Hydrologic and water-quality data have been collected within the 177-square-mile Reedy Creek, Florida, watershed, beginning as early as 1939, but the data have not been used to evaluate relations among land use, hydrology, and water quality. A model of the Reedy Creek watershed was developed and applied to the period January 1990 to December 1995 to provide a computational foundation for evaluating the effects of future land-use changes on hydrology and water quality in the watershed.
The Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) model was used to simulate hydrology and water quality of runoff for pervious land areas, impervious land areas, and stream reaches. Six land-use types were used to characterize the hydrology and water quality of pervious and impervious land areas in the Reedy Creek watershed: agriculture, rangeland, forest, wetlands, rapid infiltration basins, and urban areas. Hydrologic routing and water-quality reactions were simulated to characterize hydrologic and water-quality processes and the movement of runoff and its constituents through the main stream channels and their tributaries.
Because of the complexity of the stream system within the Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID) (hydraulic structures, retention ponds) and the anticipated difficulty of modeling the system, an approach of calibrating the model parameters for a subset of the gaged watersheds and confirming the usefulness of the parameters by simulating the remainder of the gaged sites was selected for this study. Two sub-watersheds (Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek) were selected for calibration because both have similar land use to watersheds within the RCID (with the exception of urban areas). Given the lack of available rainfall data, the hydrologic calibration of the Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek sub-watersheds was considered acceptable (for monthly data, correlation coefficients, 0.86 and 0.88, and coefficients of model-fit efficiency, 0.72 and 0.74, respectively). The hydrologic model was tested by applying the parameter sets developed for Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek to other land areas within the Reedy Creek watershed, and by comparing the simulated results to observed data sets for Reedy Creek near Vineland, Bonnet Creek near Vineland, and Reedy Creek near Loughman. The hydrologic model confirmation for Reedy Creek near Vineland (correlation coefficient, 0.91, and coefficient of model fit efficiency, 0.78, for monthly flows) was acceptable. Flows for Bonnet Creek near Vineland were substantially under simulated. Consideration of the ground-water contribution to Bonnet Creek could improve the water balance simulation for Bonnet Creek near Vineland. On longer time scales (monthly or over the 72-month simulation period), simulated discharges for Reedy Creek near Loughman agreed well with observed data (correlation coefficient, 0.88). For monthly flows the coefficient of model-fit efficiency was 0.77. On a shorter time scale (less than a month), however, storm volumes were greatly over simulated and low flows (less than 8 cubic feet per second) were greatly under simulated. A primary reason for the poor results at low flows is the diversion of an unknown amount of water from the RCID at the Bonnet Creek near Kissimmee site.
Selection of water-quality constituents for simulation was based primarily on the availability of water-quality data. Dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus species were simulated. Representation of nutrient cycling in HSPF also required simulation of biochemical oxygen demand and phytoplankton populations. The correlation coefficient for simulated and observed daily mean dissolved oxygen concentration values at Reedy Creek near Vineland was 0.633. Simulated time series of total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen generally agreed well with periodically observed values for the Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek sites. Simulated water-quality constituents at the Bonnet Creek and Reedy Creek near Vineland sites varied as to how well the values agreed with periodically observed constituent concentrations. Simulated water-quality constituent concentrations for the Reedy Creek near Loughman site generally agreed well with observed constituent concentrations.
Simulation of a future land-use scenario for the Reedy Creek watershed was based on the hydrologic and water-quality simulations, projected 2008 land use within the RCID, and assuming no change in existing land use for other areas within the Reedy Creek watershed but external to the RCID. The percentages of forest and urban-impervious land use showed the most change between existing and future land use; forest areas decreased by 50 percent and urban-impervious areas increased by 300 percent. Simulated values of mean total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen concentrations for existing and future land-use simulations were within 0.01 milligrams per liter of each other. The simulated maximum daily load increased an average of 10 percent for all constituents. Maximum daily nitrate nitrogen load increased about 17 percent, the greatest increase of all daily constituent loads. Duration curves of daily total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen load indicated an increase in the likelihood of exceeding a given load throughout the range of daily constituent loads at Reedy Creek near Loughman.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024018","usgsCitation":"Wicklein, S., and Schiffer, D.M., 2002, Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4018, vi, 221 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024018.","productDescription":"vi, 221 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3874,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024018","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395649,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52030.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Reedy Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.73,\n 28.245\n ],\n [\n -81.5,\n 28.245\n ],\n [\n -81.5,\n 28.5167\n ],\n [\n -81.73,\n 28.5167\n ],\n [\n -81.73,\n 28.245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wicklein, Shaun 0000-0003-4551-1237 smwickle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4551-1237","contributorId":3389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicklein","given":"Shaun","email":"smwickle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiffer, Donna M. schiffer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffer","given":"Donna","email":"schiffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44619,"text":"wri024080 - 2002 - Observations of environmental change in Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:00","indexId":"wri024080","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4080","title":"Observations of environmental change in Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"Few scientific data have been collected on pre-dam conditions of the Colorado River corridor through Grand Canyon National Park. Using historical diaries, interviews with pre-dam river runners (referred to as the ?Old Timers?), and historical scientific data and observations, we compiled anecdotal information on environmental change in Grand Canyon. The most significant changes are the: lowering of water temperature in the river, near-elimination of heavily sediment-laden flows, erosion of sand bars, invasion of non-native tamarisk trees, reduction in driftwood, development of marshes, increase in non-native fish at the expense of native fishes, and increase in water bird populations. In addition, few debris flows were observed before closure of Glen Canyon Dam, which might suggests that the frequency of debris flows in Grand Canyon has increased. Other possible changes include decreases in bat populations and increases in swallow and bighorn sheep populations, although the evidence is anecdotal and inconclusive. These results provide a perspective on managing the Colorado River that may allow differentiation of the effects of Glen Canyon Dam from other processes of change.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024080","usgsCitation":"Webb, R., Melis, T., and Valdez, R., 2002, Observations of environmental change in Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4080, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024080.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3720,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024080","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":168539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69659b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":230123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melis, Theodore S. 0000-0003-0473-3968 tmelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-3968","contributorId":1829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melis","given":"Theodore S.","email":"tmelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valdez, Richard A.","contributorId":19210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdez","given":"Richard A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58054,"text":"wri024060 - 2002 - Surface-water characteristics and quality on the Osage Reservation, Osage County, Oklahoma, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T16:09:59.562144","indexId":"wri024060","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4060","title":"Surface-water characteristics and quality on the Osage Reservation, Osage County, Oklahoma, 1999","docAbstract":"Concern about the effects of early oil-industry practices of surface disposal of produced-brine water prompted an investigation of the surface-water quality on the Osage Reservation. About 38,600 oil wells have been drilled on the Osage Reservation since drilling began in 1896.\r\nThe Osage Reservation comprises three major drainage basins. The Caney River Basin is in the northeast, the Bird Creek Basin is in the southeast, and the Salt Creek Basin in the west. Variations in streamflow on the Osage Reservation during a year primarily result from variations in the quantity and frequency of rainfall, evapotranspiration, and reservoir operations. Most streams do not flow during low rainfall periods in late summer, early fall, and in winter. Percent of mean annual discharge is largest during March through June, averaging 54 to 62 percent and smallest during December, January, July, and August, averaging only 14 to 21 percent. The basin areas of Caney River in the reservation (251 square miles), Salt Creek (273 square miles), and Sand Creek (227 square miles) are about the same and the basin areas of the Bird Creek Basin (418 square miles) and Homily Creek Basin (383 square miles) are similar in area.\r\n\r\nOne hundred forty surface-water sites were sampled once during either February, March or August 1999. The surface-drainage areas, incremental basins, between sample sites along a stream, range in size from 0.26 to 123 square miles with a median of 8.6 square miles. Total number of oil wells upgradient of the samples sites is 31,432 or 80 percent of the total in the reservation. The total number of oil wells in the Caney River Basin in the reservation (2,975 wells), Salt Creek Basin (4,619 wells), and Sand Creek Basin (3,858 wells) are about the same and the total number of oil wells in the Bird Creek Basin (8,858 wells) and Hominy Creek Basin (7,842 wells) are similar. The number of oil wells per square mile in the incremental basins ranges for 0.86 to 154.\r\n\r\nSurface-water quality monitoring had been conducted previously at two sites included in this study. Dissolved chloride concentrations for the two samples collected during 1999 were equaled or exceeded at both sites by the historical data. There is no statistically significant difference between the distribution of the dissolved chloride concentrations from the surface water and nearby ground-water samples. The surface-water quality samples had significantly lesser concentrations of dissolved solids, sulfate, and nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen than the ground-water samples.\r\n\r\nChloride yield, reported in tons per day per square mile, is the chloride load divided by the basin area upstream of the sample site. The mean of the chloride yields for all the samples was 0.07 ton per day per square mile. Many sample locations where yields were greater than 0.07 ton per day per square mile were areas where dissolved chloride concentrations from surface-water samples were greater than 250 milligrams per liter in an earlier water-quality investigation.\r\n\r\nAn investigation of possible relations between the surface-water quality data and the oil-well construction data for the incremental basins and for 1-mile radial distance upstream in the incremental basins was conducted. The oil-well data also were grouped by the time periods of activity into pre-1930, 1930 to 1970, and post-1970. These groups attempt to account for differences in industry drilling and producing practices associated with various periods. No statistically significant correlations were found between the surface-water quality data and the oil-well construction data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024060","usgsCitation":"Abbott, M.M., and Tortorelli, R.L., 2002, Surface-water characteristics and quality on the Osage Reservation, Osage County, Oklahoma, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4060, vi, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024060.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408753,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52055.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":183898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5985,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri02-4060/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage County","otherGeospatial":"Osage Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.06,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -97.06,\n 36.1617\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 36.1617\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -97.06,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a726","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abbott, Marvin M.","contributorId":89106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tortorelli, Robert L.","contributorId":65071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tortorelli","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44614,"text":"wri024182 - 2002 - Investigation of water quality and aquatic-community structure in Village and Valley Creeks, City of Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama, 2000-01","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:05","indexId":"wri024182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4182","title":"Investigation of water quality and aquatic-community structure in Village and Valley Creeks, City of Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama, 2000-01","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a 16-month investigation of water quality, aquatic-community structure, bed sediment, and fish tissue in Village and Valley Creeks, two urban streams that drain areas of highly intensive residential, commercial, and industrial land use in Birmingham, Alabama. Water-quality data were collected between February 2000 and March 2001 at four sites on Village Creek, three sites on Valley Creek, and at two reference sites near Birmingham?Fivemile Creek and Little Cahaba River, both of which drain less-urbanized areas. Stream samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, fecal bacteria, trace and major elements, pesticides, and selected organic constituents. Bed-sediment and fish-tissue samples were analyzed for trace and major elements, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and additional organic compounds. Aquatic-community structure was evaluated by conducting one survey of the fish community and in-stream habitat and two surveys of the benthic-invertebrate community. Bed-sediment and fish-tissue samples, benthic-invertebrates, and habitat data were collected between June 2000 and October 2000 at six of the nine water-quality sites; fish communities were evaluated in April and May 2001 at the six sites where habitat and benthic-invertebrate data were collected. The occurrence and distribution of chemical constituents in the water column and bed sediment provided an initial assessment of water quality in the streams. The structure of the aquatic communities, the physical condition of the fish, and the chemical analyses of fish tissue provided an indication of the cumulative effects of water quality on the aquatic biota. Water chemistry was similar at all sites, characterized by strong calcium-bicarbonate component and magnesium components. Median concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were highest at the headwaters of Valley Creek and lowest at the reference site on Fivemile Creek. In Village Creek, median concentrations of nitrite and ammonia increased in a downstream direction. In Valley Creek, median concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, organic nitrogen, suspended phosphorus, and orthophosphate decreased in a downstream direction. Median concentrations of Escherichia coli and fecal coliform bacteria were highest at the most upstream site of Valley Creek and lowest at the reference site on Fivemile Creek. Concentrations of enterococci exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criterion in 80 percent of the samples; concentrations of Escherichia coli exceeded the criterion in 56 percent of the samples. Concentrations of bacteria at the downstream sites on Village and Valley Creeks were elevated during high flow rather than low flow, indicating the presence of nonpoint sources. Surface-water samples were analyzed for chemical compounds that are commonly found in wastewater and urban runoff. The median number of wastewater indicators was highest at the most upstream site on Valley Creek and lowest at the reference site on Fivemile Creek. Concentrations of total recoverable cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in surface water exceeded acute and chronic aquatic life criteria in up to 24 percent of the samples that were analyzed for trace and major elements. High concentrations of trace and major elements in the water column were detected most frequently during high flow, indicating the presence of nonpoint sources. Of the 24 pesticides detected in surface water, 17 were herbicides and 7 were insecticides. Atrazine, simazine, and prometon were the most commonly detected herbicides; diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and carbaryl were the most commonly detected insecticides. Concentrations of atrazine, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion periodically exceeded criteria for the protection of aquatic life. Trace-element priority pollutants, pesticides, and other organic compounds were detected in higher concentrations in bed sediment at the Village and Valley Creek sites t","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024182","usgsCitation":"McPherson, A.K., Abrahamsen, T.A., and Journey, C.A., 2002, Investigation of water quality and aquatic-community structure in Village and Valley Creeks, City of Birmingham, Jefferson County, Alabama, 2000-01: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4182, viii, 120 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024182.","productDescription":"viii, 120 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3716,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024182","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":168259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47a5e4b07f02db497aca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McPherson, Ann K.","contributorId":15240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrahamsen, Thomas A.","contributorId":79137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrahamsen","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Journey, Celeste A. 0000-0002-2284-5851 cjourney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":2617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"Celeste","email":"cjourney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":45017,"text":"wri014150 - 2002 - Assessment of natural attenuation of ground-water contamination at sites FT03, LF13, and WP14/LF15, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:56","indexId":"wri014150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4150","title":"Assessment of natural attenuation of ground-water contamination at sites FT03, LF13, and WP14/LF15, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware","docAbstract":"Water-quality, aquifer-sediment, and hydro-logic data were used to assess the effectiveness of natural attenuation of ground-water contamination at Fire Training Area Three, the Rubble Area Landfill, the Liquid Waste Disposal Landfill, and the Receiver Station Landfill in the East Management Unit of Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. These sites, which are contaminated with chlorinated solvents and fuel hydrocarbons, are under-going long-term monitoring to determine if natural attenuation continues to sufficiently reduce contaminant concentrations to meet regulatory requirements. This report is the first assessment of the effectiveness of natural attenuation at these sites since long-term monitoring began in 1999, and follows a preliminary investigation done in 1995?96. This assessment was done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force.Since 1995?96, additional information has been collected and used in the current assessment. The conclusions in this report are based primarily on ground-water samples collected from January through March 2000. Previous analytical results from selected wells, available geologic and geo-physical well logs, and newly acquired information such as sediment organic-carbon measurements, hydraulic-conductivity measurements determined from slug tests on wells in the natural attenuation study area, and water-level measurements from surficial-aquifer wells also were used in this assessment. This information was used to: (1) calculate retardation factors and estimate contaminant migration velocities, (2) improve estimates of ground-water flow directions and inferred contaminant migration pathways, (3) better define the areal extent of contamination and the proximity of contaminants to discharge areas and the Base boundary, (4) develop a better under-standing of the vertical variability of contaminant concentrations and redox conditions, (5) evaluate the effects of temporal changes on concentrations in the plumes and source areas, and (6) determine whether intrinsic biodegradation is occurring at these sites.The water-quality data indicate that intrinsic biodegradation is occurring at all three sites. The strongest indication of intrinsic biodegradation is the detection of tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene breakdown products within and down-gradient of the source areas. The patterns of electron acceptors and metabolic by-products indicate that contaminant biodegradation has changed the prevailing geochemistry of the surficial aquifer, creating the strongly reducing conditions necessary for chlorinated solvent bio-degradation. Geochemical changes include depleted dissolved oxygen and elevated ferrous iron and methane levels relative to concentrations in uncontaminated zones of the surficial aquifer. At Fire Training Area Three and the Rubble Area Landfill sites, natural attenuation appears to be adequate for controlling the migration of the contaminant plumes. At the third site, the Liquid Waste Disposal and Receiver Station Landfills, the plume is larger and the uncertainty about the effectiveness of natural attenuation in reducing contaminant concentrations and controlling plume migration is greater. Ground-water data indicate, however, that U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels were not exceeded in any point-of-compliance wells located along the Base boundary.The information presented in this report led to the development of improved conceptual models for these sites, and to the recognition of four issues that are currently unclear and may need further study. These issues include delineating the areal and vertical extent of the contaminant plumes in greater detail, determining the extent of intrinsic biodegradation downgradient of the Liquid Waste Disposal and Receiver Station Landfills, deter-mining the fate of contaminants in the ground-water discharge areas, and determining the effect of temporal variability in source concentrations and ground-water","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014150","usgsCitation":"Barbaro, J.R., 2002, Assessment of natural attenuation of ground-water contamination at sites FT03, LF13, and WP14/LF15, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4150, vi, 45 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014150.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3882,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri01-4150/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671efa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barbaro, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-6107-2142 jrbarbar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-2142","contributorId":1626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbaro","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrbarbar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45008,"text":"wri014100 - 2002 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:55","indexId":"wri014100","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4100","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey investigated the\r\nground-water-flow system and distribution of\r\ncontaminants in the vicinity of Belvidere, Illinois,\r\nduring 1992?2000. The study included the\r\ncompilation, collection, and analyses of\r\nhydrogeologic and water-quality data and\r\nsimulation of the ground-water-flow system.\r\nHydrogeologic data include lithologic,\r\nstratigraphic, geophysical, hydraulic-property,\r\nwater-level, ground-water withdrawal, and\r\nstreamflow data. Water-quality data include\r\nanalyses of water samples primarily for volatile\r\norganic compounds (VOC?s) and selectively for\r\ntritium and inorganic constituents. Data were\r\ncollected from about 250 wells and 21 surfacewater\r\nsites. These data were used (1) to describe\r\nthe hydrogeologic framework of the ground-waterflow\r\nsystem, preferential pathways and directions\r\nof ground-water movement and contaminant\r\ndistribution, ground-water/surface-water relations,\r\nand the water budget and (2) to develop and\r\ncalibrate the ground-water-flow model.\r\nThe glacial drift (sand and gravel with some\r\nclay) and Galena-Platteville (fractured dolomite)\r\naquifers and the sandstone aquifers of the\r\nCambrian-Ordovician aquifer system compose the\r\nground-water-flow system underlying Belvidere\r\nand vicinity. The Glenwood confining unit\r\nseparates the Galena-Platteville aquifer from the\r\nunderlying sandstone aquifers. The Galena-\r\nPlatteville aquifer and confining unit may be\r\nabsent in parts of the Troy Bedrock Valley, about\r\n1.5 miles west of Belvidere.\r\nThroughout the study area, the Kishwaukee\r\nRiver and its tributaries seem to be gaining flow\r\nfrom shallow ground-water discharge.\r\nPotentiometric levels in the glacial drift and\r\nGalena-Platteville aquifers range from about 900\r\nfeet above sea level in the upland areas to 740 feet\r\nalong the Kishwaukee River.\r\nEstimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity\r\nof the glacial drift aquifer ranges from about 0.13\r\nto 280 feet per day. The Galena-Platteville aquifer\r\nis a dual-porosity unit with the greatest percentage\r\nof flow through fractures and bedding-plane\r\npartings. Estimated horizontal hydraulic\r\nconductivity ranges from about 0.005 to 2,500\r\nfeet per day. Estimated horizontal hydraulic\r\nconductivity of the St. Peter aquifer (the uppermost\r\nsandstone aquifer of the Cambrian-Ordovician\r\naquifer system ranges from about 4.7 to 17.5 feet\r\nper day.\r\nVolatile organic compounds have been\r\ndetected in all aquifers underlying Belvidere.\r\nTrichloroethene and tetrachloroethene are the\r\nprincipal VOC?s detected at concentrations above\r\nregulatory levels, with the largest number of\r\ndetections and highest concentrations in the glacial\r\ndrift aquifer. VOC?s generally are not detected in\r\nthe glacial drift aquifer farther than 1,000 feet from\r\nknown or potential source areas (industrial or\r\ndisposal sites), because most source areas are near\r\nthe Kishwaukee River, where shallow ground\r\nwater discharges. Across most of the study area,\r\nthe Glenwood confining unit seems to restrict\r\ndownward movement of VOC?s into the\r\nunderlying St. Peter aquifer; in the immediate\r\nvicinity of Belvidere, downward movement also\r\nseems restricted by lateral movement toward the\r\nmunicipal wells through permeable intervals in the\r\n2 Hydrogeology and Simulation of Ground-Water Flow in the Aquifers Underlying Belvidere, Illinois\r\nGalena-Platteville aquifer. Fractures and (or)\r\nunused wells that may penetrate the confining unit\r\nseem to provide local pathways for limited\r\nmovement of VOC?s to the sandstone aquifers. At\r\nleast two municipal wells seem to intercept the\r\nbedding-plane partings at about 525 and 485 feet\r\nabove sea level. Water levels in the lower one-third\r\nof the Galena-Platteville aquifer rapidly respond to\r\nwithdrawals at these wells.\r\nThe ground-water-flow system underlying\r\nBelvidere was simulated to test the conceptual\r\nmodel of the system. The three-dimensional,\r\nsteady-state model represents the glacial drift,\r\nGalena-Platteville, and sandstone aquifers\r\nsep","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014100","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., Nazimek, J., Halford, K.J., and Yeskis, D., 2002, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4100, vi, 103 p. (1 folded) : ill., maps ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014100.","productDescription":"vi, 103 p. (1 folded) : ill., maps ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2001_4100.jpg"},{"id":3876,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir01_4100.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625238","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P.C. pcmills@usgs.gov","contributorId":3810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P.C.","email":"pcmills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nazimek, J.E.","contributorId":43414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nazimek","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halford, K. J. 0000-0002-7322-1846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":61077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yeskis, D.J.","contributorId":105334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeskis","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44613,"text":"wri024243 - 2002 - Ground-water quality in the Santa Ana Watershed, California: Overview and data summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T21:22:51.274318","indexId":"wri024243","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4243","title":"Ground-water quality in the Santa Ana Watershed, California: Overview and data summary","docAbstract":"Water-quality samples were collected from 207 wells in the Santa Ana Basin in the Coastal Range Province of southern California to assess the occurrence and distribution of dissolved constituents in ground water as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. These wells were sampled during eight studies from 1999 to 2001 that were designed to sample the used water resource at different scales: (1) three studies characterized water quality at a regional scale; (2) two studies focused on spatial and temporal variations in water quality along flow paths; (3) a land-use study focused on evaluation of water quality in shallow ground water; and (4) two studies assessed aquifer susceptibility to contamination. The Santa Ana Basin is divided into the Coastal Basin, the Inland Basin, and the San Jacinto Basin. The Coastal Basin includes a relatively small unconfined recharge area and a relatively large confined area where ground-water pumping is the primary source of discharge. Land use is almost entirely urban. The Inland Basin is predominantly unconfined and land use is urban and agricultural. The San Jacinto Basin is largely unconfined and land use is mostly agricultural. Water-quality data discussed in this report are compared with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking-water standards, both primary and secondary. Most exceedances of maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) occurred in the shallow, coastal monitoring wells that tap ground water not used for water supply. Water from several irrigation wells in the Inland and San Jacinto basins exceeded the 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter) MCL for nitrate. Water from some wells exceeded secondary MCLs for manganese (50 ?g/L [micrograms per liter]) and iron (300 ?g/L) and (or) proposed MCLs for arsenic (10 ?g/L) and uranium (30 ?g/L). Of the 94 production wells sampled for trace elements, 3 irrigation wells in the Coastal Basin produced water that exceeded the secondary MCL for manganese. Water from production wells sampled in all three subbasins exceeded the proposed MCL for radon (300 pCi/L [picocuries per liter]). Pesticides were detected above the laboratory reporting limit (LRL) in 50 percent of the production and monitoring wells sampled in the Santa Ana Basin. Deethylatrazine, simazine, atrazine, tebuthiuron, and prometon were the five most commonly detected pesticides in the current USGS studies. All pesticide concentrations detected in these studies were below MCLs established by the EPA. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in 115 wells (56 percent) of the 207 wells sampled. Of the 38 VOCs detected, only 13 were detected in more than five wells. The most commonly detected VOCs, in order of detection frequency, were chloroform; trichloroethlyene, TCE; 1,1,1-trichloroethane, TCA; trichlorofluoromethane, CFC 11; 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, CFC 113; tetrachloroethylene, PCE; bromodichloromethane; methyl tert-butyl ether, MTBE; 1,1-dichloroethene, 1-1-DCE; and 1,2- dichloroethene, 1,2-DCE. The only exceedances of EPA MCLs for VOCs occurred in six irrigation wells and in two deep monitoring wells sampled in the Inland Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024243","usgsCitation":"Hamlin, S.N., Belitz, K., Kraja, S., and Dawson, B., 2002, Ground-water quality in the Santa Ana Watershed, California: Overview and data summary: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4243, xi, 137 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024243.","productDescription":"xi, 137 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":396202,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54424.htm"},{"id":168157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3715,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024243/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Ana watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.1289,\n 33.5575\n ],\n [\n -116.5567,\n 33.5575\n ],\n [\n -116.5567,\n 34.3806\n ],\n [\n -118.1289,\n 34.3806\n ],\n [\n -118.1289,\n 33.5575\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamlin, Scott N.","contributorId":27040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamlin","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kraja, Sarah","contributorId":96332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraja","given":"Sarah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, Barbara 0000-0002-0209-8158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-8158","contributorId":14490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Barbara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":53364,"text":"wdrCA012 - 2002 - Water Resources Data--California, Water Year 2001, Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:25","indexId":"wdrCA012","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-01-2","title":"Water Resources Data--California, Water Year 2001, Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2001 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams, stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 2 contains discharge records for 128 gaging stations, stage and contents for 6 lakes and reservoirs, gage-height records for 8 stations, water quality for 43 streamflow-gaging stations and 2 partial-record stations, and precipitation data for 1 station. Also included are data for 1 low-flow partial-record station, and 8 miscellaneous-measurement stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in California.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA012","usgsCitation":"Friebel, M., Freeman, L., Smithson, J., Webster, M., Anderson, S., and Pope, G., 2002, Water Resources Data--California, Water Year 2001, Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-01-2, 450 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA012.","productDescription":"450 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5086,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/WDRCA012/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa42b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friebel, M.F.","contributorId":23207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friebel","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, L.A.","contributorId":86374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smithson, J.R.","contributorId":41073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smithson","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webster, M.D.","contributorId":68385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, S.W.","contributorId":25628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pope, G.L.","contributorId":58692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":44611,"text":"wri024261 - 2002 - Simulation of the ground-water flow system at Naval Submarine Base Bangor and vicinity, Kitsap County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:05","indexId":"wri024261","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4261","title":"Simulation of the ground-water flow system at Naval Submarine Base Bangor and vicinity, Kitsap County, Washington","docAbstract":"An evaluation of the interaction between ground-water flow on Naval Submarine Base Bangor and the regional-flow system shows that for selected alternatives of future ground-water pumping on and near the base, the risk is low that significant concentrations of on-base ground-water contamination will reach off-base public-supply wells and hypothetical wells southwest of the base. The risk is low even if worst-case conditions are considered ? no containment and remediation of on-base contamination. The evaluation also shows that future saltwater encroachment of aquifers below sea level may be possible, but this determination has considerable uncertainty associated with it. The potential effects on the ground-water flow system resulting from four hypothetical ground-water pumping alternatives were considered, including no change in 1995 pumping rates, doubling the rates, and 2020 rates estimated from population projections with two different pumping distributions. All but a continuation of 1995 pumping rates demonstrate the possibility of future saltwater encroachment in the Sea-level aquifer on Naval Submarine Base Bangor. The amount of time it would take for encroachment to occur is unknown. For all pumping alternatives, future saltwater encroachment in the Sea-level aquifer also may be possible along Puget Sound east and southeast of the base. Future saltwater encroachment in the Deep aquifer also may be possible throughout large parts of the study area. Projections of saltwater encroachment are least certain outside the boundaries of Naval Submarine Base Bangor. The potential effects of the ground-water pumping alternatives were evaluated by simulating the ground-water flow system with a three-dimensional uniform-density ground-water flow model. The model was calibrated by trial-and-error by minimizing differences between simulated and measured or estimated variables. These included water levels from prior to January 17, 1977 (termed 'predevelopment'), water-level drawdowns since predevelopment until April 15, 1995, ground-water discharge to streams in water year 1995, and residence times of ground water in different parts of the flow system that were estimated in a separate but related study. Large amounts of ground water were pumped from 1977 through 1980 from the Sea-level aquifer on Naval Submarine Base Bangor to enable the construction of an off-shore drydock. Records of the flow-system responses to the applied stresses were used to help calibrate the model. Errors in the calibrated model were significant. The poor agreement between simulated and measured values could be improved by making many local changes to hydraulic parameters but these changes were not supported by other data. Model errors may have resulted in errors in the simulated effects of ground-water pumping alternatives.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024261","usgsCitation":"Heeswijk, M.V., and Smith, D.T., 2002, Simulation of the ground-water flow system at Naval Submarine Base Bangor and vicinity, Kitsap County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4261, 153 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024261.","productDescription":"153 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3713,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024261/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":168062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heeswijk, Marijke van","contributorId":37201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heeswijk","given":"Marijke","email":"","middleInitial":"van","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Daniel T.","contributorId":11878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53322,"text":"wdrCO011 - 2002 - Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 2001--Volume 1. Missouri River Basin, Arkansas River Basin, and Rio Grande Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:44","indexId":"wdrCO011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CO-01-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 2001--Volume 1. Missouri River Basin, Arkansas River Basin, and Rio Grande Basin","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for Colorado for the 2001 water year consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; meteorological data; and water levels and water quality of wells and springs. This report (Volumes 1 and 2) contains discharge records for 313 gaging stations, stage and contents of 16 lakes and reservoirs, discharge measurements for 1 partial-record low-flow station and 1 miscellaneous site, peak-flow information for 22 crest-stage partial-record stations; water quality for 125 gaging stations and for 10 lakes and reservoirs, supplemental water quality for 181 gaged sites; water quality for 77 miscellaneous sites and 14 observation wells; water levels for 3 observation wells, and meteorological data for 55 sites. Three pertinent stations operated by bordering States also are included in this report. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under the direction of W.F. Horak, District Chief. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrCO011","usgsCitation":"Crowfoot, R., Steger, R., Payne, W., and O’Neill, G.B., 2002, Water Resources Data, Colorado, Water Year 2001--Volume 1. Missouri River Basin, Arkansas River Basin, and Rio Grande Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CO-01-1, 539 p.; 2 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCO011.","productDescription":"539 p.; 2 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5032,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/WDRCO011/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbd6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowfoot, R.M.","contributorId":6116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowfoot","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steger, R.D.","contributorId":78008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steger","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Payne, W.F.","contributorId":32598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Neill, G. B.","contributorId":72450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":50695,"text":"ofr02376 - 2002 - SutraPrep, a pre-processor for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:17","indexId":"ofr02376","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-376","title":"SutraPrep, a pre-processor for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","docAbstract":"SutraPrep facilitates the creation of three-dimensional (3D) input datasets for the USGS ground-water flow and transport model SUTRA Version 2D3D.1. It is most useful for applications in which the geometry of the 3D model domain and the spatial distribution of physical properties and boundary conditions is relatively simple. SutraPrep can be used to create a SUTRA main input (?.inp?) file, an initial conditions (?.ics?) file, and a 3D plot of the finite-element mesh in Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) format. Input and output are text-based. The code can be run on any platform that has a standard FORTRAN-90 compiler. Executable code is available for Microsoft Windows.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02376","usgsCitation":"Provost, A., 2002, SutraPrep, a pre-processor for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-376, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02376.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4169,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/sutraprep/sutraprep.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":176452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Provost, Alden M.","contributorId":85652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Provost","given":"Alden M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50698,"text":"ofr02382 - 2002 - Water-chemistry data for selected springs, geysers, and streams in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1999-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-18T19:42:22","indexId":"ofr02382","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-382","title":"Water-chemistry data for selected springs, geysers, and streams in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1999-2000","docAbstract":"Sixty-seven water analyses are reported for samples collected from 44 hot springs and their\r\noverflow drainages and two ambient-temperature acid streams in Yellowstone National Park (YNP)\r\nduring 1990-2000. Thirty-seven analyses are reported for 1999, 18 for June of 2000, and 12 for\r\nSeptember of 2000. These water samples were collected and analyzed as part of research\r\ninvestigations in YNP on microbially mediated sulfur oxidation in stream water, arsenic and sulfur\r\nredox speciation in hot springs, and chemical changes in overflow drainages that affect major ions,\r\nredox species, and trace elements. Most samples were collected from sources in the Norris Geyser\r\nBasin. Two ambient-temperature acidic stream systems, Alluvium and Columbine Creeks and their\r\ntributaries in Brimstone Basin, were studied in detail. Analyses were performed at or near the\r\nsampling site, in an on-site mobile laboratory truck, or later in a USGS laboratory, depending on\r\nstability of the constituent and whether or not it could be preserved effectively.\r\nWater temperature, specific conductance, pH, Eh, dissolved oxygen (D.O.), and dissolved\r\nH2S were determined on-site at the time of sampling. Alkalinity, acidity, and F were determined\r\nwithin a few days of sample collection by titration with acid, titration with base, and ion-selective\r\nelectrode or ion chromatography (IC), respectively. Concentrations of S2O3 and SxO6 were\r\ndetermined as soon as possible (minutes to hours later) by IC. Concentrations of Br, Cl, NH4, NO2,\r\nNO3, SO4, Fe(II), and Fe(total) were determined within a few days of sample collection. Densities\r\nwere determined later in the USGS laboratory.\r\nConcentrations of Li and K were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.\r\nConcentrations of Al, As(total), B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe(total), K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb,\r\nSe, Si, Sr, V, and Zn were determined by inductively-coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry.\r\nTrace concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Sb were determined by Zeeman-corrected graphitefurnace\r\natomic-absorption spectrometry. Trace concentrations of As(total) and As(III) were\r\ndetermined by hydride generation atomic-absorption spectrometry using a flow-injection analysis\r\nsystem. Concentrations of Cl, NO3, Br, and SO4 were determined by IC. Concentrations of Fe(II)\r\nand Fe(total) were determined by the ferrozine colorimetric method. Concentrations of NO2 were\r\ndetermined by colorimetry using matrix-matched standards. Concentrations of NH4 were determined\r\nby IC, with reanalysis by colorimetry where separation of Na and NH4 peaks was poor. Dissolved\r\norganic carbon (DOC) concentrations were determined by the wet persulfate oxidation method.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02382","usgsCitation":"Ball, J.W., McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Holloway, J.M., Verplanck, P.L., and Sturtevant, S.A., 2002, Water-chemistry data for selected springs, geysers, and streams in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1999-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-382, 104 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02382.","productDescription":"104 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4171,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/GWC_chemtherm/pubs/ofr%2002-382.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.14868164062499,\n 43.949327348785225\n ],\n [\n -109.9951171875,\n 43.949327348785225\n ],\n [\n -109.9951171875,\n 45.061881623213026\n ],\n [\n -111.14868164062499,\n 45.061881623213026\n ],\n [\n -111.14868164062499,\n 43.949327348785225\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eeca0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":242104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holloway, JoAnn M. 0000-0003-3603-7668 jholloway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-7668","contributorId":918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"JoAnn","email":"jholloway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sturtevant, Sabin A.","contributorId":45382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturtevant","given":"Sabin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":44975,"text":"wri024075 - 2002 - Ground-water levels in the Floridan-Midville aquifer in the Breezy Hill area, Aiken and Edgefield Counties, South Carolina, April 1999-November 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T20:40:17.522486","indexId":"wri024075","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4075","title":"Ground-water levels in the Floridan-Midville aquifer in the Breezy Hill area, Aiken and Edgefield Counties, South Carolina, April 1999-November 2000","docAbstract":"The Breezy Hill area in Aiken and Edgefield Counties of west-central South Carolina is a rapidly growing region in need of increasing amounts of ground water. From 1995 to 1998, the local water utility increased ground-water withdrawals in the Breezy Hill area from 1.4 to 2.1 million gallons per day to meet water-supply demands. As development continues, future demands for ground water will likely put stress on the surfaceand ground-water resources of the area. To address this issue, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Aiken County, compiled and interpreted geologic and hydrologic data needed to map the ground-water system in the Breezy Hill study area.
The Breezy Hill study area consists of four interfluvial areas comprising the regions between Horse and Little Horse Creeks, Little Horse and Hightower Creeks, Hightower Creek and Franklin Branch, and Franklin Branch and Mims Branch. Across the interfluvial areas, the average elevation of the water-level surface ranged from 200 to 480 feet above sea level, and the average saturated thickness of the Floridan-Midville aquifer ranged from less than 20 to 70 feet thick. A water-level contour map of the surface of the Floridan-Midville aquifer indicates that recharge to the aquifer occurs mainly within the interfluves. Recharge is derived principally from precipitation, although there is some potential for ground-water recharge from underlying crystalline rocks. Ground water discharges along the flanks of the interfluves into the bounding streams where the elevations of the ground water and streams coincide.
From April 1999 to November 2000, calculated long-term normal precipitation totaled about 84.0 inches; however, actual recorded precipitation totaled 69.2 inches, representing about a 17.6 percent decrease in precipitation during this period. Published estimates of annual evapotranspiration range from 30 to 35 inches.
A U.S. Geological Survey surface-water gaging station located near the center of the study area on Little Horse Creek monitors runoff from a drainage area of 26.6 square miles. Average annual flow for the station for water years 1990-2000 was 33.8 cubic feet per second. From April 1999 to November 2000, the monthly average flow was less than the average monthly flow for the longterm record, excluding December 1999 to March 2000 when no data were collected. Monthly average flow for Little Horse Creek exceeded the normal monthly flow during June and July 1999.
Ground water in the Breezy Hill area is principally withdrawn from the unconfined Floridan- Midville aquifer. Ground-water withdrawals by the local water utility increased 37 percent from 1989 to 2000 (315.2 to 500 million gallons, respectively). From January 1999 to December 2000, the utility exceeded the long-term monthly average groundwater withdrawals for every month except September and December 2000. Calculated long-term monthly ground-water withdrawals by the utility for a 20-month period from April 1999 to November 2000 totaled 674 million gallons; however, actual ground-water withdrawals totaled 883 million gallons, which is 31 percent more than the long-term average ground-water withdrawals for the production wells.
Published estimates of average annual ground-water recharge rates for the study area range from 13 to 15 inches per year. A base-flow recession analysis of streamflow data for Little Horse Creek provided an estimated recharge rate of 14.9 inches per year for the drainage area. Using an estimated average porosity ranging from 30 to 35 percent observed in sand-aquifer cores, the average annual recharge of 13 to 15 inches would cause a 3.6- to 4.1-foot water-level change to the saturated thickness of the aquifer, if applied instantaneously. The water-level declines observed in wells from April 1999 to November 2000 approximated an average decline of 4 feet.
From November 1999 to November 2000, ground-water levels in six wells near utility pumping centers declined 2 to 5 feet. Long-term waterlevel declines of 10.27 and 11.50 feet were measured in two wells between May 1992 and April 2000, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024075","usgsCitation":"Harrelson, L.G., Falls, W.F., and Prowell, D.C., 2002, Ground-water levels in the Floridan-Midville aquifer in the Breezy Hill area, Aiken and Edgefield Counties, South Carolina, April 1999-November 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4075, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024075.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162173,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411738,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51833.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3848,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024075/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Aiken County, Edgefield County","otherGeospatial":"Floridan-Midville aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.9542,\n 33.6583\n ],\n [\n -81.9542,\n 33.48\n ],\n [\n -81.7747,\n 33.48\n ],\n [\n -81.7747,\n 33.6583\n ],\n [\n -81.9542,\n 33.6583\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667573","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrelson, Larry G.","contributorId":70059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrelson","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falls, W. Fred 0000-0003-2928-9795 wffalls@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2928-9795","contributorId":107754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falls","given":"W.","email":"wffalls@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Fred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prowell, David C.","contributorId":46956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prowell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":50629,"text":"ofr02159 - 2002 - Flow-velocity, water-temperature and conductivity data collected in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 wet seasons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T15:43:09.677069","indexId":"ofr02159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-159","title":"Flow-velocity, water-temperature and conductivity data collected in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 wet seasons","docAbstract":"A project within the U. S. Geological Survey Place- Based Studies Program is focused on investigation of ?Forcing Effects on Flow Structure in Vegetated Wetlands of the Everglades.? Data-collection efforts conducted within this project at three locations in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, during the 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 wet seasons are described in this report. Techniques for collecting and processing the data and summaries of daily mean flowvelocity, water-temperature, and conductivity data are presented. The quality-checked and edited data have been compiled and stored on the USGS South Florida Information Access website.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02159","usgsCitation":"Flow-Velocity, Water-Temperature and Conductivity Data Collected in Shark River Slough, Everglades National Park, During 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 Wet Seasons; 2002; OFR; 2002-159; Riscassi, Ami L.; Schaffranek, R. W.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0159/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":4123,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0159/ofr02-159.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2002-0159"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.35291405682605,\n 26.41134811620782\n ],\n [\n -81.27638804061057,\n 26.41134811620782\n ],\n [\n -81.27638804061057,\n 25.046450291276315\n ],\n [\n -80.35291405682605,\n 25.046450291276315\n ],\n [\n -80.35291405682605,\n 26.41134811620782\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The pools in the lower reach of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the adjoining Lake Mallalieu, are eutrophic because of high phosphorus loading. To determine how changes in phosphorus loading would affect the trophic status of these pools, the water-quality model, BATHTUB, was used to simulate existing (1999) water quality and simulate the water quality with various phosphorus-loading scenarios. Water quality in the pools may respond differently during different flow regimes; therefore, sensitivity and scenario evaluations were performed not only for 1999, but also for a simulated period with relatively low flows throughout the basin (using flow data from 1988) and for a simulated period with relatively high flows throughout the basin (using flow data from 1996).
\nOn the basis of the BATHTUB simulations, linear increases in phosphorus loading should cause the following changes in water quality in each of the pools: linear increases in phosphorus concentrations, although at a smaller rate than the increase in loading; non-linear increases in chlorophyll a concentrations, with a smaller relative response with higher phosphorus loading; increase in the frequency of algal blooms, with a higher frequency of intense algal blooms; and slightly decreased water clarity.
\nThe response in water quality to changes in the phosphorus loading should be relatively similar regardless of the flow regime. Reducing phosphorus loading by about 50 percent would be necessary for the Lake St. Croix pools to be classified as mesotrophic with respect to phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations, whereas a larger reduction in phosphorus loading would be needed for Lake Mallalieu to be classified as mesotrophic. Even with these reductions, water clarity will remain poor because of the high non-algal turbidity and stained water in the pools.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024181","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., and Lenz, B.N., 2002, Response of the St. Croix River pools, Wisconsin and Minnesota, to various phosphorus-loading scenarios: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4181, vi, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024181.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3834,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir-02-4181/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82252,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4181/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4181/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"St. Croix River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.8729248046875,\n 46.1912395780416\n ],\n [\n -93.394775390625,\n 45.924408558629004\n ],\n [\n -93.5980224609375,\n 45.60250901510302\n ],\n [\n -93.71337890625,\n 45.251688256117646\n ],\n [\n -93.5650634765625,\n 45.19752230305685\n ],\n [\n -93.306884765625,\n 45.023067895446175\n ],\n [\n -93.0267333984375,\n 44.87144275016589\n ],\n [\n -92.9608154296875,\n 44.695992981720714\n ],\n [\n -92.625732421875,\n 44.50434127765394\n ],\n [\n -92.274169921875,\n 44.35920579433503\n ],\n [\n -91.9940185546875,\n 44.42593442145313\n ],\n [\n -91.93359375,\n 44.55133484083592\n ],\n [\n -92.1148681640625,\n 45.42544355958045\n ],\n [\n -92.16430664062499,\n 45.67932023569538\n ],\n [\n -92.0599365234375,\n 46.00459325574482\n ],\n [\n -92.3236083984375,\n 46.3886223381617\n ],\n [\n -92.74108886718749,\n 46.426499019253\n ],\n [\n -92.8729248046875,\n 46.1912395780416\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f782f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lenz, Bernard N.","contributorId":85170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44572,"text":"wri024249 - 2002 - Simulation of flow and effects of best-management practices in the upper Seco Creek basin, south-central Texas, 1991-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T10:56:17","indexId":"wri024249","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4249","title":"Simulation of flow and effects of best-management practices in the upper Seco Creek basin, south-central Texas, 1991-98","docAbstract":"The Hydrological Simulation Program— FORTRAN model was used to assess the effects of two best-management practices—brush management (removal of woody species locally known as cedar) and weather modification (rainfall enhancement)—on selected hydrologic processes in six subbasins that compose the upper Seco Creek Basin in south-central Texas. A parameter set for use with the model was developed to simulate surface-water-budget components for the six gaged subbasins.
Simulation of brush management, represented by decreases in simulated evapotranspiration of 5 to 6 percent, resulted in increases of 1 to 47 percent in annual runoff and increases of 14 to 48 percent in surface runoff for the six subbasins. Simulation of weather modification, represented by a 10-percent increase in rainfall totals and intensities, resulted in increases of 5 to 6 percent in evapotranspiration, increases of 2 to 92 percent in annual runoff, and increases of 36 to 101 percent in surface runoff.
Rainfall and runoff data for the study were collected during January 1, 1991–September 30, 1998. Data from 60 storms were used for the simulations. The model was calibrated with data from 33 storms (in two subbasins) and tested with data from 27 storms (in four subbasins). Twenty-one pervious land segments were defined for the study on the basis of geology and land cover. An error analysis and a sensitivity analysis were done on each subbasin, and the results were used to develop the final parameter set.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri024249","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service","usgsCitation":"Brown, D.S., and Raines, T.H., 2002, Simulation of flow and effects of best-management practices in the upper Seco Creek basin, south-central Texas, 1991-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4249, HTML Document; Report: iii, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024249.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Report: iii, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3693,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri02-4249/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":335469,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4249/pdf/wri02-4249.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Upper Seco Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.5416259765625,\n 29.794175906436607\n ],\n [\n -99.60205078124999,\n 29.798942848363467\n ],\n [\n -99.67208862304686,\n 29.790600550959457\n ],\n [\n -99.7283935546875,\n 29.760800955544514\n ],\n [\n -99.75036621093749,\n 29.68924576848234\n ],\n [\n -99.75723266601561,\n 29.60092416008231\n ],\n [\n -99.7283935546875,\n 29.492206334848714\n ],\n [\n -99.69268798828125,\n 29.39055120877056\n ],\n [\n -99.66522216796875,\n 29.345072482286373\n ],\n [\n -99.613037109375,\n 29.30316621811306\n ],\n [\n -99.58145141601562,\n 29.27681632836857\n ],\n [\n -99.50454711914062,\n 29.27202470909843\n ],\n [\n -99.34661865234375,\n 29.297178203733303\n ],\n [\n -99.26834106445312,\n 29.318733411709456\n ],\n [\n -99.21066284179688,\n 29.41447921856294\n ],\n [\n -99.22027587890624,\n 29.458731185355344\n ],\n [\n -99.2449951171875,\n 29.529255208335545\n ],\n [\n -99.30267333984375,\n 29.630771207229\n ],\n [\n -99.3328857421875,\n 29.660609413340286\n ],\n [\n -99.35897827148438,\n 29.67850809103362\n ],\n [\n -99.39193725585936,\n 29.714295887474798\n ],\n [\n -99.48944091796875,\n 29.76914573606667\n ],\n [\n -99.5416259765625,\n 29.794175906436607\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48f3e4b07f02db55a8b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, David S. 0000-0002-0917-6278 dsbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-6278","contributorId":3808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"David","email":"dsbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raines, Timothy H. thraines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Timothy","email":"thraines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50638,"text":"ofr02197 - 2002 - Documentation of spreadsheets for the analysis of aquifer-test and slug-test data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-03T14:15:36.026866","indexId":"ofr02197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-197","title":"Documentation of spreadsheets for the analysis of aquifer-test and slug-test data","docAbstract":"Several spreadsheets have been developed for the analysis of aquifer-test and slug-test data. Each spreadsheet incorporates analytical solution(s) of the partial differential equation for ground-water flow to a well for a specific type of condition or aquifer. The derivations of the analytical solutions were previously published. Thus, this report abbreviates the theoretical discussion, but includes practical information about each method and the important assumptions for the applications of each method. These spreadsheets were written in Microsoft Excel 9.0 (use of trade names does not constitute endorsement by the USGS). Storage properties should not be estimated with many of the spreadsheets because most are for analyzing single-well tests. Estimation of storage properties from single-well tests is generally discouraged because single-well tests are affected by wellbore storage and by well construction. These non-ideal effects frequently cause estimates of storage to be erroneous by orders of magnitude. Additionally, single-well tests are not sensitive to aquifer-storage properties. Single-well tests include all slug tests (Bouwer and Rice Method, Cooper, Bredehoeft, Papadopulos Method, and van der Kamp Method), the Cooper-Jacob straight-line Method, Theis recovery-data analysis, Jacob-Lohman method for flowing wells in a confined aquifer, and the step-drawdown test. Multi-well test spreadsheets included in this report are; Hantush-Jacob Leaky Aquifer Method and Distance-Drawdown Methods. The distance-drawdown method is an equilibrium or steady-state method, thus storage cannot be estimated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02197","usgsCitation":"Halford, K.J., and Kuniansky, E.L., 2002, Documentation of spreadsheets for the analysis of aquifer-test and slug-test data (Version 1.2): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-197, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02197.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170113,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4130,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02197/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db636171","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halford, Keith J. 0000-0002-7322-1846 khalford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":1374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"Keith","email":"khalford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuniansky, Eve L. 0000-0002-5581-0225 elkunian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-0225","contributorId":932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"Eve","email":"elkunian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50706,"text":"ofr02409 - 2002 - MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- Documentation of the Model-Layer Variable-Direction Horizontal Anisotropy (LVDA) capability of the Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow (HUF) package","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:12","indexId":"ofr02409","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-409","title":"MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- Documentation of the Model-Layer Variable-Direction Horizontal Anisotropy (LVDA) capability of the Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow (HUF) package","docAbstract":"This report documents the model-layer variable-direction horizontal anisotropy (LVDA) capability of the Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow (HUF) Package of MODFLOW-2000. The LVDA capability allows the principal directions of horizontal anisotropy to be different than the model-grid row and column directions, and for the directions to vary on a cell-by-cell basis within model layers. The HUF Package calculates effective hydraulic properties for model grid cells based on hydraulic properties of hydrogeologic units with thicknesses defined independently of the model layers. These hydraulic properties include, among other characteristics, hydraulic conductivity and a horizontal anisotropy ratio. Using the LVDA capability, horizontal anisotropy direction is defined for model grid cells within which one or more hydrogeologic units may occur. For each grid cell, the HUF Package calculates the effective horizontal hydraulic conductivity along the primary direction of anisotropy using the hydrogeologic-unit hydraulic conductivities, and calculates the effective horizontal hydraulic conductivity along the orthogonal anisotropy direction using the effective primary direction hydraulic conductivities and horizontal anisotropy ratios. The direction assigned to the model layer effective primary hydraulic conductivity is specified using a new data set defined by the LVDA capability, when active, to calculate coefficients needed to solve the ground-water flow equation. Use of the LVDA capability is illustrated in four simulation examples, which also serve to verify hydraulic heads, advective-travel paths, and sensitivities calculated using the LVDA capability. This version of the LVDA capability defines variable-direction horizontal anisotropy using model layers, not the hydrogeologic units defined by the HUF Package. This difference needs to be taken into account when designing model layers and hydrogeologic units to produce simulations that accurately represent a given field problem. This might be a reason, for example, to make model layer boundaries coincide with hydrogeologic-unit boundaries in all or part of a model grid.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02409","usgsCitation":"Anderman, E.R., Kipp, K., Hill, M.C., Valstar, J., and Neupauer, R., 2002, MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model -- Documentation of the Model-Layer Variable-Direction Horizontal Anisotropy (LVDA) capability of the Hydrogeologic-Unit Flow (HUF) package: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-409, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02409.","productDescription":"61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4201,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/modflow2000/ofr02-409.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":176414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648ce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderman, Evan R.","contributorId":95505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderman","given":"Evan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kipp, K.L.","contributorId":96715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valstar, Johan","contributorId":69224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valstar","given":"Johan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Neupauer, R.M.","contributorId":33381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neupauer","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":53428,"text":"wri024231 - 2002 - SUTRA: A model for 2D or 3D saturated-unsaturated, variable-density ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:34:13","indexId":"wri024231","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4231","title":"SUTRA: A model for 2D or 3D saturated-unsaturated, variable-density ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","docAbstract":"SUTRA (Saturated-Unsaturated Transport) is a computer program that simulates fluid movement and the transport of either energy or dissolved substances in a subsurface environment. This upgraded version of SUTRA adds the capability for three-dimensional simulation to the former code (Voss, 1984), which allowed only two-dimensional simulation. The code employs a two- or three-dimensional finite-element and finite-difference method to approximate the governing equations that describe the two interdependent processes that are simulated: \r\n1) fluid density-dependent saturated or unsaturated ground-water flow; and \r\n2) either \r\n\r\n(a) transport of a solute in the ground water, in which the solute may be subject to: equilibrium adsorption on the porous matrix, and both first-order and zero-order production or decay; or \r\n(b) transport of thermal energy in the ground water and solid matrix of the aquifer. \r\nSUTRA may also be used to simulate simpler subsets of the above processes. A flow-direction-dependent dispersion process for anisotropic media is also provided by the code and is introduced in this report. As the primary calculated result, SUTRA provides fluid pressures and either solute concentrations or temperatures, as they vary with time, everywhere in the simulated subsurface system. \r\nSUTRA flow simulation may be employed for two-dimensional (2D) areal, cross sectional and three-dimensional (3D) modeling of saturated ground-water flow systems, and for cross sectional and 3D modeling of unsaturated zone flow. Solute-transport simulation using SUTRA may be employed to model natural or man-induced chemical-species transport including processes of solute sorption, production, and decay. For example, it may be applied to analyze ground-water contaminant transport problems and aquifer restoration designs. In addition, solute-transport simulation with SUTRA may be used for modeling of variable-density leachate movement, and for cross sectional modeling of saltwater intrusion in aquifers at near-well or regional scales, with either dispersed or relatively sharp transition zones between freshwater and saltwater. SUTRA energy-transport simulation may be employed to model thermal regimes in aquifers, subsurface heat conduction, aquifer thermal-energy storage systems, geothermal reservoirs, thermal pollution of aquifers, and natural hydrogeologic convection systems. \r\nMesh construction, which is quite flexible for arbitrary geometries, employs quadrilateral finite elements in 2D Cartesian or radial-cylindrical coordinate systems, and hexahedral finite elements in 3D systems. 3D meshes are currently restricted to be logically rectangular; in other words, they are similar to deformable finite-difference-style grids. Permeabilities may be anisotropic and may vary in both direction and magnitude throughout the system, as may most other aquifer and fluid properties. Boundary conditions, sources and sinks may be time dependent. A number of input data checks are made to verify the input data set. An option is available for storing intermediate results and restarting a simulation at the intermediate time. Output options include fluid velocities, fluid mass and solute mass or energy budgets, and time-varying observations at points in the system. Both the mathematical basis for SUTRA and the program structure are highly general, and are modularized to allow for straightforward addition of new methods or processes to the simulation. The FORTRAN-90 coding stresses clarity and modularity rather than efficiency, providing easy access for later modifications.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024231","usgsCitation":"Voss, C.I., and Provost, A., 2002, SUTRA: A model for 2D or 3D saturated-unsaturated, variable-density ground-water flow with solute or energy transport (Version 2D3D.1): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4231, 250 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024231.","productDescription":"250 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5211,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/sutra/sutra.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 2D3D.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c9f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Provost, A.M.","contributorId":16098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Provost","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45022,"text":"wri014168 - 2002 - Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-17T06:42:52","indexId":"wri014168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4168","title":"Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The City of Norman operated a solid-waste municipal landfill at two sites on the Canadian River alluvium in Cleveland County, Oklahoma from 1970 to 1985. The sites, referred to as the west and east cells of the landfill, were originally excavations in the unconsolidated alluvial deposits and were not lined. Analysis of ground-water samples indicate that leachate from the west cell is discharging into an adjacent abandoned river channel, referred to as the slough, and is migrating downgradient in ground water toward the Canadian River. The report describes the hydrogeologic features at the landfill, including the topography of the bedrock, water-level changes in the alluvial aquifer, and delineates the leachate plume using specific conductance data.\r\nThe leading edge of the leachate plume along the 35-80 transect extended over 250 meters downgradient of the west cell. The leading edge of the leachate plume along the 40-SOUTH transect had moved about 60 meters from the west cell in a south-southwesterly direction and had not moved past the slough as of 1997. Specific conductance measurements exceeding 7,000 microsiemens per centimeter at site 40 indicate the most concentrated part of the plume remained in the upper half of the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the west cell.\r\n\r\nThe direction of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer surrounding the landfill was generally north-northeast to south-southwest toward the river. However, between the west cell and the slough along the 40-SOUTH transect, head measurements indicate a directional change to the east and southeast toward a channel referred to as the sewage outfall. Near the 35-80 transect, at 0.5 meter below the water table and at the base of the aquifer, the direction of ground-water flow was south-southeast with a gradient of about 30 centimeters per 100 meters.\r\n\r\nGenerally, ground-water levels in the alluvial aquifer were higher during the winter months and lower during summer months, due to a normal decrease in precipitation and increased evapotranspiration in the summer. Hydrographs show temporal water-level changes in ground water and the slough, indicating a hydrologic connection between the alluvial aquifer and the slough.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014168","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., 2002, Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4168, iv, 36 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014168.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3887,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014168/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma ","city":"Norman","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.5478,35.1453 ], [ -97.5478,35.3483 ], [ -97.1769,35.3483 ], [ -97.1769,35.1453 ], [ -97.5478,35.1453 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62558e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, Carol 0000-0001-6652-4542 cjbecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-4542","contributorId":2489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Carol","email":"cjbecker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50609,"text":"ofr0288 - 2002 - Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, October 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:04","indexId":"ofr0288","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-88","title":"Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, October 1998","docAbstract":"This arc and point data set contains streamflow-measurement sites and reaches indicating streamflow gain or loss under base-flow conditions along the Republican River and tributaries in Nebraska during October 25 to 28, 1998 (Boohar, 2000). The streamflow measurements were made to obtain data on ground-water/surface-water interaction. Flow was observed visually to be zero, was measured, or was estimated at 374 sites. The measurements were made on the main stem of the Republican River and all flowing tributaries that enter the Republican River between Swanson and Harlan County Reservoirs in the Nebraska part of the Republican River Basin. Tributaries were followed upstream until the first road crossing where zero flow was encountered. Measurements also included estimates of average wastewater discharge during the period when the flow measurements were made, based upon data obtained from towns having measureable wastewater discharge. For selected streams, points of zero flow upstream of the first zero flow site also were checked.\r\n\r\nStreamflow gain or loss for each stream reach was calculated by subtracting the streamflow values measured at the upstream end of the reach and values for contributing tributaries from the downstream value. The data obtained reflected base-flow conditions suitable for estimating streamflow gains and losses for stream reaches between sites. However, due to fluctuations in streamflow on the main stem of the Republican River above Swanson Reservoir during the measurement period, flow measurements on the main stem could not be used for calculating reach gains and losses. Flows measured on tributaries to the Republican River above Swanson Reservoir were of suitable quality to use for streamflow gain/loss calculations. Flows on Sappa Creek did not reflect base-flow conditions and thus were not suitable for investigating ground-water/surface-water interaction.\r\n\r\nThis digital data set was created by manually plotting locations of streamflow measurements. These points were used to designate stream-reach segments to calculate gain/loss per river mile Reach segments were created by manually splitting the lines from a 1:250,000 hydrography data set (Soenksen and others, 1999) at every location where the streams were measured. Each stream-reach segment between streamflow-measurement sites was assigned a unique reach number. All other lines in the hydrography data set without reach numbers were omitted.\r\n\r\nThis data set was created to archive the calculated streamflow gains and losses of streams in the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, in October 1998, and make the data available for use with geographic information systems (GIS). \r\n\r\nIf measurement sites are used separately from reaches, the maximum scale of 1:100,000 should not be exceeded. When used in conjunction with the reach segments, the maximum scale should not exceed 1:250,000.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0288","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M.R., Stanton, J.S., Cornwall, J.F., and Landon, M.K., 2002, Streamflow gain/loss in the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, October 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-88, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0288.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4111,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02-088/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae44b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Michalea R. 0000-0001-6133-0247","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":10285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michalea","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, Jennifer S. 0000-0002-2520-753X jstanton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2520-753X","contributorId":830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornwall, James F.","contributorId":74067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornwall","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54830,"text":"wdrNV011 - 2002 - Water resources data, Nevada, water year 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-22T20:53:06.113446","indexId":"wdrNV011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NV-01-1","title":"Water resources data, Nevada, water year 2001","docAbstract":"Water resources data published herein for the 2001 water year comprise the following records:
o Water discharge for 168 gaging stations on streams, canals and drains.
o Discharge for 146 peak-flow stations and miscellaneous sites, and 14 springs.
o Stage and contents for 20 lakes and reservoirs.
o Water-quality data for 95 stream, lake, canal, spring, and drain sites, and 53 wells.
o Water levels for 97 primary/continuous record wells, and 654 secondary observation wells.
o Water withdrawals for 12 wells
o Precipitation totals for 31 stations.
Additional water-data, collected at various sites that are not part of the systematic data-collection program, are published
as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Information System
operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Nevada.
Water resources data for the 2001 water year for Minnesota consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage of lakes and reservoirs; ground-water quality; and water quality in wells. This report contains discharge records for 100 stream-gaging stations; stage for 13 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 24 stream-gaging stations; peak flow data for 88 highflow partial-record stations, and water levels for 4 groundwater observation wells. Additional water data were collected at various sites that are not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey for cooperating State and Federal agencies in Minnesota.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wdrMN011","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Waters; the Minnesota Department of Transportation; and with other State, municipal, and Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Mitton, G., Guttormson, K., Stratton, G., and Wakeman, E., 2002, Water resources data Minnesota water year 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MN-01-1, 394 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMN011.","productDescription":"394 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2000-10-01","temporalEnd":"2001-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12229,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://mn.water.usgs.gov/infodata/ann-repts/annrpt01/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":319948,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdrMN011.JPG"}],"country":"United 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