To estimate the seismic hazard to underground facilities or operations in the environs of a mining-induced tremor or a natural earthquake, it is useful to be able to relate locally recorded seismic waveforms to peak ground velocity and slip at the causative fault. For this purpose, far-field S wave pulses are analyzed to define the faulting slip D and near-fault peak ground velocity D/2 that give rise to the most significant ground motion. This most intense region of faulting, an assumed circular asperity, has radius r within a broader source zone of radius r0, which is traditionally calculated from the corner frequency of the S wave spectrum. In developing relationships between peak far-field velocity v and peak acceleration a, and the source processes of the asperity, D and D, as well as its radius r, the key model assumption is that r = kβ/ω, where ω is the angular frequency of the sinusoidal velocity pulse of maximum amplitude, β is the sheaf wave speed, and k is a constant. Observations in deep-level gold mines of fault slip and slip velocity as well as laboratory observations of slip rate as a function of stress drop for stick-slip failure support a choice of about k = 2.34, the value commonly used for estimating r0 using the Brune model. In particular, observations of fault slip up to 410 mm for mining-induced tremors in the moment magnitude range 4–5 are consistent with D = 8.1 Rv/β, where R is hypocentral distance. Moreover, estimates based on underground damage of near-fault ground velocities ranging up to 3.5 m/s are in accord with D/2 = 1.28(β/μ)ρRa, where μ is the modulus of rigidity and ρ is the density. Alternatively, the average slip velocity 〈D〉 can be expressed in terms of the stress drop Δσa of the asperity as 〈D〉 = 0.51 β Δσa/μ, and the agreement of this relationship with measurements made during stick-slip failure in the laboratory is good. To the extent that seismic slip exterior to the asperity is a consequence of preevent suppression of slip due to the asperity, the broader-scale(r0) slip can be related to that of the asperity. Just as the asperity radius r can be estimated from r = 2.34 βv/a, an alternative estimate for r0 is given by r0 = ρRaM0/[75.8ρμ(Rv)2], the results of which are generally in good agreement with estimates based on the spectral corner frequency method.
The feed intake of first‐feeding spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) changed significantly when the amino acid glycine or the ammonium‐containing trimethylamine was added to experimental diets in a 2‐week feeding trial. Glycine enhanced feed consumption, whereas trimethylamine (which occurs in rancid fish meals and oils) decreased it. This effect of trimethylamine may indicate that the fish were sensitive to it as an indicator of the freshness of their feed; this possible sensitivity may play a role in the apparent aversion that salmonids and other fish show toward highly oxidized meals and oils.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053%3C0015:CROFFS%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hughes, S.G., 1991, Response of first-feeding spring chinook salmon to four potential chemical modifiers of feed intake: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 53, no. 1, p. 15-17, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1991)053%3C0015:CROFFS%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132119,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adedc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, S. G.","contributorId":92200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016601,"text":"70016601 - 1991 - Assessing the effects of microbial metabolism and metabolities on reservoir pore structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016601","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Assessing the effects of microbial metabolism and metabolities on reservoir pore structure","docAbstract":"The effect of microbial treatment on pore structure of sandstone and carbonatereservoirs was determined. Understanding how different bacterial strains and their metabolic bioproducts affect reservoir pore structure will permit the prudent application of microorganisms for enhanced oil recovery. The microbial strains tested included Clostridium acetobutylicum, a polymer-producing Bacillus strain, and an unidentified halophilic anaerobe that mainly produced acids and gases. Electrical conductivity, absolute permeability, porosity and centrifuge capillary pressure were used to examine rock pore structures. Modifications of the pore structure observed in the laboratory cores included pore enlargement due to acid dissolution of carbonates and poare throat reduction due to biomass plugging. This paper shows that careful selection of microbes based on proper understanding of the reservoir petrophysical characteristics is necessary for applications of microbially enhanced oil recovery. These methods and results can be useful to field operators and laboratory researchers involved in design and screening of reservoirs for MEOR. The methods are also applicable in evaluation of formation damage caused by drilling, injection or completion fluids or stimulation caused by acids.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Soc of Petroleum Engineers of AIME","publisherLocation":"Richardson, TX, United States","usgsCitation":"Udegbunam, E., Adkins, J., Knapp, R., McInerney, M., and Tanner, R., 1991, Assessing the effects of microbial metabolism and metabolities on reservoir pore structure, in Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, v. Pi, no. pt 2, p. 309-316.","startPage":"309","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"Pi","issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede8e4b0c8380cd49ac9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Udegbunam, E.O.","contributorId":88087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udegbunam","given":"E.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adkins, J.P.","contributorId":68462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adkins","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knapp, R.M.","contributorId":12981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knapp","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McInerney, M.J.","contributorId":99298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McInerney","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tanner, R.S.","contributorId":61569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016638,"text":"70016638 - 1991 - Late quaternary geologic framework, north-central Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T13:20:32","indexId":"70016638","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Late quaternary geologic framework, north-central Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"The geologic framework of the north-central Gulf of Mexico shelf is composed of multiple, stacked, delta systems. Shelf and nearshore sedimentary facies were deposited by deltaic progradation, followed by shoreface erosion and submergence. A variety of sedimentary facies has been identified, including prodelta, delta fringe, distributary, lagoonal, barrier island, and shelf sand sheet. This study is based on the interpretation and the synthesis of > 6,700 km of high-resolution seismic profiles, 75 grab samples, and 77 vibracores. The nearshore morphology, shallow stratigraphy, and sediment distribution of the eastern Louisiana shelf are the products of transgressive sedimentary processes reworking the abandoned St. Bernard delta complex. Relatively recent Mississippi delta lobe consists primarily of fine sand, silt, and clay. In the southern portion of the St. Bernard delta complex, asymmetrical sand ridges (>5 m relief) have formed as the result of marine reworking of distributary mouth-bar sands. Silty sediments from the modern Mississippi Birdsfoot delta onlap the St. Bernard delta complex along the southern edge. The distal margin of the St. Bernard complex is distinct and has a sharp contact on the north near the Mississippi Sound barrier island coastline and a late Wisconsinan delta to the south. The Chandeleur Islands and the barrier islands of Mississippi Sound have been formed by a combination of Holocene and Pleistocene fluvial processes, shoreface erosion, and ravinement of the exposed shelf. Sediments underlying the relatively thin Holocene sediment cover are relict fluvial sands, deposited during the late Wisconsinan lowstand. Subsequent relative sea-level rise allowed marine processes to rework and redistribute sediments that formed the nearshore fine-grained facies and the shelf sand sheet.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Sediments '91","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on Quantitative Approaches to Coastal Sediment Processes","conferenceDate":"25 June 1991 through 27 June 1991","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628086","usgsCitation":"Kindinger, J.L., Penland, S., Williams, S.J., Brooks, G.R., Suter, J.R., and McBride, R.A., 1991, Late quaternary geologic framework, north-central Gulf of Mexico, in Coastal Sediments '91, Seattle, WA, USA, 25 June 1991 through 27 June 1991, p. 1096-1110.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1096","endPage":"1110","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 25.24469595130604\n ],\n [\n -83.64990234375,\n 25.24469595130604\n ],\n [\n -83.64990234375,\n 29.935895213372444\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 29.935895213372444\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 25.24469595130604\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4555e4b0c8380cd67219","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kindinger, Jack L. jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Penland, Shea","contributorId":88401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Penland","given":"Shea","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":374102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, S. Jeffress 0000-0002-1326-7420 jwilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-7420","contributorId":2063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"jwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jeffress","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brooks, Gregg R.","contributorId":10557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brooks","given":"Gregg","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Suter, John R.","contributorId":42362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suter","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":374101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McBride, Randolph A.","contributorId":6466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70015105,"text":"70015105 - 1991 - Proposed U.S. Geological Survey standard for digital orthophotos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:01","indexId":"70015105","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Proposed U.S. Geological Survey standard for digital orthophotos","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has added the new category of digital orthophotos to the National Digital Cartographic Data Base. This differentially rectified digital image product enables users to take advantage of the properties of current photoimagery as a source of geographic information. The product and accompanying standard were implemented in spring 1991. The digital orthophotos will be quadrangle based and cast on the Universal Transverse Mercator projection and will extend beyond the 3.75-minute or 7.5-minute quadrangle area at least 300 meters to form a rectangle. The overedge may be used for mosaicking with adjacent digital orthophotos. To provide maximum information content and utility to the user, metadata (header) records exist at the beginning of the digital orthophoto file. Header information includes the photographic source type, date, instrumentation used to create the digital orthophoto, and information relating to the DEM that was used in the rectification process. Additional header information is included on transformation constants from the 1927 and 1983 North American Datums to the orthophoto internal file coordinates to enable the user to register overlays on either datum. The quadrangle corners in both datums are also imprinted on the image. Flexibility has been built into the digital orthophoto format for future enhancements, such as the provision to include the corresponding digital elevation model elevations used to rectify the orthophoto. The digital orthophoto conforms to National Map Accuracy Standards and provides valuable mapping data that can be used as a tool for timely revision of standard map products, for land use and land cover studies, and as a digital layer in a geographic information system.","largerWorkTitle":"GIS/LIS 1991 ACSM-ASPRS Fall Convention","conferenceTitle":"1991 ACSM-ASPRS Fall Convention","conferenceDate":"28 October 1991 through 1 November 1991","conferenceLocation":"Atlanta, GA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASPRS","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD, United States","usgsCitation":"Hooper, D., and Caruso, V., 1991, Proposed U.S. Geological Survey standard for digital orthophotos, in GIS/LIS 1991 ACSM-ASPRS Fall Convention, Atlanta, GA, USA, 28 October 1991 through 1 November 1991.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f2fe4b0c8380cd7f5fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, David","contributorId":14121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caruso, Vincent","contributorId":87302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caruso","given":"Vincent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016918,"text":"70016918 - 1991 - Nd, Sr, and O isotopic variations in metaluminous ash-flow tuffs and related volcanic rocks at the Timber Mountain/Oasis Valley Caldera, Complex, SW Nevada: implications for the origin and evolution of large-volume silicic magma bodies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70016918","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nd, Sr, and O isotopic variations in metaluminous ash-flow tuffs and related volcanic rocks at the Timber Mountain/Oasis Valley Caldera, Complex, SW Nevada: implications for the origin and evolution of large-volume silicic magma bodies","docAbstract":"Nd, Sr and O isotopic data were obtained from silicic ash-flow tuffs and lavas at the Tertiary age (16-9 Ma) Timber (Mountain/Oasis Valley volcanic center (TMOV) in southern Nevada, to assess models for the origin and evolution of the large-volume silicic magma bodies generated in this region. The large-volume (>900 km3), chemically-zoned, Topopah Spring (TS) and Tiva Canyon (TC) members of the Paintbrush Tuff, and the Rainier Mesa (RM) and Ammonia Tanks (AT) members of the younger Timber Mountain Tuff all have internal Nd and Sr isotopic zonations. In each tuff, high-silica rhyolites have lower initial e{open}Nd values (???1 e{open}Nd unit), higher87Sr/86Sr, and lower Nd and Sr contents, than cocrupted trachytes. The TS, TC, and RM members have similar e{open}Nd values for high-silica rhyolites (-11.7 to -11.2) and trachytes (-10.5 to -10.7), but the younger AT member has a higher e{open}Nd for both compositional types (-10.3 and -9.4). Oxygen isotope data confirm that the TC and AT members were derived from low e{open}Nd magmas. The internal Sr and Nd isotopic variations in each tuff are interpreted to be the result of the incorporation of 20-40% (by mass) wall-rock into magmas that were injected into the upper crust. The low e{open}Nd magmas most likely formed via the incorporation of low ??18O, hydrothermally-altered, wall-rock. Small-volume rhyolite lavas and ash-flow tuffs have similar isotopic characteristics to the large-volume ash-flow tuffs, but lavas erupted from extracaldera vents may have interacted with higher ??18O crustal rocks peripheral to the main magma chamber(s). Andesitic lavas from the 13-14 Ma Wahmonie/Salyer volcanic center southeast of the TMOV have low e{open}Nd (-13.2 to -13.8) and are considered on the basis of textural evidence to be mixtures of basaltic composition magmas and large proportions (70-80%) of anatectic crustal melts. A similar process may have occurred early in the magmatic history of the TMOV. The large-volume rhyolites may represent a mature stage of magmatism after repeated injection of basaltic magmas, crustal melting, and volcanism cleared sufficient space in the upper crust for large magma bodies to accumulate and differentiate. The TMOV rhyolites and 0-10 Ma old basalts that erupted in southern Nevada all have similar Nd and Sr isotopic compositions, which suggests that silicic and mafic magmatism at the TMOV were genetically related. The distinctive isotopic compositions of the AT member may reflect temporal changes in the isotopic compositions of basaltic magmas entering the upper crust, possibly as a result of increasing \"basification\" of a lower crustal magma source by repeated injection of mantle-derived mafic magmas. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00687200","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Farmer, G.L., Broxton, D., Warren, R., and Pickthorn, W., 1991, Nd, Sr, and O isotopic variations in metaluminous ash-flow tuffs and related volcanic rocks at the Timber Mountain/Oasis Valley Caldera, Complex, SW Nevada: implications for the origin and evolution of large-volume silicic magma bodies: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 109, no. 1, p. 53-68, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00687200.","startPage":"53","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205537,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687200"},{"id":224712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63c4e4b0c8380cd7269d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farmer, G. L.","contributorId":97251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broxton, D.E.","contributorId":48033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broxton","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warren, R.G.","contributorId":6037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pickthorn, W.","contributorId":85836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickthorn","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014946,"text":"70014946 - 1991 - A comparison of Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in young and old continental lithospheric mantle: Patagonia and eastern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T15:55:27.243607","indexId":"70014946","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":941,"text":"Australian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in young and old continental lithospheric mantle: Patagonia and eastern China","docAbstract":"It is commonly accepted that beneath the continental crust lies a keel of lithospheric mantle, which extends 50–200 kilometres downward to a transition zone into the asthenosphere. The chemical and physical properties of this reservoir are best known through studies of the basalts and xenoliths that provide samples of the subcrustal mantle. Although sharing many characteristics with oceanic island basalts, some continental basalts become increasingly distinct isotopically as crustal age increases, strongly supporting a permanent association between crust and mantle. Consequently, the distinctive trace element and isotope composition of the lithospheric mantle is able to give important clues to its origin and evolution.
The mantle under newly‐created crust is typified by a radiogenic isotope variability that emphasizes the materials from which the continental lithosphere is assembled. Old lithospheric mantle, on the other hand, exhibits more evolved isotopic patterns that attest to the existence of long‐lived, chemically complex systems. A comparison of the Pb, Sr and Nd isotopes in alkalic to sub‐alkalic basalt derived from Phanerozoic (Patagonia) and Middle Archaean to Early Proterozoic (eastern China) subcrustal mantle is useful for identifying ‘end‐member’ components of the lithosphere. One component, having an isotopic composition close to PREMA, either continues to evolve virtually unchanged after incorporation into the lithosphere or is, itself, a relatively new addition even to old lithosphere. Another component, beginning with the isotopic composition of BSE, undergoes significant reduction in U/Pb and Sm/Nd (but not Rb/Sr) upon incorporation into the lithosphere and, with time, shows an increasingly retarded evolution of 206Pb/204Pb and negative εNd‐values approaching the isotopic composition of EMI.
Five models are discussed that relate the isotopic composition of the continental lithospheric mantle to that of other parts of the terrestrial system, which may be involved in its origin and evolution. The potential locations of the contributing components and the mechanisms and timing of their assembly into lithosphere are considered. Current knowledge, however, does not allow us to distinguish unequivocally among the various scenarios for the creation and evolution of this reservoir.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/08120099108727990","usgsCitation":"Zartman, R., Futa, K., and Peng, Z.C., 1991, A comparison of Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in young and old continental lithospheric mantle: Patagonia and eastern China: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 38, no. 5, p. 545-557, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099108727990.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"557","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Argentina, China","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 120.88901561649016,\n 51.006737698565644\n ],\n [\n 102.85638607093244,\n 36.97877083607817\n ],\n [\n 106.40544846950849,\n 23.94223177251179\n ],\n [\n 112.39189292183892,\n 21.98496992870193\n ],\n [\n 118.2799799428542,\n 25.168108386990625\n ],\n [\n 120.53310813849595,\n 30.217315480944237\n ],\n [\n 118.9773933937214,\n 34.82319146572408\n ],\n [\n 120.88901561649016,\n 51.006737698565644\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.66891440829954,\n -50.85423812057957\n ],\n [\n -67.42739920169453,\n -49.480284125125976\n ],\n [\n -67.41998201629883,\n -46.077912848908944\n ],\n [\n -65.20135002140864,\n -38.761913003146034\n ],\n [\n -70.78065120301895,\n -37.15347157238508\n ],\n [\n -71.90381774815671,\n -46.28290521469228\n ],\n [\n -71.66891440829954,\n -50.85423812057957\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e354e4b0c8380cd45f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Futa, K.","contributorId":26435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peng, Z. C.","contributorId":36685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peng","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016611,"text":"70016611 - 1991 - Petrology of lower crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from the Cima Volcanic Field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T21:10:34.245837","indexId":"70016611","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of lower crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from the Cima Volcanic Field, California","docAbstract":"Basaltic rocks of the Cima volcanic field in the southern Basin and Range province contain abundant gabbro, pyroxenite, and peridotite xenoliths. Composite xenoliths containing two or more rock types show that upper-mantle spinel peridotite was enriched by multiple dike intrusions in at least three episodes; the mantle was further enriched by intergranular and shear-zone melt infiltration in at least two episodes. The oldest dikes, now metamorphosed, are Cr-diopside websterite. Dikes of intermediate age are most abundant at Cima and consist of igneous-textured websterite and two-pyroxene gabbro and microgabbro of tholeiitic or calcalkalic parentage. The youngest dikes are igneous-textured clinopyroxenite, gabbro, and olivine microgabbro of alkalic parentage. The dikes in peridotite are interpreted as parts of a system of conduits through which tholeiitic (or calcalkalic) and alkalic magmas fed lower-crustal intrusions, which are represented by abundant xenoliths of the same igneous rock types as observed in the dikes. Mineral assemblages of dikes in peridotite indicate that an enriched uppermost mantle zone no thicker than 15 km could have been sampled. Because of their high densities, the gabbros and pyroxenites can occupy the zone immediately above the present Moho (modeled on seismic data as 10-13 km thick, with Vp 6.8 km/s) only if their seismic velocities are reduced by the joints, partial melts, and fluid inclusions that occur in them. Alternatively, these xenoliths may have been derived entirely from beneath the Moho, in which case the Moho is not the local crust-mantle boundary.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/32.1.169","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H.G., McGuire, A.V., Noller, J., and Turrin, B.D., 1991, Petrology of lower crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from the Cima Volcanic Field, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 32, no. 1, p. 169-200, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/32.1.169.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7834e4b0c8380cd78673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. V. 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":50928,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noller, J.S.","contributorId":49837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noller","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turrin, B. D.","contributorId":32548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"B.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":33302,"text":"b1991 - 1991 - Late Quaternary faulting along the Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-29T20:15:42.441301","indexId":"b1991","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1991","title":"Late Quaternary faulting along the Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"The Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system, in California and Nevada, has a variety of impressive late Quaternary neotectonic features that record a long history of recurrent earthquake-induced faulting. Although no neotectonic features of unequivocal historical age are known, paleoseismic features from multiple late Quaternary events of surface faulting are well developed throughout the length of the system. Comparison of scarp heights to amount of horizontal offset of stream channels and the relationships of both scarps and channels to the ages of different geomorphic surfaces demonstrate that Quaternary faulting along the northwest-trending Furnace Creek fault zone is predominantly right lateral, whereas that along the north-trending Death Valley fault zone is predominantly normal. These observations are compatible with tectonic models of Death Valley as a northwest-trending pull-apart basin.
The largest late Quaternary scarps along the Furnace Creek fault zone, with vertical separation of late Pleistocene surfaces of as much as 64 m (meters), are in Fish Lake Valley. Despite the predominance of normal faulting along the Death Valley fault zone, vertical offset of late Pleistocene surfaces along the Death Valley fault zone apparently does not exceed about 15 m.
Evidence for four to six separate late Holocene faulting events along the Furnace Creek fault zone and three or more late Holocene events along the Death Valley fault zone are indicated by rupturing of Q1B (about 200-2,000 years old) geomorphic surfaces. Probably the youngest neotectonic feature observed along the Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system, possibly historic in age, is vegetation lineaments in southernmost Fish Lake Valley. Near-historic faulting in Death Valley, within several kilometers south of Furnace Creek Ranch, is represented by (1) a 2,000-year-old lake shoreline that is cut by sinuous scarps, and (2) a system of young scarps with free-faceted faces (representing several faulting events) that cuts Q1B surfaces.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1991","usgsCitation":"Brogan, G.E., Kellogg, K.S., Slemmons, D.B., and Terhune, C.L., 1991, Late Quaternary faulting along the Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1991, Report: iv, 23 p.; 4 Plates: 37.48 x 43.15 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1991.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 23 p.; 4 Plates: 37.48 x 43.15 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414913,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23504.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":340510,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1991/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":340509,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1991/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":266242,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1991/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":268908,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1991/b1991.jpg"},{"id":340512,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1991/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":340511,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1991/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.672,\n 37.862\n ],\n [\n -118.233,\n 37.862\n ],\n [\n -118.233,\n 35.9\n ],\n [\n -116.672,\n 35.9\n ],\n [\n -116.672,\n 37.862\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8af8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brogan, George E.","contributorId":51741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brogan","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S. 0000-0002-6536-9066 kkellogg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-9066","contributorId":1206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl","email":"kkellogg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slemmons, D. Burton","contributorId":191421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Slemmons","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Burton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Terhune, Christina L.","contributorId":21413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Terhune","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016881,"text":"70016881 - 1991 - Geochemistry of lavas from Taal volcano, southwestern Luzon, Philippines: evidence for multiple magma supply systems and mantle source heterogeneity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T11:27:20.169476","indexId":"70016881","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of lavas from Taal volcano, southwestern Luzon, Philippines: evidence for multiple magma supply systems and mantle source heterogeneity","docAbstract":"Taal Volcano is a highly active center in the southwest Luzon volcanic field. Recent eruptions are confined to Volcano Island, a plexus of cinder cones and tuff rings surrounding a central crater, occupying (and post-dating) a massive volcano-tectonic depression resulting from multiple phases of collapse. Taal lava series can be distinguished from each other by differences in major and trace element trends and trace element ratios, indicating multiple magmatic systems associated with discrete centers in time and space.
On Volcano Island, contemporaneous lava series range from typically calc-alkaline to iron-enriched. Major and trace element variation in these series can be modelled by fractionation of similar assemblages, with early fractionation of titano-magnetite in less iron-enriched series. However, phase compositional and petrographic evidence of mineral-liquid disequilibrium suggests that magma mixing played an important role in the evolution of these series. We interpret this to mean that mixing occurred along a line of descent defined by fractional crystallization, with mixing occurring over larger compositional intervals in the less iron-enriched series, consistent with numerical modelling.
Between-series incompatible element ratio differences are not explicable through differential partial melting of a homogeneous source (also confirmed by variation in Pb isotopic ratios), suggesting a supply system from discrete melt zones in heterogeneous mantle.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/32.3.593","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Mikijus, A., Flower, M., Huijsmans, J., Mukasa, S., and Castillo, P., 1991, Geochemistry of lavas from Taal volcano, southwestern Luzon, Philippines: evidence for multiple magma supply systems and mantle source heterogeneity: Journal of Petrology, v. 32, no. 3, p. 593-627, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/32.3.593.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"627","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224902,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16ffe4b0c8380cd55348","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mikijus, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":80431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikijus","given":"Asta","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flower, M.F.J.","contributorId":46243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flower","given":"M.F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huijsmans, J.P.P.","contributorId":54470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huijsmans","given":"J.P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mukasa, S.B.","contributorId":89568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mukasa","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Castillo, P.","contributorId":7232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castillo","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016560,"text":"70016560 - 1991 - Fission-track age (400,000 yr) of the Rockland tephra, based on inclusion of zirco grains lacking fossil fission tracks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T14:51:29","indexId":"70016560","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fission-track age (400,000 yr) of the Rockland tephra, based on inclusion of zirco grains lacking fossil fission tracks","docAbstract":"A zircon fission-track age of about 400,000 yr B.P. has been determined for the Rockland tephra, a widespread pyroclastic layer in northern California and western Nevada. New ages of zircon separates from both proximal and distal exposures of this layer range from 370,000 to 460,000 yr; ages of the best material provide a narrower range, from 370,000 yr for unwelded ash-flow tuff to 420,000 yr for distal air-fall ash that appears to be uncontaminated by clastic detritus or xenocrysts. Detrital or xenocrystic grains in the ash-flow tuff may have been annealed during emplacement and cooling of the tuff. Detrital and xenocrystic zircons are identified on the basis of their physical characteristics and distinctly older ages. Independent stratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic data constrain the age of the Rockland tephra between 300,000 and 600,000 yr, a range that is compatible with the fission-track age. Zircon grains containing no spontaneous (fossil) tracks are regarded as part of the normal population of comagmatic grains because maximum ages calculated for these grains form a population that mimics the distribution of ages of individual zircon grains that contain fossil tracks; modal ages of both groups fall between 250,000 and 500,000 yr. Induced fission tracks from grains that lack fossil tracks are included in the age calculations, resulting in significantly younger and more coherent dates than would result if these tracks had been omitted, especially those of the finer-grained distal samples. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(91)90051-6","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Meyer, C., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., Hillhouse, J.W., Woodward, M., Slate, J.L., and Sorg, D.H., 1991, Fission-track age (400,000 yr) of the Rockland tephra, based on inclusion of zirco grains lacking fossil fission tracks: Quaternary Research, v. 35, no. 3 PART 1, p. 367-382, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90051-6.","startPage":"367","endPage":"382","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266499,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90051-6"},{"id":222860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3 PART 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10bee4b0c8380cd53db6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, C.E.","contributorId":104023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hillhouse, John W.","contributorId":29475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillhouse","given":"John","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woodward, M.J.","contributorId":57434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Slate, J. L.","contributorId":97039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slate","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sorg, D. H.","contributorId":63380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorg","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70014976,"text":"70014976 - 1991 - Large-scale distribution of metal contamination in the fine-grained sediments of the Clark Fork River, Montana, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-15T12:16:58.288062","indexId":"70014976","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale distribution of metal contamination in the fine-grained sediments of the Clark Fork River, Montana, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Historic discharges from the mining and smelting complex at the head-waters of the Clark Fork River have resulted in elevated Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in the <60 μm fraction of both bed and flood-plain sediments of the river. Processes affecting the trends in longitudinal distributions of these metals were investigated by repeated sampling over a 380 km river reach between August 1986 and July 1989. At the most upstream site, bed-sediment metal concentrations were enriched 18–115 times above least enriched tributaries, depending on the metal. All metals decreased exponentially with distance downstream away from mining. The exponential model predicts that elevated metal concentrations should occur over 550 km downstream, in Lake Pend Oreille. Longitudinal trends, obvious on a scale of hundreds of kilometers, were obscured by small-scale spatial variability when shorter stretches of the river were considered. Longitudinal dispersion appeared to be controlled largely by physical dilution with less-contaminated sediments.
Evidence suggests that erosion of contaminated flood-plains contributes to metal contamination in the bed sediments. Tributary input appeared to have little influence on the large-scale, downstream distribution of metals; however, it did contribute to local variability in bed-sediment metal concentrations. Association of metals with specific mineral grains, as well as variability in total organic C and Fe concentration, appeared also to contribute to variability.
Some year-to-year variability in bed-sediment metal concentrations was observed, however, trends in longitudinal dispersion were not significantly different between at least two of the years sampled.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(91)90064-V","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Axtmann, E., and Luoma, S., 1991, Large-scale distribution of metal contamination in the fine-grained sediments of the Clark Fork River, Montana, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 6, no. 1, p. 75-88, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(91)90064-V.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4495e4b0c8380cd66c16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Axtmann, E.V.","contributorId":30652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Axtmann","given":"E.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016850,"text":"70016850 - 1991 - Genesis of sediment-hosted disseminated-gold deposits by fluid mixing and sulfidization: chemical-reaction-path modeling of ore- depositional processes documented in the Jerritt Canyon district, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-23T12:16:10.203435","indexId":"70016850","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genesis of sediment-hosted disseminated-gold deposits by fluid mixing and sulfidization: chemical-reaction-path modeling of ore- depositional processes documented in the Jerritt Canyon district, Nevada","docAbstract":"Integrated geologic, geochemical, fluid-inclusion, and stableisotope studies of the gold deposits in the Jerritt Canyon district, Nevada, provide evidence that gold deposition was a consequence of both fluid mixing and sulfidization of host-rock iron. Chemical-reaction-path models of these ore-depositional processes confirm that the combination of fluid mixing, including simultaneous cooling, dilution, and oxidation of the ore fluid, and wall-rock reaction, with sulfidization of reactive iron in the host rock, explains the disseminated nature and small size of the gold and the alteration zonation, mineralogy, and geochemistry observed at Jerritt Canyon and at many other sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits.
The oldest sedimentary rocks on Earth, the 3.8‐Ga Isua Iron‐Formation in southwestern Greenland, are metamorphosed past the point where organic‐walled fossils would remain. Acid residues and thin sections of these rocks reveal ferric microstructures that have filamentous, hollow rod, and spherical shapes not characteristic of crystalline minerals. Instead, they resemble ferric‐coated remains of bacteria. Modern so‐called iron bacteria were therefore studied to enhance a search image for oxide minerals precipitated by early bacteria. Iron bacteria become coated with ferrihydrite, a metastable mineral that converts to hematite, which is stable under high temperatures. If these unusual morphotypes are mineral remains of microfossils, then life must have evolved somewhat earlier than 3.8 Ga, and may have involved the interaction of sediments and molecular oxygen in water, with iron as a catalyst. Timing is constrained by the early in fall of planetary materials that would have heated the planet's surface.
Because there are no earlier sedimentary rocks to study on Earth, it may be necessary to expand the search elsewhere in the solar system for clues to any biotic precursors or other types of early life. Evidence from Mars shows geophysical and geochemical differentiation at a very early stage, which makes it an important candidate for such a search if sedimentation is an important process in life's origins. Not only does Mars have iron oxide‐rich soils, but its oldest regions have river channels where surface water and sediment may have been carried, and seepage areas where groundwater may have discharged. Mars may have had an atmosphere and liquid water in the crucial time frame of 3.9–4.0 Ga. A study of morphologies of iron oxide minerals collected in the southern highlands during a Mars sample return mission may therefore help to fill in important gaps in the history of Earth's earliest biosphere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01490459109385985","usgsCitation":"Iberall-Robbins, E., and Iberall, A.S., 1991, Mineral remains of early life on Earth? On Mars?: Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 9, no. 1, p. 51-66, https://doi.org/10.1080/01490459109385985.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a57afe4b0c8380cd6de29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iberall-Robbins, E.","contributorId":18515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iberall-Robbins","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Iberall, A. S.","contributorId":25302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iberall","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016506,"text":"70016506 - 1991 - Crustal structure of the western New England Appalachians and the Adirondack Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016506","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of the western New England Appalachians and the Adirondack Mountains","docAbstract":"Presents an interpretation of the crustal velocity structure based on a seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection experiment in eastern North America extending from the Adirondacks in New York State through the northern Appalachians in Vermont and New Hampshire to central Maine. Modeling of the eastern portion of the profile within the New England Appalachians shows a subhorizontal layered crust with upper crustal velocities ranging from 5.5 to 6.2 km/s, a midcrustal velocity of 6.4 km/s, and a lower crustal velocity of approximately 6.8 km/s. Crustal thickness increases from 36 km beneath Maine to 40 km in Vermont. This experiment provides further evidence for the obduction of the allochthonous western Appalachian units onto Grenvillian crust above the azone of detachment that penetrates at least to midcrustal depths and was the locus of successive Paleozoic thrusting. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hughes, S., and Leutgert, J., 1991, Crustal structure of the western New England Appalachians and the Adirondack Mountains: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, no. B10.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcf0e4b0c8380cd4e523","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, S.","contributorId":10384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leutgert, J.H.","contributorId":104225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leutgert","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015583,"text":"70015583 - 1991 - National aerial photography program as a geographic information system resource","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:58","indexId":"70015583","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"National aerial photography program as a geographic information system resource","docAbstract":"The National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) is jointly funded by Federal agencies and States that choose to participate in a 50-50 cost sharing cooperative arrangement. The NAPP is designed to acquire black-and-white (B&W) or color infrared (CIR) photography at a scale of 1:40,000. The status of NAPP flying, now going into the first year of its second 5-year cycle, is reviewed to inform the user community of NAPP's coverage. The resolution, geometric quality and flight parameters are used to estimate the system's cartographic potential to produce orthophotoquads, digital elevation models, topographic maps and digital information to meet national map accuracy standards at 1:12,000 and 1:24,000-scale and serve as a geographic information system resource. Also, a technique is presented to compute the optimum scanning spot size (15 ??m) and storage required for converting the B&W or CIR photography to digital, machine-readable pixel form. The resulting digital NAPP data are suitable for a wide variety of new applications, including use in geographic information systems.","largerWorkTitle":"GIS/LIS 1991 ACSM-ASPRS Fall Convention","conferenceTitle":"1991 ACSM-ASPRS Fall Convention","conferenceDate":"28 October 1991 through 1 November 1991","conferenceLocation":"Atlanta, GA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASPRS","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD, United States","usgsCitation":"Light, D.L., 1991, National aerial photography program as a geographic information system resource, in GIS/LIS 1991 ACSM-ASPRS Fall Convention, Atlanta, GA, USA, 28 October 1991 through 1 November 1991.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6259e4b0c8380cd71e77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Light, Donald L.","contributorId":28011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Light","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180739,"text":"70180739 - 1991 - Physiological response of largemouth bass to angling stress","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-02T10:11:19","indexId":"70180739","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiological response of largemouth bass to angling stress","docAbstract":"The physiological effects of catch-and-release fishing on largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides from Lake Powell and Mantua Reservoir, Utah, were evaluated, and an estimate of the time needed for recovery from hooking stress was obtained. Fatigue in Lake Powell fish, as indicated by elevated blood lactate, was directly proportional to hooking time (1–5 min) and water temperature, but recovery from the hyperlacticemia was relatively rapid (about 24 h). Hyperglycemia, an indicator of stress hormone production, did not occur in largemouth bass hooked and played for 1–5 min in the coldest water (11–13°C), was moderate in fish hooked and played at l6–20°C, and was severe in fish played for 5 min at 28–30°C. Fish held for recovery in live cages suffered further hyperglycemia, presumably because of the stress of confinement. Ionoregulation, as indicated by relatively stable plasma chloride values, was not immediately affected in largemouth bass caught at water temperatures of 11–13°C or 28–30°C, but an unusual hyperchloremia developed in fish hooked and played at 16–20°C. During recovery, the expected progressive hypochloremia developed. Plasma osmolality was somewhat affected by hooking at all water temperatures tested, but recovery was almost complete within about 8 h. Mantua Reservoir fish were hooked and played only at water temperatures of 23–26°C. The hyperlacticemia and hyperglycemia that occurred were generally more severe than in the Lake Powell fish hooked and played at either 16–20°C or 28–30°C. However, effects on plasma chloride and osmolality were similar to those occurring in Lake Powell fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0629:PROLBT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gustaveson, A.W., Wydoski, R.S., and Wedemeyer, G.A., 1991, Physiological response of largemouth bass to angling stress: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 120, no. 5, p. 629-636, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0629:PROLBT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"629","endPage":"636","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58945336e4b0fa1e59b8680f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gustaveson, A. Wayne","contributorId":179022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gustaveson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wydoski, Richard S.","contributorId":81856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wydoski","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wedemeyer, Gary A.","contributorId":30668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedemeyer","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178159,"text":"70178159 - 1991 - Chemometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl residues and toxicologically active polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of Forster's Terns (Sterna fosteri)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-17T15:57:24","indexId":"70178159","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl residues and toxicologically active polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of Forster's Terns (Sterna fosteri)","docAbstract":"The separation and characterization of complex mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is approached from the perspective of a problem in chemometrics. A technique for quantitative determination of PCB congeners is described as well as an enrichment technique designed to isolate only those congener residues which induce mixed aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme activity. A congener-specific procedure is utilized for the determination of PCBs in whichn-alkyl trichloroacetates are used as retention index marker compounds. Retention indices are reproducible in the range of ±0.05 to ±0.7 depending on the specific congener. A laboratory data base system developed to aid in the editing and quantitation of data generated from capillary gas chromatography was employed to quantitate chromatographic data. Data base management was provided by computer programs written in VAX-DSM (Digital Standard MUMPS) for the VAX-DEC (Digital Equipment Corp.) family of computers.
In the chemometric evaluation of these complex chromatographic profiles, data are viewed from a single analysis as a point in multi-dimensional space. Principal Components Analysis was used to obtain a representation of the data in a lower dimensional space. Two-and three-dimensional proections based on sample scores from the principal components models were used to visualize the behavior of Aroclor® mixtures. These models can be used to determine if new sample profiles may be represented by Aroclor profiles. Concentrations of individual congeners of a given chlorine substitution may be summed to form homologue concentration. However, the use of homologue concentrations in classification studies with environmental samples can lead to erroneous conclusions about sample similarity. Chemometric applications are discussed for evaluation of Aroclor mixture analysis and compositional description of environmental residues of PCBs in eggs of Forster's terns (Sterna fosteri) collected from colonies near Lake Poygan and Green Bay, Wisconsin. The application of chemometrics is extended to the comparison of: a) Aroclors and PCB-containing environmental samples; to b) fractions of Aroclors and of environmental samples that have been enriched in congeners which induce mixed aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055903","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, T.R., and Stalling, D.L., 1991, Chemometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl residues and toxicologically active polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of Forster's Terns (Sterna fosteri): Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 183-199, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055903.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"199","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330745,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2ee4b0dee4cc90cbfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Ted R.","contributorId":36510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stalling, David L.","contributorId":176670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stalling","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179842,"text":"70179842 - 1991 - Response of Ned Wilson Lake watershed, Colorado, to changes in atmospheric deposition of sulfate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T12:04:36","indexId":"70179842","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of Ned Wilson Lake watershed, Colorado, to changes in atmospheric deposition of sulfate","docAbstract":"The Ned Wilson Lake watershed responds directly and rapidly to changes in precipitation inputs of sulfate, which has important implications for effects of acid deposition on the aquatic system. Chemistry at three precipitation collection sites and three watershed sites (a pond, a lake, and a spring) has been monitored in and near the Flattops Wilderness Area in northwestern Colorado beginning in 1981–1983. Bulk snowpack concentration of sulfate in the watershed and volume-weighted annual mean concentration of sulfate in precipitation at two nearby sites generally decreased from 1981 to 1985, were small through 1987, and increased in 1988–1989. Changes in concentration of sulfate at the watershed sites are controlled by precipitation inputs. Responsiveness of the individual sites was dependent on their position along the hydrologic flow path. The fastest response was in the pond, which has a hydrologic residence time of less than 1 year; over 90% of the variance in concentration of sulfate in the pond was explained by changes in concentration in precipitation. The lake has a hydrologic residence time of 1 to 4 years; a regression model of the concentration of sulfate in the lake, as a function of the concentration in the lake during the previous year and the concentration in precipitation, explained 87% of the variance in concentration of sulfate in the lake. The hydrologic response time of the spring is unknown; it was not responsive to changes in concentration of sulfate in precipitation. The recent increase of sulfate concentration in precipitation and in the pond and lake is evidence for a rapid rather than a delayed response, which could not be determined when only a decreasing trend in sulfate concentration was reported in 1982–1987. Watersheds of this type are sensitive to acidification (acid-neutralizing capacity less than 60 μeq L−1), and these results indicate conservative behavior of sulfate. This is important in predicting effects of future changes in atmospheric deposition, which could potentially be caused by anthropogenic emissions or climatic change.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/91WR01189","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.H., Turk, J.T., and Spahr, N.E., 1991, Response of Ned Wilson Lake watershed, Colorado, to changes in atmospheric deposition of sulfate: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 8, p. 2047-2060, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR01189.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2047","endPage":"2060","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Ned Wilson Lake watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.25,\n 39.91667\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 39.91667\n ],\n [\n -107.5,\n 40.01667\n ],\n [\n -107.25,\n 40.01667\n ],\n [\n -107.25,\n 39.91667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58808de2e4b01dfadfff15db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":658909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turk, John T.","contributorId":53363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":658911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180731,"text":"70180731 - 1991 - A sigmoid model to predict gastric evacuation rates of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui fed juvenile salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T13:02:33","indexId":"70180731","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A sigmoid model to predict gastric evacuation rates of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui fed juvenile salmon","docAbstract":"Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effects of water temperature, predator size, prey size, and prey number on gastric evacuation of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) fed juvenile salmon. The smallmouth bass were allowed to feed voluntarily after 24–48 h of starvation and stomachs were pumped at intervals of 1–4 h until 90% of the stomach contents were evacuated (E90). Evacuation approximated an S-shaped curve over time, and a sigmoid model was developed to predict evacuation at varying water temperatures, total meal weights, predator sizes, and prey number. The rate of evacuation increased with increasing water temperature, meal weight, or predator size. The E90 increased with larger meal weights but decreased with increasing temperature or predator size. E90 ranged between 4 and 95 h, depending upon conditions. E90 was slower than those estimated previously for another predator of salmon, the stomachless northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis).
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f91-109","usgsCitation":"Rogers, J.B., and Burley, C.C., 1991, A sigmoid model to predict gastric evacuation rates of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui fed juvenile salmon: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 48, no. 5, p. 933-937, https://doi.org/10.1139/f91-109.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"933","endPage":"937","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a03784e4b099f50d3e0512","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, Jean Beyer","contributorId":179018,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rogers","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"Beyer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burley, Craig C.","contributorId":179019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burley","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180736,"text":"70180736 - 1991 - Heterosis and outbreeding depression: A multi-locus model and an application to salmon production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T13:58:27","indexId":"70180736","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heterosis and outbreeding depression: A multi-locus model and an application to salmon production","docAbstract":"Both artificial propagation and efforts to preserve or augment natural populations sometimes involve, wittingly or unwittingly, the mixing of different gene pools. The advantages of such mixing vis-à-vis the alleviation of inbreeding depression are well known. Acknowledged, but less well understood, are the complications posed by outbreeding depression. This paper derives a simple model of outbreeding depression and demonstrates that it is reasonably possible to predict the generation-to-generation fitness course of hybrids derived from parents from different origins. Genetic difference, or distance between parental types, is defined by the drop in fitness experienced by one type reared at the site to which the other is locally adapted. For situations where decisions involving stock mixing must be made in the absence of complete information, a sensitivity analysis-based conflict resolution method (the Good-Bad-Ugly model) is described.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0165-7836(91)90095-W","usgsCitation":"Emlen, J.M., 1991, Heterosis and outbreeding depression: A multi-locus model and an application to salmon production: Fisheries Research, v. 12, no. 3, p. 187-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(91)90095-W.","productDescription":"31 p. ","startPage":"187","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334552,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a03784e4b099f50d3e050e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emlen, John M.","contributorId":168812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176684,"text":"70176684 - 1991 - Comment on “Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations” by L. Moreno et al.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:54:49","indexId":"70176684","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on “Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations” by L. Moreno et al.","docAbstract":"Moreno et al. [1988] (hereinafter referred to as MT) used a particle-tracking scheme to investigate the physics of solute movement in a variable-aperture planar fracture. The spatially heterogeneous fluid velocity was assumed to be the only mechanism of solute movement; local or pore scale dispersion and molecular diffusion were assumed to be negligible. The particle-tracking scheme used by MT consisted of routing particles from node to node in a finite difference grid. In this scheme, the direction of an individual particle is randomly selected and the probability associated with the particle movement in a given direction is proportional to the fluid flux in that direction. The same method was used by Desbarats [1990] to investigate advective transport in aquifers composed of two porous media of different hydraulic conductivities.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90WR02310","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., and Shapiro, A.M., 1991, Comment on “Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations” by L. Moreno et al.: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 1, p. 129-131, https://doi.org/10.1029/90WR02310.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"131","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/90wr02310","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":329005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57feb876e4b0824b2d155b11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":649701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}