Previous paleomagnetic studies of accreted oceanic rocks within the Franciscan Complex of northern California have concluded that these rocks originated far to the south of their present positions with respect to the North American continent. Based on positive “fold” tests, the characteristic remanent magnetizations were inferred to predate accretion-related deformation and metamorphism, and to have been acquired during or soon after deposition of these rocks. Thus, the paleomagnetic data were thought to provide direct information on ancient oceanic plate motions. However, the plate motions implied by some of these paleomagnetic data are problematic (e.g., exceptional plate velocities), and uniform-polarity magnetizations in almost all of these rocks indicate the possibility of remagnetization. Recent work on oceanic rocks in similar subduction complexes of Japan and Mexico have shown that they were most likely chemically remagnetized during accretion prior to disruption of the original stratigraphic sequences. Modern analogs indicate that the oceanic rocks in Mexico were probably remagnetized while still part of a shallow-dipping subducting slab (<10°) at the base of an accretionary prism. Assuming these rocks were near horizontal at the time of remagnetization, paleolatitudes at which these rocks were subducted and subsequent arc-parallel displacements along the western margin of North America can be inferred. In this paper, Franciscan rocks in northern California are reinterpreted as also having been remagnetized prior to accretion-related deformation. This scenario satisfies both geologic and paleomagnetic constraints for these rocks, and resolves conflicts between data indicating both remagnetization and tectonic displacement. Transport of the Laytonville Limestone from the southern hemisphere is not required. Paleolatitudes of subduction and remagnetization in the northern hemisphere (12° to 33°) appear to be inversely proportional to age of accretion (middle Cretaceous to Oligocene) for the Franciscan rocks. Subsequent northward diplacements (800 to 3700 km) and clockwise rotations (56° and 154°) of these rocks inferred from the paleomagnetic data are consistent with potential displacements along the western margin of North America during late Mesozoic and Cenozoic time calculated using examples of modern subduction zones and current plate reconstruction models.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TC009i005p01221","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Hagstrum, J.T., 1990, Remagnetization and northward coastwise transport of Franciscan Complex rocks, northern California: A reinterpretation of the paleomagnetic data: Tectonics, v. 9, no. 5, p. 1221-1233, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC009i005p01221.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1221","endPage":"1233","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223352,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"northern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.13609326368268,\n 42.305003717566734\n ],\n [\n -125.13609326368268,\n 37.23035631411469\n ],\n [\n -121.33854660219356,\n 37.23035631411469\n ],\n [\n -121.33854660219356,\n 42.305003717566734\n ],\n [\n -125.13609326368268,\n 42.305003717566734\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6c0e4b0c8380cd85024","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hagstrum, Jonathan T. 0000-0002-0689-280X jhag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-280X","contributorId":3474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagstrum","given":"Jonathan","email":"jhag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222792,"text":"5222792 - 1990 - Breeding biology and nesting success of palila","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-24T13:49:05.715915","indexId":"5222792","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:10","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding biology and nesting success of palila","docAbstract":"We studied the breeding biology of Palila (Loxioides bailleui ) at 85 nests from 20 April to 14 September 1988. Eggs were laid over a 139-day period and incubation averaged 16.6 days. The female incubated 85.2% of daylight hours and males fed incubating females. Modal clutch size was 2 (x super(-) = 2.0) and an average of 1.4 nestlings fledged per successful nest. Nestlings were in the nest an average of 25.3 days. Both females and males fed nestlings with the rate of feeding decreasing as the nestlings grew older. Palila nesting success was 25%, reduced primarily by hatching failure and depredation of nestlings. Hatching failure, due to inviable eggs or desertion, occurred in 41% of nests with eggs (55% of nest mortality). Egg depredation was rare (5% of nest mortality). Inbreeding and low food availability are postulated as the major causes for poor hatching success.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1368737","usgsCitation":"Pletschet, S., and Kelly, J., 1990, Breeding biology and nesting success of palila: Condor, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1012-1021, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368737.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1012","endPage":"1021","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":503121,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol92/iss4/21","text":"External Repository"},{"id":196281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674fec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pletschet, S.M.","contributorId":8960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pletschet","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelly, J.F.","contributorId":96234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222497,"text":"5222497 - 1990 - The influence of social and endocrine factors on urine-marking by captive wolves (Canis lupus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:49","indexId":"5222497","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:10","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1907,"text":"Hormones and Behavior","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of social and endocrine factors on urine-marking by captive wolves (Canis lupus)","docAbstract":"Although serum hormones varied seasonally in all adult animals, only dominant male and female wolves urine-marked. Serum testosterone and urine-marking rates, which increased during the fall/winter breeding season, were positively correlated in both male and female dominant wolves. Estradiol, which increased in conjunction with proestrus and estrus, was not correlated with female urine-marking. These findings suggest that hormonal influence on urine-marking in the wolf is modulated by social factors and contrast with those for both domestic dogs and coyotes, two other members of the genus Canis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hormones and Behavior","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0018-506X(90)90038-Y","usgsCitation":"Asa, C.S., Mech, L., Seal, U., and Plotka, E., 1990, The influence of social and endocrine factors on urine-marking by captive wolves (Canis lupus): Hormones and Behavior, v. 24, no. 4, p. 497-509, https://doi.org/10.1016/0018-506X(90)90038-Y.","productDescription":"497-509","startPage":"497","endPage":"509","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":18005,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0018-506X(90)90038-Y","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":196722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d506","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asa, C. S.","contributorId":34615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asa","given":"C.","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal, U.S.","contributorId":40564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seal","given":"U.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plotka, E.D.","contributorId":89248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plotka","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222338,"text":"5222338 - 1990 - Comparisons of patch-use models for wintering American tree sparrows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T16:23:05","indexId":"5222338","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:10","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparisons of patch-use models for wintering American tree sparrows","docAbstract":"Optimal foraging theory has stimulated numerous theoretical and empirical studies of foraging behavior for >20 years. These models provide a valuable tool for studying the foraging behavior of an organism. As with any other tool, the models are most effective when properly used. For example, to obtain a robust test of a foraging model, Stephens and Krebs (1986) recommend experimental designs in which four questions are answered in the affirmative. First, do the foragers play the same \"game\" as the model? Sec- ond, are the assumptions of the model met? Third, does the test rule out alternative possibilities? Finally, are the appropriate variables measured? Negative an- swers to any of these questions could invalidate the model and lead to confusion over the usefulness of foraging theory in conducting ecological studies.
Gaines (1989) attempted to determine whether American Tree Sparrows (Spizella arborea) foraged by a time (Krebs 1973) or number expectation rule (Gibb 1962), or in a manner consistent with the predictions of Charnov's (1976) marginal value theorem (MVT). Gaines (1989: 118) noted appropriately that field tests of foraging models frequently involve uncontrollable circumstances; thus, it is often difficult to meet the assumptions of the models. Gaines also states (1989: 118) that \"violations of the assumptions are also in- formative but do not constitute robust tests of predicted hypotheses,\" and that \"the problem can be avoided by experimental analyses which concurrently test mutually exclusive hypotheses so that alter- native predictions will be eliminated if falsified.\" There is a problem with this approach because, when major assumptions of models are not satisfied, it is not justifiable to compare a predator's foraging behavior with the model's predictions. I submit that failing to follow the advice offered by Stephens and Krebs (1986) can invalidate tests of foraging models.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Tome, M., 1990, Comparisons of patch-use models for wintering American tree sparrows: The Auk, v. 107, no. 1, p. 210-211.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"210","endPage":"211","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341171,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4087827"}],"volume":"107","issue":"1","publicComments":"This commentary is in response to the following publication: Gaines, S. 1989. Comparisons of patch-use models for wintering American Tree Sparrows. Auk 106: 118-123","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa44d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tome, M.W.","contributorId":13923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tome","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222409,"text":"5222409 - 1990 - Capture-recapture estimation of prebreeding survival rate for birds exhibiting delayed maturation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:39","indexId":"5222409","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:08","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Capture-recapture estimation of prebreeding survival rate for birds exhibiting delayed maturation","docAbstract":"Many species of seabirds exhibit delayed maturity and do not return to the natal colony to breed for several years after fledging. Capture-recapture studies are frequently conducted at such breeding colonies and often include marking of young birds. However, because of the absence of these birds from the natal colony during the first few years after banding, the data do not fit neatly into existing capture-recapture models. Here we present a method for estimating prebreeding survival rate from capture-recapture studies on species exhibiting such patterns of delayed maturation. We illustrate the method using data from a capture-recapture study of Roseate Terns (Sterna dougallii ) on Falkner Island, Connecticut. The method appears to work well and emphasizes the potential to tailor capture-recapture models to specific field situations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., Spendelow, J., and Hines, J., 1990, Capture-recapture estimation of prebreeding survival rate for birds exhibiting delayed maturation: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 61, no. 3, p. 347-354.","productDescription":"347-354","startPage":"347","endPage":"354","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17975,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v061n03/p0347-p0354.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f6909","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spendelow, J. A. 0000-0001-8167-0898","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":72478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222355,"text":"5222355 - 1990 - Ecology, behavior, and conservation of the Poo-uli (Melamprosops phaeosoma)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:36","indexId":"5222355","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:08","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecology, behavior, and conservation of the Poo-uli (Melamprosops phaeosoma)","docAbstract":"Studies of the population density, habitat structure, foraging behavior, and activity budgets of the Poo-uli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) were conducted intermittently between 1973 and 1985 in a 50-ha study area in the upper Hanawi watershed, island of Maui, Hawaii. Poo-uli have apparently declined in density on this site by 80% from 1975 to 1981 and by 90% from 1975 to 1985. During this period, pig activity, as indexed by ground cover disturbance, increased 473%. Compared to values in the range of the Poo-uli, pig activity was 9-24 times greater in two adjacent out-of-range areas. Poo-uli most frequently foraged from 4-7 m height on ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha), olapa (Cheirodendron trigynum), ohelo (Vaccinium calycinum), and kanawao (Broussaisia arguta) in decreasing frequency; feeding on kanawao was significantly more frequent than random expectation. Chief food items were land snails and insects. Most prey were captured on branches from under moss, lichen, and bark by gleaning, probing, and pecking. Birds spent 48% of their daylight hours foraging and 30% quietly perching. Poo-uli frequently formed small mixed-species flocks, usually with Maui Creepers (Puroreomyza montana), that probably facilitated predator avoidance and foraging efficiency. The major limiting factors at present appear to be habitat modification from feral pigs (Sus scrofa), predation, avian disease, interspecific competition from the introduced garlic snail (Oxychilus alliarius), and possibly gene pool impoverishment. Control of pigs is recommended.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Mountainspring, S., Casey, T., Kepler, C.B., and Scott, J.M., 1990, Ecology, behavior, and conservation of the Poo-uli (Melamprosops phaeosoma): The Wilson Bulletin, v. 102, no. 1, p. 109-122.","productDescription":"109-122","startPage":"109","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17972,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v102n01/p0109-p0122.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"102","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625c7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mountainspring, Stephen","contributorId":22450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mountainspring","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casey, T.L.C.","contributorId":30703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"T.L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kepler, C. B.","contributorId":62548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kepler","given":"C.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221816,"text":"5221816 - 1990 - Raptor road surveys in South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:50","indexId":"5221816","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:05","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Raptor road surveys in South America","docAbstract":"Twenty-six (23 traveling and three point) raptor roadside surveys were conducted during a 29,000 km expedition through nine nations of South America. During roadside surveys, we tallied 41 of the 87 (47%) diurnal raptor species (including vultures) that occur in South America. The number of species observed per route varied from 17 in the wet savanna of Venezuela to only two species recorded in the harsh Atacama Desert and the dry montane grasslands of Chile and Peru. Raptor density (non-vultures) varied from 1 per 67 km in the Atacama Desert to more than 1 per km in agricultural areas where caracaras and other species that utilize disturbed habitats were common. Responses of raptor communities to deforestation and other habitat disturbances are discussed. While certain habitat modifications potentially increase raptor abundance and diversity, the alteration of primary forest has the opposite effect, at least on diversity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Glinski, R., and Smith, D., 1990, Raptor road surveys in South America: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 24, no. 4, p. 98-106.","productDescription":"98-106","startPage":"98","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17872,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/jrr/v024n04/p00098-p00106.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":197428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634257","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glinski, R.L.","contributorId":24458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glinski","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, D.G.","contributorId":49393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222830,"text":"5222830 - 1990 - Flexible models for analysing ring recovery data to estimate survival rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:12","indexId":"5222830","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:05","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3298,"text":"Ring","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flexible models for analysing ring recovery data to estimate survival rates","docAbstract":"We describe MULT, a flexible procedure for analysing ring recovery data. The procedure starts with parametric structures similar to, but more general than, those described by Brownie et al. (1985). Particular models, including those in Brownie et al. (1965), can be obtained by imposing constraints on the general parametric structures. Examples of models that are available in MULT include: analysis of ringing data when no birds are ringed in some years; analysis of twice-yearly ringing to estimate interval survivorship; and analysis of ringing data when survivorship is hypothesised to be a function of a covariate measured annually. We use North American ringings of Atlantic Brant (Branta bernicla hrota), Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and Ring-necked Ducks (Aythya collaris) to illustrate the above models. MULT is a menu-driven, IBM-PC compatible program, and is available from the second author.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ring","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Conroy, M., and Hines, J., 1990, Flexible models for analysing ring recovery data to estimate survival rates: Ring, v. 13, no. 1-2, p. 173-192.","productDescription":"173-192","startPage":"173","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e74c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222577,"text":"5222577 - 1990 - Modeling and the management of migratory birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-16T16:48:48.914407","indexId":"5222577","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:11","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2827,"text":"Natural Resource Modeling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling and the management of migratory birds","docAbstract":"Mathematical modeling of migratory bird populations is reviewed in the context of migratory bird management. We focus on dynamic models of waterfowl, since most management-oriented migratory bird models concern waterfowl species. We describe the management context for these modeling efforts, with a focus on large-scale operational data collection programs and on processes by which waterfowl harvest is regulated and waterfowl habitats are protected and managed. Through their impacts on key population parameters such as recruitment and survival rate, these activities can influence population dynamics, thereby providing managers some measure of control over the status of populations. Recent applications of the modeling of waterfowl are described in terms of objectives, mathematical structures, and contributions to management. Finally, we discuss research needs and data limitations in migratory bird modeling, and offer suggestions to increase the value to managers of future modeling efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-7445.1990.tb00211.x","usgsCitation":"Williams, B.K., and Nichols, J., 1990, Modeling and the management of migratory birds: Natural Resource Modeling, v. 4, no. 3, p. 273-311, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-7445.1990.tb00211.x.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"311","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-06-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, B. Kenneth","contributorId":107798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222326,"text":"5222326 - 1990 - Brain cholinesterase inhibition in songbirds from pecan groves sprayed with phosaline and disulfoton","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-10T22:49:05.754436","indexId":"5222326","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:40","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brain cholinesterase inhibition in songbirds from pecan groves sprayed with phosaline and disulfoton","docAbstract":"Brain cholinesterase (ChE) activities of songbirds collected in pecan groves 6 to 7 hr after separate applications of the organophosphorus pesticides, phosalone and disulfoton, were compared to mean ChE activities of controls (normals) as a measure of insecticide exposure. In general, reduction of brain ChE activity ≥2 standard deviations below the control mean indicates exposure to an anticholinesterase compound. Phosalone had little effect on brain ChE activity of birds from treated groves; only slight to moderate (21 to 38%) ChE inhibition was detected in blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and red-bellied woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus). However, 11 of 15 blue jays from disulfoton-treated groves had moderate to severe ChE depression, ranging from 32 to 72%. Inhibition ≥50% of normal may be diagnostic for cause of death. Direct mortality was not observed, but studies have shown that bird carcasses disappear rapidly from agricultural areas, many within 24 hr. We recommend additional field studies of the effects of disulfoton to wildlife, since large wheat-growing areas in the western United States are being considered for disulfoton treatment to control the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia).
Detailed planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy from eight measured sections of Cretaceous limestone near Laytonville, California, indicates a composite sequence that extends in age from late Albian to early Turonian. The sequence contains seven biozones and two subzones based on the first and last appearance datums of planktonic foraminifers examined in thin section. Unequivocal biostratigraphic facing directions show four sections are right side up and four are reversed, and confirm the stratigraphic polarity employed in the paleomagnetic studies of Alvarez et al. (1980) and Tarduno et al. (1986). Temporal changes in the microfauna deviate from the global trend. Early Albian through early Cenomanian planktonic foraminiferal assemblages dominated by opportunistic, eurytopic species of Hedbergella and Globigerinelloides give way in the late Cenomanian to assemblages containing more abundant larger, heavily ornamented stenotopic species of Rotalipora and Praeglobotruncana typical of stratified Tethyan oceans. Radiolarian replacement chert increases slightly in the late Albian to early Cenomanian part of the Laytonville sequence and then decreases in the late Cenomanian and early Turonian. Benthic foraminifers show a similar decrease in abundance and diversity. We propose that this complex of biogenic and lithogenic patterns records transit via oceanic plate motion from a depositional site in the southern part of the paleoequatorial zone of high productivity, characterized by pronounced upwelling and habitat destabilization, perhaps augmented by topographic upwelling, to the central part of the equatorial zone dominated by biogenic calcite deposition. Our model of northward transit from below the equator supports the paleomagnetic determinations of Alvarez et al. (1980) and Tarduno et al. (1986). Arrival at the paleoequator coincided with the onset of stratification in the world ocean during the middle Cenomanian, indicated by the diversification of the more complex rotaliporids, and the subsequent intensification of oxygen-depleted intermediate waters in the latest Cenomanian to early Turonian. Two pulses in heterohelicid abundance signify the onset or intensification of an oxygen-minimum layer if Cretaceous heterohelicids occupied habitats analagous to Tertiary biserial heterohelicids. The first pulse beginning in the middle Cenomanian Rotalipora reicheli Zone may indicate a minor expansion of the oxygen-minimum zone or regional upwelling due to transit of the site beneath the equatorial divergence. The second pulse in the late Cenomanian Dicarinella algeriana Subzone signals the onset of upwelling of deeper oceanic water masses that characterized the succeeding Whiteinella archaeocretacea Zone. Organic-rich black shales typical of the Whiteinella archaeocretacea Zone are missing at Laytonville, although samples do contain the low-diversity, partially dissolved, planktonic assemblages that characterize this zone. The lack of black shales suggests that deposition occurred at depths greater than the oxygen-depleted intermediate water depths or alternately indicates paleoceanographic conditions unique to the Pacific.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Unioin","doi":"10.1029/PA005i005p00639","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Sliter, W., and Premoli-Silva, I., 1990, Age and origin of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifers from limestone of the Franciscan Complex near Laytonville, California: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, v. 5, no. 5, p. 639-667, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA005i005p00639.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"667","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Laytonville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.50974473133084,\n 39.70623112138989\n ],\n [\n -123.50974473133084,\n 39.67568956784936\n ],\n [\n -123.4576419861218,\n 39.67568956784936\n ],\n [\n -123.4576419861218,\n 39.70623112138989\n ],\n [\n -123.50974473133084,\n 39.70623112138989\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8dee4b0c8380cd47f20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sliter, W.V.","contributorId":38997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"W.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Premoli-Silva, I.","contributorId":65222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premoli-Silva","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5230200,"text":"5230200 - 1990 - Statistical inference for capture-recapture experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T11:41:40","indexId":"5230200","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Statistical inference for capture-recapture experiments","docAbstract":"This monograph presents a detailed, practical exposition on the design, analysis, and interpretation of capture-recapture studies. The Lincoln-Petersen model (Chapter 2) and the closed population models (Chapter 3) are presented only briefly because these models have been covered in detail elsewhere. The Jolly- Seber open population model, which is central to the monograph, is covered in detail in Chapter 4.
\nIn Chapter 5 we consider the \"enumeration\" or \"calendar of captures\" approach, which is widely used by mammalogists and other vertebrate ecologists. We strongly recommend that it be abandoned in favor of analyses based on the Jolly-Seber model. We consider 2 restricted versions of the Jolly-Seber model. We believe the first of these, which allows losses (mortality or emigration) but not additions (births or immigration), is likely to be useful in practice. Another series of restrictive models requires the assumptions of a constant survival rate or a constant survival rate and a constant capture rate for the duration of the study. Detailed examples are given that illustrate the usefulness of these restrictions. There often can be a substantial gain in precision over Jolly-Seber estimates. In Chapter 5 we also consider 2 generalizations of the Jolly-Seber model. The temporary trap response model allows newly marked animals to have different survival and capture rates for 1 period. The other generalization is the cohort Jolly-Seber model. Ideally all animals would be marked as young, and age effects considered by using the Jolly-Seber model on each cohort separately. In Chapter 6 we present a detailed description of an age-dependent Jolly-Seber model, which can be used when 2 or more identifiable age classes are marked.
\nIn Chapter 7 we present a detailed description of the \"robust\" design. Under this design each primary period contains several secondary sampling periods. We propose an estimation procedure based on closed and open population models that allows for heterogeneity and trap response of capture rates (hence the name robust design). We begin by considering just 1 age class and then extend to 2 age classes. When there are 2 age classes it is possible to distinguish immigrants and births. In Chapter 8 we give a detailed discussion of the design of capture-recapture studies. First, capture-recapture is compared to other possible sampling procedures. Next, the design of capture-recapture studies to minimize assumption violations is considered. Finally, we consider the precision of parameter estimates and present figures on proportional standard errors for a variety of initial parameter values to aid the biologist about to plan a study.
\nA new program, JOLLY, has been written to accompany the material on the Jolly-Seber model (Chapter 4) and its extensions (Chapter 5). Another new program, JOLLYAGE, has been written for a special case of the age-dependent model (Chapter 6) where there are only 2 age classes. In Chapter 9 a brief description of the different versions of the 2 programs is given. Chapter 10 gives a brief description of some alternative approaches that were not considered in this monograph. We believe that an excellent overall view of capture- recapture models may be obtained by reading the monograph by White et al. (1982) emphasizing closed models and then reading this monograph where we concentrate on open models. The important recent monograph by Burnham et al. (1987) could then be read if there were interest in the comparison of different populations.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Pollock, K.H., Nichols, J., Brownie, C., and Hines, J., 1990, Statistical inference for capture-recapture experiments, v. 107, 97 p.","productDescription":"97 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"95","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292080,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3830560"}],"volume":"107","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e1fe7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":343719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brownie, Cavell","contributorId":98774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownie","given":"Cavell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":343720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210543,"text":"5210543 - 1990 - Wood duck population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:18","indexId":"5210543","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Wood duck population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","docAbstract":"The North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) has been conducted yearly since 1966, and can be used to describe relative population density and trends of birds in North America north of Mexico. Wood ducks (Air sponsa) are difficult to survey using conventional waterfowl monitoring techniques, but a large portion of their range is surveyed by the BBS. Wood ducks are detected at low densities on many BBS routes, and population trends can be estimated for most regions. Populations have been increasing throughout North America since 1966, but statistically significant increases generally occurred only in the early (1966-78) part of the period. Roadside survey methodology used in the BBS has limitations that make it inefficient as a survey technique for wood ducks, and we recommend using modified methodologies that specifically survey wood duck habitat.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 1988 North American Wood Duck Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"St. Louis, MO","collaboration":"Published by the Symposium.","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., and Droege, S., 1990, Wood duck population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, chap. of The 1988 North American Wood Duck Symposium, p. 225-231.","productDescription":"xv, 390","startPage":"225","endPage":"231","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69816a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Fredrickson, Leigh H.","contributorId":55874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredrickson","given":"Leigh","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506642,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burger, George V.","contributorId":113575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506645,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Havera, Stephen P.","contributorId":111761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Havera","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506644,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graber, David A.","contributorId":114127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graber","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506646,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirby, Ronald E. ronald_kirby@usgs.gov","contributorId":195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Ronald","email":"ronald_kirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":506641,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, T. Scott","contributorId":82366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506643,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6}],"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":328661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210599,"text":"5210599 - 1990 - Estimation of annual indices from roadside surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5210599","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"Estimation of annual indices from roadside surveys","docAbstract":"Most of the surveys presently used to estimate population trends on a large geographic scale depend upon repeated visits to a number of randomly selected routes or monitoring points. As these surveys cannot be analyzed by modeling annual mean densities among routes within a region, no natural annual index of population density exists for the region. We discuss two possible methodologies for estimating annual indices of abundance. In the context of the route-regression methodology, in which trends are estimated for each route and regional population trends are estimated as weighted averages of route trends, it is possible to find average residual distances between the predicted trends on each route and the actual data points. Adding these average residuals to the regional predicted values provides a measure of average distance from the actual data points to the predicted trends. A linear model approach can also be used to estimate annual indices, in which a regional slope parameter can be fit to the data in combination with annual effects. Bootstrapping can be used to provide some measure of the variability of these annual effects. These methods provide similar results in an example using Breeding Bird Survey data for scissor-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannlls forficatus) trends in Arkansas and Oklahoma.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Survey Designs and Statistical Methods for the Estimation of Avian Population Trends","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","collaboration":" PDF on file: see 3990_Sauer.pdf 9.5 MB","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., and Geissler, P., 1990, Estimation of annual indices from roadside surveys: Biological Report, v, 166.","productDescription":"v, 166","startPage":"58","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbbcf","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506782,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506781,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geissler, P.H.","contributorId":24038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016315,"text":"70016315 - 1990 - Role of heat and detachment in continental extension as viewed from the eastern basin and range province in Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-20T15:04:57.5811","indexId":"70016315","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of heat and detachment in continental extension as viewed from the eastern basin and range province in Arizona","docAbstract":"The Bill Williams River area of west-central Arizona includes not only the Rawhide-Buckskin metamorphic core complex, which is part of the lower Colorado River highly extended terrane (HET), but also the boundary between the extended terranes of the Basin and Range Province and the less deformed Arizona Transition Zone/Colorado Plateau. This provides important constraints on models that address the mechanisms for the mid- to late Tertiary deformation.
Three phases of extension are present. The oldest is the extension associated with core-complex tectonism, which characteristically shows a lower plate composed of lineated mylonitic gneiss overlain by a detachment fault that is regionally nearly horizontal but undulates at the local scale. The fault in turn is overlain by an upper plate that includes Precambrian basement rocks, recrystallized Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, Mesozoic(?) metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of greenschist facies, and unaltered to hydrothermally altered syntectonic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Miocene age. The upper plate is cut by closely spaced faults of modest structural relief that strike northwest and strongly rotate intervening blocks to face southwest. Most of these faults do not penetrate below the detachment fault. Fault spacing increases, and rotation decreases, to the northeast, away from the trace of the detachment. The second phase consists of “classic” Basin-Range high-angle normal faults that strike about north and have wide spacing, high structural relief, and modest rotation of blocks. These faults have no consistent direction of displacement and so produced horst and graben that form the ranges and basins visible today. This phase is locally superposed on Phase I, and also extends in more subdued form into the Transition Zone/Colorado Plateau. The third phase consists of tectonic quiescence and is present everywhere except parts of the Transition Zone that are still active seismically.
The first phase occurred in the early and middle Miocene and was accompanied by deposition of syntectonic fluviolacustrine rocks (Suite I); the second (middle to late Miocene) was marked by interior-basin deposits (Suite II); the third (latest Miocene through Quaternary) is characterized by deposits related to through-flowing drainage.
The phases grade into each other and thus are likely to be genetically related. Tectonic models must take into account not only the geographic distribution of deformation at any one time but also the time-dependent succession of deformation at any one place. A model proposed in this paper attempts to do this.
The model is thermotectonic. A heating event in the lower crust, (basaltic intrusion, asthenospheric upwelling) combined with stretching, causes a sharp thermal front to rise within the crust. Embedded within the front is an “isotherm” that marks the brittle-ductile transition. As the front rises, it leaves behind a trail of shear zones, each marking a locus of preferred failure defined by mechanical or physical properties, or combinations thereof. The highest shear zone, now preserved in fossil form as the “detachment”, occurs where the front impinges on the meteoric groundwater, a few km below the topographic surface. The water steepens the thermal gradient at the front, which it stabilizes. A convective hydrothermal circulation system is established, causing alteration and mineralization above the ductile-brittle transition, as well as pore overpressure that results in hydrofracturing (producing monolithologic breccias) and the sliding of gravity-glide sheets. During these events, extension is taking place by brittle failure in the upper plate and ductile deformation below the detachment. Simultaneously, the hottest areas (core complexes) are updomed, promoting drainage reversals and the sliding of breccias and glide sheets. All this occurred only in the hottest areas or “blisters”, now marked by the core complexes. Distal areas showed less or no deformation at the surface. With time and the waning of the thermal event, the thermal front, and thus the brittle-ductile transition, smoothed out and sank, again leaving a trail of shear zones. Phase 1 deformation ceased and was replaced by Phase 2 deformation that occurred over a much wider area. Eventually, the front sank so deep that surface deformation ceased. This illustrates how the style of deformation at the surface may be a measure of the depth to the brittle-ductile transition.
According to the thermotectonic model, extensional strain does not need to be constant along the detachment, in contrast to models involving simple shear through crustal-scale normal faults. On the contrary, one would expect strain to vary geographically as a function of maximum temperature attained, because of the well known relation between temperature and lithospheric strength. The thermotectonic model is also in good accord with geophysical characteristics of the Basin and Range Province, which suggests that extension was accompanied by intrusion of basalt into the lower crust, with consequent heating and anatexis.
Many studies in the U.S. and elsewhere support the model by showing that continental extension commonly is accompanied by near-surface temperatures corresponding to the brittle-ductile transition, by steep thermal gradients, and by hydrothemal convective systems.
A possible driving mechanism from the thermotectonic processes described by the model is the rise of asthenospheric domes or welts, which thin the lithosphere by subcrustal transfer while heating and stretching it. An asthenospheric welt that migrates northeastward while dying out might explain the encroachment of relatively subdued extension onto the Colorado Plateau, as well as the juxtaposition of compressive stress on the plateau with extensional stress in the adjacent Transition Zone and Basin and Range Province.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(90)90385-L","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, I., 1990, Role of heat and detachment in continental extension as viewed from the eastern basin and range province in Arizona: Tectonophysics, v. 174, no. 1-2, p. 77-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90385-L.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223417,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.11040219330253,\n 37.085662597227596\n ],\n [\n -114.10444816448911,\n 36.30512842639031\n ],\n [\n -114.8573799166903,\n 36.02538022975845\n ],\n [\n -114.71636098248497,\n 33.24395951089163\n ],\n [\n -114.79917492635654,\n 32.476304116176465\n ],\n [\n -111.10574232896127,\n 31.364458671785457\n ],\n [\n -109.03791293413464,\n 31.30894766509266\n ],\n [\n -109.03791293413464,\n 37.085662597227596\n ],\n [\n -114.11040219330253,\n 37.085662597227596\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"174","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae53e4b0c8380cd8708c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Ivo","contributorId":94291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Ivo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016328,"text":"70016328 - 1990 - Continental extension, magmatism and elevation; formal relations and rules of thumb","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-19T16:09:12.96884","indexId":"70016328","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continental extension, magmatism and elevation; formal relations and rules of thumb","docAbstract":"To investigate simplified relations between elevation and the extensional, magmatic and thermal processes that influence lithosphere buoyancy, we assume that the lithosphere floats on an asthenosphere of uniform density and has no flexural strength. A simple graph relating elevation to lithosphere density and thickness provides an overview of expectable conditions around the earth and a simple test for consistency of continental and oceanic lithosphere models. The mass-balance relations yield simple general rules for estimating elevation changes caused by various tectonic, magmatic and thermal processes without referring to detailed models. The rules are general because they depend principally on buoyancy, which under our assumptions is specified by elevation, a known quantity; they do not generally require a knowledge of lithosphere thickness and density.
The elevation of an extended terrain contains important information on its tectonic and magmatic history. In the Great Basin where Cenozoic extension is estimated to be 100%, the present high mean elevation ( ~ 1.75 km) probably requires substantial low-density magmatic contributions to the extending lithosphere. The elevation cannot be reasonably explained solely as the buoyant residue of a very high initial terrane, or of a lithosphere that was initially very thick and subsequently delaminated and heated. Even models with a high initial elevation typically call for 10 km or so of accumulated magmatic material of near-crustal density. To understand the evolution of the Great Basin, it is important to determine whether such intruded material is present; some could replenish the stretching crust by underplating and crustal intrusion and some might reside in the upper mantle. The elevation maintained or approached by an intruded extending lithosphere depends on the ratio B of how fast magma is supplied from the asthenosphere ( b km/Ma) to how fast the lithosphere spreads the magma out by extension (γ Ma−1). For a surface maintained 212km below sea level (e.g., an ocean ridge) B is about 5 km; for continental extension the ratio may be much greater. The frequent association of volcanism with continental extension, the high elevation (and buoyancy) of some appreciably extended terrains, and the oceanic spreading analog all suggest that magmatism may play an important role in continental extension. Better estimates of total extension and elevation change in extended regions can help to identify that role.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(90)90383-J","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A.H., and Morgan, P., 1990, Continental extension, magmatism and elevation; formal relations and rules of thumb: Tectonophysics, v. 174, no. 1-2, p. 39-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90383-J.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"62","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222845,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"174","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa50e4b0c8380cd4da3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, Arthur H.","contributorId":27850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, Paul","contributorId":219785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016306,"text":"70016306 - 1990 - Pre- and poststack migration of GLIMPCE reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-20T15:22:11.897571","indexId":"70016306","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pre- and poststack migration of GLIMPCE reflection data","docAbstract":"GLIMPCE deep Seismic reflection profiles across the Midcontinent Rift System beneath Lake Superior reveal a central asymmetric rift with an enormous thickness of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. True amplitude cmp-processing, poststack and prestack migration and forward modelling are used to improve images of steeply dipping faults, unconformities and other discontinuities in the deep Seismic data. With prestack migration important steeply dipping structural features of the Lake Superior data set are revealed for the first time. Improved images of high-angle normal faults, later reactivated as reverse faults, provide key structural information for understanding the evolution of the rift system. Results illustrate that structural interpretations of complex deep reflection records, such as those recorded by GLIMPCE, should always be based on migrated data. Furthermore, depth-migrated sections provide useful starting models for forward velocity modelling of seismic data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(90)90198-H","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Milkereit, B., Green, A., Lee, M.W., Agena, W., and Spencer, C., 1990, Pre- and poststack migration of GLIMPCE reflection data: Tectonophysics, v. 173, no. 1-4, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90198-H.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.43617296769838,\n 48.58360677785382\n ],\n [\n -93.04020968248834,\n 46.353058813831325\n ],\n [\n -88.62714596826777,\n 46.590878638779486\n ],\n [\n -84.16278015591955,\n 46.353058813831325\n ],\n [\n -84.55331362634769,\n 48.37707366937647\n ],\n [\n -87.80327103779952,\n 49.30505132120655\n ],\n [\n -89.43617296769838,\n 48.58360677785382\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"173","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a80bde4b0c8380cd7b18f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milkereit, Bernd","contributorId":62752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milkereit","given":"Bernd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, Alan G.","contributorId":80680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Alan G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Agena, Warren F.","contributorId":67079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agena","given":"Warren F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spencer, Carl","contributorId":27908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Carl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015954,"text":"70015954 - 1990 - Variations in fluvial deposition on an alluvial plain: An example from the Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene), southeastern Powder River Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T13:22:24.496678","indexId":"70015954","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in fluvial deposition on an alluvial plain: An example from the Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene), southeastern Powder River Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The Tongue River Member of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation is an important coal-bearing sedimentary unit in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming and Montana. We studied the depositional environments of a portion of this member at three sites 20 km apart in the southeastern part of the basin. Six lithofacies are recognized that we assign to five depositional facies categorized as either channel or interchannel-wetlands environments. (1) Type A sandstone is cross stratified and occurs as lenticular bodies with concave-upward basal surfaces; these bodies are assigned to the channel facies interpreted to be the product of low-sinuosity streams. (2) Type B sandstone occurs in parallel-bedded units containing mudrock partings and fossil plant debris; these units constitute the levee facies. (3) Type C sandstone typically lacks internal structure and occurs as tabular bodies separating finer grained deposits; these bodies represent the crevasse-splay facies. (4) Gray mudrock is generally nonlaminated and contains ironstone concretions; these deposits constitute the floodplain facies. (5) Carbonaceous shale and coal are assigned to the swamp facies.
We recognize two styles of stream deposition in our study area. Laterally continuous complexes of single and multistoried channel bodies occur at our middle study site and we interpret these to be the deposits of sandy braided stream systems. In the two adjacent study sites, single and multistoried channel bodies are isolated in a matrix of finer-grained interchannel sediment suggesting deposition by anastomosed streams. A depositional model for our study area contains northwest-trending braided stream systems. Avulsions of these systems created anastomosed streams that flowed into adjacent interchannel areas.
We propose that during late Paleocene a broad alluvial plain existed on the southeastern flank of the Powder River Basin. The braided streams that crossed this surface were tributaries to a northward-flowing, basin-axis trunk stream that existed to the west.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(90)90098-E","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Johnson, E.A., and Pierce, F.W., 1990, Variations in fluvial deposition on an alluvial plain: An example from the Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene), southeastern Powder River Basin, Wyoming, U.S.A.: Sedimentary Geology, v. 69, no. 1-2, p. 21-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(90)90098-E.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223034,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Powder River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.56031566473641,\n 43.83701720788156\n ],\n [\n -105.56031566473641,\n 43.49462756015575\n ],\n [\n -105.07771524450439,\n 43.49462756015575\n ],\n [\n -105.07771524450439,\n 43.83701720788156\n ],\n [\n -105.56031566473641,\n 43.83701720788156\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc17ee4b08c986b32a5dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, E. A.","contributorId":87893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierce, F. W.","contributorId":55085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016220,"text":"70016220 - 1990 - Expression of seasonal and ENSO forcing in climatic variability at lower than ENSO frequencies: Evidence from Pleistocene marine varves off California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-05T17:42:01.385293","indexId":"70016220","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Expression of seasonal and ENSO forcing in climatic variability at lower than ENSO frequencies: Evidence from Pleistocene marine varves off California","docAbstract":"Upper Pleistocene marine sediments along the upper continental slope off northern and central California contain alternations of varved and bioturbated sediments and associated changes in biota and sediment composition. These alternations can be related to conditions that accompany El Niño and anti-El Niño (ENSO) circulation. Anti-El Niño conditions are characterized by increased upwelling and productivity and by low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the oxygen minimum zone that resulted in varve preservation. El Niño conditions are characterized by little or no upwelling, low productivity, and higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen that resulted in zones of bioturbation.
Alternations of varves and zones of bioturbation, that range from decades to millennia, occur through the upper Pleistocene section. The inferred long-term alternations in El Niño and anti-El Niño conditions appear to be a re-expression of ENSO's primary 3–7 year cycle. Decadal to millennial cycles of productivity associated with El Niño and anti-El Niño conditions may have served as a “carbon pump” and transferred atmospheric CO2 to the marine reservoir.
Changes in sediment composition and organisms associated with El Niño or anti-El Niño conditions can be related to both seasonal and ENSO phenomena. Expression of these changes at lower-than-ENSO frequencies may be partly explained by adding the effects of seasonal variability to effects produced by a self-oscillating ENSO system. However, deterministic mechanisms, including solar modulation of ENSO, may also contribute to long-term alternations of El Niño and anti-El Niño conditions.
During the past 35,000 years, Lake Bonneville, Lake Russell, and Lake Searles underwent a major period of lake-level change. The lakes were at moderate levels or dry at the beginning of the period and seem to have achieved highstands between about 15,000 and 13,500 yr B.P. The rise of Lake Lahontan was gradual but not continuous, in part because of topographic constraints (intrabasin spill). Lake Lahontan also had an oscillation in lake level at 15,500 yr B.P. Radiocarbon-age estimations for materials that were deposited in the lake basins indicate that Lake Bonneville rose more or less gradually from 32,000 yr B.P., and had major oscillations in level between 23,000 and 21,000 yr B.P. and between 15,250 and 14,500 yr B.P. Lake Russell and Lake Searles had several major oscillations in lake level between 35,000 and 14,000 yr B.P. The timing and exact magnitude of the oscillations are difficult to decipher but both lakes may have achieved multiple highstand states. All four lakes may have had nearly synchronous recessions between about 14,000 and 13,500 yr B.P. After the recessions, the lakes seem to have temporarily stabilized or experienced a minor increase in size between about 11,500 and 10,000 yr B.P. These data provide circumstantial evidence that the Younger Dryas Event affected climate on at least a hemispheric scale. During the Holocene, the four lakes remained at low levels, and small oscillations in lake level occurred. An important aspect of the lake-level data is the accompanying expansion of lake-surface area at the time of the last highstand. Lake Bonneville and Lake Lahontan had surface areas about 10 times larger than their mean-historical reconstructed areas whereas Lake Russell and Lake Searles had surface areas about 5 times larger than their mean-historical reconstructed areas. Differences in the records of effective wetness may have been due to the locations of the basins relative to the position of the jetstream, or they may have resulted from lake/atmosphere feedback processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(90)90217-U","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Benson, L.V., Currey, D., Dorn, R., Lajoie, K.R., Oviatt, C.G., Robinson, S., Smith, G., and Stine, S., 1990, Chronology of expansion and contraction of four great Basin lake systems during the past 35,000 years: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 78, no. 3-4, p. 241-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(90)90217-U.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"286","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223459,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.01170357706786,\n 42.20374736032457\n ],\n [\n -121.01170357706786,\n 37.766512426982004\n ],\n [\n -114.89256688113454,\n 37.766512426982004\n ],\n [\n -114.89256688113454,\n 42.20374736032457\n ],\n [\n -121.01170357706786,\n 42.20374736032457\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5f7e4b0c8380cd4c503","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Currey, D.R.","contributorId":60775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currey","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorn, R.I.","contributorId":61172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorn","given":"R.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lajoie, K. R.","contributorId":6828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lajoie","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oviatt, Charles G.","contributorId":36580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oviatt","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robinson, S.W.","contributorId":30985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, G.I.","contributorId":103694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stine, S.","contributorId":24089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stine","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70016331,"text":"70016331 - 1990 - Dolomite dissolution rates and possible Holocene dedolomitization of water-bearing units in the Edwards aquifer, south-central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T17:29:15.545845","indexId":"70016331","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dolomite dissolution rates and possible Holocene dedolomitization of water-bearing units in the Edwards aquifer, south-central Texas","docAbstract":"Rates of dolomite dissolution can be used to test the concept, based on geomorphologic evidence, that a major part of the Edwards aquifer could have formed within the Holocene, a timeframe of approximately 10,000 years. During formation of the aquifer in the Edwards limestone (Cretaceous, Albian) of the Balcones fault zone, dolomite dissolution and porosity development were synchronous and the result of mixing-zone dedolomitization. Initiation of the mixing zone in the early Holocene (∼11,000 years before present) is suggested by the maximum age of formation of major discharge sites that allowed the influx of meteoric water into brine-filled, dolomitic preaquifer units. Dedolomitization, the dissolution of dolomite and net precipitation of calcite, has left aquifer units that are calcitic, and 40 vol.% interconnected pore space. The mass of dolomite missing is obtained by comparison of stratigraphically equivalent altered and unaltered units. One dissolution rate (1.76 × 10−4 mmol dolomite kgH2O−1yr−1) is determined from this mass, 104yr reaction time, and a log-linear function describing the increase in mass discharge (three orders of magnitude) during aquifer formation.
The second estimated dissolution rate is obtained from the mass transfer of dolomite to solution calculated from the increase in magnesium in pore fluids selected from the modern aquifer to represent a typical flowpath during aquifer formation. A reaction time of 104yr for this mass transfer yields a rate of 0.56 × 10−4 mmol dolomite kgH2O−1yr−1
Both of these rates are comparable to modern rates of dolomite dissolution (0.3 to 4.5 × 10−4 mmol dolomite kgH2O−1yr−1) calculated from measured reaction times in the Tertiary Floridan aquifer system in Florida and the Madison aquifer in the Mississippian Madison Limestone of the Northern Great Plains. Similarity of these rates to the estimated paleo-rates of dolomite dissolution supports a 104 yr reaction timeframe.Both of these rates are comparable to modern rates of dolomite dissolution (0.3 to 4.5 × 10−4 mmol dolomite kgH2O−1yr−1) calculated from measured reaction times in the Tertiary Floridan aquifer system in Florida and the Madison aquifer in the Mississippian Madison Limestone of the Northern Great Plains. Similarity of these rates to the estimated paleo-rates of dolomite dissolution supports a 104 yr reaction timeframe.
The Holocene reaction time also can be compared to a series of reaction times calculated by assuming that the mass of dolomite missing from the Edwards was removed at rates observed in the Floridan and Madison aquifers. These reaction times (for complete removal of dolomite) range from 2700 to 58,500 yr and span the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary.
Finally, an estimated dolomite reaction rate during dedolomitization of the Edwards aquifer based on surface area of exposed dolomite [mmol cm−2s−1 (millimoles per square centimeter per second)] may be approximated from reaction times. This rate is directly a function of the mass of dolomite removed and the surface area exposed per pore volume passing through the rock. The surface area is available from the observed dolomite rhomb size in unaltered rock. The rate of pore fluid movement is obtained from the averaged annual discharge. Rates during formation of the Edwards aquifer calculated from all reaction times range from 10−13 to 10−14 mmol dolomite cm−2s−1. These rates are faster than rates (10−18 mmol cm−2s−1), measured in the pure laboratory system, CaMg(CO3)2 CO2 H2O, but slower than rates determined in an alpine stream study (10−10 to 10−11 mmol cm−2s−1) where cold glacial melt water flows over dolostone.
Dolomite dissolution rates from both the Edwards and other aquifers support the concept that a major part of the Edwards aquifer could have formed within the Holocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90023-Q","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Deike, R., 1990, Dolomite dissolution rates and possible Holocene dedolomitization of water-bearing units in the Edwards aquifer, south-central Texas: Journal of Hydrology, v. 112, no. 3-4, p. 335-373, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90023-Q.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"373","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222903,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"south-central Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.46550029210039,\n 29.57260405929422\n ],\n [\n -100.46550029210039,\n 27.75101642105942\n ],\n [\n -98.73974517883627,\n 27.75101642105942\n ],\n [\n -98.73974517883627,\n 29.57260405929422\n ],\n [\n -100.46550029210039,\n 29.57260405929422\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a039ee4b0c8380cd5058b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deike, R.G.","contributorId":63953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deike","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015999,"text":"70015999 - 1990 - Monitoring moisture storage in trees using time domain reflectometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:08:55.236545","indexId":"70015999","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring moisture storage in trees using time domain reflectometry","docAbstract":"Laboratory and field tests were performed to examine the feasibility of using time domain reflectometry (TDR) to monitor changes in the moisture storage of the woody parts of trees. To serve as wave guides for the TDR signal, pairs of stainless steel rods (13 cm long, 0.32 cm in diameter, and 2.5 cm separation) were driven into parallel pilot holes drilled into the woody parts of trees, and a cable testing oscilloscope was used to determine the apparent dielectric constant. A laboratory calibration test was performed on two sapwood samples, so that the relation between the volumetric water content and the apparent dielectric constant of the sapwood could be determined over a range of water contents. The resulting calibration curve for these sapwood samples was significantly different than the general calibration curve used for soils, showing a smaller change in the apparent dielectric constant for a given change in the volumetric water content than is typical for soils. The calibration curve was used to estimate the average volumetric water content to a depth of 13 cm in living trees. One field experiment was conducted on an English walnut tree (Juglans regia) with a diameter of 40 cm, growing in a flood-irrigated orchard on a Hanford sandy loam near Modesto, California (U.S.A.). Rods were driven into the tree at about 50 cm above the soil surface and monitored hourly for the month of August, 1988. The moisture content determined by TDR showed a gradual decrease from 0.44 to 0.42 cm3 cm−3 over a two week period prior to flood irrigation, followed by a rapid rise to 0.47 cm3 cm−3 over a four day period after irrigation, then again a gradual decline approaching the next irrigation. A second field experiment was made on ten evergreen and deciduous trees with diameters ranging from 30 to 120 cm, growing in the foothills of the Coast Range of central California. Rods were driven into each tree at 50 to 100 cm above the soil surface and monitored on a biweekly to monthly basis for over a year. Most trees showed an early spring maximum in moisture content determined by TDR associated with leaf growth, and a late summer minimum in moisture content associated with the end of the dry season. Moisture contents ranged from 0.20 to 0.70 cm3 cm−3, with an annual percentage change in moisture of 15% to 70% depending on species and environmental conditions. A final field test was performed in northern New Mexico (U.S.A.) to examine the effect of trunk freezing on TDR measurements. This test confirmed that freezing conditions were recorded as a total loss of liquid water by the TDR method. These results suggest that further TDR calibration for wood, plus some understanding of the relation between tree moisture and physiological stress could be useful to several disciplines, ranging from irrigation scheduling to watershed management to forest ecology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90032-S","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., and Murphy, F., 1990, Monitoring moisture storage in trees using time domain reflectometry: Journal of Hydrology, v. 119, no. 1-4, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90032-S.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223138,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Modesto","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.1140801245068,\n 37.72075117136899\n ],\n [\n -121.1140801245068,\n 37.570755481439576\n ],\n [\n -120.87833353846591,\n 37.570755481439576\n ],\n [\n -120.87833353846591,\n 37.72075117136899\n ],\n [\n -121.1140801245068,\n 37.72075117136899\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5dc0e4b0c8380cd70592","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, J.","contributorId":29953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murphy, F.","contributorId":42358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016307,"text":"70016307 - 1990 - Storm-runoff generation in the Permanente Creek drainage basin, west central California - An example of flood-wave effects on runoff composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T17:34:45.320706","indexId":"70016307","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storm-runoff generation in the Permanente Creek drainage basin, west central California - An example of flood-wave effects on runoff composition","docAbstract":"Variations in the isotopic and chemical composition of storm runoff in the 10.6-km2 Permanente Creek basin, Santa Clara County, California, indicate that changes in water composition lag behind changes in streamflow. This lag occurs even though field observations and rainfall-runoff modeling indicate that much of the storm runoff must be composed of \"new\" water running off impervious surfaces. The apparent incompatibility posed by the presence of \"old\" water and the direct and indirect evidence that surface runoff contributes substantially to storm runoff can be explained if initial rises in streamflow result from effects of flood waves. Flood waves composed of old channel water reach downstream locations ahead of the new water derived from impervious areas. By this mechanism, streamflow can rise rapidly in response to surface runoff and still be composed of large amounts of old water. Data collected in Permanente Creek indicate that flood waves can occur even in small basins, at least when those basins contain impervious surfaces.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90183-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Nolan, K., and Hill, B.R., 1990, Storm-runoff generation in the Permanente Creek drainage basin, west central California - An example of flood-wave effects on runoff composition: Journal of Hydrology, v. 113, no. 1-4, p. 343-367, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90183-X.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"367","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223261,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"west central California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.14469523179008,\n 37.42551262779051\n ],\n [\n -122.14469523179008,\n 37.36025739980698\n ],\n [\n -122.0689730637554,\n 37.36025739980698\n ],\n [\n -122.0689730637554,\n 37.42551262779051\n ],\n [\n -122.14469523179008,\n 37.42551262779051\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"113","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9882e4b08c986b31c072","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, K.M.","contributorId":36151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, B. R.","contributorId":72833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016206,"text":"70016206 - 1990 - Theory and application of an approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:59:24.858686","indexId":"70016206","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Theory and application of an approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers","docAbstract":"Motion and mixing of salt water and fresh water are vitally important for water-resource development throughout the world. An approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers is developed, which results in three non-linear coupled equations for the freshwater zone, the saltwater zone, and the transition zone. The description of the transition zone uses the concept of a boundary layer. This model invokes some assumptions to give a reasonably tractable model, considerably better than the sharp interface approximation but considerably simpler than a fully three-dimensional model with variable density. We assume the validity of the Dupuit-Forchheimer approximation of horizontal flow in each layer. Vertical hydrodynamic dispersion into the base of the transition zone is assumed and concentration of the saltwater zone is assumed constant. Solute in the transition zone is assumed to be moved by advection only. Velocity and concentration are allowed to vary vertically in the transition zone by using shape functions. Several numerical techniques can be used to solve the model equations, and simple analytical solutions can be useful in validating the numerical solution procedures. We find that the model equations can be solved with adequate accuracy using the procedures presented. The approximate model is applied to the Smoky Hill River valley in central Kansas. This model can reproduce earlier sharp interface results as well as evaluate the importance of hydrodynamic dispersion for feeding salt water to the river. We use a wide range of dispersivity values and find that unstable upconing always occurs. Therefore, in this case, hydrodynamic dispersion is not the only mechanism feeding salt water to the river. Calculations imply that unstable upconing and hydrodynamic dispersion could be equally important in transporting salt water. For example, if groundwater flux to the Smoky Hill River were only about 40% of its expected value, stable upconing could exist where hydrodynamic dispersion into a transition zone is the primary mechanism for moving salt water to the river. The current model could be useful in situations involving dense saltwater layers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90202-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McElwee, C., and Kemblowski, M., 1990, Theory and application of an approximate model of saltwater upconing in aquifers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 139-163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90202-9.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"163","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223150,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1ffe4b08c986b32553c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McElwee, C.","contributorId":41596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McElwee","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kemblowski, M.","contributorId":54340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemblowski","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016257,"text":"70016257 - 1990 - Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T15:53:14.936616","indexId":"70016257","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales","docAbstract":"Topographic shape is a watershed attribute thought to influence the flow path followed by water as it traverses a catchment. Flow path, in turn, may affect the chemical composition of surface waters. Topography is quantified in the hydrological model TOPMODEL as the relative frequency distribution of the index ln(atanB), where a is the upslope area per unit contour that drains past a point and tanB is the local surface slope. Spatial distributions of ln(atanB) were calculated for eight catchments in Wales on a 25 m x 25 m grid. Among the catchments, mean observed stream H+ concentration during high flow periods was highly correlated with the mean of the ln(atanB) distribution. The steady-state gain of a transfer function (time series) model relating H+ to discharge was positively correlated with the mean of the ln(atanB) distribution. These results suggest that during high flow periods, both the average stream acidity and the magnitude of fluctuations in H+ are conditioned by the topographic shape of the catchment. By performing a sensitivity analysis on TOPMODEL, we also show that as the mean of the ln(atanB) distribution for a catchment increases, so does its theoretical likelihood to produce significant quantities of surface and near-surface runoff. Our observed results in the Llyn Brianne catchments are consistent with this theoretical expectation in that surface or near-surface runoff is often higher in acidity than are deeper sources of hillslope runoff.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(90)90207-E","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D., Hornberger, G., and Musgrove, T., 1990, Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales: Journal of Hydrology, v. 115, no. 1-4, p. 243-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90207-E.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"259","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223256,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United Kingdom","otherGeospatial":"Wales","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -5.126165378116639,\n 53.51661908857275\n ],\n [\n -5.126165378116639,\n 51.36214123180656\n ],\n [\n -2.9628795494702445,\n 51.36214123180656\n ],\n [\n -2.9628795494702445,\n 53.51661908857275\n ],\n [\n -5.126165378116639,\n 53.51661908857275\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb47ce4b08c986b3263c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Musgrove, T.J.","contributorId":24926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}