\\A filtration model commonly used to describe removal of colloids during packed-bed filtration in water treatment applications was modified for describing downgradient transport of bacteria in sandy, aquifer sediments. The modified model was applied to the results of a small-scale (7 m), natural-gradient tracer test and to observations of an indigenous bacterial population moving downgradient within a plume of organically contaminated groundwater in Cape Cod, MA. The model reasonably accounted for concentration histories of labeled bacteria appearing at samplers downgradient from the injection well in the tracer experiment and for the observed 0.25-μm increase in average cell length for an unlabeled, indigenous bacterial population, 0.6 km downgradient from the source of the plume. Several uncertainties were apparent in applying filtration theory to problems involving transport of bacteria in groundwater. However, adsorption (attachment) appeared to be a major control of the extent of bacterial movement downgradient, which could be described, in part, by filtration theory. Estimates of the collision efficiency factor, which represents the physicochemical factors that determine adsorption of the bacteria onto the grain surfaces, ranged from 5.4 x 10-3 to 9.7 x 10-3.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00013a021","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Harvey, R., and Garabedian, S., 1991, Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 178-185, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00013a021.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbed7e4b08c986b3297f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garabedian, S. P.","contributorId":56657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014942,"text":"70014942 - 1991 - Sudden, probably coseismic submergence of Holocene trees and grass in coastal Washington State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:16:11.19546","indexId":"70014942","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sudden, probably coseismic submergence of Holocene trees and grass in coastal Washington State","docAbstract":"Growth-position plant fossils in coastal Washington State imply a suddenness of Holocene submergence that is better explained by coseismic lowering of the land than by decade- or century-long rise of the sea. These fossils include western red cedar and Sitka spruce whose death probably resulted from estuarine submergence close to 300 yr ago. Rings in eroded, bark-free trunks of the red cedar show that growth remained normal within decades of death. Rings in buried, bark-bearing stumps of the spruce further show normal growth continuing until the year of death. Other growth-position fossils implying sudden submergence include the stems and leaves of salt-marsh grass entombed in tide-flat mud close to 300 yr ago and roughly 1700 and 3100 yr ago. The preservation of these stems and leaves shows that submergence and initial burial outpaced decomposition, which appears to take just a few years in modern salt marshes. In some places the stems and leaves close to 300 yr old are surrounded by sand left by an extraordinary, landward-directed surge—probably a tsunami from a great thrust earth-quake on the Cascadia subduction zone.
A small (4 km2) drainage basin in northeastern Washington contains highly uraniferous groundwater and highly uraniferous peaty sediments of Holocene age. The U is derived from granitic bedrock that underlies the entire drainage basin and that contains 9–16 ppm U. This local bedrock was studied by petrographic, chemical and isotopic methods to determine conditions of its petrogenesis and post-emplacement history that may have contributed to its present high U content and source-rock capability. The original magma was derived by anatexis of Precambrian continental crust of probable mixed metaigneous and metasedimentary character. Mineral-melt partitioning controlled the enrichment of U in chemically evolved phases of the crystallizing melt. Following emplacement in the upper crust at ∼100Ma, the pluton interacted with meteoric-hydrothermal water at ambient temperatures 300°C. Locally intense fracturing promoted alteration, and fracturing and alteration probably continued during later regional uplift in the Eocene. Regional uplift was followed by low-temperature alteration and weathering in the middle to late Tertiary. The combined result of hydrothermal alteration and low-temperature alteration and weathering was the redistribution of U from primary mineral hosts such as allanite to new sites on fracture surfaces and in secondary minerals such as hematite. Zones of highly fractured and altered rock show the most obvious evidence of this process. A model is proposed in which high-angle fractures beneath the drainage basin were the sites of Tertiary supergene enrichments of U. Recent glacio-isostatic uplift has elevated these older enriched zones to shallow levels where they are now being leached by oxidizing groundwater. The chemistry, mineralogy, texture and geological history of this U source-rock suggest criteria for locating other granitic terrane that may contain uraniferous waters and associated young surficial U deposits. The details of U distribution and mobility at this site also apply to the general topic of U mobility in granitic rocks.
The salinity of Mono Lake has steadily increased since 1941 from 50%. to about 90%. due to diversion of tributary streams. This increase has resulted in the newly discovered precipitation of gaylussite (Na2Ca(CO3)2 · 5H2O). Chemical modeling of the lake water using Pitzer equations suggests that gaylussite has been forming year round since about 1970 when the salinity first exceeded 80%., and that it was earlier forming intermittently at lower salinities in the winter shortly after diversion began, breaking down incongruently to aragonite during summers. Lake water appears to remain at a constant 9-fold supersaturation with aragonite at all salinities, perhaps buffered by monohydrocalcite which appears to be just at saturation for all salinities. Other saline lakes also appear to be buffered by monohydrocalcite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(91)90144-T","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., Herbst, D., and Rosenbauer, R., 1991, Gaylussite formation at Mono Lake, California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, no. 6, p. 1743-1747, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90144-T.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1743","endPage":"1747","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224746,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mono Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.13843775892357,\n 37.97656492875406\n ],\n [\n -119.13365913663722,\n 37.97196090697513\n ],\n [\n -119.10764219307747,\n 37.97530931508959\n ],\n [\n -119.09383728424982,\n 37.95354193228168\n ],\n [\n -119.08587291377239,\n 37.94474942941066\n ],\n [\n -119.0710060888814,\n 37.943911993306926\n ],\n [\n -119.06197980234012,\n 37.950611214907866\n ],\n [\n -119.05189159973548,\n 37.95144857465995\n ],\n [\n -119.04127243909892,\n 37.93679340110101\n ],\n [\n -119.00463633490261,\n 37.9384684260054\n ],\n [\n -118.95578819597443,\n 37.95856574718631\n ],\n [\n -118.92446167209668,\n 37.976983461868485\n ],\n [\n -118.90109951869607,\n 38.00752993241085\n ],\n [\n -118.90534718295075,\n 38.03471813776591\n ],\n [\n -118.94145232911514,\n 38.066494629884915\n ],\n [\n -118.98764567788416,\n 38.07903418456027\n ],\n [\n -119.02852944633514,\n 38.07569051351311\n ],\n [\n -119.03649381681257,\n 38.066494629884915\n ],\n [\n -119.06994417281756,\n 38.058551800070035\n ],\n [\n -119.06888225675394,\n 38.04099090639258\n ],\n [\n -119.07737758526329,\n 38.03890004321477\n ],\n [\n -119.08268716558159,\n 38.02802659238438\n ],\n [\n -119.10073973866365,\n 38.017988128232076\n ],\n [\n -119.11507560552296,\n 38.02384406611861\n ],\n [\n -119.13472105270081,\n 38.0184064250289\n ],\n [\n -119.14587117136907,\n 38.01966130109352\n ],\n [\n -119.15436649987842,\n 38.013805028957336\n ],\n [\n -119.13843775892357,\n 37.97656492875406\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14e7e4b0c8380cd54c0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herbst, D.B.","contributorId":69308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbst","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenbauer, R.J.","contributorId":37320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015064,"text":"70015064 - 1991 - Controls on the composition of fluvial sands from a tropical weathering environment: Sands of the Orinoco River drainage basin, Venezuela and Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T23:10:00.640753","indexId":"70015064","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on the composition of fluvial sands from a tropical weathering environment: Sands of the Orinoco River drainage basin, Venezuela and Colombia","docAbstract":"Fluvial sands in the Orinoco River drainage basin fall into three main compositional groupings: (1) sands of subarkose and arkose composition, from high-relief parts of the Guayana Shield, where crystalline rocks are exposed; (2) sands of litharenite and sub-litharenite composition from the active orogenic belt at the western and northwestern margins of the drainage basin, and in those parts of the Llanos (Andean foreland basin) proximal to the mountain belt; and (3) sands of quartz-arenite composition, widespread throughout the remainder of the basin. Multicycle sands of quartz-arenite composition are produced from platform cover on parts of the elevated shield and from uplifted foreland-basin fill in the eastern Llanos. First-cycle sands of quartz-arenite composition are produced from granitic rocks on low-relief regions of the Guayana Shield and from reworked Holocene alluvium in parts of the western Llanos distal to the orogenic terranes.
Erosion in the Orinoco River drainage basin may be described in terms of transport-limited and weathering-limited denudation regimes. In active orogenic terranes and in parts of the elevated shield, transport processes can remove weathered material as rapidly as it is produced by chemical weathering. Thin soils and short soil-mineral residence time result in sands that are incompletely chemically weathered and accurately reflect source-rock composition. In the orogenic terranes, subtle variations in source-rock lithology are preserved in sand composition. In contrast, in low-relief parts of the Guayana Shield and on flat erosion surfaces of the upland shield, weathering exceeds the rate at which transport processes can remove weathered material. Thick soils accumulate, soil-mineral residence time is long, and detritus is highly altered chemically. On much of the lowland Guayana Shield, upper soil layers consist of nearly pure quartz sand that erodes to produce first-cycle fluvial sand of quartz-arenite composition.
Chemically weathered orogenically derived sand enters the Orinoco River on the left bank, while feldspathic shield-derived sand enters on the right bank. This geometry is responsible for the nearly total lack of longitudinal variation in sand composition along the 1,400-km length of the Orinoco River mainstem. Except in the upper 100 km of the Orinoco River mainstem, cross-channel heterogeneity in sand composition is also modest. Nevertheless, a weighted linear least-squares modeling approach suggests that sand moves down the Orinoco River mainstem in distinct pulses, perhaps corresponding to times of accelerated erosion in headwater regions. Because rivers that head in the orogenic terranes and traverse the Llanos contribute more than 99% of the sand in the lower Orinoco River mainstem, the composition of this sand is dominated by chemically weathered sands from the Llanos. The Orinoco River—the third largest river in the world—delivers first-cycle sands of quartz-arenite composition to its delta.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1622:COTCOF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnsson, M.J., Stallard, R., and Lundberg, N., 1991, Controls on the composition of fluvial sands from a tropical weathering environment: Sands of the Orinoco River drainage basin, Venezuela and Colombia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, no. 12, p. 1622-1647, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1622:COTCOF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1622","endPage":"1647","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia, Venezuela","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.37322,-0.15203],[-75.80147,0.0848],[-76.29231,0.41605],[-76.57638,0.25694],[-77.42498,0.39569],[-77.66861,0.82589],[-77.85506,0.80993],[-78.85526,1.38092],[-78.99094,1.69137],[-78.61783,1.7664],[-78.66212,2.26736],[-78.42761,2.62956],[-77.93154,2.69661],[-77.51043,3.32502],[-77.12769,3.84964],[-77.49627,4.08761],[-77.3076,4.66798],[-77.53322,5.58281],[-77.31882,5.84535],[-77.47666,6.69112],[-77.88157,7.22377],[-77.75341,7.70984],[-77.43111,7.63806],[-77.24257,7.93528],[-77.47472,8.52429],[-77.35336,8.6705],[-76.83667,8.63875],[-76.08638,9.33682],[-75.6746,9.44325],[-75.6647,9.774],[-75.48043,10.61899],[-74.9069,11.08304],[-74.27675,11.10204],[-74.19722,11.31047],[-73.41476,11.22702],[-72.62784,11.73197],[-72.23819,11.95555],[-71.75409,12.4373],[-71.39982,12.37604],[-71.13746,12.11298],[-71.33158,11.77628],[-71.36001,11.53999],[-71.94705,11.42328],[-71.62087,10.96946],[-71.63306,10.44649],[-72.07417,9.86565],[-71.69564,9.07226],[-71.26456,9.13719],[-71.04,9.85999],[-71.35008,10.21194],[-71.40062,10.96897],[-70.1553,11.37548],[-70.29384,11.84682],[-69.94324,12.16231],[-69.5843,11.45961],[-68.883,11.44338],[-68.23327,10.88574],[-68.19413,10.55465],[-67.29625,10.54587],[-66.22786,10.64863],[-65.65524,10.2008],[-64.89045,10.07721],[-64.32948,10.3896],[-64.31801,10.64142],[-63.07932,10.70172],[-61.88095,10.71563],[-62.73012,10.42027],[-62.38851,9.9482],[-61.58877,9.87307],[-60.8306,9.38134],[-60.67125,8.58017],[-60.1501,8.60276],[-59.75828,8.36703],[-60.55059,7.7796],[-60.63797,7.415],[-60.29567,7.04391],[-60.544,6.85658],[-61.15934,6.69608],[-61.13942,6.2343],[-61.4103,5.95907],[-60.73357,5.20028],[-60.60118,4.9181],[-60.96689,4.53647],[-62.08543,4.16212],[-62.80453,4.00697],[-63.0932,3.77057],[-63.88834,4.02053],[-64.62866,4.14848],[-64.81606,4.05645],[-64.36849,3.79721],[-64.40883,3.12679],[-64.27,2.49701],[-63.42287,2.41107],[-63.36879,2.2009],[-64.08309,1.91637],[-64.19931,1.49285],[-64.61101,1.32873],[-65.35471,1.09528],[-65.54827,0.78925],[-66.32577,0.72445],[-66.87633,1.25336],[-67.06505,1.13011],[-67.26,1.72],[-67.53781,2.03716],[-67.86857,1.69246],[-69.81697,1.71481],[-69.8046,1.08908],[-69.21864,0.98568],[-69.25243,0.60265],[-69.4524,0.70616],[-70.01557,0.54141],[-70.02066,-0.18516],[-69.57707,-0.54999],[-69.42049,-1.12262],[-69.4441,-1.55629],[-69.89364,-4.29819],[-70.39404,-3.76659],[-70.69268,-3.74287],[-70.04771,-2.72516],[-70.81348,-2.25686],[-71.41365,-2.3428],[-71.77476,-2.16979],[-72.32579,-2.43422],[-73.07039,-2.30895],[-73.6595,-1.26049],[-74.1224,-1.00283],[-74.4416,-0.53082],[-75.10662,-0.05721],[-75.37322,-0.15203]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colombia\"}}]}","volume":"103","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd4e4b0c8380cd4dfbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnsson, M. J.","contributorId":106919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, R.F.","contributorId":30247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lundberg, N.","contributorId":48712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lundberg","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015635,"text":"70015635 - 1991 - Fluid inclusion gas chemistry as a potential minerals exploration tool: Case studies from Creede, CO, Jerritt Canyon, NV, Coeur d'Alene district, ID and MT, southern Alaska mesothermal veins, and mid-continent MVT's","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T11:02:09.017726","indexId":"70015635","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusion gas chemistry as a potential minerals exploration tool: Case studies from Creede, CO, Jerritt Canyon, NV, Coeur d'Alene district, ID and MT, southern Alaska mesothermal veins, and mid-continent MVT's","docAbstract":"Recent advances in instrumentation now permit quantitative analysis of gas species from individual fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusion gas data can be applied to minerals exploration empirically to establish chemical (gas composition) signatures of the ore fluids, and conceptually through the development of genetic models of ore formation from a framework of integrated geologic, geochemical, and isotopic investigations. Case studies of fluid inclusion gas chemistry from ore deposits representing a spectrum of ore-forming processes and environments are presented to illustrate both the empirical and conceptual approaches. We consider epithermal silver-gold deposits of Creede, Colorado, Carlin-type sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits of Jerritt Canyon, Nevada, metamorphic silver-base-metal veins of the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho and Montana, gold-quartz veins in accreted terranes of southern Alaska, and the mid-continent base-metal sulfide deposits of Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT's). Variations in gas chemistry determine the redox state of the ore fluids, provide compositional input for gas geothermometers, characterize ore fluid chemistry (e.g., CH4CO2, H2SSO2, CO2/H2S, organic-rich fluids, gas-rich and gas-poor fluids), identify magmatic, meteoric, metamorphic, shallow and deep basin fluids in ore systems, locate upwelling plumes of magmatic-derived volatiles, zones of boiling and volatile separation, interfaces between contrasting fluids, and important zones of fluid mixing. Present techniques are immediately applicable to exploration programsas empirical studies that monitor fluid inclusion gas threshold concentration levels, presence or absence of certain gases, or changes in gas ratios. We suggest that the greater contribution of fluid inclusion gas analysis is in the integrated and comprehensive chemical dimension that gas data impart to genetic models, and in the exploration concepts based on processes and environments of ore formation derived from these genetic models.
Stable isotope data for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), carbonate shell material and cements, and microbial CO2 were combined with organic and inorganic chemical data from aquifer and confining-bed pore waters to construct geochemical reaction models along a flowpath in the Black Creek aquifer of South Carolina. Carbon-isotope fractionation between DIC and precipitating cements was treated as a Rayleigh distillation process. Organic matter oxidation was coupled to microbial fermentation and sulfate reduction. All reaction models reproduced the observed chemical and isotopic compositions of final waters. However, model 1, in which all sources of carbon and electron-acceptors were assumed to be internal to the aquifer, was invalidated owing to the large ratio of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 predicted by the model (5–49) compared with measured ratios (two or less). In model 2, this ratio was reduced by assuming that confining beds adjacent to the aquifer act as sources of dissolved organic carbon and sulfate. This assumption was based on measured high concentrations of dissolved organic acids and sulfate in confining-bed pore waters (60–100 μM and 100–380 μM, respectively) relative to aquifer pore waters (from less than 30 μM and 2–80 μM, respectively). Sodium was chosen as the companion ion to organic-acid and sulfate transport from confining beds because it is the predominant cation in confining-bed pore waters. As a result, excessive amounts of Na-for-Ca ion exchange and calcite precipitation (three to four times more cement than observed in the aquifer) were required by model 2 to achieve mass and isotope balance of final water. For this reason, model 2 was invalidated. Agreement between model-predicted and measured amounts of carbonate cement and ratios of fermentation CO2 to respiration CO2 were obtained in a reaction model that assumed confining beds act as sources of DIC, as well as organic acids and sulfate. This assumption was supported by measured high concentrations of DIC in confining beds (2.6–2.7 mM). Results from this study show that geochemical models of confined aquifer systems must incorporate the effects of adjacent confining beds to reproduce observed groundwater chemistry accurately.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., and Chapelle, F.H., 1991, Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon in a Coastal Plain aquifer. 2. Modeling carbon sources, sinks, and δ13C evolution: Journal of Hydrology, v. 127, no. 1-4, p. 109-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90111-T.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"135","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223365,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16f2e4b0c8380cd55313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016654,"text":"70016654 - 1991 - Facies development in the Lower Freeport coal bed, west-central Pennsylvania, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T00:48:29.423101","indexId":"70016654","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Facies development in the Lower Freeport coal bed, west-central Pennsylvania, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The Lower Freeport coal bed in west-central Pennsylvania is interpreted to have formed within a lacustrine-mire environment. Conditions of peat formation, caused by the changing chemical and physical environments, produced five coal facies and two mineral-rich parting facies within the coal bed. The coal bed facies are compositionally unique, having developed under varying conditions, and are manifested by megascopic, petrographic, palynologic and quality characteristics.
The initial environment of the Lower Freeport peat resulted in a coal facies that is relatively high in ash yield and contains large amounts of lycopod miospores and moderate abundances of cryptotelinite, crypto-gelocollinite, inertinite and tree fern miospores. This initial Lower Freeport peat is interpreted to have been a topogenous body that was low lying, relatively nutrient rich (mesotrophic to eutrophic), and susceptible to ground water and to sediment influx from surface water. The next facies to form was a ubiquitous, clay-rich durain parting which is attributed to a general rise in the water table accompanied by widespread flooding. Following formation of the parting, peat accumulation resumed within an environment that inhibited clastic input. Development of doming in this facies restricted deposition of the upper shale parting to the margins of the mire and allowed low-ash peat to form in the interior of the mire. Because this environment was conducive to preservation of cellular tissue, this coal facies also contains large amounts of crypto-telinite. This facies development is interpreted to have been a transitional phase from topogenous, planar peat formation to slightly domed, oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) peat formation. As domed peat formation continued, fluctuations in the water table enabled oxidation of the peat surface and produced high inertinite concentrations toward the top of the coal bed. Tree ferns became an increasingly important peat contributor in the e upper facies, based on the palynoflora. This floral change is interpreted to have resulted from the peat surface becoming less wet or better drained, a condition that inhibited proliferation of lycopod trees. Accumulation of the peat continued until rising water levels formed a freshwater lake within which clays and silts were deposited.
The development of the Lower Freeport peat from a planar mire through transitional phases toward domed peat formation may be an example of the type of peat formation of other upper Middle and Upper Pennsylvanian coal beds.
A vertically integrated two-dimensional lateral flow model of soil moisture has been developed. Derivation of the governing equation is based on a physical interpretation of hillslope processes. The lateral subsurface-flow model permits variability of precipitation and evapotranspiration, and allows arbitrary specification of soil-moisture retention properties. Variable slope, soil thickness, and saturation are all accommodated. The numerical solution method, a Crank-Nicolson, finite-difference, upstream-weighted scheme, is simple and robust. A small catchment in northeastern Kansas is the subject of an application of the lateral subsurface-flow model. Calibration of the model using observed discharge provides estimates of the active porosity (0.1 cm3/cm3) and of the saturated horizontal hydraulic conductivity (40 cm/hr). The latter figure is at least an order of magnitude greater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity associated with the silty clay loam soil matrix. The large value of hydraulic conductivity derived from the calibration is suggestive of macropore-dominated hillslope drainage. The corresponding value of active porosity agrees well with a published average value of the difference between total porosity and field capacity for a silty clay loam.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(91)90012-D","usgsCitation":"Blain, C.A., and Milly, P., 1991, Development and application of a hillslope hydrologic model: Advances in Water Resources, v. 14, no. 4, p. 168-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(91)90012-D.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"168","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225181,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0017e4b0c8380cd4f5ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blain, C. A.","contributorId":45843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blain","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016354,"text":"70016354 - 1991 - Revised age of deglaciation of Lake Emma based on new radiocarbon and macrofossil analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T14:50:24","indexId":"70016354","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Revised age of deglaciation of Lake Emma based on new radiocarbon and macrofossil analyses","docAbstract":"Previous radiocarbon ages of detrital moss fragments in basal organic sediments of Lake Emma indicated that extensive deglaciation of the San Juan Mountains occurred prior to 14,900 yr B.P. (Carrara et al., 1984). Paleoecological analyses of insect and plant macrofossils from these basal sediments cast doubt on the reliability of the radiocarbon ages. Subsequent accelerator radiocarbon dates of insect fossils and wood fragments indicate an early Holocene age, rather than a late Pleistocene age, for the basal sediments of Lake Emma. These new radiocarbon ages suggest that by at least 10,000 yr B.P. deglaciation of the San Juan Mountains was complete. The insect and plant macrofossils from the basal organic sediments indicate a higher-than-present treeline during the early Holocene. The insect assemblages consisted of about 30% bark beetles, which contrasts markedly with the composition of insects from modern lake sediments and modern specimens collected in the Lake Emma cirque, in which bark beetles comprise only about 3% of the assemblages. In addition, in the fossil assemblages there were a number of flightless insect species (not subject to upslope transport by wind) indicative of coniferous forest environments. These insects were likewise absent in the modern assemblage. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(91)90005-P","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Elias, S.A., Carrara, P., Toolin, L., and Jull, A., 1991, Revised age of deglaciation of Lake Emma based on new radiocarbon and macrofossil analyses: Quaternary Research, v. 36, no. 3, p. 307-321, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90005-P.","startPage":"307","endPage":"321","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266498,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90005-P"},{"id":223211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aacb1e4b0c8380cd86da5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elias, S. A.","contributorId":65996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elias","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carrara, P. E.","contributorId":33727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Toolin, L.J.","contributorId":63958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toolin","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jull, A.J.T.","contributorId":79625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jull","given":"A.J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016736,"text":"70016736 - 1991 - Some Nd and Sr isotopic systematics for the REE-enriched deposit at Bayan Obo, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:40:09","indexId":"70016736","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some Nd and Sr isotopic systematics for the REE-enriched deposit at Bayan Obo, China","docAbstract":"Sm/1bNd and Rb/1bSr isotopic systematics have been determined for rare-earth element (REE) rich samples of carbonate, iron ore, and silicate types from the world's largest known REE deposit at Bayan Obo, China. The results yielded neither Rb/1bSr nor Sm/1bNd isochrons within analytical error. Isochronous relationships may have been disturbed in part by younger events. Modes in isotopic composition suggest two Sr reservoirs; the low 87Sr 86Sr ratios of 0.703 and 0.704 measured for two carbonates may be of mantle origin. The Sm/1bNd data delineate a trend at ??? 1 Ga; this trend might represent a disturbed fractionation event or mixing of Nd reservoirs. The REE ores could not have formed in a single fractionation event during the igneous activity at 260 Ma. Model ages suggest that the ore REE were isolated from mantle sources between ??? 1.7 and ??? 1.3 Ga. This time period hosts major anorogenic igneous activity, including anorthosites, and a number of other unusual REE iron ores. ?? 1991.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90098-C","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Philpotts, J., Tatsumoto, M., Li, X., and Wang, K., 1991, Some Nd and Sr isotopic systematics for the REE-enriched deposit at Bayan Obo, China: Chemical Geology, v. 90, no. 3-4, p. 177-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90098-C.","startPage":"177","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266079,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90098-C"},{"id":224458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9269e4b08c986b319eda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Philpotts, J.","contributorId":75016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philpotts","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Li, X.","contributorId":67635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wang, K.","contributorId":55975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016350,"text":"70016350 - 1991 - Field and modelling studies of immiscible fluid flow above a contaminated water-table aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:42","indexId":"70016350","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Field and modelling studies of immiscible fluid flow above a contaminated water-table aquifer","docAbstract":"A method was developed for measuring the spatial distribution of immiscible liquid contaminants in the subsurface. Fluid saturation distributions measured at a crude-oil spill site were used to test a numerical multiphase flow model.","largerWorkTitle":"National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia","conferenceTitle":"International Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium 1991 Part 2 (of 3)","conferenceDate":"2 October 1991 through 4 October 1991","conferenceLocation":"Perth, Aust","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by IE Aust","publisherLocation":"Barton","issn":"03136922","usgsCitation":"Herkelrath, W., Essaid, H., and Hess, K., 1991, Field and modelling studies of immiscible fluid flow above a contaminated water-table aquifer, in National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia, v. 2, no. 91 pt 22, Perth, Aust, 2 October 1991 through 4 October 1991, p. 424-428.","startPage":"424","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"91 pt 22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fa4e4b0c8380cd53979","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herkelrath, W.N.","contributorId":77981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Essaid, H.I.","contributorId":22342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, K.M.","contributorId":39415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016348,"text":"70016348 - 1991 - The library as a reference tool: online catalogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T19:07:52","indexId":"70016348","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3550,"text":"The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","printIssn":"0894-802X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The library as a reference tool: online catalogs","docAbstract":"Online catalogs are computerized listings of materials in a particular library or group of libraries. General characteristics of online catalogs include ability for searching interactively and for locating descriptions of books, maps, and reports on regional or topical geology. Suggestions for searching, evaluating results, modifying searches, and limitations of searching are presented. -Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Compass of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Stark, M., 1991, The library as a reference tool: online catalogs: The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 68, no. 2, p. 81-86.","startPage":"81","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad8de4b08c986b323cb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, M.","contributorId":105055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016645,"text":"70016645 - 1991 - Seismic response of transamerica building. II. System identification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-15T20:16:09","indexId":"70016645","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2467,"text":"Journal of Structural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic response of transamerica building. II. System identification","docAbstract":"A detailed analysis of the recorded seismic response of the Transamerica Building during the October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake is presented. The system identification algorithm used for the analysis is based on the discrete-time linear filtering approach with least-squares approximation, and assumes a multi-input, single-output model for the building. Fifteen modes in the north-south direction, and 18 modes in the east-west direction are identified from the records. The analysis shows that the building's response to the earthquake was dominated by a coupled mode of vibration at 0.28 Hz in the southwest-northeast direction, which is almost parallel to one of the diagonals in the building's square cross section. The reason for this behavior is the symmetry of the building's structural characteristics, as well as the strong polarization of the S-waves of the earthquake. Several higher modes of the building were excited during the strong-motion part of the earthquake. The results also show a significant amount of rocking in the building at a frequency of 2.15 Hz.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Structural Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:8(2405)","issn":"07339445","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., and Çelebi, M., 1991, Seismic response of transamerica building. II. System identification: Journal of Structural Engineering, v. 117, no. 8, p. 2405-2425, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:8(2405).","startPage":"2405","endPage":"2425","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269413,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1991)117:8(2405)"}],"volume":"117","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b5be4b08c986b31778e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, E.","contributorId":104070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016918,"text":"70016918 - 1991 - Nd, Sr, and O isotopic variations in metaluminous ash-flow tuffs and related volcanic rocks at the Timber Mountain/Oasis Valley Caldera, Complex, SW Nevada: implications for the origin and evolution of large-volume silicic magma bodies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70016918","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nd, Sr, and O isotopic variations in metaluminous ash-flow tuffs and related volcanic rocks at the Timber Mountain/Oasis Valley Caldera, Complex, SW Nevada: implications for the origin and evolution of large-volume silicic magma bodies","docAbstract":"Nd, Sr and O isotopic data were obtained from silicic ash-flow tuffs and lavas at the Tertiary age (16-9 Ma) Timber (Mountain/Oasis Valley volcanic center (TMOV) in southern Nevada, to assess models for the origin and evolution of the large-volume silicic magma bodies generated in this region. The large-volume (>900 km3), chemically-zoned, Topopah Spring (TS) and Tiva Canyon (TC) members of the Paintbrush Tuff, and the Rainier Mesa (RM) and Ammonia Tanks (AT) members of the younger Timber Mountain Tuff all have internal Nd and Sr isotopic zonations. In each tuff, high-silica rhyolites have lower initial e{open}Nd values (???1 e{open}Nd unit), higher87Sr/86Sr, and lower Nd and Sr contents, than cocrupted trachytes. The TS, TC, and RM members have similar e{open}Nd values for high-silica rhyolites (-11.7 to -11.2) and trachytes (-10.5 to -10.7), but the younger AT member has a higher e{open}Nd for both compositional types (-10.3 and -9.4). Oxygen isotope data confirm that the TC and AT members were derived from low e{open}Nd magmas. The internal Sr and Nd isotopic variations in each tuff are interpreted to be the result of the incorporation of 20-40% (by mass) wall-rock into magmas that were injected into the upper crust. The low e{open}Nd magmas most likely formed via the incorporation of low ??18O, hydrothermally-altered, wall-rock. Small-volume rhyolite lavas and ash-flow tuffs have similar isotopic characteristics to the large-volume ash-flow tuffs, but lavas erupted from extracaldera vents may have interacted with higher ??18O crustal rocks peripheral to the main magma chamber(s). Andesitic lavas from the 13-14 Ma Wahmonie/Salyer volcanic center southeast of the TMOV have low e{open}Nd (-13.2 to -13.8) and are considered on the basis of textural evidence to be mixtures of basaltic composition magmas and large proportions (70-80%) of anatectic crustal melts. A similar process may have occurred early in the magmatic history of the TMOV. The large-volume rhyolites may represent a mature stage of magmatism after repeated injection of basaltic magmas, crustal melting, and volcanism cleared sufficient space in the upper crust for large magma bodies to accumulate and differentiate. The TMOV rhyolites and 0-10 Ma old basalts that erupted in southern Nevada all have similar Nd and Sr isotopic compositions, which suggests that silicic and mafic magmatism at the TMOV were genetically related. The distinctive isotopic compositions of the AT member may reflect temporal changes in the isotopic compositions of basaltic magmas entering the upper crust, possibly as a result of increasing \"basification\" of a lower crustal magma source by repeated injection of mantle-derived mafic magmas. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00687200","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Farmer, G.L., Broxton, D., Warren, R., and Pickthorn, W., 1991, Nd, Sr, and O isotopic variations in metaluminous ash-flow tuffs and related volcanic rocks at the Timber Mountain/Oasis Valley Caldera, Complex, SW Nevada: implications for the origin and evolution of large-volume silicic magma bodies: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 109, no. 1, p. 53-68, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00687200.","startPage":"53","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205537,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687200"},{"id":224712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63c4e4b0c8380cd7269d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farmer, G. L.","contributorId":97251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broxton, D.E.","contributorId":48033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broxton","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warren, R.G.","contributorId":6037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pickthorn, W.","contributorId":85836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickthorn","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015000,"text":"70015000 - 1991 - Pre-exploitation state of the Ahuachapán geothermal field, El Salvador","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T11:48:12","indexId":"70015000","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pre-exploitation state of the Ahuachapán geothermal field, El Salvador","docAbstract":"The lithology and structural features of the Ahuachapán geothermal area and their impact on the movement of cold and hot fluids within the system are described, as well as the development and evaluation of the natural state model of the field. Four major lithologic units are present in Ahuachapán and three major aquifers have been identified; flow patterns and zones of fluid mixing were located on the basis of temperature and geochemical data from wells and surface manifestations. Geologic structures control the heat and fluid recharge and the flow within the reservoir. Modeling studies suggest, in agreement with field data, an overall average transmissivity of 25–35 darcy-meters, and indicate that the system is recharged by waters with temperatures greater than 250°C. The total thermal throughflow for the Ahuachapán reservoir in the unexploited state is estimated to be about 250 MWt.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(91)90002-D","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Aunzo, Z., Laky, C., Steingrimsson, B., Bodvarsson, G., Lippmann, M., Truesdell, A., Escobar, C., Quintanilla, A., and Cuellar, G., 1991, Pre-exploitation state of the Ahuachapán geothermal field, El Salvador: Geothermics, v. 20, no. 1-2, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(91)90002-D.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a80dce4b0c8380cd7b243","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aunzo, Z.","contributorId":101020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aunzo","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laky, C.","contributorId":26193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laky","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steingrimsson, B.","contributorId":98884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steingrimsson","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodvarsson, G.S.","contributorId":98045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodvarsson","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lippmann, M.J.","contributorId":66423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lippmann","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":369813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Escobar, C.","contributorId":18513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escobar","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Quintanilla, A.","contributorId":45056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quintanilla","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cuellar, G.","contributorId":22094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuellar","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70016638,"text":"70016638 - 1991 - Late quaternary geologic framework, north-central Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T13:20:32","indexId":"70016638","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Late quaternary geologic framework, north-central Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"The geologic framework of the north-central Gulf of Mexico shelf is composed of multiple, stacked, delta systems. Shelf and nearshore sedimentary facies were deposited by deltaic progradation, followed by shoreface erosion and submergence. A variety of sedimentary facies has been identified, including prodelta, delta fringe, distributary, lagoonal, barrier island, and shelf sand sheet. This study is based on the interpretation and the synthesis of > 6,700 km of high-resolution seismic profiles, 75 grab samples, and 77 vibracores. The nearshore morphology, shallow stratigraphy, and sediment distribution of the eastern Louisiana shelf are the products of transgressive sedimentary processes reworking the abandoned St. Bernard delta complex. Relatively recent Mississippi delta lobe consists primarily of fine sand, silt, and clay. In the southern portion of the St. Bernard delta complex, asymmetrical sand ridges (>5 m relief) have formed as the result of marine reworking of distributary mouth-bar sands. Silty sediments from the modern Mississippi Birdsfoot delta onlap the St. Bernard delta complex along the southern edge. The distal margin of the St. Bernard complex is distinct and has a sharp contact on the north near the Mississippi Sound barrier island coastline and a late Wisconsinan delta to the south. The Chandeleur Islands and the barrier islands of Mississippi Sound have been formed by a combination of Holocene and Pleistocene fluvial processes, shoreface erosion, and ravinement of the exposed shelf. Sediments underlying the relatively thin Holocene sediment cover are relict fluvial sands, deposited during the late Wisconsinan lowstand. Subsequent relative sea-level rise allowed marine processes to rework and redistribute sediments that formed the nearshore fine-grained facies and the shelf sand sheet.","largerWorkTitle":"Coastal Sediments '91","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on Quantitative Approaches to Coastal Sediment Processes","conferenceDate":"25 June 1991 through 27 June 1991","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, WA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628086","usgsCitation":"Kindinger, J.L., Penland, S., Williams, S.J., Brooks, G.R., Suter, J.R., and McBride, R.A., 1991, Late quaternary geologic framework, north-central Gulf of Mexico, in Coastal Sediments '91, Seattle, WA, USA, 25 June 1991 through 27 June 1991, p. 1096-1110.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1096","endPage":"1110","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 25.24469595130604\n ],\n [\n -83.64990234375,\n 25.24469595130604\n ],\n [\n -83.64990234375,\n 29.935895213372444\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 29.935895213372444\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 25.24469595130604\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4555e4b0c8380cd67219","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kindinger, Jack L. jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":374097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Penland, Shea","contributorId":88401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Penland","given":"Shea","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":374102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, S. Jeffress 0000-0002-1326-7420 jwilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-7420","contributorId":2063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"jwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jeffress","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brooks, Gregg R.","contributorId":10557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brooks","given":"Gregg","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Suter, John R.","contributorId":42362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suter","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":374101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McBride, Randolph A.","contributorId":6466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016753,"text":"70016753 - 1991 - Geological and seismological evidence of increased explosivity during the 1986 eruptions of Pavlof volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016753","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological and seismological evidence of increased explosivity during the 1986 eruptions of Pavlof volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"We present results of study of the best-documented eruptions of Pavlof volcano in historic time. The 1986 eruptions were mostly Strombolian in character; a strong initial phase may have been Vulcanian. The 1986 activity erupted at least 8??106 m3 of feldspar-phyric basaltic andesite lava (SiO2=53-54%), and a comparable volume of wind-borne tephra. During the course of the eruption, 5300 explosion earthquakes occurred, the largest of which was equivalent to an ML=2.5 earthquake. Volcanic tremor was recorded for 2600 hours, and the strongest tremor was recorded out to a distance of 160 km and had an amplitude of at least 54 cm2 reduced displacement. The 1986 eruptions modified the structure of the vent area for the first time in over two decades. A possible pyroclastic flow was observed on 19 June 1986, the first time such a phenomenon has been observed at the volcano. Overall, the 1986 eruptions were the strongest and longest duration eruptions in historic time, and changed a temporal pattern of activity that had persisted from 1973-1984. ?? 1991 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00265414","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"McNutt, S., Miller, T.P., and Taber, J., 1991, Geological and seismological evidence of increased explosivity during the 1986 eruptions of Pavlof volcano, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 53, no. 2, p. 86-98, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00265414.","startPage":"86","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205534,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265414"},{"id":224701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2256e4b0c8380cd56f5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McNutt, S.R.","contributorId":26722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taber, J.J.","contributorId":14124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taber","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016755,"text":"70016755 - 1991 - Hydrologic and geochemical approaches for determining ground-water flow components","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016755","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrologic and geochemical approaches for determining ground-water flow components","docAbstract":"Lyman Lake is an irrigation-storage reservoir on the Little Colorado River near St. Johns, Arizona. The main sources of water for the lake are streamflow in the Little Colorado River and ground-water inflow from the underlying Coconino aquifer. Two approaches, a hydrologic analysis and a geochemical analysis, were used to compute the quantity of ground-water flow to and from Lyman Lake. Hydrologic data used to calculate a water budget were precipitation on the lake, evaporation from the lake, transpiration from dense vegetation, seepage through the dam, streamflow in and out of the lake, and changes in lake storage. Geochemical data used to calculate the ground-water flow components were major ions, trace elements, and the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. During the study, the potentiometric level of the Coconino aquifer was above the lake level at the upstream end of the lake and below the lake level at the downstream end. Hydrologic and geochemical data indicate that about 10 percent and 8 percent, respectively, of the water in the lake is ground-water inflow and that about 35 percent of the water in the Little Colorado River 6 miles downgradient from the lake near Salado Springs is ground water. These independent estimates of ground-water flow derived from each approach are in agreement and support a conceptual model of the water budget.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage","conferenceDate":"22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628116","usgsCitation":"Hjalmarson, H., and Robertson, F.N., 1991, Hydrologic and geochemical approaches for determining ground-water flow components, Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Honolulu, HI, USA, 22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991, p. 267-274.","startPage":"267","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3546e4b0c8380cd5fdc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, F. N.","contributorId":66737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016627,"text":"70016627 - 1991 - Effect of channelization of Rio Puerto Nuevo on ground-water levels in the San Juan metropolitan area, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70016627","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effect of channelization of Rio Puerto Nuevo on ground-water levels in the San Juan metropolitan area, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Channelization and concrete lining of the Rio Puerto Nuevo and its tributaries in the San Juan Metropolitan area has been proposed to control flooding in low lying areas adjacent to the stream. Concern about the effect of these channel modifications on the ground-water system prompted the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to conduct an investigation of surface-water and ground-water interactions in the Rio Puerto Nuevo basin in 1988. A principal objective of this investigation was to determine the potential effect of channelization of the Rio Puerto Nuevo on ground-water levels.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage","conferenceDate":"22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628116","usgsCitation":"Padilla, I., 1991, Effect of channelization of Rio Puerto Nuevo on ground-water levels in the San Juan metropolitan area, Puerto Rico, Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Honolulu, HI, USA, 22 July 1991 through 26 July 1991, p. 168-169.","startPage":"168","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05c9e4b0c8380cd50f65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Padilla, Ingrid","contributorId":39247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Padilla","given":"Ingrid","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5224522,"text":"5224522 - 1991 - Band reporting rates for mallards with reward bands of different dollar values","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-02T16:31:35.373395","indexId":"5224522","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Band reporting rates for mallards with reward bands of different dollar values","docAbstract":"Adult male mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were banded in summer 1987 with reward bands of different dollar values (0-$400) to determine the lowest dollar value that would yield a reporting rate approaching 1.0. During the 1987-88 and 1988-89 hunting seasons, rewards of between 50 and $100 were required to yield a reporting rate near 1.0. We estimated reporting rate of standard bands to be 0.32. Reward bands with 5 and $10 values produced reporting rates that were 1.5-2.0 times as large as those of standard bands. We developed a linear-logistic model to predict reporting rate as a function of the dollar value of reward bands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809248","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J.D., Blohm, R.J., Reynolds, R.E., Trost, R.E., Hines, J.E., and Bladen, J.P., 1991, Band reporting rates for mallards with reward bands of different dollar values: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 55, no. 1, p. 119-126, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809248.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"126","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196122,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Manitoba, Saskatchewan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.94065842013259,\n 60.07447191699069\n ],\n [\n -109.94065842013259,\n 49.072399839653144\n ],\n [\n -94.59611396634088,\n 49.072399839653144\n ],\n [\n -94.59611396634088,\n 60.07447191699069\n ],\n [\n -109.94065842013259,\n 60.07447191699069\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64a9bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":919993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blohm, Robert J.","contributorId":202242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blohm","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36385,"text":"Division of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service, Retired, Bowie, MD 20715, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":919994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, Ronald E.","contributorId":174572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":919995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trost, Robert E.","contributorId":114181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trost","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":919996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":919997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bladen, Judith P.","contributorId":26773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bladen","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":919998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016732,"text":"70016732 - 1991 - Gravitational circulation in a tidal strait","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T13:19:16","indexId":"70016732","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Gravitational circulation in a tidal strait","docAbstract":"Eight months of continuous measurements of tidal current profiles with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) were made in Carquinez Strait, California, during 1988 for the purpose of estimating long-term variations in vertical profiles of Eulerian residual currents. Salinity stratification near the ADCP deployment site also was analyzed. The strength of density-driven gravitational circulation and the amount of salinity stratification in the strait varied significantly over the spring-neap tidal cycle. Density currents and stratification were greater during neap tides when vertical mixing from the tide is at a minimum. Landward residual currents along the bottom were observed only during neap tides. Simulations made with a three-dimensional model to supplement the field measurements show a significant, tidally induced lateral variation in residual currents across the strait. The Stokes drift of 1-2 cm/s in the strait is small relative to the speed of gravitational currents.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991","conferenceLocation":"Nashville, TN, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628167","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.E., Cheng, R.T., Burau, J., and Simpson, M., 1991, Gravitational circulation in a tidal strait, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA, 29 July 1991 through 2 August 1991, p. 429-434.","startPage":"429","endPage":"434","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29f1e4b0c8380cd5ad82","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Shane Richard M.","contributorId":128320,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Shane Richard M.","id":536345,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Smith, P. E.","contributorId":42951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simpson, M.R.","contributorId":105340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":33302,"text":"b1991 - 1991 - Late Quaternary faulting along the Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-29T20:15:42.441301","indexId":"b1991","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1991","title":"Late Quaternary faulting along the Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"The Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system, in California and Nevada, has a variety of impressive late Quaternary neotectonic features that record a long history of recurrent earthquake-induced faulting. Although no neotectonic features of unequivocal historical age are known, paleoseismic features from multiple late Quaternary events of surface faulting are well developed throughout the length of the system. Comparison of scarp heights to amount of horizontal offset of stream channels and the relationships of both scarps and channels to the ages of different geomorphic surfaces demonstrate that Quaternary faulting along the northwest-trending Furnace Creek fault zone is predominantly right lateral, whereas that along the north-trending Death Valley fault zone is predominantly normal. These observations are compatible with tectonic models of Death Valley as a northwest-trending pull-apart basin.
The largest late Quaternary scarps along the Furnace Creek fault zone, with vertical separation of late Pleistocene surfaces of as much as 64 m (meters), are in Fish Lake Valley. Despite the predominance of normal faulting along the Death Valley fault zone, vertical offset of late Pleistocene surfaces along the Death Valley fault zone apparently does not exceed about 15 m.
Evidence for four to six separate late Holocene faulting events along the Furnace Creek fault zone and three or more late Holocene events along the Death Valley fault zone are indicated by rupturing of Q1B (about 200-2,000 years old) geomorphic surfaces. Probably the youngest neotectonic feature observed along the Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system, possibly historic in age, is vegetation lineaments in southernmost Fish Lake Valley. Near-historic faulting in Death Valley, within several kilometers south of Furnace Creek Ranch, is represented by (1) a 2,000-year-old lake shoreline that is cut by sinuous scarps, and (2) a system of young scarps with free-faceted faces (representing several faulting events) that cuts Q1B surfaces.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1991","usgsCitation":"Brogan, G.E., Kellogg, K.S., Slemmons, D.B., and Terhune, C.L., 1991, Late Quaternary faulting along the Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1991, Report: iv, 23 p.; 4 Plates: 37.48 x 43.15 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1991.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 23 p.; 4 Plates: 37.48 x 43.15 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414913,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23504.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":340510,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1991/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":340509,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1991/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":266242,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1991/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":268908,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1991/b1991.jpg"},{"id":340512,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1991/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":340511,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1991/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley-Furnace Creek fault system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.672,\n 37.862\n ],\n [\n -118.233,\n 37.862\n ],\n [\n -118.233,\n 35.9\n ],\n [\n -116.672,\n 35.9\n ],\n [\n -116.672,\n 37.862\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8af8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brogan, George E.","contributorId":51741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brogan","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S. 0000-0002-6536-9066 kkellogg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-9066","contributorId":1206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl","email":"kkellogg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slemmons, D. Burton","contributorId":191421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Slemmons","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Burton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Terhune, Christina L.","contributorId":21413,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Terhune","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26212,"text":"wri854276 - 1991 - Water availability and quality from the stratified drift in Anguilla Brook basin, Stonington and North Stonington, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-23T16:37:27.433286","indexId":"wri854276","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4276","title":"Water availability and quality from the stratified drift in Anguilla Brook basin, Stonington and North Stonington, Connecticut","docAbstract":"The valley of Anguilla Brook is underlain by saturated stratified-drift deposits that, where thick and transmissive, have the potential to yield large quantities of ground water. These deposits are collectively termed the Anguilla Brook aquifer. Long-term yields of four subareas within this aquifer are estimated to range from less than 0.3 to 1.0 million gallons per day. The total yield of all four subareas is estimated to be 2.6 million gallons per day. These yield estimates are based on using the 90-percent duration flow of Anguilla Brook as an index of the water potentially available and on maximum sustainable pumping rates calculated by a mathematical model that used the Theis nonequilibrium equation and image well theory. Development of one or more subareas assumes that most ground water would be derived from induced recharge. This would reduce the flow of Anguilla Brook, and the effect will be most significant during periods when streamflow is low.
Limited sampling and analysis indicate that the quality of both surface and ground water in the Anguilla Brook basin is excellent. The concentrations of all constituents analyzed, with the exception of dissolved manganese and iron, were below the drinking-water limits established by the State of Connecticut, or recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854276","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Stonington, Connecticut","usgsCitation":"Bingham, J.W., 1991, Water availability and quality from the stratified drift in Anguilla Brook basin, Stonington and North Stonington, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4276, Report: vii, 49 p.; 1 Plate: 19.81 x 23.75 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854276.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 49 p.; 1 Plate: 19.81 x 23.75 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158444,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4276/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55009,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4276/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":413233,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4276/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Stonington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.81906245163847,\n 41.32106840903663\n ],\n [\n -71.81906245163847,\n 41.462592310937424\n ],\n [\n -71.94986963909723,\n 41.462592310937424\n ],\n [\n -71.94986963909723,\n 41.32106840903663\n ],\n [\n -71.81906245163847,\n 41.32106840903663\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa39a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bingham, James W.","contributorId":36939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bingham","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}