A series of submerged coral reefs off northwestern Hawaii was formed during (largely glacial) intervals when the rate of local sea-level rise was less than the maximum upward growth rate of the reefs. Mass-spectrometric 234U/238U ages for samples from six such reefs range from 17 to 475 ka and indicate that this part of the Hawaiian Ridge has been subsiding at a roughly uniform rate of 2.6 mm/yr for the past 475 ka. The 234U/238U ages are in general agreement with model ages of reef drowning (based on estimates of paleo-sea-level stands derived from oxygen-isotope ratios of deep-sea sediments), but there are disagreements in detail. The high attainable precision (±10 ka or better on samples younger than ∼800 ka), large applicable age range, relative robustness against open-system behavior, and ease of analysis for this technique hold great promise for future applications of dating of 50-1000 ka coral.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0171:CSROHD>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., Szabo, B.J., Moore, J., and Simmons, K.R., 1991, Crustal subsidence rate off Hawaii determined from 234U/238U ages of drowned coral reefs: Geology, v. 19, no. 2, p. 171-174, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0171:CSROHD>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 16.341225619207496\n ],\n [\n -152.9296875,\n 16.341225619207496\n ],\n [\n -152.9296875,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 16.341225619207496\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcf1e4b0c8380cd4e529","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simmons, K. R.","contributorId":68771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015066,"text":"70015066 - 1991 - Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-07T09:42:39","indexId":"70015066","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer","docAbstract":"\\A filtration model commonly used to describe removal of colloids during packed-bed filtration in water treatment applications was modified for describing downgradient transport of bacteria in sandy, aquifer sediments. The modified model was applied to the results of a small-scale (7 m), natural-gradient tracer test and to observations of an indigenous bacterial population moving downgradient within a plume of organically contaminated groundwater in Cape Cod, MA. The model reasonably accounted for concentration histories of labeled bacteria appearing at samplers downgradient from the injection well in the tracer experiment and for the observed 0.25-μm increase in average cell length for an unlabeled, indigenous bacterial population, 0.6 km downgradient from the source of the plume. Several uncertainties were apparent in applying filtration theory to problems involving transport of bacteria in groundwater. However, adsorption (attachment) appeared to be a major control of the extent of bacterial movement downgradient, which could be described, in part, by filtration theory. Estimates of the collision efficiency factor, which represents the physicochemical factors that determine adsorption of the bacteria onto the grain surfaces, ranged from 5.4 x 10-3 to 9.7 x 10-3.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00013a021","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., and Garabedian, S., 1991, Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 178-185, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00013a021.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbed7e4b08c986b3297f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garabedian, S. P.","contributorId":56657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016891,"text":"70016891 - 1991 - Identification of dissolved-constituent sources in mine-site ground water using batch mixing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T11:53:22","indexId":"70016891","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of dissolved-constituent sources in mine-site ground water using batch mixing","docAbstract":"Batch-mixing experiments were used to help identify lithologic and mineralogic sources of increased concentrations of dissolved solids in water affected by surface coal mining in northwestern Colorado. Ten overburden core samples were analyzed for mineral composition and mixed with distilled water for 90 days until mineral-water equilibrium was reached. Between one day and 90 days after initial contact, specific conductance in the sample mixtures had a median increase of 306 percent. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 200 to 8,700 mg/L in water samples extracted from the mixtures after 90 days. Mass-balance simulations were conducted using the geochemical models BALANCE and WATEQF to quantify mineral-water interactions occurring in five selected sample mixtures and in water collected from a spring at a reclaimed mine site. The spring water is affected by mineral-water interactions occurring in all of the lithologic units comprising the overburden. Results of the simulations indicate that oxidation of pyrite, dissolution of dolomite, gypsum, and epsomite, and cation-exchange reactions are the primary mineral-water interactions occurring in the overburden. Three lithologic units in the overburden (a coal, a sandstone, and a shale) probably contribute most of the dissolved solids to the spring water. Water sample extracts from mixtures using core from these three units accounted for 85 percent of the total dissolved solids in the 10 sample extracts. Other lithologic units in the over-burden probably contribute smaller quantities of dissolved solids to the spring water.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb03116.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Clark, G.M., and Williams, R.S., 1991, Identification of dissolved-constituent sources in mine-site ground water using batch mixing: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 27, no. 1, p. 93-100, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb03116.x.","startPage":"93","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267708,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1991.tb03116.x"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3826e4b0c8380cd61470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Gregory M. gmclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":1377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Gregory","email":"gmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Robert S. Jr.","contributorId":95207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014903,"text":"70014903 - 1991 - On plate tectonics and the geologic evolution of southwestern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-03T13:32:22.905282","indexId":"70014903","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On plate tectonics and the geologic evolution of southwestern North America","docAbstract":"Very rapid subduction of the Farallon plate under southwestern North America between 60 and 40 Ma was accompanied by a relatively low volume of magmatism throughout the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Between 40 and 20 Ma, when subduction slowed significantly and in one area may have even stopped, magmatism became widespread and voluminous from Nevada and Utah to central Mexico. This correlation of rapid subduction with a relatively low volume of magmatism can be explained by the observation that subduction-related andesitic arc volcanism, often formed in a Laramide-style compressional regime, is relatively low volume compared to continental volcanism. The shallow roots of arc volcanic systems are clearly exposed in the porphyry copper deposits found in currently active arcs and common throughout southwestern North America between 60 and 50 Ma. By 43 Ma, worldwide plate motions changed, the Pacific plate began moving away from North America, and subduction of the Farallon plate slowed. By around 36 Ma, the easternmost part of the East Pacific Rise, which was located between the Pioneer and Murray fracture zones, approached the trench and the young, hot, buoyant lithosphere appears to have clogged part of the subduction zone. Uplift on land became widespread. Voluminous continental magmatism formed the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) of Mexico, one of the largest batholiths in the world, as well as volcanic centers now exposed in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado and the Rio Grande Rift of New Mexico. Vectors of motion of the Pacific plate relative to the North American plate determined by Stock and Molnar (1988) are consistent with formation of a transtensional environment along the plate boundary sufficient to create a 100- to 200-km-wide void just landward of the old volcanic arc. While the SMO batholith was forming within this void, the Monterey and Arguello microplates just offshore to the west were broken off from the Farallon plate and rotated so that the East Pacific Rise in this immediate area became nearly perpendicular to the trench and perpendicular to the vector of motion of the Pacific plate relative to North America. Formation of the SMO batholith was followed between 24 and 20 Ma by a major increase in the rate of subduction of the Guadalupe plate, a fragment of the former Farallon plate, and by increasing mylonitization, extension, and uplift in the metamorphic core complexes that extend northwestward through southern Arizona from the northern end of the SMO batholith. The plate margin underwent another major change between 12.5 and 10 Ma when subduction again stopped, strike slip faulting became dominant along the coast, the Basin and Range Province opened, and numerous tectonostratigraphic terranes in southern California underwent large rotations. By 3 Ma a large, new terrane had been severed from North America immediately west of the SMO batholith as the Gulf of California opened. These observations can be explained by a model for the weakening and ultimate falling apart of the uppermost part of the subducted oceanic plate in the 20–30 m.y. after the end of rapid subduction. As the plate falls apart, not only is compressional stress relieved, but significant backslip along the old subduction zone is also possible, perhaps bringing blueschists rapidly upward from 20- to 30-km depths.
Measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of more than 6000 samples of granitic rock from the Mariposa 1° by 2° quadrangle, which crosses the central part of the Sierra Nevada batholith between 37° and 38°N latitude, shows that magnetic susceptibility values are above 10−2 SI units in the east and central parts of the batholith and drop abruptly to less than 10−3 SI units in the western foothills. In a narrow transitional zone, intermediate values (10−3 to 10−2) prevail. Magnetic susceptibility appears to decrease slightly westward within the zones of both high and low values. Magnetic susceptibility in plutonic rocks is chiefly a function of the abundance of magnetite, which depends, in turn, on the total iron content of the rocks and their oxidation ratio. Lower magnetic susceptibilities of felsic members of Sierran intrusive suites and of some felsic rock units relative to adjacent mafic rock units commonly reflect differences in total iron content, but the differences of magnetic susceptibility that define the regional pattern generally are much larger and are determined chiefly by the oxidation ratios of the rocks. The relatively unaltered condition of the samples and restriction of δ18O to the range of +7 to +10.3‰ indicate that neither hydrothermal fluids nor subsolidus alteration were important in modifying oxidation ratios. Correlations of magnetic susceptibility with initial 87Sr/86Sr suggest that oxidation ratios have been inherited from the source regions for the magmas from which the rocks crystallized. Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ by organic carbon or other reducing substances may also have affected magnetic susceptibility.
In exposures of Pleistocene rocks on the east coast of South Africa, eight sedimentary facies were distinguished on the basis of petrology, grain size, internal structures and field relationships. These are interpreted as deposits of surf zone, breaker zone, swash zone, backbeach, boulder beach and dune environments. Three phases of deposition and diagenesis are recognized. As a result of the stabilising effect of pre-existing coastal facies, the deposits from successive sea level stands are stacked vertically in a narrow coast-normal strip. Early cementation prevented erosion of the deposits during subsequent transgressions.
Deposition of subsequent facies took place on an existing coastal dune (Facies 1). A terrace was cut into this dune at a sea level 4.5 to 5 m above present. At this sea level, clastic shoreline sediments were deposited which make up the main sedimentary sequence exposed (Facies 2–7). The steep swash zone, coarse grain size, and comparison with modern conditions in the study area indicate clastic deposition on a high-energy, wave-dominated, microtidal coastline. Vertical stacking of progressively shallower water facies indicates progradation associated with slightly regressive conditions, prior to stranding of the succession above sea level. During a subsequent transgression to 5.5 or 6 m above present sea level, a second terrace was cut across the existing facies, which by then were partly lithified. A boulder beach (Facies 8) deposited on this terrace is indicative of high wave energy and a rocky coastline, formed by existing cemented coastal facies. Comparison with dated deposits from other parts of the South African coast suggest a Late Pleistocene age for Facies 2–8. Deposition was terminated by subsequent regression and continuing low sea levels during the remainder of the Pleistocene.
Cementation of the facies took place almost entirely by carbonate precipitation. The presence of isopachous fibrous cements suggests early cementation of Facies 1, 2, 3 and 4 under marine conditions, initially as aragonite which has since inverted to calcite. Facies 5, 6 and 7 are cemented only by equant calcite spar, evidence of cementation in the meteoric phreatic and vadose zones. Lowering of the water table during regression caused the remaining pore space in Facies 1, 2, 3 and 4 to be filled with equant calcite spar. Decementation in a 130 cm wide zone is attributed to water table shifts associated with the later transgression which deposited Facies 8.
The vertical stacking of the two depositional sequences may be attributed to rapid cementation of Facies 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 under humid, subtropical conditions. This lithified sequence then acted as a focus for deposition of coarse-grained shoreline facies (Facies 8) during the subsequent transgression.
Fluvial sands in the Orinoco River drainage basin fall into three main compositional groupings: (1) sands of subarkose and arkose composition, from high-relief parts of the Guayana Shield, where crystalline rocks are exposed; (2) sands of litharenite and sub-litharenite composition from the active orogenic belt at the western and northwestern margins of the drainage basin, and in those parts of the Llanos (Andean foreland basin) proximal to the mountain belt; and (3) sands of quartz-arenite composition, widespread throughout the remainder of the basin. Multicycle sands of quartz-arenite composition are produced from platform cover on parts of the elevated shield and from uplifted foreland-basin fill in the eastern Llanos. First-cycle sands of quartz-arenite composition are produced from granitic rocks on low-relief regions of the Guayana Shield and from reworked Holocene alluvium in parts of the western Llanos distal to the orogenic terranes.
Erosion in the Orinoco River drainage basin may be described in terms of transport-limited and weathering-limited denudation regimes. In active orogenic terranes and in parts of the elevated shield, transport processes can remove weathered material as rapidly as it is produced by chemical weathering. Thin soils and short soil-mineral residence time result in sands that are incompletely chemically weathered and accurately reflect source-rock composition. In the orogenic terranes, subtle variations in source-rock lithology are preserved in sand composition. In contrast, in low-relief parts of the Guayana Shield and on flat erosion surfaces of the upland shield, weathering exceeds the rate at which transport processes can remove weathered material. Thick soils accumulate, soil-mineral residence time is long, and detritus is highly altered chemically. On much of the lowland Guayana Shield, upper soil layers consist of nearly pure quartz sand that erodes to produce first-cycle fluvial sand of quartz-arenite composition.
Chemically weathered orogenically derived sand enters the Orinoco River on the left bank, while feldspathic shield-derived sand enters on the right bank. This geometry is responsible for the nearly total lack of longitudinal variation in sand composition along the 1,400-km length of the Orinoco River mainstem. Except in the upper 100 km of the Orinoco River mainstem, cross-channel heterogeneity in sand composition is also modest. Nevertheless, a weighted linear least-squares modeling approach suggests that sand moves down the Orinoco River mainstem in distinct pulses, perhaps corresponding to times of accelerated erosion in headwater regions. Because rivers that head in the orogenic terranes and traverse the Llanos contribute more than 99% of the sand in the lower Orinoco River mainstem, the composition of this sand is dominated by chemically weathered sands from the Llanos. The Orinoco River—the third largest river in the world—delivers first-cycle sands of quartz-arenite composition to its delta.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1622:COTCOF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnsson, M.J., Stallard, R., and Lundberg, N., 1991, Controls on the composition of fluvial sands from a tropical weathering environment: Sands of the Orinoco River drainage basin, Venezuela and Colombia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 12, p. 1622-1647, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1622:COTCOF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1622","endPage":"1647","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia, Venezuela","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.37322,-0.15203],[-75.80147,0.0848],[-76.29231,0.41605],[-76.57638,0.25694],[-77.42498,0.39569],[-77.66861,0.82589],[-77.85506,0.80993],[-78.85526,1.38092],[-78.99094,1.69137],[-78.61783,1.7664],[-78.66212,2.26736],[-78.42761,2.62956],[-77.93154,2.69661],[-77.51043,3.32502],[-77.12769,3.84964],[-77.49627,4.08761],[-77.3076,4.66798],[-77.53322,5.58281],[-77.31882,5.84535],[-77.47666,6.69112],[-77.88157,7.22377],[-77.75341,7.70984],[-77.43111,7.63806],[-77.24257,7.93528],[-77.47472,8.52429],[-77.35336,8.6705],[-76.83667,8.63875],[-76.08638,9.33682],[-75.6746,9.44325],[-75.6647,9.774],[-75.48043,10.61899],[-74.9069,11.08304],[-74.27675,11.10204],[-74.19722,11.31047],[-73.41476,11.22702],[-72.62784,11.73197],[-72.23819,11.95555],[-71.75409,12.4373],[-71.39982,12.37604],[-71.13746,12.11298],[-71.33158,11.77628],[-71.36001,11.53999],[-71.94705,11.42328],[-71.62087,10.96946],[-71.63306,10.44649],[-72.07417,9.86565],[-71.69564,9.07226],[-71.26456,9.13719],[-71.04,9.85999],[-71.35008,10.21194],[-71.40062,10.96897],[-70.1553,11.37548],[-70.29384,11.84682],[-69.94324,12.16231],[-69.5843,11.45961],[-68.883,11.44338],[-68.23327,10.88574],[-68.19413,10.55465],[-67.29625,10.54587],[-66.22786,10.64863],[-65.65524,10.2008],[-64.89045,10.07721],[-64.32948,10.3896],[-64.31801,10.64142],[-63.07932,10.70172],[-61.88095,10.71563],[-62.73012,10.42027],[-62.38851,9.9482],[-61.58877,9.87307],[-60.8306,9.38134],[-60.67125,8.58017],[-60.1501,8.60276],[-59.75828,8.36703],[-60.55059,7.7796],[-60.63797,7.415],[-60.29567,7.04391],[-60.544,6.85658],[-61.15934,6.69608],[-61.13942,6.2343],[-61.4103,5.95907],[-60.73357,5.20028],[-60.60118,4.9181],[-60.96689,4.53647],[-62.08543,4.16212],[-62.80453,4.00697],[-63.0932,3.77057],[-63.88834,4.02053],[-64.62866,4.14848],[-64.81606,4.05645],[-64.36849,3.79721],[-64.40883,3.12679],[-64.27,2.49701],[-63.42287,2.41107],[-63.36879,2.2009],[-64.08309,1.91637],[-64.19931,1.49285],[-64.61101,1.32873],[-65.35471,1.09528],[-65.54827,0.78925],[-66.32577,0.72445],[-66.87633,1.25336],[-67.06505,1.13011],[-67.26,1.72],[-67.53781,2.03716],[-67.86857,1.69246],[-69.81697,1.71481],[-69.8046,1.08908],[-69.21864,0.98568],[-69.25243,0.60265],[-69.4524,0.70616],[-70.01557,0.54141],[-70.02066,-0.18516],[-69.57707,-0.54999],[-69.42049,-1.12262],[-69.4441,-1.55629],[-69.89364,-4.29819],[-70.39404,-3.76659],[-70.69268,-3.74287],[-70.04771,-2.72516],[-70.81348,-2.25686],[-71.41365,-2.3428],[-71.77476,-2.16979],[-72.32579,-2.43422],[-73.07039,-2.30895],[-73.6595,-1.26049],[-74.1224,-1.00283],[-74.4416,-0.53082],[-75.10662,-0.05721],[-75.37322,-0.15203]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colombia\"}}]}","volume":"103","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd4e4b0c8380cd4dfbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnsson, M. J.","contributorId":106919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, R.F.","contributorId":30247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lundberg, N.","contributorId":48712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundberg","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015088,"text":"70015088 - 1991 - Multicycle slip distribution along a laboratory fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-01T23:55:34.478221","indexId":"70015088","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multicycle slip distribution along a laboratory fault","docAbstract":"Slip distribution along a laboratory fault, which consists of eight spring-connected blocks that are elastically driven to slide on a frictional surface, has been examined for a “long” sequence of slip events to test the applicability of some conceptual models proposed recently in the literature. The distributions of large slip events are found to be quite variable and do not fit the uniform slip or characteristic earthquake models. The rupture initiation points are usually not near the corresponding maximum slip points, in contrast to observations by Thatcher (1990) and by Fukao and Kikuchi (1987) that earthquake hypocenters are commonly near corresponding regions of maximum slip in the fault planes. This contrast may suggest that either the present observations or theirs are not representative or the teleseismically determined hypocenters may not always be true rupture initiation points as usually assumed. Large slip events are also found to be a stress-roughening process. They are triggered by some small events after the stresses have been adjusted by some earlier small-to-moderate events to be near the critical levels at most locations along the fault. This suggests that earthquake prediction monitoring efforts should not be limited to a small region near an asperity but should be spread out to cover the entire fault segment in a seismic gap in order to detect the condition of simultaneous strain buildup.
Normal faults on the outer slopes of trenches and collisional foredeeps reveal that high-amplitude lithospheric flexure can result in inelastic extensional deformation of the convex side of a flexed plate. This process, which we call \"flexural extension,\" differs fundamentally from rifting in that the lower lithosphere contracts while the upper lithosphere extends. In the Taconic foreland of New York, a >100-km-wide zone of brittle failure propagated ahead of the convergent plate boundary, rupturing the upper crust to an estimated depth of 15-20 km. Dip-slip displacement on normal faults in the Taconic and Arkoma foredeeps produced water depths like those in the closest modern analogue, the Timor Trough. Structural evidence does not support common illustrations of flexural normal faults as planar-irrotational structures which simply die out at shallow crustal depths. Instead, the surface geology shows that flexural normal faulting must be rotational with respect to the enveloping surface of the flexed plate. This toppled domino geometry implies the presence at depth of a detachment or zone of distributed ductile simple shear where fault displacement and block rotation are accommodated.
The physiological effects of catch-and-release fishing on largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides from Lake Powell and Mantua Reservoir, Utah, were evaluated, and an estimate of the time needed for recovery from hooking stress was obtained. Fatigue in Lake Powell fish, as indicated by elevated blood lactate, was directly proportional to hooking time (1–5 min) and water temperature, but recovery from the hyperlacticemia was relatively rapid (about 24 h). Hyperglycemia, an indicator of stress hormone production, did not occur in largemouth bass hooked and played for 1–5 min in the coldest water (11–13°C), was moderate in fish hooked and played at l6–20°C, and was severe in fish played for 5 min at 28–30°C. Fish held for recovery in live cages suffered further hyperglycemia, presumably because of the stress of confinement. Ionoregulation, as indicated by relatively stable plasma chloride values, was not immediately affected in largemouth bass caught at water temperatures of 11–13°C or 28–30°C, but an unusual hyperchloremia developed in fish hooked and played at 16–20°C. During recovery, the expected progressive hypochloremia developed. Plasma osmolality was somewhat affected by hooking at all water temperatures tested, but recovery was almost complete within about 8 h. Mantua Reservoir fish were hooked and played only at water temperatures of 23–26°C. The hyperlacticemia and hyperglycemia that occurred were generally more severe than in the Lake Powell fish hooked and played at either 16–20°C or 28–30°C. However, effects on plasma chloride and osmolality were similar to those occurring in Lake Powell fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0629:PROLBT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gustaveson, A.W., Wydoski, R.S., and Wedemeyer, G.A., 1991, Physiological response of largemouth bass to angling stress: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 120, no. 5, p. 629-636, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0629:PROLBT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"629","endPage":"636","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58945336e4b0fa1e59b8680f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gustaveson, A. Wayne","contributorId":179022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gustaveson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wydoski, Richard S.","contributorId":81856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wydoski","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wedemeyer, Gary A.","contributorId":30668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedemeyer","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178159,"text":"70178159 - 1991 - Chemometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl residues and toxicologically active polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of Forster's Terns (Sterna fosteri)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-17T15:57:24","indexId":"70178159","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl residues and toxicologically active polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of Forster's Terns (Sterna fosteri)","docAbstract":"The separation and characterization of complex mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is approached from the perspective of a problem in chemometrics. A technique for quantitative determination of PCB congeners is described as well as an enrichment technique designed to isolate only those congener residues which induce mixed aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme activity. A congener-specific procedure is utilized for the determination of PCBs in whichn-alkyl trichloroacetates are used as retention index marker compounds. Retention indices are reproducible in the range of ±0.05 to ±0.7 depending on the specific congener. A laboratory data base system developed to aid in the editing and quantitation of data generated from capillary gas chromatography was employed to quantitate chromatographic data. Data base management was provided by computer programs written in VAX-DSM (Digital Standard MUMPS) for the VAX-DEC (Digital Equipment Corp.) family of computers.
In the chemometric evaluation of these complex chromatographic profiles, data are viewed from a single analysis as a point in multi-dimensional space. Principal Components Analysis was used to obtain a representation of the data in a lower dimensional space. Two-and three-dimensional proections based on sample scores from the principal components models were used to visualize the behavior of Aroclor® mixtures. These models can be used to determine if new sample profiles may be represented by Aroclor profiles. Concentrations of individual congeners of a given chlorine substitution may be summed to form homologue concentration. However, the use of homologue concentrations in classification studies with environmental samples can lead to erroneous conclusions about sample similarity. Chemometric applications are discussed for evaluation of Aroclor mixture analysis and compositional description of environmental residues of PCBs in eggs of Forster's terns (Sterna fosteri) collected from colonies near Lake Poygan and Green Bay, Wisconsin. The application of chemometrics is extended to the comparison of: a) Aroclors and PCB-containing environmental samples; to b) fractions of Aroclors and of environmental samples that have been enriched in congeners which induce mixed aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase enzyme activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01055903","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, T.R., and Stalling, D.L., 1991, Chemometric comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl residues and toxicologically active polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in the eggs of Forster's Terns (Sterna fosteri): Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 183-199, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01055903.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"199","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330745,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581d9e2ee4b0dee4cc90cbfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Ted R.","contributorId":36510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stalling, David L.","contributorId":176670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stalling","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70176684,"text":"70176684 - 1991 - Comment on “Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations” by L. Moreno et al.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:54:49","indexId":"70176684","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on “Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations” by L. Moreno et al.","docAbstract":"Moreno et al. [1988] (hereinafter referred to as MT) used a particle-tracking scheme to investigate the physics of solute movement in a variable-aperture planar fracture. The spatially heterogeneous fluid velocity was assumed to be the only mechanism of solute movement; local or pore scale dispersion and molecular diffusion were assumed to be negligible. The particle-tracking scheme used by MT consisted of routing particles from node to node in a finite difference grid. In this scheme, the direction of an individual particle is randomly selected and the probability associated with the particle movement in a given direction is proportional to the fluid flux in that direction. The same method was used by Desbarats [1990] to investigate advective transport in aquifers composed of two porous media of different hydraulic conductivities.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/90WR02310","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., and Shapiro, A.M., 1991, Comment on “Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations” by L. Moreno et al.: Water Resources Research, v. 27, no. 1, p. 129-131, https://doi.org/10.1029/90WR02310.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"131","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480422,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/90wr02310","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":329005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57feb876e4b0824b2d155b11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":649701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180731,"text":"70180731 - 1991 - A sigmoid model to predict gastric evacuation rates of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui fed juvenile salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T13:02:33","indexId":"70180731","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A sigmoid model to predict gastric evacuation rates of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui fed juvenile salmon","docAbstract":"Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effects of water temperature, predator size, prey size, and prey number on gastric evacuation of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) fed juvenile salmon. The smallmouth bass were allowed to feed voluntarily after 24–48 h of starvation and stomachs were pumped at intervals of 1–4 h until 90% of the stomach contents were evacuated (E90). Evacuation approximated an S-shaped curve over time, and a sigmoid model was developed to predict evacuation at varying water temperatures, total meal weights, predator sizes, and prey number. The rate of evacuation increased with increasing water temperature, meal weight, or predator size. The E90 increased with larger meal weights but decreased with increasing temperature or predator size. E90 ranged between 4 and 95 h, depending upon conditions. E90 was slower than those estimated previously for another predator of salmon, the stomachless northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis).
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f91-109","usgsCitation":"Rogers, J.B., and Burley, C.C., 1991, A sigmoid model to predict gastric evacuation rates of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui fed juvenile salmon: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 48, no. 5, p. 933-937, https://doi.org/10.1139/f91-109.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"933","endPage":"937","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a03784e4b099f50d3e0512","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, Jean Beyer","contributorId":179018,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rogers","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"Beyer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burley, Craig C.","contributorId":179019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burley","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180736,"text":"70180736 - 1991 - Heterosis and outbreeding depression: A multi-locus model and an application to salmon production","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T13:58:27","indexId":"70180736","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heterosis and outbreeding depression: A multi-locus model and an application to salmon production","docAbstract":"Both artificial propagation and efforts to preserve or augment natural populations sometimes involve, wittingly or unwittingly, the mixing of different gene pools. The advantages of such mixing vis-à-vis the alleviation of inbreeding depression are well known. Acknowledged, but less well understood, are the complications posed by outbreeding depression. This paper derives a simple model of outbreeding depression and demonstrates that it is reasonably possible to predict the generation-to-generation fitness course of hybrids derived from parents from different origins. Genetic difference, or distance between parental types, is defined by the drop in fitness experienced by one type reared at the site to which the other is locally adapted. For situations where decisions involving stock mixing must be made in the absence of complete information, a sensitivity analysis-based conflict resolution method (the Good-Bad-Ugly model) is described.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0165-7836(91)90095-W","usgsCitation":"Emlen, J.M., 1991, Heterosis and outbreeding depression: A multi-locus model and an application to salmon production: Fisheries Research, v. 12, no. 3, p. 187-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(91)90095-W.","productDescription":"31 p. ","startPage":"187","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334552,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a03784e4b099f50d3e050e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emlen, John M.","contributorId":168812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016733,"text":"70016733 - 1991 - Development and application of a hillslope hydrologic model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-02T11:56:57.589053","indexId":"70016733","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and application of a hillslope hydrologic model","docAbstract":"A vertically integrated two-dimensional lateral flow model of soil moisture has been developed. Derivation of the governing equation is based on a physical interpretation of hillslope processes. The lateral subsurface-flow model permits variability of precipitation and evapotranspiration, and allows arbitrary specification of soil-moisture retention properties. Variable slope, soil thickness, and saturation are all accommodated. The numerical solution method, a Crank-Nicolson, finite-difference, upstream-weighted scheme, is simple and robust. A small catchment in northeastern Kansas is the subject of an application of the lateral subsurface-flow model. Calibration of the model using observed discharge provides estimates of the active porosity (0.1 cm3/cm3) and of the saturated horizontal hydraulic conductivity (40 cm/hr). The latter figure is at least an order of magnitude greater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity associated with the silty clay loam soil matrix. The large value of hydraulic conductivity derived from the calibration is suggestive of macropore-dominated hillslope drainage. The corresponding value of active porosity agrees well with a published average value of the difference between total porosity and field capacity for a silty clay loam.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(91)90012-D","usgsCitation":"Blain, C.A., and Milly, P., 1991, Development and application of a hillslope hydrologic model: Advances in Water Resources, v. 14, no. 4, p. 168-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(91)90012-D.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"168","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0017e4b0c8380cd4f5ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blain, C. A.","contributorId":45843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blain","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016731,"text":"70016731 - 1991 - Simulation of vertical compaction in models of regional ground-water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70016731","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Simulation of vertical compaction in models of regional ground-water flow","docAbstract":"A new computer program was developed to simulate vertical compaction in models of regional ground-water flow. The program accounts for ground-water storage changes and compaction in discontinuous interbeds or in extensive confining beds. The new program is a package for the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model. Several features of the program make it useful for application in shallow unconfined flow systems. Geostatic load can be treated as a function of water-table elevation, and compaction is a function of computed changes in effective stress at the center of a model layer. Thickness of compressible sediments in an unconfined model layer can vary in proportion to saturated thickness. The new package was tested by comparison with an existing model of one-dimensional compaction.","largerWorkTitle":"IAHS Publication (International Association of Hydrological Sciences)","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Land Subsidence","conferenceDate":"12 May 1991 through 17 May 1991","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Int Assoc of Hydrological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Wallingford, United Kingdom","isbn":"0947571922","usgsCitation":"Leake, S.A., 1991, Simulation of vertical compaction in models of regional ground-water flow, in IAHS Publication (International Association of Hydrological Sciences), no. 200, Houston, TX, USA, 12 May 1991 through 17 May 1991, p. 565-574.","startPage":"565","endPage":"574","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"200","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90b8e4b08c986b319645","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536344,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016662,"text":"70016662 - 1991 - Uranium and minor-element partitioning in Fe-Ti oxides and zircon from partially melted granodiorite, Crater Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T12:18:03","indexId":"70016662","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium and minor-element partitioning in Fe-Ti oxides and zircon from partially melted granodiorite, Crater Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"Crystal-liquid partitioning in Fe-Ti oxides and zircon was studied in partially melted granodiorite blocks ejected during the climactic eruption of Mt. Mazama (Crater Lake), Oregon. The blocks, which contain up to 33% rhyolite glass (75 wt% SiO2), are interpreted to be portions of the magma chamber walls that were torn off during eruption. The glass is clear and well homogenized for all measured elements except Zr. Results for Fe-Ti oxides give DUoxide/liq ≈ 0.1. Partitioning of Mg, Mn, Al, Si, V, and Cr in Fe-Ti oxides indicates that grains surrounded by glass are moderately well equilibrated with the melt for many of the minor elements, while those that are inclusions in relict plagioclase are not. Uranium and ytterbium inhomogeneities in zircons indicate that the zircons have only partially equilibrated with the melt and that uranium appears to have been diffusing out of the zircons faster than the zircons were dissolving. Minimum U, Y, and P concentrations in zircons give maximum DUzrc/liq = 13,DYzrc/liq = 23, and DPzrc/liq = 1, but these are considerably lower than reported by other workers for U and Y. Based on our measurements and given their low abundances in most rocks, Fe-Ti oxides probably do not play a major role in U-Th fractionation during partial melting. The partial melts were undersaturated with zircon and apatite, but both phases are present in our samples. This demonstrates an actual case of non-equilibrium source retention of accessory phases, which in general could be an important trace-element fractionation mechanism. Our results do not support the hypothesis that liquid structure is the dominant factor controlling trace-element partitioning in high-silica rhyolites. Rough calculations based on Zr gradients in the glass indicate that the samples could have been partially molten for 800 to 8000 years.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90004-O","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Tourrette, T., Burnett, D., and Bacon, C., 1991, Uranium and minor-element partitioning in Fe-Ti oxides and zircon from partially melted granodiorite, Crater Lake, Oregon: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 2, p. 457-469, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90004-O.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"469","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake","volume":"55","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd87e4b08c986b329096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tourrette, T.Z.L.","contributorId":66426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourrette","given":"T.Z.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnett, D.S.","contributorId":80426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnett","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016944,"text":"70016944 - 1991 - Numerical assessment of a landfill compliance limit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T22:30:36.280643","indexId":"70016944","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical assessment of a landfill compliance limit","docAbstract":"The PLASM and Random Walk ground-water flow and contaminant transport models were used to assess the potential impact of various proposed regulatory compliance distances on landfill siting. Contaminant transport modeling was performed for 16 generalized geological sequences representative of hydrogeological conditions over an estimated 90 to 95 percent of Illinois. Results of this modeling indicate that about 50 percent of the state would be hydrogeologically suitable for landfilling of nonhazardous wastes if the compliance distance was 100 feet. With a compliance distance of 500 feet, about 55 percent of the state would be hydrogeologically suitable. This work demonstrates the utility of computer modeling in the development of regulations governing landfill siting.
The fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream to which nitrate was added as a nutrient supplement was determined. The stream, in southern Mississippi, U.S.A. was 234 m long. Water was supplied to the stream by an artesian well at about 1.21 s−1, resulting in a mean water velocity of about 0.5 m min−1. Acetone was injected continuously for 26 days resulting in concentrations of 20–40 mg l−1. A nitrate solution was injected for 21 days resulting in an instream concentration of about 1.7 mg l−1 at the upstream end of the stream. Rhodamine-WT dye was used to determine the travel time and dispersion characteristics of the stream, and t-butyl alcohol was used to determine the volatilization characteristics.
Volatilization controlled the fate of acetone in the model stream. The lack of substantial bacterial degradation of acetone was contrary to expectations based on the results of laboratory degradation studies using model stream water enriched with nitrate. A possible explanation for the lack of significant degradation in the model stream may be the limited 6-h residence time of the acetone in the stream.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90092-V","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., Stephens, D.W., and Tai, D.Y., 1991, Fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream with a nitrate supplement, southern Mississippi, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 123, no. 3-4, p. 225-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90092-V.","productDescription":"18 ","startPage":"225","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f0fe4b0c8380cd5373e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, D. W.","contributorId":68335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016585,"text":"70016585 - 1991 - Timing of the last highstand of Lake Lahontan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016585","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timing of the last highstand of Lake Lahontan","docAbstract":"Radiocarbon and uranium-series ages of a variety of materials from the Lahontan basin indicate that the last highstand lake occurred between 14 500 and 13 000 yr B.P. Although few in number, existing radiocarbon and uranium-series age data also indicate that lakes in the western Lahontan subbasins were small or moderate in size between 30 000 and 25 000 yr B.P. Existing data do not support the conclusions of Bradbury et al. (1989) who did not find evidence of a 14 000??yr B.P. highstand lake in the sediments of the Walker Lake subbasin. These data also do not support the existence of a highstand lake in the Walker Lake subbasin between 30 000 and 25 000 yr B.P. ?? 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00176873","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Benson, L.V., 1991, Timing of the last highstand of Lake Lahontan: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 5, no. 2, p. 115-126, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00176873.","startPage":"115","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205314,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176873"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3f8e4b08c986b3260d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}