphosate, among others. The data indicate that herbicide use generally is proportionally higher in the study area than in the Nation, and that insecticide use in the study area generally is proportionally lower than in the Nation.
\nEight different agencies collected the waterquality data used in this report. Samples were collected by all agencies at a combined total of 155 surface-water sites and 121 ground-water sites. The sampled media included water, bed sediment, and tissues of fish and other aquatic wildlife.
\nSome 273 samples for analysis of the herbicide 2,4–D were collected as part of the city of Arlington’s data-collection program. The herbicide was detected in 74 percent of the samples, but none exceeded the Maximum Contamination Level for drinking water.
\nDallas Water Utilities collected pesticide samples during a storm in February 1977. Samples were collected at 17 sites with detections of some pesticides in over 50 percent of the samples. Diazinon was detected in 56 percent of samples and 2,4–D was found in 56 percent of samples.
\nTexas Parks and Wildlife Department collected samples from fish tissue for analyses of organochlorine pesticides from 15 sites in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. Chlordane concentrations in some of the samples exceeded the Food and Drug Administration’s action level of 300 micrograms per kilogram.
\nThe Texas Water Commission collected ground-water samples in the study area during 1990 for the major types of pesticides and none were detected. No arsenic was detected in samples from 121 wells in or near the study area. Organochlorine and organophosphate samples were collected beginning in 1974 and ending in 1991. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in bed sediment decrease with increasing distance downstream from the Dallas-Fort Worth urban area.
\nPesticide samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey indicated significant rank correlation between number of detects of chlordane and the percent of the contributing watershed classified as urban land use. Dieldrin in bed sediment samples, and lindane, diazinon, and malathion, in water samples, also were significantly correlated with urban land use. Chlordane and dieldrin were significantly correlated with distance downstream from the Dallas-Fort Worth urban area.
\nReview of all available data showed that pesticides were detected to a substantial degree in various sample media over the time period covered by this report. The authors were able to locate little pesticide-sample data for ground water or for tributary streams because sampling efforts historically have been concentrated on the mainstem Trinity River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri944218","usgsCitation":"Ulery, R., and Brown, M., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Review and analysis of available pesticide information, 1968-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4218, viii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944218.","productDescription":"viii, 88 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11560,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://tx.usgs.gov/projects/trin/pubs/pdf/wri-94-4218.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4218/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59046,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4218/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -99,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -99,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ulery, R.L.","contributorId":46507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulery","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, M.F.","contributorId":71579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174859,"text":"70174859 - 1993 - 1993 Annual Report: San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-18T19:57:26","indexId":"70174859","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-01T09:15:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"1993 Annual Report: San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances","docAbstract":"This first annual report of the San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program contains the results of monitoring measurements made in 1993. Measurements of conventional water quality parameters and trace contaminant concentrations were made at 16 stations throughout the Estuary three times during the year: the wet period (March), during declining Delta outflow (May), and during the dry period (September). Water toxicity tests were conducted at 8 of those stations. Measurements of sediment quality and contaminant concentrations were made at the same 16 stations during the wet and dry sampling periods. Sediment toxicity was measured at 8 of those stations. Transplanted, bagged bivalve bioaccumulation and condition was measured at 11 stations during the wet and dry sampling periods.
\nWater Monitoring. Total or near-total (dissolved + particulate, see text) arsenic, cadmium, selenium, and dissolved (0.45 µm filtered) arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel, silver, and zinc in water were highest in the South Bay. In general, dissolved metals in water were usually lowest in the Central Bay due to ocean influences. Near-total nickel and total mercury in water were highest in the northern estuary (San Pablo and Suisun Bays). Dissolved chromium and lead were highest at the Sacramento and San Joaquin River confluence stations. Six of the ten dissolved trace metals were highest in March during high runoff. Dissolved and total arsenic, selenium, and near-total cadmium were highest in September.
\nConcentrations of trace organic contaminants are reported for the March sampling period. Total PAHs and PCBs were highest in the South Bay, but PCBs were also high in the Napa River. Dissolved PAHs were highest in the Central Bay, and dissolved PCBs were highest in the Napa River. Total and dissolved pesticides were highest in the Sacramento River and in the Extreme South Bay.
\nConcentrations of trace elements in water (except selenium) were usually closely related with other environmental parameters. Total or near-total metals concentrations in water were most often associated with the amount of particulate material (TSS) in the water. Dissolved concentrations were usually associated with salinity or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. Dissolved PAHs were well correlated with TSS, but dissolved and total trace organic contaminants were poorly correlated with other water parameters.
\nBased on deviations from conservative mixing of fresh and salt water, three different patterns of possible sources of metals were identified in 1993. For dissolved chromium and lead, rivers and local runoff appeared to be important sources. For dissolved arsenic, cadmium, copper, and nickel year-round inputs from the South Bay appeared to be important sources. Dissolved mercury, selenium, and zinc were associated with local runoff in the South Bay during the wet period. Dissolved silver did not fit any of these patterns.
\nAlthough most contaminant concentrations were below water quality objectives, several trace contaminants were above the objectives at some stations. Comparisons to water quality objectives are used as a guide for evaluation of contaminant concentrations, but there are some differences in the way the RMP data are measured and that prescribed for regulatory purposes (see text). Concentrations of 5 metals in water were above EPA or Regional Basin Plan water quality objectives at six stations (see Table 30). Most of these elevated levels occurred at the northern estuary stations. Total PCB concentrations were above EPA human health objectives at all RMP stations. The pesticides chlordane, dieldrin, and DDTs were above the EPA objectives at several RMP stations, particularly at the northern-most, and river confluence stations.
\nAlthough some of the contaminant concentrations were above water quality objectives, water toxicity tests (96 hour algal growth and 48 hour bivalve larval development tests) did not indicate toxicity (sometimes inconclusive) associated with the water samples collected at any of the RMP stations in 1993. Exposure to Bay San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program Regional Monitoring Program 1993 Report ii water actually enhanced algal growth at most stations.
\nIn addition to the Estuary-wide sampling, the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers were sampled upstream from their confluence. Stations in each river were sampled six times over a 6 week period of high flows. In the Sacramento River, seven of the ten dissolved metals measured had concentrations lower than those measured at the river confluence stations. Some metals concentrations in the San Joaquin River were higher, and some were lower than concentrations from the river confluence station. Metals concentrations in the Sacramento River were poorly related to river flow because the station at Rio Vista is under considerable tidal influence. In the San Joaquin River, flows were inversely related to 7 of 10 total metals concentrations.
\nSediment Monitoring. Concentrations of silver, mercury, and lead in sediment were highest in the South Bay. However, concentrations of most trace metals in sediments were highest in the northern estuary at stations with the finest (silt, clay) sediments. The northern estuary stations with the coarsest (sand, shell) sediments generally had the lowest metals concentrations. There were differences in concentrations of cadmium, lead, and selenium in sediments between the sampling periods, but no consistent trend as to which sampling period had higher values. In September, PAHs and PCBs in sediments were highest in the Central Bay, but pesticides in sediments were highest in the northern estuary and Extreme South Bay.
\nNOAA’s Median Effects Ranges (ERM) for sediments were used as a guide for evaluation of sediment contaminant concentrations. Nickel was the only trace contaminant in sediment above the ERM guidelines, and it was high at all RMP stations. These high levels are probably due to natural, geologic sources.
\nAlthough sediment contaminant concentrations were below ERMs, sediment toxicity tests (10 day amphipod mortality, and 48 hour bivalve larval development in elutriates) indicated toxicity at all stations tested. Sediment factors that could have caused the toxicity were not investigated.
\nBivalve Bioaccumulation. Mussels, oysters, and freshwater clams were transplanted to the RMP stations to evaluate bioaccumulation of trace substances. Trace metals were bioaccumulated at nearly all RMP stations. However, arsenic, lead, and mercury did not appear to bioaccumulate. There was generally more bioaccumulation during the dry season than during the wet season. In September, PAHs, PCBs, and pesticides accumulated in all samples. Bioaccumulation of PAHs and pesticides was generally highest at the river confluence stations, and the Napa River. PCBs accumulated most at Redwood Creek.
\nThere were substantial differences in the degree of bioaccumulation among the species. Oysters appeared to accumulate higher concentrations of trace metals than the other species, especially copper, which may be a natural phenomenon.
\nThere are no established tissue contaminant standards for trace metal and organic contaminants. Therefore, comparisons to Median International Standards (MIS) for human consumption, or U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) action levels for trace organics are used to evaluate the bioaccumulation results. Concentrations of selenium were higher than MIS guidelines at all stations during the wet season. Other trace metal concentrations were higher than MIS guidelines at various stations during one or the other sampling period. However, none of the bivalves contained concentrations above the USFDA or National Academy of Sciences (NAS) guidelines for trace organic contaminants.
\nThe transplanted bivalves survived well at all stations except in the Napa River where less than 35% survived during both sampling seasons. Measures of bivalve condition (dry weight, shell volume) indicated that bivalves deployed in the Central Bay grew significantly, but those at most other stations actually lost weight. Whether these differences were due to natural causes such as salinity or food supply, or to contamination, was not determined.
\nPilot Studies. Two pilot monitoring studies were conducted in 1993. A pilot study of Estuary hydrography and phytoplankton was conducted by scientists from the U.S. Summary Geological Survey in Menlo Park and U.C. Davis. Water column profiles at up to 37 stations were monitored along a transect of the Estuary run monthly between the South Bay and the Delta.
\nThe primary objective of this study was to define physical (salinity, temperature, suspended particulate matter, and light penetration), chemical (dissolved oxygen) and biological (chlorophyll a) characteristics of Estuary water that may influence other chemical and biological reactions. A second objective was to investigate planktonic indicators of ecosystem structure and function.
\nThe data collected in 1993 showed the extent and duration of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the South Bay, other localized blooms in the northern estuary, the stratification and mixing associated with the entrapment zone in the northern estuary, and mixing in the Estuary resulting from the high rainfall in 1993. Knowledge of the duration and extent of these natural features of the Estuary provide context for interpretation of the RMP contaminant data collected only 3 times per year.
\nAnother pilot study of suspended sediment transport processes was conducted by the USGS in Sacramento. This study used continuous recording sensors at Point San Pablo and the Bay Bridge to measure the amount of suspended sediment in the water at mid-depth and near the bottom, as well as tide height.
\nThe objectives of this study were to estimate which factors determine suspended solids concentrations in the Central Bay and to collect time series of suspended solids that are appropriate for continuous monitoring of suspended solids and for calibration and validation of numerical models.
\nThe investigators determined that spring tides accounted for most of the variation in suspended solids concentrations at the stations monitored, not runoff from the Sacramento or San Joaquin Rivers, or semidiurnal and diurnal tides.
\nComparisons were also made between measurements made by the continuous recordings and the RMP samples collected during the regular monitoring cruises. The different ways of measuring TSS were generally comparable, however only 3 measurements per year as made by the RMP could not provide the information of TSS variation actually occurring in the Estuary.
\nThis information is important because as shown by the RMP data, total contaminant concentrations in Estuary water is largely dependent on the TSS in the water. This implies that the RMP measurements alone cannot determine accurately the range of contaminant concentrations without better characterizing the dynamics of TSS.
\nThe RMP Pilot Studies are important to the developing RMP because they will help put RMP measurements into the perspective of Estuary processes and mechanisms at other time scales. The studies can relate those processes to the RMP measurements and will facilitate revision of sampling design and interpretation.
\nSummaries of other monitoring activities pertinent to regional monitoring are also included in the Report: a description of the Regional Board’s Bay Protection Studies, the Sacramento Coordinated Monitoring Program, and a wetlands monitoring plan are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","collaboration":"A Cooperative Program Managed and Administered by the San Francisco Estuary Institute","usgsCitation":"Thompson, B., Lacy, J., Hardin, D., Grovhaug, T., Taberski, K., Jassby, A.D., Cloern, J.E., Caffrey, J., Cole, B., and Schoellhamer, D., 1993, 1993 Annual Report: San Francisco estuary regional monitoring program for trace substances, 226 p.","productDescription":"226 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"226","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1993-03-01","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":325419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325418,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/1993_RMP_Annual_Report.pdf","text":"1993 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"1993 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.04962158203124,\n 38.22739287920163\n ],\n [\n -121.39617919921874,\n 38.302869955150044\n ],\n [\n -121.322021484375,\n 37.76854362092148\n ],\n [\n -121.92901611328125,\n 37.155938651244625\n ],\n [\n -122.48931884765626,\n 37.16469418870222\n ],\n [\n -123.04962158203124,\n 38.22739287920163\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578dfdace4b0f1bea0e0f80c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, B.","contributorId":13810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacy, Jessica","contributorId":71277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacy","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hardin, Dane","contributorId":92898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardin","given":"Dane","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grovhaug, Tom","contributorId":172974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grovhaug","given":"Tom","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taberski, K.","contributorId":80075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taberski","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Caffrey, J.","contributorId":147320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caffrey","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cole, B.","contributorId":36744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":67055,"text":"i2208 - 1993 - Geologic map of the MTM 25057 and 25052 quadrangles, Kasei Valles region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-06T10:56:38.234956","indexId":"i2208","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2208","title":"Geologic map of the MTM 25057 and 25052 quadrangles, Kasei Valles region of Mars","docAbstract":"Kasei Valles (fig. 1) make up the largest system of outflow channels on Mars and were a major contributor of water to Chryse Planitia. The walls and floors of the Kasei channels are terraced and grooved, closely resembling the channeled scablands of eastern Washington State that were formed by catastrophic floods probably lasting no more than a few days (Baker and Milton, 1974; Baker and Kochel, 1979). Evidence obtained from previous geologic mapping of parts of Kasei Valles (Chapman and Scott, 1989) was not conclusive as to whether water levels varied markedly during single flood and erosional event or whether flooding was episodic and marked by intermittent periods of scouring. This problem – whether one or several flood episodes occurred within individual water courses – has been a continuing issue in studies of Martian channel formation (Greeley and others, 1977). Recent large-scale geologic mapping (Tanaka and Chapman, 1990) of Mangala Valles, another large outflow channel system in the Memnonia region of Mars, shows deposits of two periods of flooding; the deposits are separated stratigraphically by a lava flow. In areas around the Chryse basin, geologic studies (for example, Greeley and others, 1977) indicate that more than one episode of channel formation occurred or, less likely, that flooding was of very long duration. Evidence disclosed by the present mapping indicates that flooding was episodic in Kasei Valles and probably occurred over protracted time intervals throughout the Hesperian Periods and possibly in the Early to Middle Amazonian.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2208","usgsCitation":"Scott, D.H., 1993, Geologic map of the MTM 25057 and 25052 quadrangles, Kasei Valles region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2208, 1 Plate: 77.33 × 56.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2208.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 77.33 × 56.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":438925,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9IDCZ1Y","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the MTM 25057 and 25052 quadrangles, Kasei Valles region of Mars"},{"id":101395,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2208/plate-1.pdf","size":"17134","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":188677,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"502000","otherGeospatial":"Kasei Valles, Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696d2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, David H. 0000-0002-7925-7452 dscott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-7452","contributorId":14415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"David","email":"dscott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17607,"text":"ofr93457 - 1993 - Reconnaissance data for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolities, and nitrate in surface water of the Midwestern United States, 1989-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T14:27:59","indexId":"ofr93457","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-457","title":"Reconnaissance data for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolities, and nitrate in surface water of the Midwestern United States, 1989-90","docAbstract":"Water-quality data were collected from 147 rivers and streams during 1989-90 to assess selected preemergent herbicides, two atrazine metabolites, and nitrate in 10 Midwestern States. This report includes a description of the sampling design, data collection techniques, laboratory and analytical methods, and a compilation of constituent concentrations and quality-assurance data. All water samples were collected by depth-integrating techniques at three to five locations across the wetted perimeter of each stream. Sites were sampled three times in l989--before application of herbi- cides, during the first major runoff after appli- cation of herbicides, and in the fall during a low-flow period when ground water contributed to most of the streamflow. About 50 sites were selected by a stratified random procedure and resampled for both pre- and post-application herbicide concen- trations in 1990 to verify the 1989 results. Laboratory analyses consisted of both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with confirmation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The data are useful in studying herbicide transport, in comparison of the spatial distribution of the post-application concentrations of 11 herbicides and 2 atrazine metabolites (deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine) in streams and rivers at a regional scale. It is also useful in examination of annual persistence of herbicides and two metabolites in surface water, and in the assessment of atrazine metabolites as indicators of surface- and ground- water interaction. The reconnaissance data are contained in this report and are also available on computer diskette from the U.S. Geological Survey in Lawrence, Kansas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93457","usgsCitation":"Scribner, E., Thurman, E., Goolsby, D.A., Meyer, M.T., Mills, M.S., and Pomes, M., 1993, Reconnaissance data for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolities, and nitrate in surface water of the Midwestern United States, 1989-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-457, vi, 77 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93457.","productDescription":"vi, 77 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0457/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0457/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 37.16031654673677\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db644457","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, E.A.","contributorId":50925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pomes, M.L.","contributorId":84393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomes","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70017480,"text":"70017480 - 1993 - Chronology, Eruption Duration, and Atmospheric Contribution of the Martian Volcano Apollinaris Patera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70017480","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology, Eruption Duration, and Atmospheric Contribution of the Martian Volcano Apollinaris Patera","docAbstract":"Geologic mapping, thermal inertia measurements, and an analysis of the color (visual wavelengths) of the martian volcano Apollinaris Patera indicate the existence of two different surface materials, comprising an early, easily eroded edifice, and a more recent, competent fan on the southern flank. A chronology of six major events that is consistent with the present morphology of the volcano has been identified. We propose that large scale explosive activity occurred during the formation of the main edifice and that the distinctive fan on the southern flank appears to have been formed by lavas of low eruptive rate similar to those that form compound pahoehoe flow fields on Earth. A basal escarpment typically 500 m in relief and morphologically similar to the one surrounding Olympus Mons was produced between the formation of the main edifice and the fan, indicating multistage eruptions over a protracted period of time. Contact relations between the volcanic units and the adjacent chaotic material indicate that formation of the chaotic material occurred over an extended period of time and may be related to the volcanic activity that formed Apollinaris Patera. Stereophotogrammetric measurements permit the volume of the volcano to be estimated at 105 km3. From this volume measurement and an inferred eruption rate (1.5 ?? 10-2 km3 yr-1) we estimate the total eruption duration for the main edifice to be ???107 yrs. Plausible estimates of the exsolved volatile content of the parent magma imply that greater than 1015 kg of water vapor was released into the atmosphere as a consequence of this activity. This large amount of water vapor as well as other exsolved gases must have had a significant impact on local, and possibly global, climatic conditions. ?? 1993 Academic Press. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1993.1103","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Robinson, M., Mouginis-Mark, P., Zimbelman, J.R., Wu, S., Ablin, K., and Howington-Kraus, A.E., 1993, Chronology, Eruption Duration, and Atmospheric Contribution of the Martian Volcano Apollinaris Patera: Icarus, v. 104, no. 2, p. 301-323, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1103.","startPage":"301","endPage":"323","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206156,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1103"},{"id":228844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f9e4b0c8380cd4c519","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, M.S.","contributorId":34934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mouginis-Mark, P. J.","contributorId":41086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mouginis-Mark","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zimbelman, J. R.","contributorId":94685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wu, S.S.C.","contributorId":10421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"S.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ablin, K.K.","contributorId":79261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ablin","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howington-Kraus, A. E.","contributorId":90894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howington-Kraus","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":7000022,"text":"7000022 - 1992 - The Great Ice Age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:16:51","indexId":"7000022","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"The Great Ice Age","docAbstract":"The Great Ice Age, a recent chapter in the Earth's history, was a period of recurring widespread glaciations. During the Pleistocene Epoch of the geologic time scale, which began about a million or more years ago, mountain glaciers formed on all continents, the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland were more extensive and thicker than today, and vast glaciers, in places as much as several thousand feet thick, spread across northern North America and Eurasia. So extensive were these glaciers that almost a third of the present land surface of the Earth was intermittently covered by ice. Even today remnants of the great glaciers cover almost a tenth of the land, indicating that conditions somewhat similar to those which produced the Great Ice Age are still operating in polar and subpolar climates.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/7000022","usgsCitation":"Ray, L.L., 1992, The Great Ice Age: General Interest Publication, 7 p. (15 columns), https://doi.org/10.3133/7000022.","productDescription":"7 p. (15 columns)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259418,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/ice_age/ice_age.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":18594,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/ice_age/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ray, Louis L.","contributorId":48527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207641,"text":"70207641 - 1992 - Calibration of the latest Eocene-Oligocene geomagnetic polarity time scale using 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dated ignimbrites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T15:35:27.941814","indexId":"70207641","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T10:10:28","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Calibration of the latest Eocene-Oligocene geomagnetic polarity time scale using 40Ar/ 39 Ar dated ignimbrites","title":"Calibration of the latest Eocene-Oligocene geomagnetic polarity time scale using 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dated ignimbrites","docAbstract":"A discontinuous record of late Eocene-Oligocene geomagnetic polarity has been determined using high-precision (±<0.15 m.y.) 40Ar/39Ar sanidine dating and a paleomagnetic study of 37-27 Ma ignimbrites in New Mexico, Colorado, and Texas. This record provides age control for several geomagnetic polarity reversals that occurred during three periods of intense ignimbrite volcanism: 36.8-33.5 Ma, 32.7-31.4 Ma, 29.1-26.9 Ma. The relative timing of these polarity reversals permits four possible correlations with the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS). The preferred correlation yields calibration ages for Chron C10R (28.0-29.0 Ma) and Chron C13R (34.4-33.1 Ma) that indicate an Eocene-Oligocene boundary age near 33.4 Ma, some 0.3-0.6 m.y. younger than boundary ages indicated by other recently proposed GPTS calibrations based on terrestrial and marine sedimentary sequences.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0459:COTLEO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McIntosh, W.C., Geissman, J.W., Chapin, C., Kunk, M.J., and , C., 1992, Calibration of the latest Eocene-Oligocene geomagnetic polarity time scale using 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dated ignimbrites: Geology, v. 20, no. 5, p. 459-463, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0459:COTLEO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"459","endPage":"463","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McIntosh, W. C.","contributorId":68039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntosh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geissman, J. W.","contributorId":105760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapin, C.E.","contributorId":84511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":" Christopher D. Henry","contributorId":126897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"given":"Christopher D. Henry","affiliations":[{"id":6689,"text":"Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016576,"text":"70016576 - 1992 - Heat flow and subsurface temperature as evidence for basin-scale ground-water flow, North Slope of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T22:55:09.297593","indexId":"70016576","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow and subsurface temperature as evidence for basin-scale ground-water flow, North Slope of Alaska","docAbstract":"In conjunction with the U.S. Geological Survey's exploration program in the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska (NPRA) several high-resolution temperature logs were made in each of 21 drillholes between 1977 and 1984. These time-series of shallow (average 600-m depth) temperature profiles were extrapolated to infinite time to yield equilibrium temperature profiles (±0.1 °C). Thermal gradients are inversely correlated with elevation, and vary from 22 °C/km in the foothills of the Brooks Range to as high as 53 °C/km on the coastal plain to the north. Shallow temperature data were supplemented with 24 equilibrium temperatures (±3-5 °C) estimated from series of bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs) measured near the bottom of petroleum exploration wells. A total of 601 thermal conductivity measurements were made on drill cuttings and cores. Near-surface heat flow (±20%) is inversely correlated with elevation and ranges from a low of 27 mW/m2 in the foothills of the Brooks Range in the south, to a high of 90 mW/m2 near the north coast. Subsurface temperatures and thermal gradients estimated from corrected BHTs are similarly much higher on the coastal plain than in the foothills province to the south. Significant east-west variation in heat flow and subsurface temperature is also observed; higher heat flow and temperature coincide with higher basement topography. The observed thermal pattern is consistent with forced convection by a topographically driven ground-water flow system; alternative explanations are largely unsatisfactory. Average ground-water (Darcy) velocity in the postulated flow system is estimated to be of the order of 0.1 m/yr; the effective basin-scale permeability is estimated to be of the order of 10-14 m2. Organic maturation data collected in other studies indicate that systematic variations in thermal state may have persisted for tens of millions of years. The ground-water flow system thought to be responsible for present heat-flow variations conceivably has existed for the same period of time, possibly providing the driving mechanism for petroleum migration and accumulation at Prudhoe Bay.
The Gulf Coast Regional Aquifer-System Analysis includes all major aquifer systems in Cenozoic deposits in the Gulf Coastal Plain in the States of Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee, Texas, and small areas in Alabama and Florida (western panhandle area), an area of about 290,000 square miles. The Gulf Coast geosyncline and the Mississippi embayment were the major depocenters for the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits that form the framework for the aquifer systems.
\nFoiiDation of the Gulf Coast geosyncline and the Mississippi embayment began with downwarping and downfaulting at the end of the Paleozoic Era. Sedimentation caused the geosyncline to continue to subside throughout Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. During the Late Cretaceous, at the close of the Mesozoic Era, the sea advanced northward and eventually inundated the Mississippi embayment. Marine cycles persisted throughout the Paleocene and Eocene Epochs of the Tertiary Period, as the sea alternately advanced and retreated over the Mississippi embayment. The resulting sediments form a series of dense marine clays separated by terrigenous sands. The Gulf Coast geosyncline remained submerged during marine regressions in the embayment. After withdrawal of the last Tertiary sea from the Mississippi embayment at the end of the Eocene Epoch, deposition continued along the Gulf Coastal Plain under a shifting variety of nonmarine, marine, near-marine, and deltaic environments. Deposition resumed in the Mississippi embayment during the Quaternary with glacially related terraces and aggradation of streams. Fluvial deposition continues.
\nStructural features in the Gulf Coastal Plain and Mississippi embayment significantly affected Cenozoic deposition. The Desha basin, for example, is a pronounced Tertiary synclinal depocenter in southeastern Arkansas. Three large uplifts are approximately aligned along the latitude of the northern boundary of Louisiana. These are, from west to east, the Sabine, Monroe, and Jackson uplifts. A belt of three major fault zones, the Luling-Mexia-Talco, Arkansas, and Pickens-Gilbertown, generally follows the strike of sediments across the Coastal Plain and more or less forms the northern updip extent of the Gulf Coast geosyncline. An alternating series of gentle synclines and anticlines is oriented perpendicular to the coastline along the Gulf Coast in Texas. Beginning at the southwestern end, these are the Rio Grande embayment, San Marcos arch, Houston embayment, and Sabine arch. The Wiggins anticline is oriented approximately along strike of the sediments in southern Mississippi. Salt domes are numerous in the Gulf Coastal Plain and may penetrate thousands of feet of sediments. Although the degree of salt intrusion can be very great, disruption of adjacent strata is limited to the vicinity of the dome.
\nThe physiography of the Gulf Coastal Plain is a direct result of the nature of the strata at land surface and physical forces that act upon them. Different terrains typify the lithologies that underlie them. The sands and clays that are the predominant rock types each produce characteristic geomorphologic patterns; sands tend to produce ridges, and clays produce topographic lows.
\nAlthough Cenozoic deposits are not uniformly differentiated, interstate correlations of major Paleocene and Eocene units are generally established throughout the area. Younger deposits are not as well differentiated. Some stratigraphic designations made at surface exposures cannot be extended into the sub-surface, and the scarcity of distinct geologic horizons has hampered differentiation on a regional scale. The complexities of facies development in Oligocene and younger coastal deposits preclude the development of extensive recognizable horizons needed for stratigraphic applications. Coastal deposits are a heterogeneous assemblage of deltaic, lagoonal, lacustrine, palustrine, eolian, and fluvial clastic facies and local calcareous reef facies. Even major time boundaries, as between geologic series, are not fully resolved. Surficial Quaternary deposits overlie the truncated subcrops of Tertiary strata and generally are distinguishable, although some contacts between Pleistocene and underlying Pliocene deposits have been a ?lstoncal source of controversy. Glacially related terraces are characteristic of the Pleistocene Epoch, and alluvium of aggrading streams typifies the Holocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9166","usgsCitation":"Hosman, R., 1991, Regional stratigraphy and subsurface geology of Cenozoic deposits, Gulf Coastal Plain, south-central United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-66, vi, 43 p.; 31 Figures: 17.07 x 21.75 inches or smaller; 1 Table, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9166.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.; 31 Figures: 17.07 x 21.75 inches or smaller; 1 Table","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9166.PNG"},{"id":310853,"rank":19,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0066/figure-21.pdf","text":"Figure 21","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310854,"rank":20,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0066/figure-22.pdf","text":"Figure 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L.","contributorId":42978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosman","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198221,"text":"70198221 - 1991 - A reinterpretation of the timing, position, and significance of part of the Sacramento Mountains detachment fault, southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-20T09:50:26","indexId":"70198221","displayToPublicDate":"1991-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A reinterpretation of the timing, position, and significance of part of the Sacramento Mountains detachment fault, southeastern California","docAbstract":"A contact previously considered to be part of the Sacramento Mountains detachment fault (SDF), exposed in the Sacramento Mountains metamorphic core complex, is reinterpreted as an unconformity between Tertiary rhyolite of Eagle Peak and cataclastically deformed crystalline lower-plate rocks. This reinterpretation is based on outcrop-scale topographic relief and the absence of deformation along the base of the rhyolite, even where underlying rocks are severely deformed and altered. The rhyolite is dated at about 14.3 Ma.
Lower-plate rocks of the SDF comprise gneiss intruded by granodiorite, tonalite, and leucogranite. Mylonitic fabrics are variably developed in lower-plate rocks and are cut by brittle shear zones that contain ultracataclasite, and by high- and low-angle faults. Upper-plate rocks include gneiss; nonmylonitic granodiorite, tonalite, and granite; and middle Miocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks. On the south side of Eagle Peak, a thick ultracataclasite zone dips about 30° west, contains subhorizontal hematite-stained slickenlines, and is interpreted to be part of the SDF system. This ultracataclasite zone is unconformably overlain by more gently dipping, undeformed, 14.3 Ma rhyolite of Eagle Peak. The unconformity records unroofing of a domed SDF after a period of 8 to 9 m.y. of progressive unloading of the lower plate in an evolving extensional shear zone. Extension on part of the SDF was accommodated by a system of high-angle, oblique-slip faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0751:AROTTP>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Simpson, C., Schweitzer, J., and Howard, K.A., 1991, A reinterpretation of the timing, position, and significance of part of the Sacramento Mountains detachment fault, southeastern California: GSA Bulletin, v. 103, no. 6, p. 751-761, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0751:AROTTP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"751","endPage":"761","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355863,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento Mountains ","volume":"103","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112411e4b034bf6a81dd79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Carol","contributorId":206474,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simpson","given":"Carol","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schweitzer, Janet","contributorId":206475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"Janet","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27587,"text":"wri884234 - 1989 - Geohydrology of the alluvial and terrace deposits of the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake, central Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri884234","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4234","title":"Geohydrology of the alluvial and terrace deposits of the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake, central Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This investigation was undertaken to describe the geohydrology of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River between Lake Overholser and Eufaula Lake, an area of about 1,835 square miles, and to determine the maximum annual yield of ground water.\r\nA 1982 water-level map of the alluvial and terrace aquifer was prepared using field data and published records. Data from test holes and other data from the files of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Oklahoma Water Resources Board were used to establish the approximate thickness of the alluvial and terrace deposits.\r\n\r\nThe North Canadian River from Lake Overholser, near Oklahoma City, to Eufaula Lake is paralleled by a 2- to 3-mile wide band of alluvium. Scattered terrace deposits on either side of the alluvium reach an extreme width of 8 miles. Rocks of Permian age bound the alluvial and terrace deposits from the west to the midpoint of the study area; Pennsylvanian rocks bound the alluvial and terrace deposits from that point eastward.\r\n\r\nThree major aquifers are present in the study area: the alluvial and terrace aquifer, consisting of alluvium and terrace deposits of Quaternary age in a narrow band on either side of the North Canadian River; the Garber-Wellington aquifer of Permian age, consisting of an upper unconfined zone and a lower confined zone separated by relatively impermeable shales; and the Ada-Vamoosa aquifer of Pennsylvanian age. At locations were the alluvial and terrace aquifer overlies either of the other aquifers, there is hydraulic continuity between the alluvial and terrace aquifer and the other aquifers, and water levels are the same.\r\n\r\nMost large-scale municipal and industrial pumping from the Garber-Wellington aquifer is from the lower zone and has little discernible effect upon the alluvial and terrace aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe total estimated base flow of the North Canadian River for the studied reach is 264 cubic feet per second. Evapotranspiration from the basin in August is about 60 cubic feet per second for the North Canadian River from Lake Overholser to a measuring station above Eufaula Lake. Estimated recharge rates to the alluvial and terrace aquifer in the basin range from 1.7 inches at the west edge of the study area to 7.0 inches at the east edge.\r\n\r\nTotal permitted withdrawal from the aquifer, according to records of the Oklahoma Water Resources Board, ranged from 2,107 acre-feet per year in 1942 to about 21,415 acre-feet per year in 1982.\r\n\r\nSimulations of the alluvial and terrace aquifer from Lake Overholser to Eufaula Lake were made using a finite-difference model developed by McDonald and Harbaugh (1984). The area of the aquifers was subdivided into a finite-difference grid having 30 rows and 57 columns with cells measuring 1 mile in the north-south direction and 2 miles in the east-west direction. The model was calibrated in two steps: A steady-state calibration simulated head distribution prior to extensive pumping of the aquifer in 1942, and a transient calibration simulated head distribution after extensive pumpage. The final horizontal hydraulic conductivity used for the alluvial and terrace aquifer was 0.0036 feet per second (310 feet per day) at all locations. The recharge rate for the alluvial and terrace aquifer ranged from 1.7 inch per year in the west to 7.0 inches per year in the east, and averaged about 3.3 inches per year. A specific yield of 15 percent was used for the transient simulation.\r\n\r\nPermitted pumpage for 1942 through 1982 was used in the digital model to estimate the annual volume of water in storage in the alluvial and terrace aquifer for the years for this time period. The 1982 permitted pumpage rates were used for projections for 1983 to 2020. The estimated volume of water in storage was 1,940,000 acre-feet in 1982. Because the estimated recharge rate is equal to the allowed pumpage rate in 1982, the projected volume of water in storage in both 1993 and 2020 was 1,890,000 acre-feet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-file reports, Federal Center,","doi":"10.3133/wri884234","usgsCitation":"Havens, J., 1989, Geohydrology of the alluvial and terrace deposits of the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake, central Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4234, vii, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884234.","productDescription":"vii, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56439,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56440,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56441,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56442,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56443,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56444,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56445,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56446,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56447,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56448,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56449,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56450,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56451,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8888","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Havens, J.S.","contributorId":12043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Havens","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3186,"text":"wsp2325 - 1988 - National water summary 1986: Hydrologic events and ground-water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T20:58:06.584628","indexId":"wsp2325","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2325","title":"National water summary 1986: Hydrologic events and ground-water quality","docAbstract":"Ground water is one of the most important natural resources of the United States and degradation of its quality could have a major effect on the welfare of the Nation. Currently (1985), ground water is the source of drinking water for 53 percent of the Nation's population and for more than 97 percent of its rural population. It is the source of about 40 percent of the Nation's public water supply, 33 percent of water for irrigation, and 17 percent of freshwater for selfsupplied industries.
Ground water also is the source of about 40 percent of the average annual streamflow in the United States, although during long periods of little or no precipitation, ground-water discharges provide nearly all of the base streamflow. This hydraulic connection between aquifers and streams implies that if a persistent pollutant gets into an aquifer, it eventually could discharge into a stream.
Information presented in the 1986 National Water Summary clearly shows that the United States has very large amounts of potable ground water available for use. Although naturally occurring constituents, such as nitrate, and human-induced substances, such as synthetic organic chemicals, frequently are detected in ground water, their concentrations usually do not exceed existing Federal or State standards or guidelines for maximum concentrations in drinking water.
Troublesome contamination of ground water falls into two basic categories related to the source or sources of the contamination. Locally, high concentrations of a variety of toxic metals, organic chemicals, and petroleum products have been detected in ground water associated with point sources such as wastedisposal sites, storage-tank leaks, and hazardous chemical spills. These types of local problems commonly occur in densely populated urban areas and industrialized areas. Larger, multicounty areas also have been identified where contamination frequently is found in shallow wells. These areas generally are associated with broad-scale, or nonpoint, sources of contamination such as agricultural activities or highdensity domestic waste disposal (septic systems) in urban centers. At present, only a very small percentage of the total volume of potable ground water in the United States is contaminated from both point and nonpoint sources; however, available data, especially data about the occurrence of synthetic organic and toxic substances, generally are inadequate to determine the full extent of ground-water contamination in the Nation's aquifers or to define trends in groundwater quality. Most information about the occurrence of these substances has come from the study of individual sites or areas where contamination had already been detected or suspected.
Management and protection of ground water present a major challenge to the Nation. Current and projected costs of detection and cleanup of existing ground-water contamination are staggering and, even so, complete removal of pollutants from ground water in the vicinity of some waste sites might not be technically feasible. At all levels of government, the task of protecting the resource for its most beneficial uses is difficult and controversial.
Despite increasing awareness that some of the Nation's ground water is contaminated with a variety of toxic metals, synthetic organic chemicals, radionuclides, pesticides, and other contaminants that might present a long-term risk to human health, public policy towards ground-water protection is still in the formative stages. Despite increasing efforts devoted to ground-water protection by State and Federal regulatory and resource-management agencies, the extent of ground-water contamination is likely to appear to increase over the next few years because more agencies will be searching for evidence of contamination, and they will be using increasingly sensitive analytical procedures. Increased technology and expanded monitoring activities probably will detect the effects of past contamination and land uses on water quality. The significant time lag between a waterquality change in one part of an aquifer system and the effects of that change at a downgradient site, such as a well, results from the generally slow movement of ground water. This lag between cause and observed effect needs to be considered in evaluating the effectiveness of current and future ground-water policies and remedial measures.
Conclusive answers to questions about the location, extent, and severity of ground-water contamination, and about trends in ground-water quality, must await further collection and analysis of data from the Nation's aquifers. Generalizations, however, can be made, and the 1986 National Water Summary, which describes the natural quality of ground-water resources in each State and the major contamination problems that have been identified as of 1986, provides a national perspective of the ground-water-quality situation.
The 1986 National Water Summary follows the format of previous volumes. It contains three parts, and the contents of each of these parts are highlighted below.
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}\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69835a","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Moody, David W.","contributorId":84729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573885,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, Jerry E.","contributorId":47758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573886,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chase, Edith B.","contributorId":11192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Edith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573887,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paulson, Richard W.","contributorId":106861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573888,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"United States Geological Survey","contributorId":128013,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"United States Geological Survey","id":905270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184266,"text":"70184266 - 1987 - Morphometric variability within the axial zone of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Interpretation from Sea MARC II, Sea MARC I, and deep-sea photography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T13:40:33","indexId":"70184266","displayToPublicDate":"1987-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphometric variability within the axial zone of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Interpretation from Sea MARC II, Sea MARC I, and deep-sea photography","docAbstract":"The morphometric characteristics of the axial regions of oceanic spreading centers are determined by (1) the type of volcanic flows, (2) the relation between primary volcanic relief (on a scale of a few meters to tens of meters) and degree of sediment cover, and (3) the extent of surficial expression and timing of tectonic disruption of the young oceanic crust. Even within a single, continuous, linear spreading-ridge segment with relatively uniform axial valley dimensions over a distance of 50 or more kilometers, such as along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge, the changes in morphometric characteristics along axis within the youngest crust indicate distinct variation in tectonic and volcanic activity over short distances within short time periods. An integrated analysis of Sea MARC I, Sea MARC II, and photographic data for the southernmost continuous segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge shows that generalizations about tectonic and volcanic processes at spreading ridges must consider both the temporal scale of processes as well as the physical scales of observations if predictive models are to be successful. Comparison of the morphometric expression within the major hydrothermal vent area and the rest of the southernmost ridge segment suggests that the mapped distribution of hydrothermal vents may reflect the extent of survey effort rather than uniqueness of geologic setting.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB11p11291","usgsCitation":"Kappel, E.S., and Normark, W.R., 1987, Morphometric variability within the axial zone of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Interpretation from Sea MARC II, Sea MARC I, and deep-sea photography: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B11, p. 11291-11302, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11291.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"11291","endPage":"11302","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336882,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be8341e4b014cc3a3a9a35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kappel, Ellen S.","contributorId":71181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201404,"text":"70201404 - 1987 - Thermal evolution of a differentiated Ganymede and implications for surface features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T13:59:53","indexId":"70201404","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T13:59:21","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal evolution of a differentiated Ganymede and implications for surface features","docAbstract":"Thermal evolution models are presented for Ganymede, assuming a mostly differentiated initial state of a water ocean overlying a rock layer. The only heat sources are assumed to be primordial heat (provided by accretion) and the long-lived radiogenic heat sources in the rock component. As Ganymede cools, the ocean thins, and two ice layers develop, one above composed of ice I, and the other below composed of high-pressure polymorphs of ice. Subsolidus convection proceeds separately in each ice layer, its transport of heat calculated using a simple parameterized convection scheme and the most recent data on ice rheology. The model requires that the average entropy of the deep ice layer exceeds that of the ice I layer. If the residual ocean separating these layers becomes thin enough, then a Rayleigh-Taylor-like (“diapiric”) instability may ensue, driven by the greater entropy of the deeper ice and merging the two ice mantles into a single convective layer. This instability is not predicted by linear analysis but occurs for plausible finite amplitude perturbations associated with large Rayleigh number convection. The resulting warm ice diapirs may lead to a dramatic “heat pulse” at the surface and to fracturing of the lithosphere, and may be directly or indirectly responsible for resurfacing and grooved terrain formation on Ganymede. The timing of this event depends rather sensitively on poorly known rheological parameters, but could be consistent with chronologies deduced from estimated cratering rates. Irrespective of the occurrence or importance of the heat pulse, we find that lithospheric fracturing requires rapid stress loading (on a time scale ⪅104 years). Such a time scale can be realized by warm ice diapirism, but not directly by gradual global expansion. In the absence of any quantitative and self-consistent model for the resurfacing of Ganymede by liquid water, we favor resurfacing by warm ice flows, which we demonstrate to be physically possible, a plausible consequence of our models, compatible with existing observations, and a hypothesis testable by Galileo. We discuss core formation as an alternative driver for resurfacing, and conclude that it is less attractive. We also consider anew the puzzle of why Callisto differs so greatly from Ganymede, offering several possible explanations. The models presented do not provide a compelling explanation for all aspects of Ganymedean geological evolution, since we have identified several potential problems, most notably the apparently extended period of grooved terrain formation (several hundred million years), which is difficult to reconcile with the heat pulse phenomenon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(87)90009-1","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., and Stevenson, D.J., 1987, Thermal evolution of a differentiated Ganymede and implications for surface features: Icarus, v. 69, no. 1, p. 91-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(87)90009-1.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ganymede","volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5de4b034bf6a856a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevenson, David J.","contributorId":211426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevenson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29644,"text":"wri854130 - 1986 - Identification and description of potential ground-water quality monitoring wells in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri854130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4130","title":"Identification and description of potential ground-water quality monitoring wells in Florida","docAbstract":"The results of a survey of existing wells in Florida that meet the following criteria are presented: (1) well location is known , (2) principal aquifer is known, (3) depth of well is known, (4) well casing depth is known, (5) well water had been analyzed between 1970 and 1982, and (6) well data are stored in the U.S. Geological Survey 's (USGS) computer files. Information for more than 20,000 wells in Florida were stored in the USGS Master Water Data Index of the National Water Data Exchange and in the National Water Data Storage and Retrieval System 's Groundwater Site Inventory computerized files in 1982. Wells in these computer files that had been sampled for groundwater quality before November 1982 in Florida number 13,739; 1,846 of these wells met the above criteria and are the potential (or candidate) groundwater quality monitoring wells included in this report. The distribution by principal aquifer of the 1,846 wells identified as potential groundwater quality monitoring wells is as follows: 1,022 tap the Floridan aquifer system, 114 tap the intermediate aquifers, 232 tap the surficial aquifers, 246 tap the Biscayne aquifer, and 232 tap the sand-and-gravel aquifer. These wells are located in 59 of Florida 's 67 counties. This report presents the station descriptions, which include location , site characteristics, period of record, and the type and frequency of chemical water quality data collected for each well. The 1,846 well locations are plotted on 14 USGS 1:250,000 scale, 1 degree by 2 degree, quadrangle maps. This relatively large number of potential (or candidate) monitoring wells, geographically and geohydrologically dispersed, provides a basis for a future groundwater quality monitoring network and computerized data base for Florida. There is a large variety of water quality determinations available from these wells, both areally and temporally. Future sampling of these wells would permit analyses of time and areal trends for selected water quality characteristics throughout the State. The identification and description of the potential monitoring wells and the listing of the type and frequency of the groundwater quality data forms a foundation for both the network and the data base. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854130","usgsCitation":"Seaber, P., and Thagard, M., 1986, Identification and description of potential ground-water quality monitoring wells in Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4130, v, 124 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854130.","productDescription":"v, 124 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58464,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f8368","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seaber, P. R.","contributorId":53802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seaber","given":"P. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thagard, M.E.","contributorId":30659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thagard","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015054,"text":"70015054 - 1986 - Ground-water flow in low permeability environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:08:29","indexId":"70015054","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water flow in low permeability environments","docAbstract":"Certain geologic media are known to have small permeability; subsurface environments composed of these media and lacking well developed secondary permeability have groundwater flow sytems with many distinctive characteristics. Moreover, groundwater flow in these environments appears to influence the evolution of certain hydrologic, geologic, and geochemical systems, may affect the accumulation of pertroleum and ores, and probably has a role in the structural evolution of parts of the crust. Such environments are also important in the context of waste disposal. This review attempts to synthesize the diverse contributions of various disciplines to the problem of flow in low-permeability environments. Problems hindering analysis are enumerated together with suggested approaches to overcoming them. A common thread running through the discussion is the significance of size- and time-scale limitations of the ability to directly observe flow behavior and make measurements of parameters. These limitations have resulted in rather distinct small- and large-scale approaches to the problem. The first part of the review considers experimental investigations of low-permeability flow, including in situ testing; these are generally conducted on temporal and spatial scales which are relatively small compared with those of interest. Results from this work have provided increasingly detailed information about many aspects of the flow but leave certain questions unanswered. Recent advances in laboratory and in situ testing techniques have permitted measurements of permeability and storage properties in progressively “tighter” media and investigation of transient flow under these conditions. However, very large hydraulic gradients are still required for the tests; an observational gap exists for typical in situ gradients. The applicability of Darcy's law in this range is therefore untested, although claims of observed non-Darcian behavior appear flawed. Two important nonhydraulic flow phenomena, osmosis and ultrafiltration, are experimentally well established in prepared clays but have been incompletely investigated, particularly in undisturbed geologic media. Small-scale experimental results form much of the basis for analyses of flow in low-permeability environments which occurs on scales of time and size too large to permit direct observation. Such large-scale flow behavior is the focus of the second part of the review. Extrapolation of small-scale experimental experience becomes an important and sometimes controversial problem in this context. In large flow systems under steady state conditions the regional permeability can sometimes be determined, but systems with transient flow are more difficult to analyze. The complexity of the problem is enhanced by the sensitivity of large-scale flow to the effects of slow geologic processes. One-dimensional studies have begun to elucidate how simple burial or exhumation can generate transient flow conditions by changing the state of stress and temperature and by burial metamorphism. Investigation of the more complex problem of the interaction of geologic processes and flow in two and three dimensions is just beginning. Because these transient flow analyses have largely been based on flow in experimental scale systems or in relatively permeable systems, deformation in response to effective stress changes is generally treated as linearly elastic; however, this treatment creates difficulties for the long periods of interest because viscoelastic deformation is probably significant. Also, large-scale flow simulations in argillaceous environments generally have neglected osmosis and ultrafiltration, in part because extrapolation of laboratory experience with coupled flow to large scales under in situ conditions is controversial. Nevertheless, the effects are potentially quite important because the coupled flow might cause ultra long lived transient conditions. The difficulties associated with analysis are matched by those of characterizing hydrologic conditions in tight environments; measurements of hydraulic head and sampling of pore fluids have been done only rarely because of the practical difficulties involved. These problems are also discussed in the second part of this paper.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i008p01163","usgsCitation":"Neuzil, C.E., 1986, Ground-water flow in low permeability environments: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 8, p. 1163-1195, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i008p01163.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"1163","endPage":"1195","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1484e4b0c8380cd54a86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuzil, Christopher E. 0000-0003-2022-4055 ceneuzil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":2322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"Christopher","email":"ceneuzil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014062,"text":"70014062 - 1984 - Technical problems in the construction of a map to zone the earthquake ground-shaking hazard in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:50:18.363912","indexId":"70014062","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Technical problems in the construction of a map to zone the earthquake ground-shaking hazard in the United States","docAbstract":"Zoning of the earthquake ground-shaking hazard — the division of a region into geographic areas having a similar relative severity or response to ground shaking — has been a goal in the United States for about fifty years. During this period, two types of ground-shaking hazard maps have been constructed. The first type assumes that, except for scaling differences, approximately the same effects that occurred in historic earthquakes will occur in future earthquakes. The second type integrates historic seismicity data and geologic information and uses probabilistic concepts to estimate the characteristics of future ground shaking within specific exposure times. Construction of zoning maps on both a national and regional scale requires innovative research and good data to resolve technical issues about seismicity, the earthquake source, seismic wave attenuation, and local ground response. Because of unresolved issues, implementation in building codes has proceeded fairly slowly.
The information in this report was collected between 1974 and 1982 as part of the Reactor Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This program was initiated to delineate and assess geologic hazards that could be particularly detrimental to major constructions, especially nuclear reactors. Faults are of principal interest to the program because earthquakes associated with them can cause major damage in short periods of time.
\nPrior to 1970, very little was known about Cenozoic faulting in the eastern United States. the most abundant data were available in the western gulf Coastal Plain where oil exploration had generated a considerable amount of subsurface stratigraphic information. The Atlantic coastal Plain was considered to be generally devoid of faults, although scientists such as McGee (1888) and Darton (1891, 1951) had proposed major faulting or uplift along the Fall Line. The Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces of the eastern United States contained numerous mapped faults, abut the recency of fault movement was unknown because of the absence of Cenozoic strata.
\nOne of the initial efforts of the Reactor Hazards Program was a compilation and evaluation of Cretaceous and younger faults in the East. Topical studies were initiated in areas of particular interest, and these studies in turn generated a broader scientific interest in the problem of Cenozoic deformation. A preliminary literature investigation of Cretaceous and younger faulting was published by York and Oliver (1976), and was followed by an interpretive map of young faults by Howard and others (1978).
\nThe data in this report represent the presently available knowledge of fault characteristics and distribution. Clearly, as current investigations progress and as geologists become more aware of the evidence for Cenozoic faulting, the number of known Cenozoic faults will increase substantially. Until such time, the data that are shown here must be viewed conservatively because I believe they are not a totally representative collection of information at this scale. the data are useful in characterizing basic fault patterns in the region, but certain factors limit the usefulness of the map. Limitations of this information are discussed in the following text, and the reader should give them major consideration when using the map and fault table.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1269","usgsCitation":"Prowell, D.C., 1983, Index of faults of Cretaceous and Cenozoic age in the eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1269, 2 Plates: 33.97 x 47.57 inches and 46.18 x 37.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1269.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 33.97 x 47.57 inches and 46.18 x 37.79 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1269.PNG"},{"id":327432,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1269/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":327431,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1269/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -71.279296875,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -69.9169921875,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -69.9609375,\n 42.42345651793833\n ],\n [\n -69.60937499999999,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -69.9609375,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -71.89453125,\n 40.58058466412764\n ],\n [\n -73.564453125,\n 39.774769485295465\n ],\n [\n -75.0146484375,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 36.24427318493909\n ],\n [\n -75.322265625,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -77.3876953125,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n -79.0576171875,\n 32.80574473290688\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 31.989441837922904\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 30.751277776257812\n ],\n [\n -81.6064453125,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -83.232421875,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -85.341796875,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -88.72558593749999,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 29.34387539941801\n ],\n [\n -90.263671875,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -89.12109375,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -87.6708984375,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -85.078125,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -83.408203125,\n 38.89103282648846\n ],\n [\n -80.2880859375,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -79.40917968749999,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -77.95898437499999,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -75.4541015625,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 45.02695045318546\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f4300","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prowell, David C.","contributorId":46956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prowell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197827,"text":"70197827 - 1983 - The ophiolitic North Fork terrane in the Salmon River region, central Klamath Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-21T09:38:27","indexId":"70197827","displayToPublicDate":"1983-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The ophiolitic North Fork terrane in the Salmon River region, central Klamath Mountains, California","docAbstract":"The North Fork terrane is an assemblage of ophiolitic and other oceanic volcanic and sedimentary rocks that has been internally imbricated and folded. The ophiolitic rocks form a north-trending belt through the central part of the region and consist of a disrupted sequence of homogeneous gabbro, diabase, massive to pillowed basalt, and interleaved tectonitic harzburgite. U-Pb zircon age data on a plagiogranite pod from the gabbroic unit indicate that at least this part of the igneous sequence is late Paleozoic in age.
The ophiolitic belt is flanked on either side by mafic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, limestone, bedded chert, and argillite. Most of the chert is Triassic, including much of Late Triassic age, but chert with uncertain stratigraphic relations at one locality is Permian. The strata flanking the east side of the ophiolitic belt face eastward, and depositional contacts between units are for the most part preserved. The strata on the west side of the ophiolitic belt are more highly disrupted than those on the east side, contain chert-argillite melange, and have unproven stratigraphic relation to either the ophiolitic rocks or the eastern strata.
Rocks of the North Fork terrane do not show widespread evidence of penetrative deformation at elevated temperatures, except an early tectonitic fabric in the harzburgite. Slip-fiber foliation in serpentinite, phacoidal foliation in chert and mafic rocks, scaly foliation in argillite, and mesoscopic folds in bedded chert are consistent with an interpretation of large-scale anti-formal folding of the terrane about a north-south hinge found along the ophiolitic belt, but other structural interpretations are tenable. The age of folding of North Fork rocks is constrained by the involvement of Triassic and younger cherts and crosscutting Late Jurassic plutons. Deformation in the North Fork terrane must have spanned a short period of time because the terrane is bounded structurally above and below by Middle or Late Jurassic thrust faults.
The North Fork terrane appears to contain no arc volcanic rocks or arc-derived detritus, suggesting that it neither constituted the base for an arc nor was in a basinal setting adjacent to an arc sediment source. Details of the progressive accretion and evolutionary relationship of the North Fork to other terranes of the Klamath Mountains are not yet clear.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<236:TONFTI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ando, C., Irwin, W., Jones, D.L., and Saleeby, J., 1983, The ophiolitic North Fork terrane in the Salmon River region, central Klamath Mountains, California: GSA Bulletin, v. 94, no. 2, p. 236-252, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<236:TONFTI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"252","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355247,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains","volume":"94","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ando, C.J.","contributorId":205855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ando","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irwin, W. P.","contributorId":82347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, D. L.","contributorId":65045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saleeby, J.B.","contributorId":36148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saleeby","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011193,"text":"70011193 - 1983 - The past is the key to the future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T16:03:37.078914","indexId":"70011193","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The past is the key to the future","docAbstract":"A new major frontier of geological research, which was initiated in the 1970's, involves predicting future geologic trends or events through study of the present and past, rather than trying to understand the past, often using what one knows about the present. Like most scientific frontiers, this one began from practical considerations—environmental concerns. The lack of formal recognition of this frontier results from fragmentation among many Federal agencies and highly focused mission-oriented programs (e.g., earthquake prediction, CO2, nuclear-energy safety, etc.). Most programs aim to predict only the next 50–100 years, but much longer periods of the past need to be studied to do this. Nuclear-waste disposal has sometimes been considered in terms of the next million years, a period of time permitting significant and broad geologic changes. Decreasing public interest in environmental concerns relegates many questions from the realm of applied research back to that of basic research. Most of these questions are so fascinating, however, that the frontier is still worth pursuing. Such questions include whether a phenomenon will or will not take place and the rates at which it can develop (e.g., how fast do rifts form, how fast can a caldera event begin, and how quickly can a glacial maximum arrive?). Common elements of all studies include the historic record, trends in the Quaternary, analogues in various periods of the geologic time scale, and allowance for phenomena never experienced before. Other examples of studies include the Cretaceous as a period of a climatic extreme, an especially interesting time period; establishing the amount of paleocloudiness, a particularly challenging and important research area; acid rain as a possible new phenomenon. Geochemistry has much to contribute to this frontier science.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(83)90293-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Doe, B.R., 1983, The past is the key to the future: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 47, no. 8, p. 1341-1354, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90293-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1341","endPage":"1354","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae7fe4b08c986b32413a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doe, B. R.","contributorId":52173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011453,"text":"70011453 - 1982 - A model for managing sources of groundwater pollution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T13:19:13","indexId":"70011453","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for managing sources of groundwater pollution","docAbstract":"The waste disposal capacity of a groundwater system can be maximized while maintaining water quality at specified locations by using a groundwater pollutant source management model that is based upon linear programing and numerical simulation. The decision variables of the management model are solute waste disposal rates at various facilities distributed over space. A concentration response matrix is used in the management model to describe transient solute transport and is developed using the U.S. Geological Survey solute transport simulation model. The management model was applied to a complex hypothetical groundwater system. Large-scale management models were formulated as dual linear programing problems to reduce numerical difficulties and computation time. Linear programing problems were solved using a numerically stable, available code. Optimal solutions to problems with successively longer management time horizons indicated that disposal schedules at some sites are relatively independent of the number of disposal periods. Optimal waste disposal schedules exhibited pulsing rather than constant disposal rates. Sensitivity analysis using parametric linear programing showed that a sharp reduction in total waste disposal potential occurs if disposal rates at any site are increased beyond their optimal values.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR018i004p00773","usgsCitation":"Gorelick, S.M., 1982, A model for managing sources of groundwater pollution: Water Resources Research, v. 18, no. 4, p. 773-781, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i004p00773.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"773","endPage":"781","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e46ae4b0c8380cd46652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":8784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}