Groundwater quality in the approximately 653-square-mile (1,691-square-kilometer) South Coast Interior Basins (SCI) study unit was investigated as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The South Coast Interior Basins study unit contains eight priority groundwater basins grouped into three study areas, Livermore, Gilroy, and Cuyama, in the Southern Coast Ranges hydrogeologic province. The GAMA Priority Basin Project is being conducted by the California State Water Resources Control Board in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
\n\nThe GAMA South Coast Interior Basins study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of untreated (raw) groundwater quality within the primary aquifer system, as well as a statistically consistent basis for comparing water quality between basins. The assessment was based on water-quality and ancillary data collected by the USGS from 50 wells in 2008 and on water-quality data from the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) database. The primary aquifer system was defined by the depth intervals of the wells listed in the CDPH database for the SCI study unit. The quality of groundwater in the primary aquifer system may be different from that in the shallower or deeper water-bearing zones; shallow groundwater may be more vulnerable to surficial contamination.
\n\nThe first component of this study, the status of the current quality of the groundwater resource, was assessed by using data from samples analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, and naturally occurring inorganic constituents, such as trace elements and minor ions. This status assessment is intended to characterize the quality of groundwater resources within the primary aquifer system of the SCI study unit, not the treated drinking water delivered to consumers by water purveyors.
\n\nRelative-concentrations (sample concentration divided by the health- or aesthetic-based benchmark concentration) were used for evaluating groundwater quality for those constituents that have Federal or California regulatory or non-regulatory benchmarks for drinking-water quality. A relative-concentration greater than 1.0 indicates a concentration greater than a benchmark, and a relative-concentration less than or equal to 1.0 indicates a concentration equal to or less than a benchmark. Relative-concentrations of organic constituents and special-interest constituents were classified as “high” (relative-concentration greater than 1.0), “moderate” (relative-concentration greater than 0.1 and less than or equal to 1.0), or “low” (relative-concentration less than or equal to 0.1). Relative-concentrations of inorganic constituents were classified as “high” (relative-concentration greater than 1.0), “moderate” (relative-concentration greater than 0.5 and less than or equal to 1.0), or “low” (relative-concentration less than or equal to 0.5).
\n\nAquifer-scale proportion was used as the primary metric in the status assessment for evaluating regional-scale groundwater quality. High aquifer-scale proportion is defined as the percentage of the area of the primary aquifer system with a relative-concentration greater than 1.0 for a particular constituent or class of constituents; percentage is based on an areal rather than a volumetric basis. Moderate and low aquifer-scale proportions were defined as the areal percentage of the primary aquifer system with moderate and low relative-concentrations, respectively. Two statistical approaches—grid-based and spatially weighted—were used to evaluate aquifer-scale proportions for individual constituents and classes of constituents. Grid-based and spatially weighted estimates were comparable in the SCI study unit (within 90-percent confidence intervals).
\n\nInorganic constituents (one or more) with health-based benchmarks were detected at high relative-concentrations in 29 percent of the primary aquifer system, at moderate relative-concentrations in 37 percent, and at low relative-concentrations in 34 percent. High aquifer-scale proportions of inorganic constituents primarily reflected high aquifer-scale proportions of nitrate (14 percent), boron (8.6 percent), molybdenum (8.6 percent), and arsenic (5.7 percent). In contrast, the relative-concentrations of organic constituents (one or more) were high in 1.6 percent, moderate in 2.0 percent, and low or not detected in 96 percent of the primary aquifer system. Of the 207 organic and special-interest constituents analyzed for, 15 constituents were detected. Perchlorate was found at moderate relative-concentrations in 34 percent of the aquifer. Two organic constituents were frequently detected (in greater than 10 percent of samples): the trihalomethane chloroform and the herbicide simazine.
\n\nThe second component of this study, the understanding assessment, identified natural and human factors that may have affected groundwater quality by evaluating land use, physical characteristics of the wells, and geochemical conditions of the aquifer. This evaluation was done by using statistical tests of correlations between these potential explanatory factors and water-quality data. Concentrations of arsenic, molybdenum, and manganese were generally greater in anoxic and pre-modern groundwater than other groundwater. In contrast, concentrations of nitrate and perchlorate were significantly higher in oxic and modern groundwater. Concentrations of simazine were greater in modern than pre-modern groundwater. Chloroform detections were positively correlated with greater urban land use. Boron concentrations and chloroform detections were higher in the Livermore study area than in the other study areas of the SCI; total dissolved solids and sulfate concentrations were greater in the Cuyama study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145023","collaboration":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program; Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Parsons, M.C., Kulongoski, J., and Belitz, K., 2014, Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the South Coast Interior groundwater basins, 2008: California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5023, Report: x, 68 p.; Related Report, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145023.","productDescription":"Report: x, 68 p.; Related Report","numberOfPages":"82","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-026177","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287116,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145023.jpg"},{"id":287112,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5023/"},{"id":287115,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3088/"},{"id":287114,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5023/pdf/sir2014-5023.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South Coast Interior Basins","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -0.01611111111111111,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -0.01611111111111111,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -0.01611111111111111,8.333333333333334E-4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53748252e4b0870f4d23cf94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Mary C. mparsons@usgs.gov","contributorId":1571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Mary","email":"mparsons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kulongoski, Justin T. 0000-0002-3498-4154","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-4154","contributorId":94750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulongoski","given":"Justin T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70103370,"text":"ofr20141087 - 2014 - Characterization of potential transport pathways and implications for groundwater management near an anticline in the Central Basin area, Los Angeles County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-05T15:36:05","indexId":"ofr20141087","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-05T15:11:14","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1087","title":"Characterization of potential transport pathways and implications for groundwater management near an anticline in the Central Basin area, Los Angeles County, California","docAbstract":"The Central Groundwater Basin (Central Basin) of southern Los Angeles County includes ~280 mi2 of the Los Angeles Coastal Plain and serves as the primary source of water for more than two million residents. In the Santa Fe Springs–Whittier–Norwalk area, located in the northeastern part of the basin, several sources of volatile organic compounds have been identified. The volatile organic compunds are thought to have contributed to a large, commingled contaminant plume in groundwater that extends south-southwest downgradient from the Omega Chemical Corporation Superfund Site across folded geologic strata, known as the Santa Fe Springs Anticline. A multifaceted study—that incorporated a three-dimensional sequence-stratigraphic geologic model, two-dimensional groundwater particle-tracking simulations, and new groundwater chemistry data—was conducted to gain insight into the geologic and hydrologic controls on contaminant migration in the study area and to assess the potential for this shallow groundwater contamination to migrate into producing aquifer zones. Conceptual flow models were developed along a flow-parallel cross section based on the modeled stratigraphic architecture, observed geochemistry, and numerical model simulations that generally agree with observed water levels and contaminant distributions. These models predict that contaminants introduced into groundwater at shallow depths near the Omega Chemical Corporation Superfund Site and along the study cross section will likely migrate downgradient to depths intercepted by public supply wells. These conclusions, however, are subject to limitations and simplifications inherent in the modeling approaches used, as well as a significant scarcity of available geologic and hydrogeochemical information at depth and in the downgradient parts of the study area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141087","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Water Replenishment District of Southern California","usgsCitation":"Ponti, D.J., Wagner, B.J., Land, M., and Landon, M.K., 2014, Characterization of potential transport pathways and implications for groundwater management near an anticline in the Central Basin area, Los Angeles County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1087, Report: vii, 75 p.; Appendix A: 49 p.; 1 Plate: 28.00 x 19.50 inches; Tables 1,4,7; High resolution figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141087.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 75 p.; Appendix A: 49 p.; 1 Plate: 28.00 x 19.50 inches; Tables 1,4,7; High resolution figures","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-037058","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141087.jpg"},{"id":286906,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1087/pdf/ofr2014-1087.pdf"},{"id":286907,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1087/pdf/ofr2014-1087_appendixA.pdf"},{"id":286905,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1087/"},{"id":286909,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1087/downloads/ofr2014-1087_table4.xlsx"},{"id":286908,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1087/downloads/ofr2014-1087_table1.xlsx"},{"id":286910,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1087/downloads/ofr2014-1087_table7.xlsx"},{"id":286911,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1087/downloads/figures/"},{"id":286912,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1087/pdf/ofr2014-1087_plate1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.5,33.583 ], [ -118.5,34.25 ], [ -117.66,34.25 ], [ -117.66,33.583 ], [ -118.5,33.583 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5368a4d0e4b059f7e82882f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ponti, Daniel J. 0000-0002-2437-5144 dponti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-5144","contributorId":1020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"Daniel","email":"dponti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, Brian J. bjwagner@usgs.gov","contributorId":427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Brian","email":"bjwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":493273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":56613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70126738,"text":"70126738 - 2014 - Response to heavy, non-floating oil spilled in a Great Lakes river environment: a multiple-lines-of-evidence approach for submerged oil assessment and recovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T13:53:36","indexId":"70126738","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-01T14:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Response to heavy, non-floating oil spilled in a Great Lakes river environment: a multiple-lines-of-evidence approach for submerged oil assessment and recovery","docAbstract":"The Enbridge Line 6B pipeline release of diluted bitumen into the Kalamazoo River downstream of Marshall, MI in July 2010 is one of the largest freshwater oil spills in North American history. The unprecedented scale of impact and massive quantity of oil released required the development and implementation of new approaches for detection and recovery. At the onset of cleanup, conventional recovery techniques were employed for the initially floating oil and were successful. However, volatilization of the lighter diluent, along with mixing of the oil with sediment during flooded, turbulent river conditions caused the oil to sink and collect in natural deposition areas in the river. For more than three years after the spill, recovery of submerged oil has remained the predominant operational focus of the response.
\nThe recovery complexities for submerged oil mixed with sediment in depositional areas and long-term oil sheening along approximately 38 miles of the Kalamazoo River led to the development of a multiple-lines-of-evidence approach comprising six major components: geomorphic mapping, field assessments of submerged oil (poling), systematic tracking and mapping of oil sheen, hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling, forensic oil chemistry, and net environmental benefit analysis. The Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) considered this information in determining the appropriate course of action for each impacted segment of the river.
\nNew sources of heavy crude oils like diluted bitumen and increasing transportation of those oils require changes in the way emergency personnel respond to oil spills in the Great Lakes and other freshwater ecosystems. Strategies to recover heavy oils must consider that the oils may suspend or sink in the water column, mix with fine-grained sediment, and accumulate in depositional areas. Early understanding of the potential fate and behavior of diluted bitumen spills when combined with timely, strong conventional recovery methods can significantly influence response success.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Oil Spill Conference","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.434","usgsCitation":"Dollhopf, R.H., Fitzpatrick, F.A., Kimble, J.W., Capone, D.M., Graan, T.P., Zelt, R.B., and Johnson, R., 2014, Response to heavy, non-floating oil spilled in a Great Lakes river environment: a multiple-lines-of-evidence approach for submerged oil assessment and recovery, in International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, v. 2014, no. 1, p. 434-448, https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.434.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"434","endPage":"448","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-053313","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294549,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294548,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.434"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Kalamazoo River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.663515,42.215564 ], [ -85.663515,42.406311 ], [ -84.915548,42.406311 ], [ -84.915548,42.215564 ], [ -85.663515,42.215564 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2014","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54252ec9e4b0e641df8a7110","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dollhopf, Ralph H.","contributorId":31323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dollhopf","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimble, Jeffrey W.","contributorId":58961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimble","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Capone, Daniel M.","contributorId":64167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capone","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Graan, Thomas P.","contributorId":97021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graan","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zelt, Ronald B. 0000-0001-9024-855X rbzelt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9024-855X","contributorId":300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"Ronald","email":"rbzelt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, Rex","contributorId":104374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Rex","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70099908,"text":"ds836 - 2014 - Concentrations of selected constituents in surface-water and streambed-sediment samples collected from streams in and near an area of oil and natural-gas development, south-central Texas, 2011-13","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T12:33:52","indexId":"ds836","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-28T15:50:54","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"836","title":"Concentrations of selected constituents in surface-water and streambed-sediment samples collected from streams in and near an area of oil and natural-gas development, south-central Texas, 2011-13","docAbstract":"During 2011–13, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Antonio River Authority and the Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority, analyzed surface-water and streambed-sediment samples collected from 10 sites in the San Antonio River Basin to provide data for a broad range of constituents that might be associated with hydraulic fracturing and the produced waters that are a consequence of hydraulic fracturing. Among surface-water samples, all sulfide concentrations were less than the method detection limit of 0.79 milligrams per liter. Four glycols—diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and triethylene glycol—were analyzed for in surface-water samples collected for this study, and none were detected. Of the 91 semivolatile organic compounds analyzed for this study, there were six detections, all but one of which were in storm-runoff samples. The base-flow sample collected at the San Antonio River at Goliad, Tex. (SAR Goliad), site contained bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride and a constituent in hydraulic fracturing fluids. The storm-runoff samples collected at the San Antonio River near Elmendorf, Tex. (SAR Elmendorf), and Ecleto Creek at County Road 326 near Runge, Tex. (Ecleto 2), sites also contained bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. The storm-runoff sample collected at the SAR Elmendorf site contained the plasticizer diethyl phthalate. Both storm-runoff samples collected at the Ecleto Creek near Runge, Tex. (Ecleto 1), and Ecleto 2 sites contained benzyl alcohol, a solvent commonly used in paints. Of the 67 volatile organic compounds analyzed in this study, there were a total of six detections, all of which were in base-flow samples. The surface-water sample collected at the SAR Elmendorf site contained bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and trichloromethane, all of which are disinfection byproducts associated with the chlorination of municipal water supplies and of treated municipal wastewater. The sample collected at the Cibolo Creek near Saint Hedwig, Tex. (Cibolo St. Hedwig), site contained toluene, a fuel additive, solvent, and industrial feedstock used to produce benzene and a constituent associated with produced waters. The Cibolo St. Hedwig site is upstream from current (2014) oil and natural-gas production areas. Dichloromethane, an industrial solvent with multiple uses, was detected in surface-water samples at both the San Antonio River at State Highway 72 near Runge, Tex. (SAR 72), and SAR Goliad sites.
\nIn streambed-sediment samples, concentrations of total saturated hydrocarbons (TSH) ranged from an estimated 260 micrograms per kilogram (μg/kg) in the less than (<) 2-millimeter (mm) size-fraction sample collected at the SAR Goliad site to 11,000 μg/kg in the <2-mm size-fraction sample collected at the Ecleto 1 site. TSH concentrations were greater in the <63-micrometer (μm) size-fraction samples than in the <2-mm size-fraction samples in streambed-sediment samples collected from 5 of the 9 sites. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were calculated as the sum of the individual PAHs and alkylated PAHs. Total PAH concentrations ranged from less than the method detection limit in the <2-mm size-fraction samples collected from multiple sites to 1,600 μg/kg in the <2-mm size-fraction sample collected from the San Antonio River near McFaddin, Tex. (SAR McFaddin), site. Total PAH concentrations were greater in the <63-μm size-fraction samples than in the <2-mm size-fraction samples at 7 of the 9 sites.
\nDuring collection of streambed-sediment samples, additional samples from a subset of three sites (the SAR Elmendorf, SAR 72, and SAR McFaddin sites) were processed by using a 63-µm sieve on one aliquot and a 2-mm sieve on a second aliquot for PAH and n-alkane analyses. The purpose of analyzing PAHs and n-alkanes on a sample containing sand, silt, and clay versus a sample containing only silt and clay was to provide data that could be used to determine if these organic constituents had a greater affinity for silt- and clay-sized particles relative to sand-sized particles. The greater concentrations of PAHs in the <63-μm size-fraction samples at all three of these sites are consistent with a greater percentage of binding sites associated with fine-grained (<63 μm) sediment versus coarse-grained (<2 mm) sediment. The larger difference in total PAHs between the <2-mm and <63-μm size-fraction samples at the SAR Elmendorf site might be related to the large percentage of sand in the <2-mm size-fraction sample which was absent in the <63-μm size-fraction sample. In contrast, the <2-mm size-fraction sample collected from the SAR McFaddin site contained very little sand and was similar in particle-size composition to the <63-μm size-fraction sample.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds836","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio River Authority and the Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority","usgsCitation":"Opsahl, S.P., and Crow, C.L., 2014, Concentrations of selected constituents in surface-water and streambed-sediment samples collected from streams in and near an area of oil and natural-gas development, south-central Texas, 2011-13 (Originally posted April 29, 2014; Version 1.1: January 28, 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 836, Report: v, 25 p.; Appendixes 1-18, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds836.","productDescription":"Report: v, 25 p.; Appendixes 1-18","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-054353","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds836.jpg"},{"id":286792,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/836/downloads/ds836_appendixes1-18.xlsx","text":"Appendixes 1-18","size":"119 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Appendixes 1-18"},{"id":286791,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/836/pdf/ds836.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":286788,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/836/"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 14","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"San Antonio River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98,28.667 ], [ -98,29.667 ], [ -97,29.667 ], [ -97,28.667 ], [ -98,28.667 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Originally posted April 29, 2014; Version 1.1: January 28, 2015","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5360c9e8e4b082a3ecf53dea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Opsahl, Stephen P. 0000-0002-4774-0415 sopsahl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4774-0415","contributorId":4713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Opsahl","given":"Stephen","email":"sopsahl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crow, Cassi L. 0000-0002-1279-2485 ccrow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1279-2485","contributorId":1666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crow","given":"Cassi","email":"ccrow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170792,"text":"70170792 - 2014 - Eruption style at Kīlauea Volcano in Hawai‘i linked to primary melt composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-03T18:21:28","indexId":"70170792","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-28T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eruption style at Kīlauea Volcano in Hawai‘i linked to primary melt composition","docAbstract":"Explosive eruptions at basaltic volcanoes have been linked to gas segregation from magmas at shallow depths in the crust. The composition of primary melts formed at greater depths was thought to have little influence on eruptive style. Ocean island basaltic volcanoes are the product of melting of a geochemically heterogeneous mantle plume and are expected to give rise to heterogeneous primary melts. This range in primary melt composition, particularly with respect to the volatile components, will profoundly influence magma buoyancy, storage and eruption style. Here we analyse the geochemistry of a suite of melt inclusions from 25 historical eruptions at the ocean island volcano of Kīlauea, Hawai‘i, over the past 600 years. We find that more explosive styles of eruption at Kīlauea Volcano are associated statistically with more geochemically enriched primary melts that have higher volatile concentrations. These enriched melts ascend faster and retain their primary nature, undergoing little interaction with the magma reservoir at the volcano’s summit. We conclude that the eruption style and magma-supply rate at Kīlauea are fundamentally linked to the geochemistry of the primary melts formed deep below the volcano. Magmas might therefore be predisposed towards explosivity right at the point of formation in their mantle source region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Pub. Group","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1038/ngeo2140","usgsCitation":"I.R., S., Edmonds, M., Maclennan, J., Swanson, D., and Houghton, B.F., 2014, Eruption style at Kīlauea Volcano in Hawai‘i linked to primary melt composition: Nature Geoscience, v. 7, p. 464-469, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2140.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"464","endPage":"469","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-075446","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10125/39957","text":"External Repository"},{"id":320882,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5729cbb1e4b0b13d3919a325","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"I.R., Sides.","contributorId":169090,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"I.R.","given":"Sides.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25414,"text":"Cambridge Univeristy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edmonds, M.","contributorId":43547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maclennan, J.","contributorId":169092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maclennan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25415,"text":"Cambridge University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swanson, Don 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":168817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Don","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":628413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":628416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70059991,"text":"sir20145001 - 2014 - Status of groundwater quality in the Borrego Valley, Central Desert, and Low-Use Basins of the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts study unit, 2008-2010: California GAMA Priority Basin Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-22T10:32:46","indexId":"sir20145001","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-22T10:26:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5001","title":"Status of groundwater quality in the Borrego Valley, Central Desert, and Low-Use Basins of the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts study unit, 2008-2010: California GAMA Priority Basin Project","docAbstract":"Groundwater quality in the approximately 963-square-mile Borrego Valley, Central Desert, and Low-Use Basins of the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts study unit was investigated as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The study unit is located in southern California in San Bernardino, Riverside, San Diego, and Imperial Counties. The GAMA Priority Basin Project is being conducted by the California State Water Resources Control Board in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
\nThe GAMA Borrego Valley, Central Desert, and Low-Use Basins of the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of untreated (raw) groundwater in the primary aquifer system. The assessment is based on water-quality and ancillary data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from 52 wells (49 grid wells and 3 understanding wells) and on water-quality data from the California Department of Public Health database. The primary aquifer system was defined by the depth intervals of the wells listed in the California Department of Public Health database for the Borrego Valley, Central Desert, and Low-Use Basins of the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts study unit. The quality of groundwater in the primary aquifer system may be different from that in the shallower or deeper water-bearing zones; shallow groundwater may be more vulnerable to surficial contamination.
\nThis study assesses the status of the current quality of the groundwater resource by using data from samples analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, and naturally occurring inorganic constituents, such as major ions and trace elements. This status assessment is intended to characterize the quality of groundwater resources in the primary aquifer system of the Borrego Valley, Central Desert, and Low-Use Basins of the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts study unit, not the treated drinking water delivered to consumers by water purveyors.
\nRelative-concentrations (sample concentration divided by the health- or aesthetic-based benchmark concentration) were used for evaluating groundwater quality for those constituents that have Federal or California regulatory or non-regulatory benchmarks for drinking-water quality. A relative-concentration greater than 1.0 indicates a concentration greater than a benchmark, and a relative-concentration less than or equal to 1.0 indicates a concentration equal to or less than a benchmark. Relative-concentrations of organic constituents and special-interest constituents [perchlorate and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)] were classified as high (relative-concentration greater than 1.0), moderate (relative-concentration greater than 0.1 and less than or equal to 1.0), or low (relative-concentration less than or equal to 0.1). Relative-concentrations of inorganic constituents were classified as high (relative-concentration greater than 1.0), moderate (relative-concentration greater than 0.5 and less than or equal to 1.0), or low (relative-concentration less than or equal to 0.5).
\nAquifer-scale proportion was used as the primary metric in the status assessment for evaluating regional-scale groundwater quality. High aquifer-scale proportion is defined as the percentage of the area of the primary aquifer system with a high relative-concentration for a particular constituent or class of constituents; this percentage is based on an areal rather than a volumetric basis. Moderate and low aquifer-scale proportions were defined as the percentages of the primary aquifer system with moderate and low relative-concentrations, respectively, of a constituent or class of constituents. Two statistical approaches—grid-based and spatially weighted—were used to evaluate aquifer-scale proportions for individual constituents and classes of constituents. Grid-based and spatially weighted estimates were comparable to each other (within 90-percent confidence intervals) in the study unit.
\nInorganic constituents (one or more) with health-based benchmarks were detected at high relative-concentrations in 48 percent of the primary aquifer system and at moderate relative-concentrations in 26 percent of the primary aquifer system. The high aquifer-scale proportion of inorganic constituents primarily reflected high aquifer-scale proportions of fluoride (27 percent), arsenic (18 percent), molybdenum (16 percent), boron (10 percent), uranium (5.6 percent), gross alpha radioactivity (9.7 percent), and nitrate (2.7 percent). The inorganic constituents with secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs) were detected at high relative-concentrations in 13 percent of the primary aquifer system and at moderate relative-concentrations in 39 percent. The high aquifer-scale proportion for SMCL constituents reflected high aquifer-scale proportions of total dissolved solids (TDS, 11 percent), manganese (2.8 percent), and chloride (2.8 percent).
\nOrganic constituents were not detected at high relative-concentrations in the primary aquifer system, and were present at moderate relative-concentrations in 5.0 percent, and at low relative-concentrations or were not detected in 95 percent of the primary aquifer system. Of the 148 organic constituents analyzed, 12 constituents were detected. Two organic constituents, chloroform and tetrachloroethene (PCE), were detected in more than 10 percent of samples, but were detected mostly at low relative-concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145001","collaboration":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Parsons, M.C., Hancock, T.C., Kulongoski, J., and Belitz, K., 2014, Status of groundwater quality in the Borrego Valley, Central Desert, and Low-Use Basins of the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts study unit, 2008-2010: California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5001, viii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145001.","productDescription":"viii, 88 p.","numberOfPages":"100","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-027935","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286497,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145001.jpg"},{"id":286487,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5001/"},{"id":286495,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5001/pdf/sir2014-5001.pdf"},{"id":286496,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3001/"}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Imperial County;Riverside County;San Bernardino County;San Diego County","otherGeospatial":"Borrego Valley;Mojave Desert;Sonoran Desert","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.82,32.24 ], [ -124.82,42.12 ], [ -113.99,42.12 ], [ -113.99,32.24 ], [ -124.82,32.24 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53578159e4b0938066bc819f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Mary C. mparsons@usgs.gov","contributorId":1571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Mary","email":"mparsons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hancock, Tracy Connell","contributorId":62295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hancock","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"Connell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kulongoski, Justin T. 0000-0002-3498-4154","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-4154","contributorId":94750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulongoski","given":"Justin T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70048943,"text":"ds795 - 2014 - Groundwater-quality data in seven GAMA study units: results from initial sampling, 2004-2005, and resampling, 2007-2008, of wells: California GAMA Program Priority Basin Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-04T14:41:26","indexId":"ds795","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-03T16:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"795","title":"Groundwater-quality data in seven GAMA study units: results from initial sampling, 2004-2005, and resampling, 2007-2008, of wells: California GAMA Program Priority Basin Project","docAbstract":"The Priority Basin Project (PBP) of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). The GAMA-PBP began sampling, primarily public supply wells in May 2004. By the end of February 2006, seven (of what would eventually be 35) study units had been sampled over a wide area of the State. Selected wells in these first seven study units were resampled for water quality from August 2007 to November 2008 as part of an assessment of temporal trends in water quality by the GAMA-PBP.
\nThe initial sampling was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of raw groundwater used for public water supplies within the seven study units. In the 7 study units, 462 wells were selected by using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study area. Wells selected this way are referred to as grid wells or status wells. Approximately 3 years after the initial sampling, 55 of these previously sampled status wells (approximately 10 percent in each study unit) were randomly selected for resampling. The seven resampled study units, the total number of status wells sampled for each study unit, and the number of these wells resampled for trends are as follows, in chronological order of sampling: San Diego Drainages (53 status wells, 7 trend wells), North San Francisco Bay (84, 10), Northern San Joaquin Basin (51, 5), Southern Sacramento Valley (67, 7), San Fernando–San Gabriel (35, 6), Monterey Bay and Salinas Valley Basins (91, 11), and Southeast San Joaquin Valley (83, 9).
\nThe groundwater samples were analyzed for a large number of synthetic organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOCs], pesticides, and pesticide degradates), constituents of special interest (perchlorate, N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA], and 1,2,3-trichloropropane [1,2,3-TCP]), and naturally-occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements). Naturally-occurring isotopes (tritium, carbon-14, and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water) also were measured to help identify processes affecting groundwater quality and the sources and ages of the sampled groundwater. Nearly 300 constituents and water-quality indicators were investigated.
\nQuality-control samples (blanks, replicates, and samples for matrix spikes) were collected at 24 percent of the 55 status wells resampled for trends, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data for the groundwater samples. Field blanks rarely contained detectable concentrations of any constituent, suggesting that contamination was not a noticeable source of bias in the data for the groundwater samples. Differences between replicate samples were mostly within acceptable ranges, indicating acceptably low variability in analytical results. Matrix-spike recoveries were within the acceptable range (70 to 130 percent) for 75 percent of the compounds for which matrix spikes were collected.
\nThis study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers. After withdrawal, groundwater typically is treated, disinfected, and blended with other waters to maintain acceptable water quality. The benchmarks used in this report apply to treated water that is served to the consumer, not to untreated groundwater. To provide some context for the results, however, concentrations of constituents measured in these groundwater samples were compared with benchmarks established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health (CDPH). Comparisons between data collected for this study and benchmarks for drinking water are for illustrative purposes only and are not indicative of compliance or non-compliance with those benchmarks.
\nMost constituents that were detected in groundwater samples from the trend wells were found at concentrations less than drinking-water benchmarks. Four VOCs—trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, and methyl tert-butyl ether—were detected in one or more wells at concentrations greater than their health-based benchmarks, and six VOCs were detected in at least 10 percent of the samples during initial sampling or resampling of the trend wells. No pesticides were detected at concentrations near or greater than their health-based benchmarks. Three pesticide constituents—atrazine, deethylatrazine, and simazine—were detected in more than 10 percent of the trend-well samples during both sampling periods. Perchlorate, a constituent of special interest, was detected more frequently, and at greater concentrations during resampling than during initial sampling, but this may be due to a change in analytical method between the sampling periods, rather than to a change in groundwater quality. Another constituent of special interest, 1,2,3-TCP, was also detected more frequently during resampling than during initial sampling, but this pattern also may not reflect a change in groundwater quality. Samples from several of the wells where 1,2,3-TCP was detected by low-concentration-level analysis during resampling were not analyzed for 1,2,3-TCP using a low-level method during initial sampling. Most detections of nutrients and trace elements in samples from trend wells were less than health-based benchmarks during both sampling periods. Exceptions include nitrate, arsenic, boron, and vanadium, all detected at concentrations greater than their health-based benchmarks in at least one well during both sampling periods, and molybdenum, detected at concentrations greater than its health-based benchmark during resampling only. The isotopic ratios of oxygen and hydrogen in water and tritium and carbon-14 activities generally changed little between sampling periods, suggesting that the predominant sources and ages of groundwater in most trend wells were consistent between the sampling periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds795","collaboration":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Kent, R.H., Belitz, K., and Fram, M.S., 2014, Groundwater-quality data in seven GAMA study units: results from initial sampling, 2004-2005, and resampling, 2007-2008, of wells: California GAMA Program Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 795, x, 170 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds795.","productDescription":"x, 170 p.","numberOfPages":"184","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-032958","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285665,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds795.jpg"},{"id":285663,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/795/"},{"id":285664,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/795/pdf/ds795.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.0,32.0 ], [ -125.0,42.2 ], [ -114.0,42.2 ], [ -114.0,32.0 ], [ -125.0,32.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517044e4b05569d805a243","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kent, Robert H. 0000-0003-4174-9467 rhkent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4174-9467","contributorId":175257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Robert","email":"rhkent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70048954,"text":"ds803 - 2014 - Groundwater-quality data in the Klamath Mountains study unit, 2010: results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-28T15:39:06","indexId":"ds803","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-28T15:19:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"803","title":"Groundwater-quality data in the Klamath Mountains study unit, 2010: results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"Groundwater quality in the 8,806-square-mile Klamath Mountains (KLAM) study unit was investigated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from October to December 2010, as part of the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program’s Priority Basin Project (PBP). The GAMA-PBP was developed in response to the California Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 and is being conducted in collaboration with the SWRCB and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The KLAM study unit was the thirty-third study unit to be sampled as part of the GAMA-PBP.
\n\nThe GAMA Klamath Mountains study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of untreated-groundwater quality in the primary aquifer system and to facilitate statistically consistent comparisons of untreated-groundwater quality throughout California. The primary aquifer system is defined by the perforation intervals of wells listed in the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) database for the KLAM study unit. Groundwater quality in the primary aquifer system may differ from the quality in the shallower or deeper water-bearing zones; shallower groundwater may be more vulnerable to surficial contamination.
\n\nIn the KLAM study unit, groundwater samples were collected from sites in Del Norte, Siskiyou, Humboldt, Trinity, Tehama, and Shasta Counties, California. Of the 39 sites sampled, 38 were selected by using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the primary aquifer system in the study unit (grid sites), and the remaining site was non-randomized (understanding site).
\n\nThe groundwater samples were analyzed for basic field parameters, organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOCs] and pesticides and pesticide degradates), inorganic constituents (trace elements, nutrients, major and minor ions, total dissolved solids [TDS]), radon-222, gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity, and microbial indicators (total coliform and Escherichia coli [E. coli]). Isotopic tracers (stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water, isotopic ratios of dissolved strontium in water, and stable isotopes of carbon in dissolved inorganic carbon), dissolved noble gases, and age-dating tracers (tritium and carbon-14) were measured to help identify sources and ages of sampled groundwater.
\n\nQuality-control samples (field blanks, replicate sample pairs, and matrix spikes) were collected at 13 percent of the sites in the KLAM study unit, and the results were used to evaluate the quality of the data from the groundwater samples. Field blank samples rarely contained detectable concentrations of any constituent, indicating that contamination from sample collection or analysis was not a significant source of bias in the data for the groundwater samples. More than 99 percent of the replicate pair samples were within acceptable limits of variability. Matrix-spike sample recoveries were within the acceptable range (70 to 130 percent) for approximately 91 percent of the compounds.
\n\nThis study did not evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers. After withdrawal, groundwater typically is treated, disinfected, and (or) blended with other waters to maintain water quality. Regulatory benchmarks apply to water that is delivered to the consumer, not to untreated groundwater. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the untreated groundwater were compared with regulatory and non-regulatory health-based benchmarks established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and CDPH, and to non-health-based benchmarks established for aesthetic concerns by the CDPH. Comparisons between data collected for this study and benchmarks for drinking water are for illustrative purposes only and are not indicative of compliance or non-compliance with those benchmarks.
\n\nAll concentrations of organic constituents from grid sites sampled in the KLAM study unit were less than health-based benchmarks. In total, VOCs were detected in 16 of the 38 grid sites sampled (approximately 42 percent), pesticides and pesticide degradates were detected in 8 grid sites (about 21 percent), and microbial indicators were detected in 14 grid sites (approximately 37 percent).
\n\nInorganic constituents (trace elements, major and minor ions, nutrients, and uranium and other radioactive constituents) and microbial indicators were sampled for at 38 grid sites, and all concentrations were less than health-based benchmarks, with the exception of one detection of boron greater than the CDPH notification level of 1,000 micrograms per liter (μg/L). Generally, concentrations of inorganic constituents with non-health-based benchmarks (iron, manganese, chloride, and TDS) were less than the CDPH secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL-CA). Exceptions include three detections of iron greater than the SMCL-CA of 300 μg/L, four detections of manganese greater than the SMCL-CA of 50 μg/L, one detection of chloride greater than the recommended SMCL-CA of 250 μg/L, and one detection of TDS greater than the recommended SMCL-CA of 500 μg/L.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds803","collaboration":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program; Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Mathany, T., and Belitz, K., 2014, Groundwater-quality data in the Klamath Mountains study unit, 2010: results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 803, x, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds803.","productDescription":"x, 82 p.","numberOfPages":"96","ipdsId":"IP-036089","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285119,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds803.jpg"},{"id":285117,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/803/"},{"id":285118,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/803/pdf/ds803.pdf"}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area Conic Projection","country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -0.01611111111111111,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -0.01611111111111111,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,8.333333333333334E-4 ], [ -0.01611111111111111,8.333333333333334E-4 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517044e4b05569d805a245","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mathany, Timothy M. 0000-0002-4747-5113","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4747-5113","contributorId":99949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathany","given":"Timothy M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70099991,"text":"sir20145036 - 2014 - Simulation of zones of contribution to wells at site GM–38, Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Bethpage, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-28T14:36:01","indexId":"sir20145036","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-28T14:23:03","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5036","title":"Simulation of zones of contribution to wells at site GM–38, Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Bethpage, New York","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional groundwater-flow model is coupled with the particle-tracking program MODPATH to delineate zones of contribution to wells pumping from the Magothy aquifer and supplying water to a chlorinated volatile organic compound removal plant at site GM–38, Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Bethpage, New York. By use of driller’s logs, a transitional probability approach generated three alternative realizations of heterogeneity within the Magothy aquifer to assess uncertainty in model representation. Finer-grained sediments with low hydraulic conductivity were realized as laterally discontinuous, thickening towards the south, and comprising about 17 percent of the total aquifer volume.
\n\nParticle-tracking evaluations of a steady state present conditions model with alternative heterogeneity realizations were used to develop zones of contribution of remedial pumping wells. Because of heterogeneity and high rates of advection within the coarse-grained sediments, transport by dispersion and (or) diffusion was assumed to be negligible. Resulting zones of contribution of existing remedial wells are complex shapes, influenced by heterogeneity of each realization and other nearby hydrologic stresses. The use of two particle tracking techniques helped identify zones of contribution to wells. Backtracking techniques and observations of points of intersection of backward-tracked particles at shells of the GM–38 Hot Spot, as defined by surfaces of equal total volatile organic compound concentration, identified the source of water within the GM–38 Hot Spot to simulated wells. Forward-tracking techniques identified the fate of water within the GM–38 Hot Spot, including well capture and discharge to model constant head and drain boundaries. The percentage of backward-tracked particles, started at GM–38 wells that were sourced from within the Hot Spot, varied from 72.0 to 98.2, depending on the Hot Spot delineation used (present steady state model and Magothy aquifer heterogeneity realization A). The percentage of forward-tracked particles that were captured by GM–38 wells varied from 81.1 to 94.6, depending on the Hot Spot delineation used, with the remainder primarily captured by Bethpage Water District Plant 4 production wells (present steady state model and Magothy aquifer heterogeneity realization A). Less than 1 percent of forward-tracked particles ultimately discharge at model constant head and drain boundaries. The differences between forward- and backward-tracked particle percentage ranges are due to some forward-tracked particles not being captured by GM–38 wells, and some backward-tracked particles not intersecting specific regions of the Hot Spot.
\n\nDuring 2013, an aquifer test generated detailed time series of well pumping rates and corresponding water-level responses were recorded at numerous locations. These data were used to verify the present conditions steady state model and demonstrate the sensitivity of model results to transient-state changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145036","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Naval Facilities Engineering Command","usgsCitation":"Misut, P., 2014, Simulation of zones of contribution to wells at site GM–38, Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Bethpage, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5036, vii, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145036.","productDescription":"vii, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053917","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285106,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5036/pdf/sir2014-5036.pdf"},{"id":285107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145036.jpg"},{"id":285104,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5036/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Bethpage","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.506,40.731 ], [ -73.506,40.769 ], [ -73.464,40.769 ], [ -73.464,40.731 ], [ -73.506,40.731 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517063e4b05569d805a3b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Misut, Paul","contributorId":93822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Misut","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168886,"text":"70168886 - 2014 - Vesta surface thermal properties map","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-07T10:45:58","indexId":"70168886","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vesta surface thermal properties map","docAbstract":"The first ever regional thermal properties map of Vesta has been derived from the temperatures retrieved by infrared data by the mission Dawn. The low average value of thermal inertia, 30 ± 10 J m−2 s−0.5 K−1, indicates a surface covered by a fine regolith. A range of thermal inertia values suggesting terrains with different physical properties has been determined. The lower thermal inertia of the regions north of the equator suggests that they are covered by an older, more processed surface. A few specific areas have higher than average thermal inertia values, indicative of a more compact material. The highest thermal inertia value has been determined on the Marcia crater, known for its pitted terrain and the presence of hydroxyl in the ejecta. Our results suggest that this type of terrain can be the result of soil compaction following the degassing of a local subsurface reservoir of volatiles.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2013GL059026","usgsCitation":"Capria, M.T., Tosi, F., De Santis, M.C., Capaccioni, F., Ammannito, E., Frigeri, A., Zambon, F., Fonte, S., Palomba, E., Turrini, D., Titus, T., Schroder, S., Toplis, M., Liu, J., Combe, J.#., Raymond, C., and Russell, C., 2014, Vesta surface thermal properties map: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 41, no. 5, p. 1438-1443, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL059026.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1438","endPage":"1443","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052512","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl059026","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318642,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56deb477e4b015c306fb8a88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capria, Maria Teresa","contributorId":167367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Capria","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"Teresa","affiliations":[{"id":16145,"text":"Italian Space Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tosi, F.","contributorId":9472,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tosi","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":34654,"text":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, INAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"De Santis, Maria Cristina","contributorId":167368,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Santis","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"Cristina","affiliations":[{"id":16145,"text":"Italian Space Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Capaccioni, F.","contributorId":90900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capaccioni","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ammannito, E.","contributorId":145550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ammannito","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16145,"text":"Italian Space Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Frigeri, A.","contributorId":85799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frigeri","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Zambon, F","contributorId":145548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zambon","given":"F","affiliations":[{"id":34654,"text":"Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, INAF","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":16145,"text":"Italian Space Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Fonte, S.","contributorId":167370,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fonte","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16145,"text":"Italian Space Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Palomba, E.","contributorId":145551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Palomba","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16145,"text":"Italian Space Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Turrini, D.","contributorId":167371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turrini","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16145,"text":"Italian Space Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Titus, T.N.","contributorId":102615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Schroder, S.E.","contributorId":26590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Toplis, M.J.","contributorId":17106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toplis","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Liu, J.Y.","contributorId":18639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"J.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Combe, J. #NAME?","contributorId":37982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Combe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Raymond, C.A.","contributorId":50301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Raymond","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18954,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Russell, C.T.","contributorId":32275,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33607,"text":"University of California Los Angeles","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":622064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}} ,{"id":70059178,"text":"70059178 - 2014 - Melt inclusions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T23:56:49.261149","indexId":"70059178","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-01T11:41:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Melt inclusions","docAbstract":"Melt inclusions are small droplets of silicate melt that are trapped in minerals during their growth in a magma. Once formed, they commonly retain much of their initial composition (with some exceptions) unless they are re-opened at some later stage. Melt inclusions thus offer several key advantages over whole rock samples: (i) they record pristine concentrations of volatiles and metals that are usually lost during magma solidification and degassing, (ii) they are snapshots in time whereas whole rocks are the time-integrated end products, thus allowing a more detailed, time-resolved view into magmatic processes (iii) they are largely unaffected by subsolidus alteration. Due to these characteristics, melt inclusions are an ideal tool to study the evolution of mineralized magma systems. This chapter first discusses general aspects of melt inclusions formation and methods for their investigation, before reviewing studies performed on mineralized magma systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences: Treatise on geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01106-2","usgsCitation":"Audétat A., and Lowenstern, J.B., 2014, Melt inclusions, chap. of Reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences: Treatise on geochemistry, v. 13, p. 143-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01106-2.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"173","ipdsId":"IP-038597","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","edition":"Second Edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517054e4b05569d805a31d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Audétat A.","contributorId":127932,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Audétat A.","id":535612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70074813,"text":"70074813 - 2014 - Market forces and technological substitutes cause fluctuations in the value of bat pest-control services for cotton","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-13T14:47:41","indexId":"70074813","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-05T13:43:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Market forces and technological substitutes cause fluctuations in the value of bat pest-control services for cotton","docAbstract":"Critics of the market-based, ecosystem services approach to biodiversity conservation worry that volatile market conditions and technological substitutes will diminish the value of ecosystem services and obviate the “economic benefits” arguments for conservation. To explore the effects of market forces and substitutes on service values, we assessed how the value of the pest-control services provided by Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana) to cotton production in the southwestern U.S. has changed over time. We calculated service values each year from 1990 through 2008 by estimating the value of avoided crop damage and the reduced social and private costs of insecticide use in the presence of bats. Over this period, the ecosystem service value declined by 79% ($19.09 million U.S. dollars) due to the introduction and widespread adoption of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton transgenically modified to express its own pesticide, falling global cotton prices and the reduction in the number of hectares in the U.S. planted with cotton. Our results demonstrate that fluctuations in market conditions can cause temporal variation in ecosystem service values even when ecosystem function – in this case bat population numbers – is held constant. Evidence is accumulating, however, of the evolution of pest resistance to Bt cotton, suggesting that the value of bat pest-control services may increase again. This gives rise to an economic option value argument for conserving Mexican free-tailed bat populations. We anticipate that these results will spur discussion about the role of ecosystem services in biodiversity conservation in general, and bat conservation in particular.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0087912","usgsCitation":"López-Hoffman, L., Wiederholt, R., Sansone, C., Bagstad, K.J., Cryan, P.M., Diffendorfer, J., Goldstein, J., LaSharr, K., Loomis, J., McCracken, G., Medellin, R., Russell, A., and Semmens, D.J., 2014, Market forces and technological substitutes cause fluctuations in the value of bat pest-control services for cotton: PLoS ONE, v. 2, no. 9, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087912.","productDescription":"7 p.","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049522","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":29789,"text":"John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087912","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":282030,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282029,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087912"}],"volume":"2","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-02-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52f35e28e4b0b03a191c6ddb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"López-Hoffman, Laura","contributorId":77397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"López-Hoffman","given":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiederholt, Ruscena","contributorId":69464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiederholt","given":"Ruscena","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sansone, Chris","contributorId":44832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sansone","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bagstad, Kenneth J. 0000-0001-8857-5615 kjbagstad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-5615","contributorId":3680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bagstad","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjbagstad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cryan, Paul M. 0000-0002-2915-8894 cryanp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-8894","contributorId":2356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cryan","given":"Paul","email":"cryanp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":547,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Diffendorfer, James E. 0000-0003-1093-6948 jediffendorfer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1093-6948","contributorId":3208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diffendorfer","given":"James E.","email":"jediffendorfer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Goldstein, Joshua","contributorId":105224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Joshua","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"LaSharr, Kelsie","contributorId":108397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaSharr","given":"Kelsie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Loomis, John","contributorId":60746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loomis","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"McCracken, Gary","contributorId":38885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCracken","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Medellin, Rodrigo A.","contributorId":77456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medellin","given":"Rodrigo A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Russell, Amy","contributorId":38884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"Amy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Semmens, Darius J. 0000-0001-7924-6529 dsemmens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7924-6529","contributorId":1714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semmens","given":"Darius","email":"dsemmens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70048953,"text":"sir20135125 - 2014 - Evaluation of toxicity to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, and to the midge, Chironomus dilutus; and bioaccumulation by the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, with exposure to PCB-contaminated sediments from Anniston, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-21T08:32:17","indexId":"sir20135125","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-14T14:48:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5125","title":"Evaluation of toxicity to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, and to the midge, Chironomus dilutus; and bioaccumulation by the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, with exposure to PCB-contaminated sediments from Anniston, Alabama","docAbstract":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) requested that as part of the remedial investigation for the Anniston, Alabama Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Site (Anniston PCB Site), that Pharmacia Corporation and Solutia Inc. (P/S) perform long-term reproduction toxicity tests with the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, and the midge, Chironomus dilutus, and bioaccumulation tests with the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, using sediment samples collected from reference locations and from Operable Unit 4 of the Anniston PCB Site. The sediment toxicity testing and sediment bioaccumulation results will be used by ARCADIS U.S., Inc. (ARCADIS) as part of a weight-of-evidence assessment to evaluate risks and establish sediment remediation goals for contaminants to sediment-dwelling organisms inhabiting the Anniston PCB Site.
\nThe goal of this study was to characterize relations between sediment chemistry and sediment toxicity and relations between sediment chemistry and sediment bioaccumulation in samples of sediments collected from the Anniston PCB Site. A total of 32 samples were evaluated from six test sites and one reference site to provide a wide range in concentrations of chemicals of potential concern (COPCs) including PCBs in samples of whole sediment. The goal of this study was not to determine the extent of sediment contamination across the Anniston PCB Site. Hence, the test sites or samples collected from within a test site were not selected to represent the spatial extent of sediment contamination across the Anniston PCB Site. Sediment chemistry, pore-water chemistry, and sediment toxicity data were generated for 26 sediment samples from the Anniston PCB Site. All of the samples were evaluated to determine if they qualified as reference sediment samples. Those samples that met the chemical selection criteria and biological selection criteria were identified as reference samples and used to develop the reference envelope for each toxicity test endpoint.
\nPhysical characterization of samples of whole sediment included analyses of grain size, TOC, and nutrients. Organic chemical characterization of samples of whole sediment included PCB homologs and select (13) PCB congeners, parent and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins; and dibenzofurans. The PCB aroclors analyzed included 1016, 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262 and 1268. Analyses of whole sediment also included total metals, simultaneously extracted metals, and acid volatile sulfide. Chemical characterization of samples of pore water isolated from samples of whole sediment at the start of the sediment toxicity exposures or at the start of the sediment bioaccumulation exposures included metals, major cations, major anions, dissolved organic carbon, and additional water-quality characteristics. Concentrations of metals or PCBs in pore water during the sediment toxicity exposures or during sediment bioaccumulation exposures also were determined using peeper samples (for metals) or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) samplers (for PCBs).
\nThe bioavailability and bioaccumulation of PCBs in 14 sediment samples were investigated using SPME passive samplers and the 28-d L. variegatus whole-sediment bioaccumulation exposures In general the accumulation of PCBs consistently was predicted through the use of organic carbon normalization and equilibrium partitioning. In these sediments, PCB homologs were accumulated differently based on bioavailability and potential to accumulate in oligochaetes. As part of this assessment homolog specific biota sediment accumulation factor values were developed that could be applied across the larger site to predict tissue levels of PCBs.
\nThe whole-sediment toxicity tests done with H. azteca and C. dilutus met the established ASTM and USEPA test acceptability criteria. The most responsive H. azteca endpoints were day 42 survival normalized young per female and day 28 biomass and that the most responsive C. dilutus endpoints were adult biomass and percent adult emergence. Overall, between the two species, the most responsive endpoint assessed for these two species was H. azteca survival-normalized young per female (67 percent of the samples classified as toxic).
\nConcentration-response models (CRMs) and site-specific sediment toxicity thresholds (TTs) were generated with matching sediment chemistry and sediment toxicity data. Sediment chemistry, pore-water chemistry, and sediment toxicity data were evaluated for as many as 26 sediment samples from the Anniston PCB Site. The reference-envelope approach was used to identify the sediment samples that were toxic to benthic invertebrates. This procedure involved identification of reference sediment samples, normalizing the toxicity data to reflect control responses, developing a reference envelope for each toxicity test endpoint, and designating each sediment sample as toxic or not toxic for each toxicity test endpoint, for each species, and for all species combined. These results demonstrated percent emergence of adult C. dilutus, biomass of adult C. dilutus, and reproduction of H. azteca normalized to percent survival were among the most responsive endpoints that were evaluated. Therefore, these endpoints were selected for CRM development.
\nThe site-specific TTs for whole sediment provide a reliable basis for identifying toxic and not toxic sediment samples in the Anniston PCB Site (that is, for correctly classifying the sediment samples used to derive the TTs as toxic or not toxic, for the endpoint used to derive the TTs). Among the 69 TTs for sediment, the TTLRs for total PCB homologs [499 to 1,870 micrograms per kilogram dry weight (μg/kg DW)] and for lead [(9.48 to 10.3 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) DW] based on reproduction of H. azteca or based on emergence or biomass of adult C. dilutus, were the most reliable. Such TTs had low rates of false negative errors (that is, only 0 to 11 percent of the samples below the TT were toxic to benthic invertebrates), low rates of false positive errors (only 0 to 6 percent of the samples greater than the TT were not toxic to benthic invertebrates), and high rates of correct classification (that is, 92 to 96 percent).
\nThe site-specific TTs for PCBs and other COPCs derived in this study also were compared to empirically based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), to equilibrium-partitioning based SQGs, and to the results of spiked-sediment toxicity tests. The results of this evaluation indicated that the site-specific sediment TTs for PCBs were comparable to the consensus-based SQGs that were derived for PCBs. In addition, the site-specific sediment TTs for PCBs are well within the range of SQGs derived using the equilibrium partitioning approach. The site-specific sediment TTs for PCBs also are consistent with the results of chronic TTs that have been estimated for benthic invertebrates using the results of spiked-sediment toxicity tests. As the site-specific sediment TTs for PCBs are consistent with empirically based SQGs, equilibrium-partitioning based SQGs, and results of sediment-spiking studies, these site- specific sediment TTs likely represent the concentrations of PCBs that are sufficient to cause toxicity to benthic invertebrates (as opposed to simply being correlated with adverse effects on the survival, weight, or reproduction of benthic invertebrates). Importantly, such site-specific sediment TTs have been demonstrated to accurately classify sediment samples as toxic or not toxic to benthic invertebrates at the Anniston PCB Site. In contrast, the TTs for metals, PAHs, and organochlorine pesticides were generally lower than consensus-based SQGs (that is, probable effect concentrations), and LC50s (median lethal effect concentrations) generated in spiked-sediment toxicity tests, indicating that these COPCs are likely not the main contributors to the observed toxicity of the site sediments evaluated in this study. The reproduction endpoint for H. azteca provided lower TTs compared to the day 28 biomass endpoint for H. azteca and the emergence or biomass endpoints for adult C. dilutus provided lower TTs compared to the day 13 biomass endpoint for C. dilutus.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135125","issn":"2328-0328","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, C.G., Steevens, J., MacDonald, D., Brumbaugh, W.G., Coady, M.R., Farrar, J.D., Lotufo, G.R., Kemble, N.E., Kunz, J.L., Stanley, J.K., and Sinclair, J., 2014, Evaluation of toxicity to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, and to the midge, Chironomus dilutus; and bioaccumulation by the oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, with exposure to PCB-contaminated sediments from Anniston, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5125, Report: ix, 122 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135125.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 122 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"136","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-036311","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281049,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135125.jpg"},{"id":281046,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5125/"},{"id":281048,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5125/downloads/"},{"id":281047,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5125/pdf/sir2013-5125.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","city":"Anniston","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -85.931236,33.599966 ], [ -85.931236,33.750917 ], [ -85.755367,33.750917 ], [ -85.755367,33.599966 ], [ -85.931236,33.599966 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52d65d72e4b0b566e996b34b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509632,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steevens, Jeffery A. 0000-0003-3946-1229","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-1229","contributorId":65415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steevens","given":"Jeffery A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509634,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacDonald, Donald D.","contributorId":49911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Donald D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509633,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steevens, Jeffery A. 0000-0003-3946-1229","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-1229","contributorId":65415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steevens","given":"Jeffery A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacDonald, Donald D.","contributorId":49911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Donald D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coady, Matthew R.","contributorId":36055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coady","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Farrar, J. Daniel","contributorId":18272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lotufo, Guilherme R.","contributorId":64564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lotufo","given":"Guilherme","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kunz, James L. 0000-0002-1027-158X jkunz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1027-158X","contributorId":3309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"James","email":"jkunz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Stanley, Jacob K.","contributorId":96590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Sinclair, Jesse A.","contributorId":66967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"Jesse A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70069017,"text":"70069017 - 2014 - 11.12 - Volatile hydrocarbons and fuel oxygenates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-26T14:25:08.68355","indexId":"70069017","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-05T11:09:15","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"11.12 - Volatile hydrocarbons and fuel oxygenates","docAbstract":"Petroleum hydrocarbons and fuel oxygenates are among the most commonly occurring and widely distributed contaminants in the environment. This chapter presents a summary of the sources, transport, fate, and remediation of volatile fuel hydrocarbons and fuel additives in the environment. Much research has focused on the transport and transformation processes of petroleum hydrocarbons and fuel oxygenates, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes and methyl tert‐butyl ether, in groundwater following release from underground storage tanks. Natural attenuation from biodegradation limits the movement of these contaminants and has received considerable attention as an environmental restoration option. This chapter summarizes approaches to environmental restoration, including those that rely on natural attenuation, and also engineered or enhanced remediation. Researchers are increasingly combining several microbial and molecular-based methods to give a complete picture of biodegradation potential and occurrence at contaminated field sites. New insights into the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons and fuel additives have been gained by recent advances in analytical tools and approaches, including stable isotope fractionation, analysis of metabolic intermediates, and direct microbial evidence. 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Periodic pressurization controls explosion timing, which nearly always occurs at peak inflation, as detected with tiltmeters. Tilt cycles in January 2012 reveal regular 26 ± 6 min inflation/deflation cycles corresponding to at least ~101 kg/s of gas fluxing the system. Very long period (VLP) earthquakes presage explosions and occur during cycles when inflation rates are most rapid. VLPs locate ~300 m below the vent and indicate mobilization of volatiles, which ascend at ~50 m/s. Rapid gas ascent feeds pyroclast-laden eruptions lasting several minutes and rising to ~1 km. VLPs are not observed during less rapid inflation episodes; instead, gas vents passively through the conduit producing no infrasound and no explosion. These observations intimate that steady gas exsolution and accumulation in shallow reservoirs may drive inflation cycles at open-vent silicic volcanoes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014GL061310","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.B., Lyons, J.J., Andrews, B.J., and Lees, J., 2014, Explosive dome eruptions modulated by periodic gas-driven inflation: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 41, no. 16, p. 6689-6697, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061310.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"6689","endPage":"6697","ipdsId":"IP-079015","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl061310","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":328942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"16","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7efebe4b0bc0bec09f407","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Jeffrey B.","contributorId":174416,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyons, John J. 0000-0001-5409-1698 jlyons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-1698","contributorId":5394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"John","email":"jlyons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andrews, B. J.","contributorId":174899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andrews","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lees, J.M.","contributorId":74532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lees","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70138540,"text":"70138540 - 2014 - Development of a portable active long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy system for volcanic gas measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T08:34:07","indexId":"70138540","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3855,"text":"Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a portable active long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy system for volcanic gas measurements","docAbstract":" Active long-path differential optical absorption spectroscopy (LP-DOAS) has been an effective tool for measuring atmospheric trace gases for several decades. However, instruments were large, heavy and power-inefficient, making their application to remote environments extremely challenging. Recent developments in fibre-coupling telescope technology and the availability of ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDS) have now allowed us to design and construct a lightweight, portable, low-power LP-DOAS instrument for use at remote locations and specifically for measuring degassing from active volcanic systems. The LP-DOAS was used to measure sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from La Fossa crater, Vulcano, Italy, where column densities of up to 1.2 × 1018 molec cm−2 (~ 500 ppmm) were detected along open paths of up to 400 m in total length. The instrument's SO2 detection limit was determined to be 2 × 1016 molec cm−2 (~ 8 ppmm), thereby making quantitative detection of even trace amounts of SO2 possible. The instrument is capable of measuring other volcanic volatile species as well. Though the spectral evaluation of the recorded data showed that chlorine monoxide (ClO) and carbon disulfide (CS2) were both below the instrument's detection limits during the experiment, the upper limits for the X / SO2 ratio (X = ClO, CS2) could be derived, and yielded 2 × 10−3 and 0.1, respectively. The robust design and versatility of the instrument make it a promising tool for monitoring of volcanic degassing and understanding processes in a range of volcanic systems.
We present the scientific case to build a multiple-wavelength, active, near-infrared (NIR) instrument to measure the reflected intensity and polarization characteristics of backscattered radiation from planetary surfaces and atmospheres. We focus on the ability of such an instrument to enhance, perhaps revolutionize, our understanding of climate, volatiles and astrobiological potential of modern-day Mars.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2014.10.021","usgsCitation":"Brown, A.J., Michaels, T.I., Byrne, S., Sun, W., Titus, T.N., Colaprete, A., Wolff, M.J., Videen, G., and Grund, C.J., 2014, The case for a modern multiwavelength, polarization-sensitive LIDAR in orbit around Mars: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, v. 115, p. 131-143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2014.10.021.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"143","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057073","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.0030","text":"External Repository"},{"id":298701,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"115","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550aa1c0e4b02e76d7590c0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Adrian J.","contributorId":106032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michaels, Timothy I.","contributorId":38883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michaels","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byrne, Shane","contributorId":53513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byrne","given":"Shane","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sun, Wenbo","contributorId":131093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sun","given":"Wenbo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7239,"text":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Titus, Timothy N. 0000-0003-0700-4875 ttitus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-4875","contributorId":146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"Timothy","email":"ttitus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Colaprete, Anthony","contributorId":62079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colaprete","given":"Anthony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wolff, Michael J.","contributorId":131094,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":7038,"text":"Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Videen, Gorden","contributorId":131095,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Videen","given":"Gorden","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7038,"text":"Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":537245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Grund, Christian J.","contributorId":139712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grund","given":"Christian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70059197,"text":"sir20135175 - 2013 - Characterization of stormwater at selected South Carolina Department of Transportation maintenance yard and section shed facilities in Ballentine, Conway, and North Charleston, South Carolina, 2010-2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T20:54:29","indexId":"sir20135175","displayToPublicDate":"2014-02-26T07:44:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5175","title":"Characterization of stormwater at selected South Carolina Department of Transportation maintenance yard and section shed facilities in Ballentine, Conway, and North Charleston, South Carolina, 2010-2012","docAbstract":"The South Carolina Department of Transportation operates section shed and maintenance yard facilities throughout the State. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a cooperative investigation with the South Carolina Department of Transportation to characterize water-quality constituents that are transported in stormwater from representative maintenance yard and section shed facilities in South Carolina. At a section shed in Ballentine, S.C., stormwater discharges to a retention pond outfall (Ballentine). At the Conway maintenance yard, stormwater in the southernmost section discharges to a pipe outfall (Conway1), and stormwater in the remaining area discharges to a grass-lined ditch (Conway2). At the North Charleston maintenance yard, stormwater discharges from the yard to Turkey Creek through a combination of pipes, ditches, and overland flow; therefore, samples were collected from the main channel of Turkey Creek at the upstream (North Charleston1) and downstream (North Charleston2) limits of the North Charleston maintenance yard facility.
\nThe storms sampled during this study had a wide range of rainfall amounts, durations, and intensities at each of the facilities and, therefore, were considered to be reasonably representative of the potential for contaminant transport. At all facilities, stormwater discharge was significantly correlated to rainfall amount and intensity. Event-mean unit-area stormwater discharge increased with increasing impervious surface at the Conway and North Charleston maintenance yards. The Ballentine facility with 79 percent impervious surface had a mean unit-area discharge similar to that of the North Charleston maintenance yard (62 percent impervious surface). That similarity may be attributed, in part, to the effects of the retention pond on the stormwater runoff at the Ballentine facility and to the greater rainfall intensities and amounts at the North Charleston facility.
\nStormwater samples from the facilities were analyzed for multiple constituents and characteristics. Concentrations of sediment and concentrations of nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria, which are commonly transported with the sediment in stormwater, were measured. Total and dissolved concentrations of six trace metals were determined in the samples. Stormwater samples also were analyzed for organic compounds including 10 herbicides, 18 organochlorine pesticides, 7 Aroclor or polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, 44 volatile organic compounds, and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
\nStormwater often transports large quantities of sediment and sediment-bound contaminants, including nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria. Median event-mean concentrations of suspended sediment in stormwater at these facilities ranged from 54 milligrams per liter in Turkey Creek at North Charleston2 to 147 milligrams per liter in stormwater discharging from the Ballentine retention pond outfall. In general, event-mean concentrations of total nitrogen consisted mainly of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (organic nitrogen plus ammonia) rather than nitrate plus nitrite in stormwater, and the median event-mean concentrations of total nitrogen ranged from 1.59 milligrams per liter at the Conway1 pipe outfall to 2.00 milligrams per liter at the Ballentine retention pond outfall. Median event-mean concentrations of total phosphorus in stormwater ranged from 0.15 milligram per liter at the Conway1 outfall to 0.42 milligram per liter in Turkey Creek at North Charleston1.
\nEscherichia coli and enterococcus concentrations often varied by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude in grab samples collected during the “first flush” of stormwater discharging to the sampled outfalls of Turkey Creek. Additionally, enterococcus concentrations consistently were greater than the corresponding Escherichia coli concentrations in stormwater. Specifically, median \"first-flush\" Escherichia coli concentrations ranged from 30 colonies per 100 milliliters at the Conway1 outfall to 4,359 colonies per 100 milliliters in Turkey Creek at North Charleston2, whereas enterococcus concentrations ranged from 512 colonies per 100 milliliters at the Conway1 outfall to 6,329 colonies per 100 milliliters in Turkey Creek at North Charleston2. In comparison to the proposed South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control primary and secondary body contact criterion of 349 colonies per 100 milliliter, stormwater had Escherichia coli concentrations that were greater than the criterion in 4 of the 9 storms at Ballentine retention pond outfall, 1 of the 8 storms at the Conway1 pipe outfall, 5 of the 7 storms at the Conway2 grass-lined ditch outfall, 2 of the 8 storms at North Charleston1 on Turkey Creek, and 8 of the 8 storms at North Charleston2 on Turkey Creek.
\nOf the six trace metals measured in stormwater, only copper and zinc had event-mean concentrations greater than the hardness-dependent South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control aquatic life criteria maximum concentrations. Measured dissolved copper event-mean concentrations in stormwater were greater than the criterion in 5 of the samples at the Ballentine facility, 1 of the samples at Conway1, 2 of the samples at Conway2, and 1 of the samples at North Charleston2. Measured dissolved zinc event-mean concentrations in stormwater were greater than the criterion in 3 of the samples at the Ballentine facility, 1 of the samples at Conway1, 2 of the samples at Conway2, and 0 of the samples at North Charleston2. At North Charleston1 upstream from the North Charleston maintenance yard, the measured dissolved trace-metal concentrations were all less than the criterion maximum concentrations.
\nAmong the three facilities, Conway1 outfall had the greatest range in event-mean yields in stormwater for total phosphorus, total nitrogen, total suspended solids, and suspended sediment, and both Conway outfalls tended to have median event-mean yields greater than those of the Ballentine and North Charleston yard facilities. \"First-flush” yields of Escherichia coli in stormwater were not statistically different among the three facilities.
\nMedian event-mean yields of suspended sediment, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total copper, and total zinc in stormwater demonstrated a strong linear relation to impervious surface at the three facilities. However, median \"first-flush\" fecal indicator bacterial yields did not have a linear relation to impervious surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135175","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Journey, C.A., and Conlon, K.J., 2013, Characterization of stormwater at selected South Carolina Department of Transportation maintenance yard and section shed facilities in Ballentine, Conway, and North Charleston, South Carolina, 2010-2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5175, Report: xi, 82 p.; 7 Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135175.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 82 p.; 7 Appendices","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051470","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135175.jpg"},{"id":282799,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5175/pdf/sir2013-5175.pdf"},{"id":282801,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5175/appendixes"},{"id":282800,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5175/"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Ballentine, Conway, North Charleston","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.0,31.0 ], [ -83.0,35.0 ], [ -79.0,35.0 ], [ -79.0,31.0 ], [ -83.0,31.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd50bce4b0b290850f383a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":487518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conlon, Kevin J. 0000-0003-0798-368X kjconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-368X","contributorId":2561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Kevin","email":"kjconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":487517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048978,"text":"sir20135184 - 2013 - Hydrogeology and water quality in the Snake River alluvial aquifer at Jackson Hole Airport, Jackson, Wyoming, water years 2011 and 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-06T13:57:09","indexId":"sir20135184","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-06T13:41:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5184","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality in the Snake River alluvial aquifer at Jackson Hole Airport, Jackson, Wyoming, water years 2011 and 2012","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology and water quality of the Snake River alluvial aquifer at the Jackson Hole Airport in northwest Wyoming was studied by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Jackson Hole Airport Board, during water years 2011 and 2012 as part of a followup to a previous baseline study during September 2008 through June 2009. Hydrogeologic conditions were characterized using data collected from 19 Jackson Hole Airport wells. Groundwater levels are summarized in this report and the direction of groundwater flow, hydraulic gradients, and estimated groundwater velocity rates in the Snake River alluvial aquifer underlying the study area are presented. Analytical results of groundwater samples collected from 10 wells during water years 2011 and 2012 are presented and summarized.
\nThe water table at Jackson Hole Airport was lowest in early spring and reached its peak in July or August, with an increase of 12.5 to 15.5 feet between April and July 2011. Groundwater flow was predominantly horizontal but generally had the hydraulic potential for downward flow. Groundwater flow within the Snake River alluvial aquifer at the airport was from the northeast to the west-southwest, with horizontal velocities estimated to be about 25 to 68 feet per day. This range of velocities slightly is broader than the range determined in the previous study and likely is due to variability in the local climate. The travel time from the farthest upgradient well to the farthest downgradient well was approximately 52 to 142 days. This estimate only describes the average movement of groundwater, and some solutes may move at a different rate than groundwater through the aquifer.
\nThe quality of the water in the alluvial aquifer generally was considered good. Water from the alluvial aquifer was fresh, hard to very hard, and dominated by calcium carbonate. No constituents were detected at concentrations exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels or health advisories; however, reduction and oxidation (redox) measurements indicate oxygen-poor water in many of the wells. Gasoline-range organics, three volatile organic compounds, and triazoles were detected in some groundwater samples. The quality of groundwater in the alluvial aquifer generally was suitable for domestic and other uses; however, dissolved iron and manganese were detected in samples from many of the monitor wells at concentrations exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant levels. Iron and manganese likely are both natural components of the geologic materials in the area and may have become mobilized in the aquifer because of redox processes. Additionally, measurements of dissolved-oxygen concentrations and analyses of major ions and nutrients indicate reducing conditions exist at 7 of the 10 wells sampled.
\nMeasurements of dissolved-oxygen concentrations (less than 0.1 to 9 milligrams per liter) indicated some variability in the oxygen content of the aquifer. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations in samples from 3 of the 10 wells indicated oxic conditions in the aquifer, whereas low dissolved-oxygen concentrations (less than 1 milligram per liter) in samples from 7 wells indicated anoxic conditions. Nutrients were present in low concentrations in all samples collected. Nitrate plus nitrite was detected in samples from 6 of the 10 monitored wells, whereas dissolved ammonia was detected in small concentrations in 8 of the 10 monitored wells. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations generally were low. At least one dissolved organic carbon concentration was quantified by the laboratory in samples from all 10 wells; one of the concentrations was an order of magnitude higher than other detected dissolved organic carbon concentrations, and slightly exceeded the estimated range for natural groundwater.
\nSamples were collected for analyses of dissolved gases, and field analyses of ferrous iron, hydrogen sulfide, and low-level dissolved oxygen were completed to better understand the redox conditions of the alluvial aquifer. Dissolved gas analyses confirmed low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in samples from wells where reducing conditions exist and indicated the presence of methane gas in samples from several wells. Redox processes in the alluvial aquifer were identified using a model designed to use a multiple-lines-of-evidence approach to distinguish reduction processes. Results of redox analyses indicate iron reduction was the dominant redox process; however, the model indicated manganese reduction and methanogenesis also were taking place in the aquifer.
\nEach set of samples collected during this study included analysis of at least two, but often many anthropogenic compounds. During the previous 2008–09 study at Jackson Hole Airport, diesel-range organics were measured in small (estimated) concentrations in several samples. Samples collected from all 10 wells sampled during the 2011–12 study were analyzed for diesel-range organics, and there were no detections; however, several other anthropogenic compounds were detected in groundwater samples during water years 2011—12 that were not detected during the previous 2008–09 study. Gasoline-range organics, benzene, ethylbenzene, and total xylene were each detected (but reported as estimated concentrations) in at least one groundwater sample. These compounds were not detected during the previous study or consistently during this study. Several possible reasons these compounds were not detected consistently include (1) these compounds are present in the aquifer at concentrations near the analytical method detection limit and are difficult to detect, (2) these compounds were not from a persistent source during this study, and (3) these compounds were detected because of contamination introduced during sampling or analysis. During water years 2011–2012, groundwater samples were analyzed for triazoles, specifically benzotriazole, 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole. Triazoles are anthropogenic compounds often used as an additive in deicing and anti-icing fluids as a corrosion inhibitor, and can be detected at lower laboratory reporting levels than glycols, which previously had not been detected. Two of the three triazoles measured, 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole, were detected at low concentrations in groundwater at 7 of the 10 wells sampled. The detection of triazole compounds in groundwater downgradient from airport operations makes it unlikely there is a natural cause for the high rates of reduction present in many airport monitor wells. It is more likely that aircraft deicers, anti-icers, or pavement deicers have seeped into the groundwater system and caused the reducing conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135184","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Jackson Hole Airport Board","usgsCitation":"Wright, P., 2013, Hydrogeology and water quality in the Snake River alluvial aquifer at Jackson Hole Airport, Jackson, Wyoming, water years 2011 and 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5184, vii, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135184.","productDescription":"vii, 56 p.","numberOfPages":"68","temporalStart":"2010-10-01","temporalEnd":"2012-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-042348","costCenters":[{"id":684,"text":"Wyoming Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280625,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135184.jpg"},{"id":280624,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5184/pdf/sir2013-5184.pdf"},{"id":280623,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5184/"}],"projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","city":"Jackson","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.047058,43.400059 ], [ -111.047058,43.899871 ], [ -110.398865,43.899871 ], [ -110.398865,43.400059 ], [ -111.047058,43.400059 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52cbd082e4b03116c9ddb9fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Peter R. prwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Peter R.","email":"prwright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":485917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70056151,"text":"sir20135214 - 2013 - An update of hydrologic conditions and distribution of selected constituents in water, eastern Snake River Plain aquifer and perched groundwater zones, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis 2009–11","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-02T13:21:37","indexId":"sir20135214","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-02T12:49:29","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5214","title":"An update of hydrologic conditions and distribution of selected constituents in water, eastern Snake River Plain aquifer and perched groundwater zones, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis 2009–11","docAbstract":"Since 1952, wastewater discharged to infiltration ponds (also called percolation ponds) and disposal wells at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has affected water quality in the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) aquifer and perched groundwater zones underlying the INL. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, maintains groundwater monitoring networks at the INL to determine hydrologic trends, and to delineate the movement of radiochemical and chemical wastes in the aquifer and in perched groundwater zones. This report presents an analysis of water-level and water-quality data collected from aquifer, multilevel monitoring system (MLMS), and perched groundwater wells in the USGS groundwater monitoring networks during 2009–11. Water in the ESRP aquifer primarily moves through fractures and interflow zones in basalt, generally flows southwestward, and eventually discharges at springs along the Snake River. The aquifer primarily is recharged from infiltration of irrigation water, infiltration of streamflow, groundwater inflow from adjoining mountain drainage basins, and infiltration of precipitation. From March–May 2009 to March–May 2011, water levels in wells generally declined in the northern part of the INL. Water levels generally rose in the central and eastern parts of the INL. Detectable concentrations of radiochemical constituents in water samples from aquifer wells or MLMS equipped wells in the ESRP aquifer at the INL generally decreased or remained constant during 2009–11. Decreases in concentrations were attributed to radioactive decay, changes in waste-disposal methods, and dilution from recharge and underflow. In 2011, concentrations of tritium in groundwater from 50 of 127 aquifer wells were greater than or equal to the reporting level and ranged from 200±60 to 7,000±260 picocuries per liter. Tritium concentrations from one or more discrete zones from four wells equipped with MLMS were greater than or equal to reporting levels in water samples collected at various depths. Tritium concentrations in water from wells completed in shallow perched groundwater at the Advanced Test Reactor Complex (ATR Complex) were less than the reporting levels. Tritium concentrations in deep perched groundwater at the ATR Complex equaled or exceeded the reporting level in 12 wells during at least one sampling event during 2009–11 at the ATR Complex. Concentrations of strontium-90 in water from 20 of 76 aquifer wells sampled during April or October 2011 exceeded the reporting level. Strontium-90 was not detected within the ESRP aquifer beneath the ATR Complex. During at least one sampling event during 2009–11, concentrations of strontium-90 in water from 10 wells completed in deep perched groundwater at the ATR Complex equaled or exceeded the reporting levels. During 2009–11, concentrations of plutonium-238, and plutonium-239, -240 (undivided), and americium-241 were less than the reporting level in water samples from all aquifer wells and in all wells equipped with MLMS. Concentrations of cesium-137 were equal to or slightly above the reporting level in 8 aquifer wells and from 2 wells equipped with MLMS. The concentration of chromium in water from one well south of the ATR Complex was 97 micrograms per liter (μg/L) in April 2011, just less than the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 100 μg/L. Concentrations of chromium in water samples from 69 other wells sampled ranged from 0.8 μg/L to 25 μg/L. During 2009–11, dissolved chromium was detected in water from 15 wells completed in perched groundwater at the ATR Complex. In 2011, concentrations of sodium in water from most wells in the southern part of the INL were greater than the background concentration of 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L); the highest concentrations were at or near the Idaho Nuclear Engineering and Technology Center (INTEC). After the newpercolation ponds were put into service in 2002 southwest of the INTEC, concentrations of sodium in water samples from the Rifle Range well rose steadily until 2008, when the concentrations generally began decreasing. The increases and decreases were attributed to disposal variability in the new percolation ponds. Concentrations of sodium in most wells equipped with MLMS generally were consistent with depth. During 2011, dissolved sodium concentrations in water from 17 wells completed in deep perched groundwater at the ATR Complex ranged from 6 to 146 mg/L. In 2011, concentrations of chloride in most water samples from aquifer wells south of the INTEC and at the Central Facilities Area exceeded the background concentrations of 15 mg/L, but were less than the secondary MCL of 250 mg/L. Chloride concentrations in water from wells south of the INTEC have generally increased because of increased chloride disposal to the old percolation ponds since 1984 when discharge of wastewater to the INTEC disposal well was discontinued. After the new percolation ponds were put into service in 2002 southwest of the INTEC, concentrations of chloride in water samples from one well rose steadily until 2008 then began decreasing. Chloride concentrations in water from all but one well completed in the ESRP aquifer at or near the ATR Complex were less than background and ranged between 10 and 14 mg/L during 2011, similar to concentrations detected during the 2006–08 reporting period. During 2011, chloride concentrations in water from two aquifer wells at the Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC) were slightly greater than concentrations detected during the 2006–08 reporting period. The vertical distribution of chloride concentrations in wells equipped with MLMS were generally consistent within zones during 2009–11 and ranged from about 8 to 20 mg/L. During April 2011, dissolved chloride concentrations in shallow perched groundwater at the ATR Complex ranged from 7 to 13 mg/L in water from three wells. Dissolved chloride concentrations in deep perched groundwater at the ATR Complex during 2011 ranged from 4 to 54 mg/L. In 2011, sulfate concentrations in water samples from 11 aquifer wells in the south-central part of the INL equaled or exceeded the background concentration of sulfate and ranged from 40 to 167 mg/L. The greater-than-background concentrations in water from these wells probably resulted from sulfate disposal at the ATR Complex infiltration ponds or the old INTEC percolation ponds. In 2011, sulfate concentrations in water samples from two wells near the RWMC were greater than background levels and could have resulted from well construction techniques and (or) waste disposal at the RWMC. The vertical distribution of sulfate concentrations in three wells near the southern boundary of the INL was generally consistent with depth, and ranged between 19 and 25 mg/L. The maximum dissolved sulfate concentration in shallow perched groundwater near the ATR Complex was 400 mg/L in well CWP 1 in April 2011. During 2009–11, the maximum concentration of dissolved sulfate in deep perched groundwater at the ATR Complex was 1,550 mg/L in a well located west of the chemical-waste pond. In 2011, concentrations of nitrate in water from most wells at and near the INTEC exceeded the regional background concentrations of 1 mg/L and ranged from 1.6 to 5.95 mg/L. Concentrations of nitrate in wells south of INTEC and farther away from the influence of disposal areas and the Big Lost River show a general decrease in nitrate concentrations through time. During 2009–11, water samples from 30 wells were collected and analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Six VOCs were detected. At least one and up to five VOCs were detected in water samples from 10 wells. The primary VOCs detected include carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethylene. In 2011, concentrations for all VOCs were less than their respective MCL for drinking water, except carbon tetrachloride in water from two wells. During 2009–11, variability and bias were evaluated from 56 replicate and 16 blank quality-assurance samples. Results from replicate analyses were investigated to evaluate sample variability. Constituents with acceptable reproducibility were stable isotope ratios, major ions, nutrients, and VOCs. All radiochemical constituents and trace metals had acceptable reproducibility except for gross beta-particle radioactivity, aluminum, antimony, and cobalt. Bias from sample contamination was evaluated from equipment, field, container, and source-solution blanks. No detectable constituent concentrations were reported for equipment blanks of the thief samplers and sampling pipes or for the source-solution and field blanks. Equipment blanks of bailers had detectable concentrations of strontium-90, sodium, chloride, and sulfate, and the container blank had a detectable concentration of dichloromethane.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135214","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Davis, L.C., Bartholomay, R.C., and Rattray, G.W., 2013, An update of hydrologic conditions and distribution of selected constituents in water, eastern Snake River Plain aquifer and perched groundwater zones, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis 2009–11: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5214, x, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135214.","productDescription":"x, 89 p.","numberOfPages":"206","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-045208","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280581,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280580,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5214/pdf/sir20135214.pdf"},{"id":280574,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5214/"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 12","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.75,43.25 ], [ -113.75,44.5 ], [ -112.25,44.5 ], [ -112.25,43.25 ], [ -113.75,43.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52c68a5ee4b06d2ed1226481","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Linda C. lcdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Linda","email":"lcdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rattray, Gordon W. 0000-0002-1690-3218 grattray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-3218","contributorId":2521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattray","given":"Gordon","email":"grattray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70059744,"text":"70059744 - 2013 - Preparation and characterization of nickel-spiked freshwater sediments for toxicity tests: toward more environmentally realistic nickel partitioning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T11:34:30","indexId":"70059744","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-30T10:16:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preparation and characterization of nickel-spiked freshwater sediments for toxicity tests: toward more environmentally realistic nickel partitioning","docAbstract":"Two spiking methods were compared and nickel (Ni) partitioning was evaluated during a series of toxicity tests with 8 different freshwater sediments having a range of physicochemical characteristics. A 2-step spiking approach with immediate pH adjustment by addition of NaOH at a 2:1 molar ratio to the spiked Ni was effective in producing consistent pH and other chemical characteristics across a range of Ni spiking levels. When Ni was spiked into sediment having a high acid-volatile sulfide and organic matter content, a total equilibration period of at least 10 wk was needed to stabilize Ni partitioning. However, highest spiking levels evidently exceeded sediment binding capacities; therefore, a 7-d equilibration in toxicity test chambers and 8 volume-additions/d of aerobic overlying water were used to avoid unrealistic Ni partitioning during toxicity testing. The 7-d pretest equilibration allowed excess spiked Ni and other ions from pH adjustment to diffuse from sediment porewater and promoted development of an environmentally relevant, 0.5- to 1-cm oxic/suboxic sediment layer in the test chambers. Among the 8 different spiked sediments, the logarithm of sediment/porewater distribution coefficient values (log Kd) for Ni during the toxicity tests ranged from 3.5 to 4.5. These Kd values closely match the range of values reported for various field Ni-contaminated sediments, indicating that testing conditions with our spiked sediments were environmentally realistic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.2272","usgsCitation":"Brumbaugh, W.G., Besser, J.M., Ingersoll, C.G., May, T.W., Ivey, C.D., Schlekat, C.E., and Garman, E.R., 2013, Preparation and characterization of nickel-spiked freshwater sediments for toxicity tests: toward more environmentally realistic nickel partitioning: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 32, no. 11, p. 2482-2494, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2272.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2482","endPage":"2494","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-041903","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280548,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280531,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.2272"}],"volume":"32","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52c2960ae4b040b25da90401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"May, Thomas W. tmay@usgs.gov","contributorId":2598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Thomas","email":"tmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":487766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ivey, Chris D. 0000-0002-0485-7242 civey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-7242","contributorId":3308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivey","given":"Chris","email":"civey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schlekat, Christian E.","contributorId":28519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlekat","given":"Christian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Garman, Emily R.","contributorId":19461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garman","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70059177,"text":"70059177 - 2013 - Analysis of H2O in silicate glass using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) micro-FTIR spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-19T09:30:27","indexId":"70059177","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-19T09:17:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of H2O in silicate glass using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) micro-FTIR spectroscopy","docAbstract":"We present a calibration for attenuated total reflectance (ATR) micro-FTIR for analysis of H2O in hydrous glass. A Ge ATR accessory was used to measure evanescent wave absorption by H2O within hydrous rhyolite and other standards. Absorbance at 3450 cm−1 (representing total H2O or H2Ot) and 1630 cm−1 (molecular H2O or H2Om) showed high correlation with measured H2O in the glasses as determined by transmission FTIR spectroscopy and manometry. For rhyolite,\n\nwt%H2O=245(±9)×A3450-0.22(±0.03)\n\nand\n\nwt%H2Om=235(±11)×A1630-0.20(±0.03)\n\nwhere A3450 and A1630 represent the ATR absorption at the relevant infrared wavelengths. The calibration permits determination of volatiles in singly polished glass samples with spot size down to ~5 μm (for H2O-rich samples) and detection limits of ~0.1 wt% H2O. Basaltic, basaltic andesite and dacitic glasses of known H2O concentrations fall along a density-adjusted calibration, indicating that ATR is relatively insensitive to glass composition, at least for calc-alkaline glasses. The following equation allows quantification of H2O in silicate glasses that range in composition from basalt to rhyolite:\n\nwt%H2O=(ω×A3450/ρ)+b\n\nwhere ω = 550 ± 21, b = −0.19 ± 0.03, ρ = density, in g/cm3, and A3450 is the ATR absorbance at 3450 cm−1.\n\nThe ATR micro-FTIR technique is less sensitive than transmission FTIR, but requires only a singly polished sample for quantitative results, thus minimizing time for sample preparation. Compared with specular reflectance, it is more sensitive and better suited for imaging of H2O variations in heterogeneous samples such as melt inclusions. One drawback is that the technique can damage fragile samples and we therefore recommend mounting of unknowns in epoxy prior to polishing. Our calibration should hold for any Ge ATR crystals with the same incident angle (31°). Use of a different crystal type or geometry would require measurement of several H2O-bearing standards to provide a crystal-specific calibration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2138/am.2013.4466","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., and Pitcher, B.W., 2013, Analysis of H2O in silicate glass using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) micro-FTIR spectroscopy: American Mineralogist, v. 98, no. 10, p. 1660-1668, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2013.4466.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1660","endPage":"1668","numberOfPages":"9","ipdsId":"IP-045223","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280426,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280425,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am.2013.4466"}],"volume":"98","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52b4155ee4b029a4958c9c70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pitcher, Bradley W.","contributorId":37248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitcher","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70058837,"text":"70058837 - 2013 - Chronic toxicity of nickel-spiked freshwater sediments: variation in toxicity among eight invertebrate taxa and eight sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-04T11:11:34","indexId":"70058837","displayToPublicDate":"2013-12-17T09:35:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronic toxicity of nickel-spiked freshwater sediments: variation in toxicity among eight invertebrate taxa and eight sediments","docAbstract":"This study evaluated the chronic toxicity of Ni-spiked freshwater sediments to benthic invertebrates. A 2-step spiking procedure (spiking and sediment dilution) and a 2-stage equilibration period (10 wk anaerobic and 1 wk aerobic) were used to spike 8 freshwater sediments with wide ranges of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS; 0.94–38 µmol/g) and total organic carbon (TOC; 0.42–10%). Chronic sediment toxicity tests were conducted with 8 invertebrates (Hyalella azteca, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, Chironomus riparius, Chironomus dilutus, Hexagenia sp., Lumbriculus variegatus, Tubifex tubifex, and Lampsilis siliquoidea) in 2 spiked sediments. Nickel toxicity thresholds estimated from species-sensitivity distributions were 97 µg/g and 752 µg/g (total recoverable Ni; dry wt basis) for sediments with low and high concentrations of AVS and TOC, respectively. Sensitive species were tested with 6 additional sediments. The 20% effect concentrations (EC20s) for Hyalella and Gammarus, but not Hexagenia, were consistent with US Environmental Protection Agency benchmarks based on Ni in porewater and in simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) normalized to AVS and TOC. For Hexagenia, sediment EC20s increased at less than an equimolar basis with increased AVS, and toxicity occurred in several sediments with Ni concentrations in SEM less than AVS. The authors hypothesize that circulation of oxygenated water by Hexagenia led to oxidation of AVS in burrows, creating microenvironments with high Ni exposure. Despite these unexpected results, a strong relationship between Hexagenia EC20s and AVS could provide a basis for conservative site-specific sediment quality guidelines for Ni.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.2271","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Brumbaugh, W.G., Ingersoll, C.G., Ivey, C.D., Kunz, J.L., Kemble, N.E., Schlekat, C.E., and Garman, E.R., 2013, Chronic toxicity of nickel-spiked freshwater sediments: variation in toxicity among eight invertebrate taxa and eight sediments: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 32, no. 11, p. 2495-2506, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2271.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2495","endPage":"2506","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-041871","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280354,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.2271"}],"volume":"32","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52b172bbe4b0d9b3252245d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ivey, Chris D. 0000-0002-0485-7242 civey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-7242","contributorId":3308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivey","given":"Chris","email":"civey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kunz, James L. 0000-0002-1027-158X jkunz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1027-158X","contributorId":3309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"James","email":"jkunz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":487385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schlekat, Christian E.","contributorId":28519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlekat","given":"Christian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Garman, Emily R.","contributorId":19461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garman","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":487388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70140927,"text":"70140927 - 2013 - Improving sediment-quality guidelines for nickel: development and application of predictive bioavailability models to assess chronic toxicity of nickel in freshwater sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-02T14:59:21","indexId":"70140927","displayToPublicDate":"2013-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving sediment-quality guidelines for nickel: development and application of predictive bioavailability models to assess chronic toxicity of nickel in freshwater sediments","docAbstract":"Within the framework of European Union chemical legislations an extensive data set on the chronic toxicity of sediment nickel has been generated. In the initial phase of testing, tests were conducted with 8 taxa of benthic invertebrates in 2 nickel-spiked sediments, including 1 reasonable worst-case sediment with low concentrations of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and total organic carbon. The following species were tested: amphipods (Hyalella azteca, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus), mayflies (Hexagenia sp.), oligochaetes (Tubifex tubifex, Lumbriculus variegatus), mussels (Lampsilis siliquoidea), and midges (Chironomus dilutus, Chironomus riparius). In the second phase, tests were conducted with the most sensitive species in 6 additional spiked sediments, thus generating chronic toxicity data for a total of 8 nickel-spiked sediments. A species sensitivity distribution was elaborated based on 10% effective concentrations yielding a threshold value of 94 mg Ni/kg dry weight under reasonable worst-case conditions. Data from all sediments were used to model predictive bioavailability relationships between chronic toxicity thresholds (20% effective concentrations) and AVS and Fe, and these models were used to derive site-specific sediment-quality criteria. Normalization of toxicity values reduced the intersediment variability in toxicity values significantly for the amphipod species Hyalella azteca and G. pseudolimnaeus, but these relationships were less clearly defined for the mayfly Hexagenia sp. Application of the models to prevailing local conditions resulted in threshold values ranging from 126 mg to 281 mg Ni/kg dry weight, based on the AVS model, and 143 mg to 265 mg Ni/kg dry weight, based on the Fe model
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