{"pageNumber":"14","pageRowStart":"325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":560,"records":[{"id":5223078,"text":"5223078 - 1994 - Demography and movements of the omao (Myadestes obscurus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-22T22:09:28.530526","indexId":"5223078","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:49","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demography and movements of the omao (Myadestes obscurus)","docAbstract":"Density, age-specific survival, timing of breeding and molting, and movements of the Omao or Hawaiian Thrush (Myadestes obscurus) were studied at four sites on the island of Hawaii. Mean monthly density (birds/ha) was 3.23 +- 0.57, 1.07 +- 0.33, 3.23 +- 0. 16, and 3.74 +- 0.36 at Kau Forest, Hamakua. Keauhou Ranch, and Kilauea Forest study areas, respectively. Annual survival of juvenile Omao (0.40 +- 0.09) was lower than that of adults (0.66 +- 0.08). Emigration and mortality was greatest during November through May. Breeding and molting occurred throughout the year, with peak breeding in May through July. Omao showed strong site fidelity and were highly sedentary. Mean home range size (n = 39) was 2.20 t 0.26 ha and did not differ between sexes or study sites.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1369332","usgsCitation":"Ralph, C., and Fancy, S., 1994, Demography and movements of the omao (Myadestes obscurus): Condor, v. 96, no. 2, p. 503-511, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369332.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"503","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503088,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol96/iss2/19","text":"External Repository"},{"id":198070,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ecd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ralph, C.J.","contributorId":38252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fancy, S.G.","contributorId":8957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fancy","given":"S.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5223076,"text":"5223076 - 1994 - Demography and movements of the endangered akepa and Hawaii creeper","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:07","indexId":"5223076","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:49","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demography and movements of the endangered akepa and Hawaii creeper","docAbstract":"We studied populations of the endangered Akepa (Loxops coccineus coccineus) and Hawaii Creeper (Oreomystis mana) at four sites on the island of Hawaii. Mean monthly density (? SL) of Akepa was 5.74 t 0.87, 1.3? 0.41, 0.96 -? 0.13, and 0.76 ? 0.12 Akepa/ha at Kau Forest, Hamakua, Keauhou Ranch, and Kilauea Forest study areas, respectively. Hawaii Creepers were found at densities of 1.68 ? 0.53, 1.79 ? 0.42, 0.48 ? 0.06, and 0.54 2 ? 0.08 birds/ha, respectively, at the four study areas. Highest capture rates and numbers of birds counted from stations occurred from August through November and February through March. Hatching-year birds were captured from May through December for Akepa and April through December for Hawaii Creeper. Annual survival for adults at Keauhou Ranch was 0.70 ? 0.27 SE for 61 Akepa and 0.73 ? 0.12 SE for 49 Hawaii Creepers. Lowest rates of mortality and emigration occurred between May and August. Both species appeared to defend Type-B territories typical of cardueline finches, retained mates for more than one year, and showed strong philopatry. Home ranges for Hawaii Creepers (X = 7.48 ha) were larger than those for Akepa (X = 3.94 No difference was found between home range sizes of males and females for either species. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ralph, C., and Fancy, S., 1994, Demography and movements of the endangered akepa and Hawaii creeper: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 106, no. 4, p. 615-628.","productDescription":"615-628","startPage":"615","endPage":"628","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16096,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v106n04/p0615-p0628.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":198069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a2fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ralph, C.J.","contributorId":38252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fancy, S.G.","contributorId":8957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fancy","given":"S.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17910,"text":"ofr94684 - 1994 - Whole-rock analyses of core samples from the 1967, 1975, 1979 and 1981 drillings of Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:40:49","indexId":"ofr94684","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-684","title":"Whole-rock analyses of core samples from the 1967, 1975, 1979 and 1981 drillings of Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available&nbsp;</p>","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94684","usgsCitation":"Helz, R.T., Kirschenbaum, H., Marinenko, J., and Qian, R., 1994, Whole-rock analyses of core samples from the 1967, 1975, 1979 and 1981 drillings of Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-684, 65 p.ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94684.","productDescription":"65 p.ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":47144,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0684/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0684/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f03ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":85587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind","email":"","middleInitial":"Tuthill","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirschenbaum, H.K.","contributorId":87154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschenbaum","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marinenko, J.W.","contributorId":75558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinenko","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Qian, Rachel","contributorId":59819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qian","given":"Rachel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":17777,"text":"ofr94713 - 1994 - Timelapse film logs from the PuuOo-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano; January 1983 through September 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:15","indexId":"ofr94713","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-713","title":"Timelapse film logs from the PuuOo-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano; January 1983 through September 1994","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94713","usgsCitation":"Mattox, T.N., Heliker, C., Hoffman, J., Hon, K., Mangan, M.T., Neal, C., Ulrich, G., and Wolfe, E., 1994, Timelapse film logs from the PuuOo-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano; January 1983 through September 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-713, 237 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94713.","productDescription":"237 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0713/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47019,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0713/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattox, Tari N.","contributorId":26314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"Tari","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heliker, C. C.","contributorId":70753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heliker","given":"C. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, J.P.","contributorId":7706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hon, Ken","contributorId":19163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"Ken","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mangan, M. T.","contributorId":10438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Neal, C.A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":91122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ulrich, G. E.","contributorId":88737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulrich","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wolfe, E.W.","contributorId":57470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":19539,"text":"ofr94586 - 1994 - Chemistry of spring and well waters on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, and vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:04:03","indexId":"ofr94586","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-586","title":"Chemistry of spring and well waters on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, and vicinity","docAbstract":"<p><span>Published and new data for chemical and isotopic samples from wells and springs on Kilauea Volcano and vicinity are presented. These data are used to understand processes that determine the chemistry of dilute meteoric water, mixtures with sea water, and thermal water. Data for well and spring samples of non-thermal water indicate that mixing with sea water and dissolution of rock from weathering are the major processes that determine the composition of dissolved constituents in water. Data from coastal springs demonstrate that there is a large thermal system south of the lower east rift of Kilauea. Samples of thermal water from shallow wells in the lower east rift and vicinity have rather variable chemistry indicating that a number of processes operate in the near surface. Water sampled from the available deep wells is different in composition from the shallow thermal water, indicating that generally there is not a significant component of deep water in the shallow wells. Data for samples from available deep wells show significant gradients in chemistry and steam content of the reservoir fluid. These gradients are interpreted to indicate that the reservoir tapped by the existing wells is an evolving vapor-dominated system.</span></p>","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94586","usgsCitation":"Janik, C.J., Nathenson, M., and Scholl, M.A., 1994, Chemistry of spring and well waters on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, and vicinity: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-586, 166 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94586.","productDescription":"166 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":49010,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0586/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0586/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e3099","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janik, Cathy J.","contributorId":87090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"Cathy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scholl, M. A.","contributorId":86365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":17401,"text":"ofr94567 - 1994 - Motion of Kilauea Volcano during sustained eruption from the Puu Oo and Kupaianaha vents, 1983-1991; supplemental information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr94567","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-567","title":"Motion of Kilauea Volcano during sustained eruption from the Puu Oo and Kupaianaha vents, 1983-1991; supplemental information","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94567","usgsCitation":"Delaney, P.T., Miklius, A., Arnadottir, T., Okamura, A., and Sako, M., 1994, Motion of Kilauea Volcano during sustained eruption from the Puu Oo and Kupaianaha vents, 1983-1991; supplemental information: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-567, 23 leaves :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94567.","productDescription":"23 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0567/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46535,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0567/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delaney, Paul T.","contributorId":15195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miklius, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886 asta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":2060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miklius","given":"Asta","email":"asta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":176282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arnadottir, Thora","contributorId":23565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnadottir","given":"Thora","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Okamura, A.T.","contributorId":70400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okamura","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sako, M. K.","contributorId":50152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sako","given":"M. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":19671,"text":"ofr93551B - 1994 - Annotated bibliography, seismicity of and near the island of Hawaii and seismic hazard analysis of the East Rift of Kilauea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr93551B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-551","chapter":"B","title":"Annotated bibliography, seismicity of and near the island of Hawaii and seismic hazard analysis of the East Rift of Kilauea","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93551B","usgsCitation":"Klein, F.W., 1994, Annotated bibliography, seismicity of and near the island of Hawaii and seismic hazard analysis of the East Rift of Kilauea: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-551, 11 leaves ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93551B.","productDescription":"11 leaves ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0551b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49136,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0551b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bd9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, F. W.","contributorId":88371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017670,"text":"70017670 - 1994 - Fractionation of families of major, minor, and trace metals across the melt-vapor interface in volcanic exhalations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:19:00","indexId":"70017670","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractionation of families of major, minor, and trace metals across the melt-vapor interface in volcanic exhalations","docAbstract":"Chemical families of metals fractionate systematically as they pass from a silicate melt across the interface with the vapor phase and on into a cooled volcanic plume. We measured three groups of metals in a small suite of samples collected on filters from the plumes of Kilauea (Hawaii, USA), Etna (Sicily), and Merapi (Java) volcanoes. These were the major, minor, and trace metals of the alkali and alkaline earth families (K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba), a group of ordinarily rare metals (Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Tl) that are related by their chalcophile affinities, and the radon daughter nuclides 210Po, 210Bi, and 210Pb. The measurements show the range and some details of systematic melt-vapor fractionation within and between these groups of metals. In the plumes of all three volcanoes, the alkali metals are much more abundant than the alkaline earth metals. In the Kilauea plume, the alkali metals are at least six times more abundant than the alkaline earth metals, relative to abundances in the melt; at Etna, the factor is at least 300. Fractionations within each family are, commonly, also distinctive; in the Kilauea plume, in addition to the whole alkaline earth family being depleted, the heaviest metals of the family (Sr, Ba) are progressively more depleted than the light metal Ca. In plumes of fumaroles at Merapi, K/Cs ratios were approximately three orders of magnitude smaller than found in other earth materials. This may represent the largest observed enrichment of the \"light ion lithophile\" (LIL) metals. Changes in metal ratios were seen through the time of eruption in the plumes of Kilauea and Etna. This may reflect degree of degassing of volatiles, with which metals complex, from the magma bodies. At Kilauea, the changes in fractionation were seen over about three years; fractionation within the alkaline earth family increased, and that between the two families decreased, over that time. All of the ordinarily rare chalcophile metals measured are extremely abundant in volcanic plumes, and Cd and Tl are enriched relative to the others. Indium is much more abundant in the plume of the hotspot volcano Kilauea than in the Etna plume (probably non-hotspot in character). It may be a useful indicator of the tapping of deep mantle zones, or could aid in the interpretation of reports of Pt group metals in exhalations from hot spot volcanoes. Indium in old glacial ice strata could help assess magnitude and variability of exhalations from hotspot volcanoes in past time. Strong melt-vapor fractionation of the alkali and alkaline earth metals may only be observed in plumes during quiescent degassing of volcanoes; when large amounts of ash or spatter (undifferentiated lava) enter the plume, its alkali and alkaline earth metal composition may approach that of the melt. Ratios among the chalcophile metals may not be much changed by addition of ash, because their concentrations in melt are so small, and masses of them in any plume may remain dominated by transfer across the melt-vapor interface. Radon daughter nuclides give information about state of volcanic activity at time of sampling. The precisely known origins, ultratrace detectability, decay systematics, and wide variations in volatility of these species provide information about residence times, degassing and travel histories, and identities of melt bodies in volcanic systems. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90053-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., Le Cloarec, M., and Lambert, G., 1994, Fractionation of families of major, minor, and trace metals across the melt-vapor interface in volcanic exhalations: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 15, p. 3255-3263, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90053-1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3255","endPage":"3263","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13a9e4b0c8380cd5471e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Le Cloarec, M.-F.","contributorId":52348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Le Cloarec","given":"M.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lambert, G.","contributorId":12994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016706,"text":"70016706 - 1994 - Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016706","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano","docAbstract":"An elastic point source model proposed by Mogi for magma chamber inflation and deflation has been applied to geodetic data collected at many volcanoes. The volume of ground surface uplift or subsidence estimated from this model is closely related to the volume of magma injection into or withdrawal from the reservoir below. The analytical expressions for these volumes are reviewed for a spherical chamber and it is shown that they differ by the factor 2(1-v), where v is Poisson's ratio of the host rock. For the common estimate v=0.25, as used by Mogi and subsequent workers, the uplift volume is 3/2 the injection volume. For highly fractured rocks, v can be even less and the uplift volume can approach twice the injection volume. Unfortunately, there is no single relation between the inflation of magma reservoirs and the dilation or contraction of host rocks. The inflation of sill-like bodies, for instance, generates no overall change in host rock volume. Inflation of dike-like bodies generates contraction such that, in contrast with Mogi's result, the uplift volume is generally less than the injection volume; for v=0.25, the former is only 3/4 of the latter. Estimates of volumes of magma injection or withdrawal are there-fore greatly dependent on the magma reservoir configuration. Ground surface tilt data collected during the 1960 collapse of Kilauea crater, one of the first events interpreted with Mogi's model and one of the largest collapses measured at Kilauea, is not favored by any one of a variety of deformation models. These models, however, predict substantially different volumes of both magma withdrawal and ground surface subsidence. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302823","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Delaney, P., and McTigue, D., 1994, Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 6-7, p. 417-424, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302823.","startPage":"417","endPage":"424","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205533,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302823"},{"id":224699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc363e4b08c986b32b13d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delaney, P.T.","contributorId":69980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McTigue, D.F.","contributorId":57605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McTigue","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":57197,"text":"ofr94569 - 1994 - Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-21T16:54:19.305382","indexId":"ofr94569","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-569","title":"Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>Currently, gas emissions from Kilauea occur from the summit caldera, along the middle East Rift Zone (ERZ), and where lava enters the ocean. We estimate that the current ERZ eruption of Kilauea releases between 400 metric tonnes of SO2 per day, during eruptive pauses, to as much as 1850 metric tonnes per day during actively erupting periods, along with lesser amounts of other chemically and radiatively active species including H2S, HCl, and HF. In order to characterize gas emissions from Kilauea in a meaningful way for assessing environmental impact we made a series of replicate grab-sample measurements of ambient air and precipitation at the summit of Kilauea, along its ERZ, and at coastal sites where lava enters the ocean. The grab-sampling data combined with SO2 emission rates, and continuous air quality and meteorological monitoring at the summit of Kilauea show that the effects of these emissions on ambient air character are a complex function of chemical reactivity, source geometry and effusivity, and local meteorology. For all the measurement sites, ambient concentrations of the emitted gases decrease rapidly, even at short distances from point sources. Prevailing tradewinds typically carry the gases and aerosols released to the southwest, where they are further distributed by the regional wind regime. Episodes of kona, or low speed variable winds sometimes disrupt this pattern, however, and allow the gases and their oxidation products to collect at the summit and eastern side of the island. Summit solfatara areas of Kilauea are distinguished by moderate to high ambient SO2, high H2S at one location, and low H2S at all others, and negligible HC1 concentrations, as measured 1 m from degassing point-sources. Summit solfatara rain water has high sulfate and low chloride ioa concentrations, and low pH. The middle ERZ degassing areas show moderate to high SO2 at 100 m away from degassing lava, and low H2S concentrations. Moderate HC1 was found in ambient air. Rain water near the middle ERZ degassing areas have high sulfate, high chloride and low pH. Coastal entry areas are characterized by high HC1 in the gas plume and significant rain-out of this HCl as indicated by low rain water pH, and high rain water chloride. Sulfate in the coastal-entry rainwater is also high. Ambient SO2 and 112S are moderate to high near the coastal entry locations. Ambient air in the lower ERZ thermal and non-thermal areas shows essentially no influence from the on-going eruption, as evidenced by the absence of SO2, H2S, HC1, and the moderate rain water pH with low sulfate concentration. When the current eruption ceases, ERZ and summit gas emissions will be greatly reduced.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94569","usgsCitation":"Sutton, A.J., Elias, T., and Navarrete, R., 1994, Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-569, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94569.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482342,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0569/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0569/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70186521,"text":"70186521 - 1994 - Relaxation of the south flank after the 7.2-magnitude Kalapana earthquake, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T16:03:44","indexId":"70186521","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relaxation of the south flank after the 7.2-magnitude Kalapana earthquake, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p><span>An </span><i>M</i><span> = 7.2 earthquake on 29 November 1975 caused the south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, to move seaward several meters: a catastrophic release of compression of the south flank caused by earlier injections of magma into the adjacent segment of a rift zone. The focal mechanisms of the mainshock, the largest foreshock, and the largest aftershock suggest seaward movement of the upper block. The rate of aftershocks decreased in a familiar hyperbolic decay, reaching the pre-1975 rate of seismicity by the mid-1980s. Repeated rift-zone intrusions and eruptions after 1975, which occurred within 25 km of the summit area, compressed the adjacent portion of the south flank, apparently masking continued seaward displacement of the south flank. This is evident along a trilateration line that continued to extend, suggesting seaward displacement, immediately after the </span><i>M</i><span> = 7.2 earthquake, but then was compressed during a series of intrusions and eruptions that began in September 1977. Farther to the east, trilateration measurements show that the portion of the south flank above the aftershock zone, but beyond the area of compression caused by the rift-zone intrusions and eruptions, continued to move seaward at a decreasing rate until the mid-1980s, mimicking the decay in aftershock rate. Along the same portion of the south flank, the pattern of vertical surface displacements can be explained by continued seaward movement of the south flank and development of two eruptive fissures along the east rift zone, each of which extended from a depth of ∼3 km to the surface. The aftershock rate and continued seaward movement of the south flank are reminiscent of crustal response to other large earthquakes, such as the 1966 </span><i>M</i><span> = 6 Parkfield earthquake and the 1983 </span><i>M</i><span> = 6.5 Coalinga earthquake.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(94)90075-2","usgsCitation":"Dvorak, J.J., Klein, F.W., and Swanson, D., 1994, Relaxation of the south flank after the 7.2-magnitude Kalapana earthquake, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 1, p. 133-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)90075-2.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"133","endPage":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.2704620361328,\n              19.43162918399349\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.28179168701172,\n              19.4303341116379\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2895164489746,\n              19.421915889653373\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29930114746094,\n              19.413335330005406\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.291748046875,\n              19.396496689315764\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.269775390625,\n              19.39698244374977\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23784637451172,\n              19.40621150245911\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23441314697266,\n              19.41236391735406\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23784637451172,\n              19.42045884541686\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26376724243164,\n              19.43195295046888\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2704620361328,\n              19.43162918399349\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60278e4b09da6799ac6bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dvorak, John J.","contributorId":24420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dvorak","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klein, Fred W. klein@usgs.gov","contributorId":4417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Fred","email":"klein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. donswan@usgs.gov","contributorId":149804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":688581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29848,"text":"wri944028 - 1994 - Potential effects of the Hawaii Geothermal Project on ground-water resources on the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-08T09:09:02","indexId":"wri944028","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4028","title":"Potential effects of the Hawaii Geothermal Project on ground-water resources on the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"In 1990, the State of Hawaii proposed the Hawaii Geothermal Project for the development of as much as 500 MW of electric power from the geothermal system in the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano. This report uses data from 31 wells and 8 springs to describe the properties of the ground-water system in and adjacent to the East Rift Zone. Potential effects of this project on ground-water resources are also discussed. Data show differences in ground-water chemistry and heads within the study area that appear to be related to mixing of waters of different origins and ground-water impoundment by volcanic dikes. East of Pahoa, the ground-water system within the rift is highly transmissive and receives abundant recharge from precipitation; therefore, the pumping of freshwater to support geothermal development in that part of the rift zone would have a minimal effect on ground-water levels. To the southwest of Pahoa, dike impoundment reduces the transmissivity of the ground-water system to such an extent that wells might not be capable of supplying sufficient fresh water to support geothermal operations. Contamination of ground-water resources by accidental release of geothermal fluids into shallow aquifers is possible because of corrosive conditions in the geothermal wells, potential well blowouts, and high ground-water velocities in parts of the region. Hydrologic monitoring of water level, temperature, and chemistry in observation wells should continue throughout development of geothermal resources for the Hawaii Geothermal Project for early detection of leakage and migration of geothermal fluids within the groundwater system.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944028","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M., and Colvard, E., 1994, Potential effects of the Hawaii Geothermal Project on ground-water resources on the island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4028, vi, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944028.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58657,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4028/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c242","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colvard, E.M.","contributorId":83553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvard","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17739,"text":"ofr94137 - 1994 - A summary of leveling data from Kilauea Iki Lava Lake from 1960 to 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr94137","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-137","title":"A summary of leveling data from Kilauea Iki Lava Lake from 1960 to 1988","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94137","usgsCitation":"Pallon, J., Okamura, R., Sako, M., and Wright, T.L., 1994, A summary of leveling data from Kilauea Iki Lava Lake from 1960 to 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-137, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94137.","productDescription":"33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0137/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46958,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6027","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pallon, J.E.","contributorId":19027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Okamura, R.T.","contributorId":96728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okamura","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sako, M. K.","contributorId":50152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sako","given":"M. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017075,"text":"70017075 - 1994 - Surface degassing and modifications to vesicle size distributions in active basalt flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-05T14:00:25","indexId":"70017075","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface degassing and modifications to vesicle size distributions in active basalt flows","docAbstract":"<p>The character of the vesicle population in lava flows includes several measurable parameters that may provide important constraints on lava flow dynamics and rheology. Interpretation of vesicle size distributions (VSDs), however, requires an understanding of vesiculation processes in feeder conduits, and of post-eruption modifications to VSDs during transport and emplacement. To this end we collected samples from active basalt flows at Kilauea Volcano: (1) near the effusive Kupaianaha vent; (2) through skylights in the approximately isothermal Wahaula and Kamoamoa tube systems transporting lava to the coast; (3) from surface breakouts at different locations along the lava tubes; and (4) from different locations in a single breakout from a lava tube 1 km from the 51 vent at Pu'u ‘O’o.</p><p>Near-vent samples are characterized by VSDs that show exponentially decreasing numbers of vesicles with increasing vesicle size. These size distributions suggest that nucleation and growth of bubbles were continuous during ascent in the conduit, with minor associated bubble coalescence resulting from differential bubble rise. The entire vesicle population can be attributed to shallow exsolution of H<sub>2</sub>O-dominated gases at rates consistent with those predicted by simple diffusion models. Measurements of H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and S in the matrix glass show that the melt equilibrated rapidly at atmospheric pressure.</p><p>Down-tube samples maintain similar VSD forms but show a progressive decrease in both overall vesicularity and mean vesicle size. We attribute this change to open system, “passive” rise and escape of larger bubbles to the surface. Such gas loss from the tube system results in the output of 1.2 × 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>g/day SO<sub>2</sub>, an output representing an addition of approximately 1% to overall volatile budget calculations. A steady increase in bubble number density with downstream distance is best explained by continued bubble nucleation at rates of 7–8/cm<sup>3</sup>s. Rates are ∼25% of those estimated from the vent samples, and thus represent volatile supersaturations considerably less than those of the conduit. We note also that the small total volume represented by this new bubble population does not: (1) measurably deplete the melt in volatiles; or (2) make up for the overall vesicularity decrease resulting from the loss of larger bubbles.</p><p>Surface breakout samples have distinctive VSDs characterized by an extreme depletion in the small vesicle population. This results in samples with much lower number densities and larger mean vesicle sizes than corresponding tube samples. Similar VSD patterns have been observed in solidified lava flows and are interpreted to result from either static (wall rupture) or dynamic (bubble rise and capture) coalescence. Through comparison with vent and tube vesicle populations, we suggest that, in addition to coalescence, the observed vesicle populations in the breakout samples have experienced a rapid loss of small vesicles consistent with ‘ripening’ of the VSD resulting from interbubble diffusion of volatiles. Confinement of ripening features to surface flows suggests that the thin skin that forms on surface breakouts may play a role in the observed VSD modification.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00015-8","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Cashman, K.V., Mangan, M.T., and Newman, S., 1994, Surface degassing and modifications to vesicle size distributions in active basalt flows: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 61, no. 1-2, p. 45-68, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00015-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"68","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fa2e4b08c986b31e72b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cashman, K. V.","contributorId":16831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangan, M. T.","contributorId":10438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newman, S.","contributorId":7678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":19674,"text":"ofr94216 - 1994 - Seismic hazards at Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T12:44:21","indexId":"ofr94216","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-216","title":"Seismic hazards at Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p><span>A significant seismic hazard exists in south Hawaii from large tectonic earthquakes that can reach magnitude 8 and intensity XII. This paper quantifies the hazard by estimating the horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) in south Hawaii which occurs with a 90% probability of not being exceeded during exposure times from 10 to 250 years. The largest earthquakes occur beneath active, unbuttressed and mobile flanks of volcanos in their shield building stage. The flanks are compressed and pushed laterally by rift zone intrusions. The largest earthquakes are thus not directly caused by volcanic activity. Historic earthquakes (since 1823) and the best Hawaiian Volcano Observatory catalog (since 1970) under the south side of the island define linear frequency-magnitude distributions that imply average recurrence intervals for M greater than 5.5 earthquakes of 3.4-5 years, for M greater than 7 events of 29-44 years, and for M greater than 8 earthquakes of 120-190 years. These estimated recurrences are compatable with the 107 year interval between the two major April 2, 1868 (M(approximately)7.9) and November 29, 1975 (M=7.2) earthquakes. Frequency-magnitude distributions define the activity levels of 19 different seismic source zones for probabilistic ground motion estimations. The available measurements of PGA (33 from 7 moderate earthquakes) are insufficient to define a new attenuation curve. We use the Boore et al. (1993) curve shifted upward by a factor of 1.2 to fit Hawaiian data. Amplification of sites on volcanic ash or unconsolidated soil are about two times those of hard lava sites. On a map for a 50 year exposure time with a 90% probability of not being exceeded, the peak ground accelerations are 1.0 g Kilauea's and Mauna Loa's mobile south flanks and 0.9 g in the Kaoiki seismic zone. This hazard from strong ground shaking is comparable to that near the San Andreas Fault in California or the subduction zone in the Gulf of Alaska.</span></p>","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94216","usgsCitation":"Klein, F.W., 1994, Seismic hazards at Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-216, 97 p.  :chiefly ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94216.","productDescription":"97 p.  :chiefly ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":151594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0216/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49139,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0216/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db68648f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, F. W.","contributorId":88371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017600,"text":"70017600 - 1994 - Role of olivine cumulates in destabilizing the flanks of Hawaiian volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017600","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of olivine cumulates in destabilizing the flanks of Hawaiian volcanoes","docAbstract":"The south flank of Kilauea Volcano is unstable and has the structure of a huge landslide; it is one of at least 17 enormous catastrophic landslides shed from the Hawaiian Islands. Mechanisms previously proposed for movement of the south flank invoke slip of the volcanic pile over seafloor sediments. Slip on a low friction de??collement alone cannot explain why the thickest and widest sector of the flank moves more rapidly than the rest, or why this section contains a 300 km3 aseismic volume above the seismically defined de??collement. It is proposed that this aseismic volume, adjacent to the caldera in the direction of flank slip, consists of olivine cumulates that creep outward, pushing the south flank seawards. Average primary Kilauea tholeiitic magma contains about 16.5 wt.% MgO compared with an average 10 wt.% MgO for erupted subaerial and submarine basalts. This difference requires fractionation of 17 wt.% (14 vol.%) olivine phenocrysts that accumulate near the base of the magma reservoir where they form cumulates. Submarine-erupted Kilauea lavas contain abundant deformed olivine xenocrysts derived from these cumulates. Deformed dunite formed during the tholeiitic shield stage is also erupted as xenoliths in subsequent alkalic lavas. The deformation structures in olivine xenocrysts suggest that the cumulus olivine was densely packed, probably with as little as 5-10 vol.% intercumulus liquid, before entrainment of the xenocrysts. The olivine cumulates were at magmatic temperatures (>1100??C) when the xenocrysts were entrained. Olivine at 1100??C has a rheology similar to ice, and the olivine cumulates should flow down and away from the summit of the volcano. Flow of the olivine cumulates places constant pressure on the unbuttressed seaward flank, leading to an extensional region that localizes deep intrusions behind the flank; these intrusions add to the seaward push. This mechanism ties the source of gravitational instability to the caldera complex and deep rift systems and, therefore, limits catastrophic sector failure of Hawaiian volcanoes to their active growth phase, when the core of olivine cumulates is still hot enough to flow. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302824","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., and Denlinger, R., 1994, Role of olivine cumulates in destabilizing the flanks of Hawaiian volcanoes: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 6-7, p. 425-434, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302824.","startPage":"425","endPage":"434","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206124,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302824"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae62e4b0c8380cd870ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017602,"text":"70017602 - 1994 - Petrology of gabbroic xenoliths in 1960 Kilauea basalt: crystalline remnants of prior (1955) magmatism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017602","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of gabbroic xenoliths in 1960 Kilauea basalt: crystalline remnants of prior (1955) magmatism","docAbstract":"The 1960 Kapoho lavas of Kilauea's east rift zone contain 1-10 cm xenoliths of olivine gabbro, olivine gabbro-norite, and gabbro norite. Textures are poikilitic (ol+sp+cpx in pl) and intergranular (cpx+pl??ol??opx). Poikilitic xenoliths, which we interpret as cumulates, have the most primitive mineral compositions, Fo82.5, cpx Mg# 86.5, and An80.5. Many granular xenoliths (ol and noritic gabbro) contain abundant vesicular glass that gives them intersertal, hyaloophitic, and overall 'open' textures to suggest that they represent 'mush' and 'crust' of a magma crystallization environment. Their phase compositions are more evolved (Fo80-70, cpx Mg# 82-75, and An73-63) than those of the poikilitic xenoliths. Associated glass is basaltic, but evolved (MgO 5 wt%; TiO2 3.7-5.8 wt%). The gabbroic xenolith mineral compositions fit existing fractional crystallization models that relate the origins of various Kilauea lavas to one another. FeO/MgO crystal-liquid partitioning is consistent with the poikilitic ol-gabbro assemblage forming as a crystallization product from Kilauea summit magma with ???8 wt% MgO that was parental to evolved lavas on the east rift zone. For example, least squares calculations link summit magmas to early 1955 rift-zone lavas (???5 wt% MgO) through ???28-34% crystallization of the ol+sp+cpx+pl that comprise the poikilitic ol-gabbros. The other ol-gabbro assemblages and the olivine gabbro-norite assemblages crystallized from evolved liquids, such as represented by the early 1955 and late 1955 lavas (???6.5 wt% MgO) of the east rift zone. The eruption of 1960 Kapoho magmas, then, scoured the rift-zone reservoir system to entrain portions of cumulate and solidification zones that had coated reservoir margins during crystallization of prior east rift-zone magmas. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00279729","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Fodor, R., and Moore, R.B., 1994, Petrology of gabbroic xenoliths in 1960 Kilauea basalt: crystalline remnants of prior (1955) magmatism: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 1, p. 62-74, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00279729.","startPage":"62","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206125,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279729"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7831e4b0c8380cd7866b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fodor, R.V.","contributorId":106638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fodor","given":"R.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, R. B.","contributorId":98720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":59154,"text":"mf2237 - 1994 - Bathymetry of Puna Ridge, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-13T17:48:13","indexId":"mf2237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2237","title":"Bathymetry of Puna Ridge, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2237","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Hon, K., Anderson, J.L., Chadwick, W., and Fox, C., 1994, Bathymetry of Puna Ridge, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2237, 1 Plate: 25.37 x 33.29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2237.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 25.37 x 33.29 inches","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364356,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2237/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2237/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -154.9,19.2 ], [ -154.9,20.1 ], [ -154.1,20.1 ], [ -154.1,19.2 ], [ -154.9,19.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e4e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hon, K.A.","contributorId":57148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, J. L.","contributorId":103240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chadwick, W.W.","contributorId":74757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chadwick","given":"W.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fox, C.G.","contributorId":60315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017657,"text":"70017657 - 1994 - Development of lava tubes in the light of observations at Mauna Ulu, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-15T08:48:51","indexId":"70017657","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of lava tubes in the light of observations at Mauna Ulu, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>During the 1969-1974 Mauna Ulu eruption on Kilauea's upper east rift zone, lava tubes were observed to develop by four principal processes: (1) flat, rooted crusts grew across streams within confined channels; (2) overflows and spatter accreted to levees to build arched roofs across streams; (3) plates of solidified crust floating downstream coalesced to form a roof; and (4) pahoehoe lobes progressively extended, fed by networks of distributaries beneath a solidified crust. Still another tube-forming process operated when pahoehoe entered the ocean; large waves would abruptly chill a crust across the entire surface of a molten stream crossing through the surf zone. These littoral lava tubes formed abruptly, in contrast to subaerial tubes, which formed gradually. All tube-forming processes were favored by low to moderate volume-rates of flow for sustained periods of time. Tubes thereby became ubiquitous within the pahoehoe flows and distributed a very large proportionof the lava that was produced during this prolonged eruption. Tubes transport lava efficiently. Once formed, the roofs of tubes insulate the active streams within, allowing the lava to retain its fluidity for a longer time than if exposed directly to ambient air temperature. Thus the flows can travel greater distances and spread over wider areas. Even though supply rates during most of 1970-1974 were moderate, ranging from 1 to 5 m3/s, large tube systems conducted lava as far as the coast, 12-13 km distant, where they fed extensive pahoehoe fields on the coastal flats. Some flows entered the sea to build lava deltas and add new land to the island. The largest and most efficient tubes developed during periods of sustained extrusion, when new lava was being supplied at nearly constant rates. Tubes can play a major role in building volcanic edifices with gentle slopes because they can deliver a substantial fraction of lava erupted at low to moderate rates to sites far down the flank of a volcano. We conclude, therefore, that the tendency of active pahoehoe flows to form lava tubes is a significant factor in producing the common shield morphology of basaltic volcanoes.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00326461","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.W., Holcomb, R.T., Tilling, R., and Christiansen, R., 1994, Development of lava tubes in the light of observations at Mauna Ulu, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 5, p. 343-360, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00326461.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"360","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a005ae4b0c8380cd4f6fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. W.","contributorId":84326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holcomb, R. T.","contributorId":99146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tilling, R.I. 0000-0003-4263-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":98311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"R.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christiansen, R.L. 0000-0002-8017-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":25565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017862,"text":"70017862 - 1994 - Emplacement and inflation of pahoehoe sheet flows: observations and measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:12:18","indexId":"70017862","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emplacement and inflation of pahoehoe sheet flows: observations and measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Inflated pahoehoe sheet flows have a distinctive horizontal upper surface, which can be several hundred meters across, and are bounded to steep monoclinal uplifts. The inflated sheet flows studied ranged from 1 to 5 m in thickness, but initially propagated as thin sheets of fluid pahoehoe lava, generally 20-30 cm thick. The morphology of the lava as flow advanced is described. Inflated sheet flows from Kilauea and Mauna Loa are morphologically similar to some thick Icelandic and submarine sheet flows, suggesting a similar mechanism of emplacement. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0351:EAIOPS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hon, K., Kauahikaua, J., Denlinger, R., and Mackay, K., 1994, Emplacement and inflation of pahoehoe sheet flows: observations and measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 3, p. 351-370, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0351:EAIOPS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"370","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0912e4b0c8380cd51db4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hon, K.","contributorId":20471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denlinger, R.","contributorId":47925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mackay, K.","contributorId":68055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackay","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":19436,"text":"ofr93342B - 1993 - Inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe sheet flows on Kilauea volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-18T07:41:39","indexId":"ofr93342B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-342","chapter":"B","title":"Inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe sheet flows on Kilauea volcano","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93342B","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Hon, K., Kauahikaua, J.P., and Mackay, K., 1993, Inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe sheet flows on Kilauea volcano: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342, 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93342B.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277772,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0342b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee7a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hon, Ken","contributorId":19163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"Ken","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. P.","contributorId":69992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mackay, Kevin","contributorId":53402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackay","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":21087,"text":"ofr9382 - 1993 - Ground Water in Kilauea Volcano and Adjacent Areas of Mauna Loa Volcano, Island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"ofr9382","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-82","title":"Ground Water in Kilauea Volcano and Adjacent Areas of Mauna Loa Volcano, Island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"About 1,000 million gallons of water per day moves toward or into ground-water bodies of Kilauea Volcano from the lavas of Mauna Loa Volcano. This movement continues only to the northern boundaries of the east and southwest rift zones of Kilauea, where a substantial quantity of ground water is deflected downslope to other ground-water bodies or to the ocean. In the western part of Kilauea, the kaoiki fault system, which parallels the southwest rift zone, may be the main barrier to ground-water movement. The diversion of the ground water is manifested in the western part of Kilauea by the presence of large springs at the shore end of the Kaoiki fault system, and in the eastern part by the apparently large flow of unheated basal ground water north of the east rift zone. Thus, recharge to ground water in the rift zones of Kilauea and to the areas to the south of the rift zones may be largely by local rainfall. Recharge from rainfall for all of Kilauea is about 1,250 million gallons per day.\r\n\r\nBeneath the upper slopes of the Kilauea rift zones, ground-water levels are 2,000 feet or more above mean sea level, or more than 1,000 feet below land surface. Ground-water levels are at these high altitudes because numerous and closely spaced dikes at depth in the upper slopes impound the ground water. In the lower slopes, because the number of dikes decreases toward the surface, the presence of a sufficient number of dikes capable of impounding ground water at altitudes substantially above sea level is unlikely. In surrounding basal ground-water reservoirs, fresh basal ground water floats on seawater and, through a transition zone of mixed freshwater and seawater, discharges into the sea.\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic conductivity of the dike-free lavas ranges from about 3,000 to about 7,000 feet per day. The conductivity in the upper slopes of the rift ranges from about 5 to 30 feet per day and that of the lower slopes of the east rift zone was calculated at about 7,000 feet per day.\r\n\r\nThe occurrence of heated basal water south of the lower east rift zone of Kilauea indicates the movement of a large quantity of geothermally heated ground water southward from the rift zone. There is little indication of similar movement of water from the upper slopes of the east rift zone, and there is no obvious movement of heated water from the lower east rift to the north because of the absence of heated ground water north of the rift zone.\r\n\r\nA broad range in temperature and chemical composition of geothermally modified ground water indicates several different sources. Four possible sources are (1) cold meteoric water, (2) cold seawater, (3) hydrothermal fluids of meteoric origin, and (4) hydrothermally modified seawater. The chloride-ion to magnesium-ion ratio of ground water indicates whether the water has been geothermally modified. A ratio greater than 15 to 1 generally denotes geothermally modified ground water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr9382","usgsCitation":"Takasaki, K.J., 1993, Ground Water in Kilauea Volcano and Adjacent Areas of Mauna Loa Volcano, Island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-82, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9382.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0082/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50680,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0082/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545623","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takasaki, Kiyoshi J.","contributorId":105700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takasaki","given":"Kiyoshi","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":62053,"text":"mf2231 - 1993 - Bathymetry of south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-10T13:23:19.939342","indexId":"mf2231","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2231","title":"Bathymetry of south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2231","usgsCitation":"Chadwick, W., Moore, J., Clague, D., Garcia, M., and Fox, C., 1993, Bathymetry of south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2231, 1 Plate: 25.55 x 37.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2231.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 25.55 x 37.79 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490270,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5868.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":364324,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2231/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":183177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2231/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.5,18.5 ], [ -155.5,19.5 ], [ -154.7,19.5 ], [ -154.7,18.5 ], [ -155.5,18.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e41c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chadwick, W.W.","contributorId":74757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chadwick","given":"W.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garcia, M.O.","contributorId":47868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"M.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fox, C.G.","contributorId":60315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":19435,"text":"ofr93342A - 1993 - Inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe sheet flows on Kilauea volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:34","indexId":"ofr93342A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-342","chapter":"A","title":"Inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe sheet flows on Kilauea volcano","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93342A","usgsCitation":"Hon, K., Kauahikaua, J.P., and Mackay, K., 1993, Inflation and cooling data from pahoehoe sheet flows on Kilauea volcano: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-342, 29 p.;  :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93342A.","productDescription":"29 p.;  :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0342a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48911,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0342a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee82d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hon, Ken","contributorId":19163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"Ken","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. P.","contributorId":69992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mackay, Kevin","contributorId":53402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackay","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":19301,"text":"ofr9315 - 1993 - Drilling report and core logs for the 1988 drilling of Kilauea Iki lava lake, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, with summary descriptions of the occurrence of foundered crust and fractures in the drill core","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:31","indexId":"ofr9315","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-15","title":"Drilling report and core logs for the 1988 drilling of Kilauea Iki lava lake, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, with summary descriptions of the occurrence of foundered crust and fractures in the drill core","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9315","usgsCitation":"Helz, R., 1993, Drilling report and core logs for the 1988 drilling of Kilauea Iki lava lake, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, with summary descriptions of the occurrence of foundered crust and fractures in the drill core: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-15, 57 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9315.","productDescription":"57 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0015/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48771,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0015/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634ccb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":180646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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