{"pageNumber":"1406","pageRowStart":"35125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":165242,"records":[{"id":70175905,"text":"70175905 - 2013 - Permanently enhanced dynamic triggering probabilities as evidenced by two M ≥ 7.5 earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-20T15:19:43","indexId":"70175905","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-18T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permanently enhanced dynamic triggering probabilities as evidenced by two M ≥ 7.5 earthquakes","docAbstract":"

The 2012 M7.7 Haida Gwaii earthquake radiated waves that likely dynamically triggered the 2013M7.5 Craig earthquake, setting two precedents. First, the triggered earthquake is the largest dynamically triggered shear failure event documented to date. Second, the events highlight a connection between geologic structure, sedimentary troughs that act as waveguides, and triggering probability. The Haida Gwaii earthquake excited extraordinarily large waves within and beyond the Queen Charlotte Trough, which propagated well into mainland Alaska and likely triggering the Craig earthquake along the way. Previously, focusing and associated dynamic triggering have been attributed to unpredictable source effects. This case suggests that elevated dynamic triggering probabilities may exist along the many structures where sedimentary troughs overlie major faults, such as subduction zones’ accretionary prisms and transform faults’ axial valleys. Although data are sparse, I find no evidence of accelerating seismic activity in the vicinity of the Craig rupture between it and the Haida Gwaii earthquake.

","language":"English","publisher":"Americal Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/grl.50933","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J.S., 2013, Permanently enhanced dynamic triggering probabilities as evidenced by two M ≥ 7.5 earthquakes: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 40, no. 18, p. 4828-4833, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50933.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"4828","endPage":"4833","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049023","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50933","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":327120,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, British Columbia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135,\n 56\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 51\n ],\n [\n -129,\n 51\n ],\n [\n -129,\n 56\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 56\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"18","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b97f28e4b03fd6b7db87d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, Joan S. 0000-0002-0134-2606 gomberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-2606","contributorId":1269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"Joan","email":"gomberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70048192,"text":"70048192 - 2013 - LANDFIRE 2010 - updated data to support wildfire and ecological management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-18T10:32:17","indexId":"70048192","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-18T10:17:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1440,"text":"Earthzine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"LANDFIRE 2010 - updated data to support wildfire and ecological management","docAbstract":"

Wildfire is a global phenomenon that affects human populations and ecosystems. Wildfire effects occur at local to global scales impacting many people in different ways (Figure 1). Ecological concerns due to land use, fragmentation, and climate change impact natural resource use, allocation, and conservation. Access to consistent and current environmental data is a constant challenge, yet necessary for understanding the complexities of wildfire and ecological management. Data products and tools from the LANDFIRE Program help decision-makers to clarify problems and identify possible solutions when managing fires and natural resources. LANDFIRE supports the reduction of risk from wildfire to human lives and property, monitoring of fire danger, prediction of fire behavior on active incidents, and assessment of fire severity and impacts on natural systems [1] [2] [3]. LANDFIRE products are unique in that they are nationally consistent and provide the only complete geospatial dataset describing vegetation and wildland fuel information for the entire U.S. As such, LANDFIRE data are useful for many ecological applications [3]. For example, LANDFIRE data were recently integrated into a decision-support system for resource management and conservation decision-making along the Appalachian Trail.

\n
\n

LANDFIRE is a joint effort between the U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Wildland Fire, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Fire & Aviation Management, and The Nature Conservancy. To date, seven versions of LANDFIRE data have been released, with each successive version improving the quality of the data, adding additional features, and/or updating the time period represented by the data. The latest version, LANDFIRE 2010 (LF 2010), released mid-2013, represents circa 2010 landscape conditions and succeeds LANDFIRE 2008 (LF 2008), which represented circa 2008 landscape conditions. LF 2010 used many of the same processes developed for the LF 2008 effort [3].

\n
\n

Ongoing refinement of the LANDFIRE vegetation and fuel data is necessary to improve the quality and usability of the data and to capture landscape disturbance. LANDFIRE relies on Landsat multi-spectral imagery to produce and update vegetation and fuel data. The deep Landsat archive provides data needed for vegetation classification, change analysis, and historical disturbance characterization, for which LANDFIRE has used more than 24,000 image scenes since the program’s inception. In addition, LF 2010 used airborne and spaceborne lidar, and spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to map vegetation structure in areas where ground-based field information was lacking, including Alaska and U.S.-affiliated islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The mapping of insular areas is new for the 2010 data release; previous versions of LANDFIRE were limited to the conterminous U.S., Alaska, and Hawaii.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthzine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","usgsCitation":"Nelson, K., Connot, J.A., Peterson, B.E., and Picotte, J.J., 2013, LANDFIRE 2010 - updated data to support wildfire and ecological management: Earthzine, no. September 2013.","ipdsId":"IP-050235","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277580,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.earthzine.org/2013/09/15/landfire-2010-updated-data-to-support-wildfire-and-ecological-management/"},{"id":277800,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.616667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,13.233333 ] ] ] } } ] }","issue":"September 2013","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"523abd74e4b08cabd166caf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Kurtis J. 0000-0003-4911-4511","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4911-4511","contributorId":105629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Kurtis J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Connot, Joel A. 0000-0002-2556-3374 jconnot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2556-3374","contributorId":4436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connot","given":"Joel","email":"jconnot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":483953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, Birgit E. 0000-0002-4356-1540 bpeterson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4356-1540","contributorId":3599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Birgit","email":"bpeterson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":483952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Picotte, Joshua J. 0000-0002-4021-4623 jpicotte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4021-4623","contributorId":4626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Picotte","given":"Joshua","email":"jpicotte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70048231,"text":"70048231 - 2013 - Evaluating the effectiveness of an ultrasonic acoustic deterrent for reducing bat fatalities at wind turbines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-18T10:10:05","indexId":"70048231","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-18T09:34:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of an ultrasonic acoustic deterrent for reducing bat fatalities at wind turbines","docAbstract":"Large numbers of bats are killed by wind turbines worldwide and minimizing fatalities is critically important to bat conservation and acceptance of wind energy development. We implemented a 2-year study testing the effectiveness of an ultrasonic acoustic deterrent for reducing bat fatalities at a wind energy facility in Pennsylvania. We randomly selected control and treatment turbines that were searched daily in summer and fall 2009 and 2010. Estimates of fatality, corrected for field biases, were compared between treatment and control turbines. In 2009, we estimated 21–51% fewer bats were killed per treatment turbine than per control turbine. In 2010, we determined an approximate 9% inherent difference between treatment and control turbines and when factored into our analysis, variation increased and between 2% more and 64% fewer bats were killed per treatment turbine relative to control turbines. We estimated twice as many hoary bats were killed per control turbine than treatment turbine, and nearly twice as many silver-haired bats in 2009. In 2010, although we estimated nearly twice as many hoary bats and nearly 4 times as many silver-haired bats killed per control turbine than at treatment turbines during the treatment period, these only represented an approximate 20% increase in fatality relative to the pre-treatment period for these species when accounting for inherent differences between turbine sets. Our findings suggest broadband ultrasound broadcasts may reduce bat fatalities by discouraging bats from approaching sound sources. However, effectiveness of ultrasonic deterrents is limited by distance and area ultrasound can be broadcast, in part due to rapid attenuation in humid conditions. We caution that an operational deterrent device is not yet available and further modifications and experimentation are needed. Future efforts must also evaluate cost-effectiveness of deterrents in relation to curtailment strategies to allow a cost-benefit analysis for mitigating bat fatalities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS ONE","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"PLOS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0065794","usgsCitation":"Arnett, E.B., Hein, C.D., Schirmacher, M.R., Huso, M., and Szewczak, J.M., 2013, Evaluating the effectiveness of an ultrasonic acoustic deterrent for reducing bat fatalities at wind turbines: PLoS ONE, v. 8, no. 6, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065794.","productDescription":"11 p.","ipdsId":"IP-051349","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065794","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":277796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277793,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065794"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Columbia County;Schuylkill County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.6755,40.6585 ], [ -76.6755,41.1023 ], [ -75.835,41.1023 ], [ -75.835,40.6585 ], [ -76.6755,40.6585 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-06-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"523abd74e4b08cabd166caf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arnett, Edward B.","contributorId":39339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnett","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, Cris D.","contributorId":73910,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hein","given":"Cris","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12591,"text":"Bat Conservation International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":484062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schirmacher, Michael R.","contributorId":76635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schirmacher","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12591,"text":"Bat Conservation International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":484063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huso, Manuela M.P.","contributorId":80566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huso","given":"Manuela M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Szewczak, Joseph M.","contributorId":30127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Szewczak","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6958,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":484060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70048234,"text":"70048234 - 2013 - Bioassay of estrogenicity and chemical analyses of estrogens in streams across the United States associated with livestock operations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T14:02:36.307763","indexId":"70048234","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-18T08:34:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioassay of estrogenicity and chemical analyses of estrogens in streams across the United States associated with livestock operations","docAbstract":"Animal manures, used as a nitrogen source for crop production, are often associated with negative impacts on nutrient levels in surface water. The concentrations of estrogens in streams from these manures also are of concern due to potential endocrine disruption in aquatic species. Streams associated with livestock operations were sampled by discrete samples (n = 38) or by time-integrated polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS,n = 19). Samples were analyzed for estrogens by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MSM2) and estrogenic activity was assessed by three bioassays: Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES), T47D-KBluc Assay, MCF-7 Estrogenicity Screen (E-Screen). Samples were collected from 19 streams within small (∼1-30 km2) watersheds in 12 U.S. states representing a range of hydrogeologic conditions, dominated by: dairy (3), grazing beef (3), feedlot cattle (1); swine (5); poultry (3); and 4 areas where no livestock were raised or manure was applied. Water samples were consistently below the United Kingdom proposed Lowest Observable Effect Concentration for 17b-estradiol in fish (10 ng/L) in all watersheds, regardless of land use. Estrogenic activity was often higher in samples during runoff conditions following a period of manure application. Estrone was the most commonly detected estrogen (13 of 38 water samples, mean 1.9, maximum 8.3 ng/L). Because of the T47D-KBluc assay’s sensitivity towards estrone (1.4 times 17β-estradiol) it was the most sensitive method for detecting estrogens, followed by the E-Screen, GC-MS2, and YES. POCIS resulted in more frequent detections of estrogens than discrete water samples across all sites, even when applying the less-sensitive YES bioassay to the POCIS extracts.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.028","usgsCitation":"Alvarez, D.A., Shappell, N.W., Billey, L., Bermudez, D.S., Wilson, V., Kolpin, D.W., Perkins, S.D., Evans, N., Foreman, W., Gray, J.L., Shipitalo, J., and Meyer, M.T., 2013, Bioassay of estrogenicity and chemical analyses of estrogens in streams across the United States associated with livestock operations: Water Research, v. 47, no. 10, p. 3347-3363, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.028.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"3347","endPage":"3363","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-041200","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277787,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277786,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.028"}],"volume":"47","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"523abd52e4b08cabd166cae0","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.028","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.028","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Alvarez D.A., Shappell N.W., Billey L.O., Bermudez D.S., Wilson V.S., Kolpin D.W., Perkins S.D., Evans N., Foreman W.T., Gray J.L., Shipitalo M.J., Meyer M.T.","journalName":"Water Research","publicationDate":"6/2013","auditedOn":"11/1/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alvarez, David A. 0000-0002-6918-2709 dalvarez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6918-2709","contributorId":1369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarez","given":"David","email":"dalvarez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shappell, Nancy W.","contributorId":103559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shappell","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Billey, L.O.","contributorId":94961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billey","given":"L.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bermudez, Dietrich S.","contributorId":8755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bermudez","given":"Dietrich","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, Vickie S.","contributorId":101551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Vickie S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Perkins, Stephanie D. sperkins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"Stephanie","email":"sperkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":484083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Evans, Nicola","contributorId":61735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Nicola","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Foreman, William T. wforeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"William T.","email":"wforeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":484082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gray, James L. 0000-0002-0807-5635 jlgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-5635","contributorId":1253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"James","email":"jlgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Shipitalo, J.M.","contributorId":38882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shipitalo","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70048154,"text":"ofr20131227 - 2013 - Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Lackawanna and Wayne Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T17:42:19","indexId":"ofr20131227","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-18T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1227","title":"Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Lackawanna and Wayne Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004-2010","docAbstract":"

Increased demands for cleaner burning energy, coupled with the relatively recent technological advances in accessing unconventional hydrocarbon-rich geologic formations, have led to an intense effort to find and extract natural gas from various underground sources around the country. One of these sources, the Marcellus Shale, located in the Allegheny Plateau, is currently undergoing extensive drilling and production. The technology used to extract gas in the Marcellus Shale is known as hydraulic fracturing and has garnered much attention because of its use of large amounts of fresh water, its use of proprietary fluids for the hydraulic-fracturing process, its potential to release contaminants into the environment, and its potential effect on water resources. Nonetheless, development of natural gas extraction wells in the Marcellus Shale is only part of the overall natural gas story in this area of Pennsylvania. Conventional natural gas wells, which sometimes use the same technique, are commonly located in the same general area as the Marcellus Shale and are frequently developed in clusters across the landscape. The combined effects of these two natural gas extraction methods create potentially serious patterns of disturbance on the landscape. This document quantifies the landscape changes and consequences of natural gas extraction for Lackawanna County and Wayne County in Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2010. Patterns of landscape disturbance related to natural gas extraction activities were collected and digitized using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery for 2004, 2005/2006, 2008, and 2010. The disturbance patterns were then used to measure changes in land cover and land use using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) of 2001. A series of landscape metrics is also used to quantify these changes and is included in this publication.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131227","usgsCitation":"Milheim, L., Slonecker, E., Roig-Silva, C., and Malizia, A., 2013, Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Lackawanna and Wayne Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1227, v, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131227.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131227.PNG"},{"id":277686,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1227"},{"id":277785,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1227/pdf/of2013-1227.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.88 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A.R.","contributorId":98991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malizia","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70048153,"text":"ofr20131226 - 2013 - Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Beaver and Butler Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T17:44:44","indexId":"ofr20131226","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-18T08:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1226","title":"Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Beaver and Butler Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004-2010","docAbstract":"

Increased demands for cleaner burning energy, coupled with the relatively recent technological advances in accessing unconventional hydrocarbon-rich geologic formations, have led to an intense effort to find and extract natural gas from various underground sources around the country. One of these sources, the Marcellus Shale, located in the Allegheny Plateau, is currently undergoing extensive drilling and production. The technology used to extract gas in the Marcellus Shale is known as hydraulic fracturing and has garnered much attention because of its use of large amounts of fresh water, its use of proprietary fluids for the hydraulic-fracturing process, its potential to release contaminants into the environment, and its potential effect on water resources. Nonetheless, development of natural gas extraction wells in the Marcellus Shale is only part of the overall natural gas story in this area of Pennsylvania. Conventional natural gas wells, which sometimes use the same technique, are commonly located in the same general area as the Marcellus Shale and are frequently developed in clusters across the landscape. The combined effects of these two natural gas extraction methods create potentially serious patterns of disturbance on the landscape. This document quantifies the landscape changes and consequences of natural gas extraction for Beaver County and Butler County in Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2010. Patterns of landscape disturbance related to natural gas extraction activities were collected and digitized using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery for 2004, 2005/2006, 2008, and 2010. The disturbance patterns were then used to measure changes in land cover and land use using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) of 2001. A series of landscape metrics is also used to quantify these changes and is included in this publication.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131226","usgsCitation":"Roig-Silva, C., Slonecker, E.T., Milheim, L., and Malizia, A.R., 2013, Landscape consequences of natural gas extraction in Beaver and Butler Counties, Pennsylvania, 2004-2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1226, v, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131226.","productDescription":"v, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131226.gif"},{"id":277528,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Natural areas previously invaded by leafy spurge in the northern Great Plains typically have one of two fates following its removal: a return of native plants, or a secondary invasion of other exotic plants. It is unknown, however, if this difference in plant communities following leafy spurge control is due to seed bank differences. To answer this question, we monitored seed banks and standing vegetation for 2 yr in mixed-grass prairies that were previously invaded by leafy spurge but controlled within 5 yr of our study. We found that native plant seed banks were largely intact in areas previously invaded by leafy spurge, regardless of the current living plant community, and leafy spurge invasion history had a larger impact on cover and diversity of the vegetation than on the seed banks. Differences in plant communities following leafy spurge control do not appear to be related to the seed banks, and soil conditions may be more important in determining trajectories of these postinvasion communities.","language":"English","publisher":"Weed Science Society of America","doi":"10.1614/IPSM-D-12-00076.1","usgsCitation":"Larson, D.L., Haines, D.F., and Larson, J.L., 2013, Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) affects vegetation more than seed banks in mixed-grass prairies of the Northern Great Plains: Invasive Plant Science and Management, v. 6, no. 3, p. 416-432, https://doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-12-00076.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"416","endPage":"432","ipdsId":"IP-041036","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277677,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-12-00076.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Theodore Roosevelt National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.643161,46.886562 ], [ -103.643161,47.075279 ], [ -103.242968,47.075279 ], [ -103.242968,46.886562 ], [ -103.643161,46.886562 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52396bf8e4b04b9308ae4e2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Diane L. 0000-0001-5202-0634 dlarson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-0634","contributorId":2120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Diane","email":"dlarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haines, Dustin F.","contributorId":70052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"Dustin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-6259-0101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6259-0101","contributorId":68144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70125466,"text":"70125466 - 2013 - Obtaining changes in calibration-coil to seismometer output constants using sine waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-17T15:07:28","indexId":"70125466","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T14:59:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Obtaining changes in calibration-coil to seismometer output constants using sine waves","docAbstract":"The midband sensitivity of a broadband seismometer is one of the most commonly used parameters from station metadata. Thus, it is critical for station operators to robustly estimate this quantity with a high degree of accuracy. We develop an in situ method for estimating changes in sensitivity using sine‐wave calibrations, assuming the calibration coil and its drive are stable over time and temperature. This approach has been used in the past for passive instruments (e.g., geophones) but has not been applied, to our knowledge, to derive sensitivities of modern force‐feedback broadband seismometers. We are able to detect changes in sensitivity to well within 1%, and our method is capable of detecting these sensitivity changes using any frequency of sine calibration within the passband of the instrument.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120130128","usgsCitation":"Ringler, A.T., Hutt, C.R., Gee, L., Sandoval, L.D., and Wilson, D., 2013, Obtaining changes in calibration-coil to seismometer output constants using sine waves: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 104, no. 1, p. 582-586, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130128.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"582","endPage":"586","ipdsId":"IP-050909","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294071,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120130128"}],"volume":"104","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541aa2a1e4b01571b3d51ce5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ringler, Adam T. 0000-0002-9839-4188 aringler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9839-4188","contributorId":3946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ringler","given":"Adam","email":"aringler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutt, Charles R. 0000-0001-9033-9195 bhutt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9033-9195","contributorId":1622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutt","given":"Charles","email":"bhutt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gee, Lind S. lgee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"Lind S.","email":"lgee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":501472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sandoval, Leo D. lsandoval@usgs.gov","contributorId":5391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandoval","given":"Leo","email":"lsandoval@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":501475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, David C. dwilson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"David C.","email":"dwilson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":501474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70048227,"text":"70048227 - 2013 - Estimating the extent of impervious surfaces and turf grass across large regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T15:41:00","indexId":"70048227","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T14:46:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the extent of impervious surfaces and turf grass across large regions","docAbstract":"The ability of researchers to accurately assess the extent of impervious and pervious developed surfaces, e.g., turf grass, using land-cover data derived from Landsat satellite imagery in the Chesapeake Bay watershed is limited due to the resolution of the data and systematic discrepancies between developed land-cover classes, surface mines, forests, and farmlands. Estimates of impervious surface and turf grass area in the Mid-Atlantic, United States that were based on 2006 Landsat-derived land-cover data were substantially lower than estimates based on more authoritative and independent sources. New estimates of impervious surfaces and turf grass area derived using land-cover data combined with ancillary information on roads, housing units, surface mines, and sampled estimates of road width and residential impervious area were up to 57 and 45% higher than estimates based strictly on land-cover data. These new estimates closely approximate estimates derived from authoritative and independent sources in developed counties.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/jawr.12110","usgsCitation":"Claggett, P.R., Irani, F., and Thompson, R., 2013, Estimating the extent of impervious surfaces and turf grass across large regions: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 49, no. 5, p. 1057-1077, https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12110.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1057","endPage":"1077","numberOfPages":"21","ipdsId":"IP-036883","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277697,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277633,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12110"},{"id":277634,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jawr.12110/full"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware;Maryl;New York;Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.7717,37.3178 ], [ -79.7717,42.6582 ], [ -75.1904,42.6582 ], [ -75.1904,37.3178 ], [ -79.7717,37.3178 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"49","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52396bd2e4b04b9308ae4e1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Claggett, Peter R. 0000-0002-5335-2857 pclaggett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5335-2857","contributorId":176287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claggett","given":"Peter","email":"pclaggett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irani, Frederick M. firani@usgs.gov","contributorId":2932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irani","given":"Frederick M.","email":"firani@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Renee L. rthompson1@usgs.gov","contributorId":2933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Renee L.","email":"rthompson1@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":484055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70125481,"text":"70125481 - 2013 - Parasites affect food web structure primarily through increased diversity and complexity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-17T14:38:58","indexId":"70125481","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T14:36:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2979,"text":"PLoS Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parasites affect food web structure primarily through increased diversity and complexity","docAbstract":"Comparative research on food web structure has revealed generalities in trophic organization, produced simple models, and allowed assessment of robustness to species loss. These studies have mostly focused on free-living species. Recent research has suggested that inclusion of parasites alters structure. We assess whether such changes in network structure result from unique roles and traits of parasites or from changes to diversity and complexity. We analyzed seven highly resolved food webs that include metazoan parasite data. Our analyses show that adding parasites usually increases link density and connectance (simple measures of complexity), particularly when including concomitant links (links from predators to parasites of their prey). However, we clarify prior claims that parasites ‘‘dominate’’ food web links. Although parasites can be involved in a majority of links, in most cases classic predation links outnumber classic parasitism links. Regarding network structure, observed changes in degree distributions, 14 commonly studied metrics, and link probabilities are consistent with scale-dependent changes in structure associated with changes in diversity and complexity. Parasite and free-living species thus have similar effects on these aspects of structure. However, two changes point to unique roles of parasites. First, adding parasites and concomitant links strongly alters the frequency of most motifs of interactions among three taxa, reflecting parasites’ roles as resources for predators of their hosts, driven by trophic intimacy with their hosts. Second, compared to free-living consumers, many parasites’ feeding niches appear broader and less contiguous, which may reflect complex life cycles and small body sizes. This study provides new insights about generic versus unique impacts of parasites on food web structure, extends the generality of food web theory, gives a more rigorous framework for assessing the impact of any species on trophic organization, identifies limitations of current food web models, and provides direction for future structural and dynamical models.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"PLoS Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"PLoS Biology","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.1001579","usgsCitation":"Dunne, J.A., Lafferty, K.D., Dobson, A.P., Hechinger, R., Kuris, A.M., Martinez, N.D., McLaughlin, J.P., Mouritsen, K.N., Poulin, R., Reise, K., Stouffer, D.B., Thieltges, D.W., Williams, R.J., and Zander, C.D., 2013, Parasites affect food web structure primarily through increased diversity and complexity: PLoS Biology, v. 11, no. 6, e1001579; 17 p., 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Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T14:43:50","indexId":"sir20135122","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T14:33:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5122","title":"Preliminary groundwater flow model of the basin-fill aquifers in Detrital, Hualapai, and Sacramento Valleys, Mohave County, northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"Preliminary numerical models were developed to simulate groundwater flow in the basin-fill alluvium in Detrital, Hualapai, and Sacramento Valleys in northwestern Arizona. The purpose of this exercise was to gather and evaluate available information and data, to test natural‑recharge concepts, and to indicate directions for improving future regional groundwater models of the study area. Both steady-state and transient models were developed with a single layer incorporating vertically averaged hydraulic properties over the model layer. Boundary conditions for the models were constant-head cells along the northern and western edges of the study area, corresponding to the location of the Colorado River, and no-flow boundaries along the bedrock ridges that bound the rest of the study area, except for specified flow where Truxton Wash enters the southern end of Hualapai Valley. Steady-state conditions were simulated for the pre-1935 period, before the construction of Hoover Dam in the northwestern part of the model area. Two recharge scenarios were investigated using the steady-state model—one in which natural aquifer recharge occurs directly in places where water is available from precipitation, and another in which natural aquifer recharge from precipitation occurs in the basin-fill alluvium that drains areas of available water. A transient model with 31 stress periods was constructed to simulate groundwater flow for the period 1935–2010. The transient model incorporates changing Colorado River, Lake Mead, and Lake Mohave water levels and includes time-varying groundwater withdrawals and aquifer recharge. Both the steady-state and transient models were calibrated to available water-level observations in basin-fill alluvium, and simulations approximate observed water-level trends throughout most of the study area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Water Resources and Mohave County, Arizona","usgsCitation":"Tillman, F., Garner, B.D., and Truini, M., 2013, Preliminary groundwater flow model of the basin-fill aquifers in Detrital, Hualapai, and Sacramento Valleys, Mohave County, northwestern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5122, vii, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135122.","productDescription":"vii, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"64","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135122.PNG"},{"id":277659,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5122/"},{"id":277660,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5122/pdf/sir2013-5122.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Mohave County","otherGeospatial":"Detrital Valley;Hualapai Valley;Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.7556,34.3097 ], [ -114.7556,36.2247 ], [ -112.7119,36.2247 ], [ -112.7119,34.3097 ], [ -114.7556,34.3097 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52396bf9e4b04b9308ae4e34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tillman, Fred D. 0000-0002-2922-402X ftillman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2922-402X","contributorId":1629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillman","given":"Fred D.","email":"ftillman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":484058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garner, Bradley D. 0000-0002-6912-5093 bdgarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6912-5093","contributorId":2133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"Bradley","email":"bdgarner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":5054,"text":"Office of Water Information","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Truini, Margot mtruini@usgs.gov","contributorId":599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truini","given":"Margot","email":"mtruini@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70125372,"text":"70125372 - 2013 - Permeability of roads to movement of scrubland lizards and small mammals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-17T14:16:00","indexId":"70125372","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permeability of roads to movement of scrubland lizards and small mammals","docAbstract":"A primary objective of road ecology is to understand and predict how roads affect connectivity of wildlife populations. Road avoidance behavior can fragment populations, whereas lack of road avoidance can result in high mortality due to wildlife-vehicle collisions. Many small animal species focus their activities to particular microhabitats within their larger habitat. We sought to assess how different types of roads affect the movement of small vertebrates and to explore whether responses to roads may be predictable on the basis of animal life history or microhabitat preferences preferences. We tracked the movements of fluorescently marked animals at 24 sites distributed among 3 road types: low-use dirt, low-use secondary paved, and rural 2-lane highway. Most data we collected were on the San Diego pocket mouse (Chaetodipus fallax), cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus), western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis), orange-throated whiptail (Aspidoscelis hyperythra), Dulzura kangaroo rat (Dipodomys simulans) (dirt, secondary paved), and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) (highway only). San Diego pocket mice and cactus mice moved onto dirt roads but not onto a low-use paved road of similar width or onto the highway, indicating they avoidpaved road substrate. Both lizard species moved onto the dirt and secondary paved roads but avoided the rural 2-lane rural highway, indicating they may avoid noise, vibration, or visual disturbance from a steady flow of traffic. Kangaroo rats did not avoid the dirt or secondary paved roads. Overall, dirt and secondary roads were more permeable to species that prefer to forage or bask in open areas of their habitat, rather than under the cover of rocks or shrubs. However, all study species avoided the rural 2-lane highway. Our results suggest that microhabitat use preferences and road substrate help predict species responses to low-use roads,but roads with heavy traffic may deter movement of a much wider range of small animal species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Conservation Biology","doi":"10.1111/cobi.12081","usgsCitation":"Brehme, C.S., Tracey, J.A., McClenaghan, L., and Fisher, R.N., 2013, Permeability of roads to movement of scrubland lizards and small mammals: Conservation Biology, v. 27, no. 4, p. 710-720, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12081.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"710","endPage":"720","ipdsId":"IP-042056","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294064,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293964,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12081"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Diego County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5959,32.5342 ], [ -117.5959,33.505 ], [ -116.0809,33.505 ], [ -116.0809,32.5342 ], [ -117.5959,32.5342 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541aa2a4e4b01571b3d51d0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brehme, Cheryl S. 0000-0001-8904-3354 cbrehme@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-3354","contributorId":3419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brehme","given":"Cheryl","email":"cbrehme@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tracey, Jeff A. 0000-0002-1619-1054 jatracey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-1054","contributorId":5780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracey","given":"Jeff","email":"jatracey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McClenaghan, Leroy R.","contributorId":49281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClenaghan","given":"Leroy R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70048226,"text":"sir20135149 - 2013 - Geologic framework, structure, and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Knippa Gap area in eastern Uvalde and western Medina Counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T13:41:00","indexId":"sir20135149","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T13:55:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5149","title":"Geologic framework, structure, and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Knippa Gap area in eastern Uvalde and western Medina Counties, Texas","docAbstract":"

The Edwards aquifer is the primary source of potable water for the San Antonio area in south-central Texas. The Knippa Gap was postulated to channel or restrict flow in the Edwards aquifer in eastern Uvalde County, and its existence was based on a series of numerical simulations of groundwater flow in the aquifer. To better understand the function of the area known as the Knippa Gap as it pertains to its geology and structure, the geologic framework, structure, and hydrogeologic characteristics of the area were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-Fort Worth District.

\n

The principal structural feature in the San Antonio area is the Balcones Fault Zone, which is the result of Miocene age faulting. In Medina County, the faulting of the Balcones Fault Zone has produced a relay-ramp structure that dips to the southwest from the Edwards aquifer recharge zone and extends westward and below land surface from Seco Creek.

\n

Groundwater flow paths in the Edwards aquifer are influenced by faulting and geologic structure. Some faults act as barriers to groundwater flow paths where the aquifer is offset by 50 percent or more and result in flow moving parallel to the fault. The effectiveness of a fault as a barrier to flow changes as the amount of fault displacement changes. The structurally complex area of the Balcones Fault Zone contains relay ramps, which form in extensional fault systems to allow for deformation changes along the fault block. In Medina County, the faulting of the Balcones Fault Zone has produced a relay-ramp structure that dips to the southwest from the Edwards aquifer recharge zone. Groundwater moving down the relay ramp in northern Medina County flows downgradient (downdip) to the structural low (trough) from the northeast to the southwest. In Uvalde County, the beds dip from a structural high known as the Uvalde Salient. This results in groundwater moving from the structural high and downgradient (dip) towards a structural low (trough) to the northeast. These two opposing structural dips result in a subsurface structural low (trough) locally referred to as the Knippa Gap. This trough is located in eastern Uvalde County beneath the towns of Knippa and Sabinal.

\n

By using data that were compiled and collected for this study and previous studies, a revised map was constructed depicting the geologic framework, structure, and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Knippa Gap area in eastern Uvalde and western Medina Counties, Tex. The map also shows the interpreted structural dip directions and interpreted location of a structural low (trough) in the area known as the Knippa Gap.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135149","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Clark, A.K., Pedraza, D.E., and Morris, R., 2013, Geologic framework, structure, and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Knippa Gap area in eastern Uvalde and western Medina Counties, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5149, Report: viii, 36 p.; Plate: 23.00 inches x 36.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135149.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 36 p.; Plate: 23.00 inches x 36.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277658,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135149.gif"},{"id":277657,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5149/pdf/sir2013-5149_pl1.pdf","text":"Plate 1"},{"id":277655,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5149/pdf/sir2013-5149.pdf"},{"id":277656,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5149/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Medina County, Uvalde County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.47,28.4977 ], [ -100.47,30.2733 ], [ -97.3718,30.2733 ], [ -97.3718,28.4977 ], [ -100.47,28.4977 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52396bf7e4b04b9308ae4e24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Allan K. 0000-0003-0099-1521 akclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0099-1521","contributorId":1279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Allan","email":"akclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pedraza, Diana E. 0000-0003-4483-8094 dpedraza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4483-8094","contributorId":1281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pedraza","given":"Diana","email":"dpedraza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, Robert R. 0000-0001-7504-3732","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7504-3732","contributorId":106213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Robert R.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70125644,"text":"70125644 - 2013 - Host range, host ecology, and distribution of more than 11800 fish parasite species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-17T13:34:45","indexId":"70125644","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Host range, host ecology, and distribution of more than 11800 fish parasite species","docAbstract":"Our data set includes 38 008 fish parasite records (for Acanthocephala, Cestoda, Monogenea, Nematoda, Trematoda) compiled from the scientific literature, Internet databases, and museum collections paired to the corresponding host ecological, biogeographical, and phylogenetic traits (maximum length, growth rate, life span, age at maturity, trophic level, habitat preference, geographical range size, taxonomy). The data focus on host features, because specific parasite traits are not consistently available across records. For this reason, the data set is intended as a flexible resource able to extend the principles of ecological niche modeling to the host–parasite system, providing researchers with the data to model parasite niches based on their distribution in host species and the associated host features. In this sense, the database offers a framework for testing general ecological, biogeographical, and phylogenetic hypotheses based on the identification of hosts as parasite habitat. Potential applications of the data set are, for example, the investigation of species–area relationships or the taxonomic distribution of host-specificity. The provided host–parasite list is that currently used by Fish Parasite Ecology Software Tool (FishPEST, http://purl.oclc.org/fishpest), which is a website that allows researchers to model several aspects of the relationships between fish parasites and their hosts. The database is intended for researchers who wish to have more freedom to analyze the database than currently possible with FishPEST. However, for readers who have not seen FishPEST, we recommend using this as a starting point for interacting with the database.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/12-1419.1","usgsCitation":"Strona, G., Palomares, M.L., Bailly, N., Galli, P., and Lafferty, K.D., 2013, Host range, host ecology, and distribution of more than 11800 fish parasite species: Ecology, v. 94, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1419.1.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"544","ipdsId":"IP-041812","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294060,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294025,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-1419.1"}],"volume":"94","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541aa29ee4b01571b3d51cc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strona, Giovanni","contributorId":62940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strona","given":"Giovanni","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palomares, Maria Lourdes D.","contributorId":16330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palomares","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"Lourdes D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailly, Nicholas","contributorId":99902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailly","given":"Nicholas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Galli, Paolo","contributorId":89459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galli","given":"Paolo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70125651,"text":"70125651 - 2013 - Parasites in marine food webs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-17T13:12:04","indexId":"70125651","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T13:10:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1106,"text":"Bulletin of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parasites in marine food webs","docAbstract":"Most species interactions probably involve parasites. This review considers the extent to which marine ecologists should consider parasites to fully understand marine communities. Parasites are influential parts of food webs in estuaries, temperate reefs, and coral reefs, but their ecological importance is seldom recognized. Though difficult to observe, parasites can have substantial biomass, and they can be just as common as free-living consumers after controlling for body mass and trophic level. Parasites have direct impacts on the energetics of their hosts and some affect host behaviors, with ecosystem-level consequences. Although they cause disease, parasites are sensitive components of ecosystems. In particular, they suffer secondary extinctions due to biodiversity loss. Some parasites can also return to a system after habitat restoration. For these reasons, parasites can make good indicators of ecosystem integrity. Fishing can indirectly increase or decrease parasite populations and the effects of climate change on parasites are likely to be equally as complex.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Marine Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Miami","doi":"10.5343/bms.2011.1124","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., 2013, Parasites in marine food webs: Bulletin of Marine Science, v. 89, no. 1, p. 123-134, https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1124.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"134","ipdsId":"IP-036878","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294037,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1124"}],"volume":"89","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541aa2a3e4b01571b3d51cff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70125650,"text":"70125650 - 2013 - Predicting what helminth parasites a fish species should have using Parasite Co-occurrence Modeler (PaCo)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-17T13:09:20","indexId":"70125650","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T13:04:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting what helminth parasites a fish species should have using Parasite Co-occurrence Modeler (PaCo)","docAbstract":"Fish pathologists are often interested in which parasites would likely be present in a particular host. Parasite Co-occurrence Modeler (PaCo) is a tool for identifying a list of parasites known from fish species that are similar ecologically, phylogenetically, and geographically to the host of interest. PaCo uses data from FishBase (maximum length, growth rate, life span, age at maturity, trophic level, phylogeny, and biogeography) to estimate compatibility between a target host and parasite species–genera from the major helminth groups (Acanthocephala, Cestoda, Monogenea, Nematoda, and Trematoda). Users can include any combination of host attributes in a model. These unique features make PaCo an innovative tool for addressing both theoretical and applied questions in parasitology. In addition to predicting the occurrence of parasites, PaCo can be used to investigate how host characteristics shape parasite communities. To test the performance of the PaCo algorithm, we created 12,400 parasite lists by applying any possible combination of model parameters (248) to 50 fish hosts. We then measured the relative importance of each parameter by assessing their frequency in the best models for each host. Host phylogeny and host geography were identified as the most important factors, with both present in 88% of the best models. Habitat (64%) was identified in more than half of the best models. Among ecological parameters, trophic level (41%) was the most relevant while life span (34%), growth rate (32%), maximum length (28%), and age at maturity (20%) were less commonly linked to best models. PaCo is free to use at www.purl.oclc.org/fishpest.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Parasitology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","doi":"10.1645/GE-3147.1","usgsCitation":"Strona, G., and Lafferty, K.D., 2013, Predicting what helminth parasites a fish species should have using Parasite Co-occurrence Modeler (PaCo): Journal of Parasitology, v. 99, no. 1, p. 6-10, https://doi.org/10.1645/GE-3147.1.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"10","ipdsId":"IP-038365","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294036,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-3147.1"}],"volume":"99","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541aa2a6e4b01571b3d51d13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strona, Giovanni","contributorId":62940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strona","given":"Giovanni","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70125646,"text":"70125646 - 2013 - Biodiversity and disease: a synthesis of ecological perspectives on Lyme disease transmission.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-17T13:02:04","indexId":"70125646","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3653,"text":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biodiversity and disease: a synthesis of ecological perspectives on Lyme disease transmission.","docAbstract":"Recent reviews have argued that disease control is among the ecosystem services yielded by biodiversity. Lyme disease (LD) is commonly cited as the best example of the ‘diluting’ effect of biodiversity on disease transmission, but many studies document the opposite relationship, showing that human LD risk can increase with forestation. Here, we unify these divergent perspectives and find strong evidence for a positive link between biodiversity and LD at broad spatial scales (urban to suburban to rural) and equivocal evidence for a negative link between biodiversity and LD at varying levels of biodiversity within forests. This finding suggests that, across zoonotic disease agents, the biodiversity–disease relationship is scale dependent and complex.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.011","usgsCitation":"Wood, C., and Lafferty, K.D., 2013, Biodiversity and disease: a synthesis of ecological perspectives on Lyme disease transmission.: Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v. 28, no. 4, p. 239-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.011.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"247","ipdsId":"IP-039297","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294028,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.011"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541aa298e4b01571b3d51c96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Chelsea L.","contributorId":36866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Chelsea L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70048212,"text":"70048212 - 2013 - The relationship of blue crab abundance to winter mortality of Whooping Cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T13:02:29","indexId":"70048212","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T12:56:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship of blue crab abundance to winter mortality of Whooping Cranes","docAbstract":"We sampled blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) numbers in marshes on the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Texas from 1998-2006, while simultaneously censusing the wintering population of Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) on the refuge and surrounding habitats. This was done to determine whether mortality of wintering Whooping Cranes was related to the availability of this food source. Yearly variation in crab numbers was high, ranging from a low of 0.1 crabs to a high of 3.4 crabs per 100-m transect section. Significant non-linear increases in both juvenile and adult mortality in relation to decreasing crab abundance was observed. Results suggest that some threshold of crab abundance exists in which Whooping Cranes have higher survival on their wintering grounds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/12-159.1","usgsCitation":"Pugesek, B.H., Baldwin, M., and Stehn, T., 2013, The relationship of blue crab abundance to winter mortality of Whooping Cranes: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 125, no. 3, p. 658-661, https://doi.org/10.1676/12-159.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"658","endPage":"661","numberOfPages":"4","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-038292","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277631,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277608,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1676/12-159.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Aransas National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.994183,28.058774 ], [ -96.994183,28.530401 ], [ -96.388756,28.530401 ], [ -96.388756,28.058774 ], [ -96.994183,28.058774 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"125","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52396bfbe4b04b9308ae4e40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pugesek, Bruce H.","contributorId":22668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugesek","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baldwin, Michael J. 0000-0003-1939-5439 baldwinm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1939-5439","contributorId":3294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Michael J.","email":"baldwinm@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":484014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stehn, Thomas","contributorId":31295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehn","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":484016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70048198,"text":"70048198 - 2013 - Semiautomated tremor detection using a combined cross-correlation and neural network approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-23T14:42:43","indexId":"70048198","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T11:40:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Semiautomated tremor detection using a combined cross-correlation and neural network approach","docAbstract":"Despite observations of tectonic tremor in many locations around the globe, the emergent phase arrivals, low‒amplitude waveforms, and variable event durations make automatic detection a nontrivial task. In this study, we employ a new method to identify tremor in large data sets using a semiautomated technique. The method first reduces the data volume with an envelope cross‒correlation technique, followed by a Self‒Organizing Map (SOM) algorithm to identify and classify event types. The method detects tremor in an automated fashion after calibrating for a specific data set, hence we refer to it as being “semiautomated”. We apply the semiautomated detection algorithm to a newly acquired data set of waveforms from a temporary deployment of 13 seismometers near Cholame, California, from May 2010 to July 2011. We manually identify tremor events in a 3 week long test data set and compare to the SOM output and find a detection accuracy of 79.5%. Detection accuracy improves with increasing signal‒to‒noise ratios and number of available stations. We find detection completeness of 96% for tremor events with signal‒to‒noise ratios above 3 and optimal results when data from at least 10 stations are available. We compare the SOM algorithm to the envelope correlation method of Wech and Creager and find the SOM performs significantly better, at least for the data set examined here. Using the SOM algorithm, we detect 2606 tremor events with a cumulative signal duration of nearly 55 h during the 13 month deployment. Overall, the SOM algorithm is shown to be a flexible new method that utilizes characteristics of the waveforms to identify tremor from noise or other seismic signals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/jgrb.50345","usgsCitation":"Horstmann, T., Harrington, R., and Cochran, E.S., 2013, Semiautomated tremor detection using a combined cross-correlation and neural network approach: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 118, no. 9, p. 4827-4846, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50345.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"4827","endPage":"4846","numberOfPages":"20","ipdsId":"IP-045090","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50345","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":277626,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277601,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50345"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cholame","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.6,35.6 ], [ -120.6,36.0 ], [ -120.0,36.0 ], [ -120.0,35.6 ], [ -120.6,35.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"118","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52396bfae4b04b9308ae4e38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horstmann, Tobias","contributorId":53683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horstmann","given":"Tobias","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrington, Rebecca M.","contributorId":71089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"Rebecca M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cochran, Elizabeth S. 0000-0003-2485-4484 ecochran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-4484","contributorId":2025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Elizabeth","email":"ecochran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70125709,"text":"70125709 - 2013 - Recovery of a top predator mediates negative eutrophic effects on seagrass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T11:12:10","indexId":"70125709","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T11:07:04","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovery of a top predator mediates negative eutrophic effects on seagrass","docAbstract":"A fundamental goal of the study of ecology is to determine the drivers of habitat-forming vegetation, with much emphasis given to the relative importance to vegetation of “bottom-up” forces such as the role of nutrients and “top-down” forces such as the influence of herbivores and their predators. For coastal vegetation (e.g., kelp, seagrass, marsh, and mangroves) it has been well demonstrated that alterations to bottom-up forcing can cause major disturbances leading to loss of dominant vegetation. One such process is anthropogenic nutrient loading, which can lead to major changes in the abundance and species composition of primary producers, ultimately affecting important ecosystem services. In contrast, much less is known about the relative importance of apex predators on coastal vegetated ecosystems because most top predator populations have been depleted or lost completely. Here we provide evidence that an unusual four-level trophic cascade applies in one such system, whereby a top predator mitigates the bottom-up influences of nutrient loading. In a study of seagrass beds in an estuarine ecosystem exposed to extreme nutrient loading, we use a combination of a 50-y time series analysis, spatial comparisons, and mesocosm and field experiments to demonstrate that sea otters (Enhydra lutris) promote the growth and expansion of eelgrass (Zostera marina) through a trophic cascade, counteracting the negative effects of agriculturally induced nutrient loading. Our results add to a small but growing body of literature illustrating that significant interactions between bottom-up and top-down forces occur, in this case with consequences for the conservation of valued ecosystem services provided by seagrass.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1302805110","usgsCitation":"Hughes, B., Eby, R., Van Dyke, E., Tinker, M.T., Marks, C.I., Johnson, K., and Wasson, K., 2013, Recovery of a top predator mediates negative eutrophic effects on seagrass: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 110, no. 38, p. 15313-15318, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302805110.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"15313","endPage":"15318","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-050808","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302805110","text":"External Repository"},{"id":294130,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294068,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302805110"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.806236,36.796855 ], [ -121.806236,36.814723 ], [ -121.774222,36.814723 ], [ -121.774222,36.796855 ], [ -121.806236,36.796855 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"110","issue":"38","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-08-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf44de4b0e96537ddf825","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, Brent B.","contributorId":23463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Brent B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eby, Ron","contributorId":92595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eby","given":"Ron","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Dyke, Eric","contributorId":57384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Dyke","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tinker, M. Tim 0000-0002-3314-839X ttinker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":2796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"ttinker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Tim","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marks, Corina I.","contributorId":13558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"Corina","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Kenneth S.","contributorId":31541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kenneth S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wasson, Kerstin","contributorId":8398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasson","given":"Kerstin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70125370,"text":"70125370 - 2013 - Two new species of Isospora (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from skinks Emoia spp. (Sauria: Scincidae), from Fiji and Papua New Guinea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-17T10:46:19","indexId":"70125370","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T10:39:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two new species of Isospora (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from skinks Emoia spp. (Sauria: Scincidae), from Fiji and Papua New Guinea","docAbstract":"Between September and October 1991 and again during September 1992, skinks (Emoia spp.) were collected from various localities on Fiji and Papua New Guinea (PNG) and examined for coccidians. One of 4 (25%) De Vis' emo skinks (Emoia pallidiceps) from PNG harbored an undescribed species of Isospora in its feces. Oocysts of Isospora grinbikpelapalai n. sp. were ellipsoidal to subspheroidal, 18.1 × 14.9 (17–20 × 14–16) μm, with a bilayered wall and a length/width index (L/W) of 1.2. Both micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent, but a prominent polar granule was present. Sporocysts were ovoidal, 10.7 × 7.6 (10–11 × 7–8) μm, with a L/W index of 1.4. Stieda and sub-Stieda bodies were present, but para-Stieda bodies were absent. The sporocyst residuum consisted of large scattered globules dispersed between sporozoites. Sporozoites were elongate with spheroidal anterior and posterior refractile bodies. Isospora grinbikpelapalai was also found in 1 of 2 (50%) Pope's emo skinks (Emoia popei) from PNG. One of 13 (8%) white-bellied copper-striped skinks (Emoia cyanura), from Fiji, was passing another undescribed species of Isospora in its feces. Oocysts of Isospora casei n. sp. were elongate, 31.8 × 21.3 (28–35 × 18–24) μm, with a bilayered wall and a L/W index of 1.5. Micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule were all absent. Sporocysts were ovoidal, 15.3 × 10.6 (14–16 × 10–12) μm, with a L/W index of 1.4. Stieda and sub-Stieda bodies were present, but para-Stieda bodies were absent. The sporocyst residuum consisted of scattered globules among sporozoites or as a cluster surrounding sporozoites. Sporozoites were elongate with spheroidal anterior and posterior refractile bodies. Isospora casei was also found in 1 of 2 (50%) Fiji slender treeskinks (Emoia concolor) from Fiji. This represents the first report of coccidia from Emoia spp. and, to our knowledge, the initial documentation of reptilian coccidia from herpetofauna from Papua New Guinea.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Parasitology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","doi":"10.1645/12-171.1","usgsCitation":"McAllister, C.T., Duszynski, D.W., and Fisher, R.N., 2013, Two new species of Isospora (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from skinks Emoia spp. (Sauria: Scincidae), from Fiji and Papua New Guinea: Journal of Parasitology, v. 99, no. 4, p. 677-679, https://doi.org/10.1645/12-171.1.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"679","ipdsId":"IP-045072","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294030,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293962,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1645/12-171.1"}],"country":"Fiji;Papa New Guinea","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 140.84,-20.67 ], [ 140.84,-0.87 ], [ -178.23,-0.87 ], [ -178.23,-20.67 ], [ 140.84,-20.67 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541aa2aae4b01571b3d51d38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAllister, Chris T.","contributorId":22704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAllister","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duszynski, Donald W.","contributorId":87869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duszynski","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70048215,"text":"fs20133083 - 2013 - The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T16:07:48","indexId":"fs20133083","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T10:35:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-3083","title":"The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Alaska","docAbstract":"

Elevation data are essential to a broad range of applications, including forest resources management, wildlife and habitat management, national security, recreation, and many others. For the State of Alaska, elevation data are critical for aviation navigation and safety, natural resources conservation, oil and gas resources, flood risk management, geologic resource assessment and hazards mitigation, forest resources management, and other business uses. Today, high-quality light detection and ranging (lidar) data and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifsar) are the primary sources for deriving elevation models and datasets. Federal, State, and local agencies work in partnership to (1) replace data, on a national basis, that are older and of lower quality and (2) provide coverage where publicly accessible data do not exist.

\n

Recent mapping information for the majority of land in Alaska is not available because clouds, smoke, and remoteness have hampered data collection. Lidar data have been collected only at selected coastal areas, cities, refuges, and parks. Within the last decade, ifsar technology has become the most effective tool for overcoming the challenges to acquiring elevation data for Alaska because this technology can penetrate clouds. State efforts for the collection of ifsar data are being coordinated through Alaska’s Statewide Digital Mapping Initiative (SDMI), a cooperative program implemented across six State of Alaska departments and the University of Alaska. Federal efforts are coordinated through the Alaska Mapping Executive Committee (AMEC), chaired by the Department of the Interior with membership from 15 Federal agencies and representatives from the State of Alaska.

\n

Coordination by SDMI and AMEC avoids duplication of effort and ensures a unified approach to consistent, statewide data acquisition; the enhancement of existing data; and support for emerging applications. The 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) initiative, managed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), responds to the growing need for high-quality topographic data and a wide range of other three-dimensional representations of the Nation’s natural and constructed features.

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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52396bfbe4b04b9308ae4e3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carswell, William J. Jr. carswell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"William J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"carswell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":484023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70125480,"text":"70125480 - 2013 - High prevalence of cestodes in Artemia spp. throughout the annual cycle: relationship with abundance of avian final hosts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-17T10:36:07","indexId":"70125480","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T10:28:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3012,"text":"Parasitology Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High prevalence of cestodes in Artemia spp. throughout the annual cycle: relationship with abundance of avian final hosts","docAbstract":"Brine shrimp, Artemia spp., act as intermediate hosts for a range of cestode species that use waterbirds as their final hosts. These parasites can have marked influences on shrimp behavior and fecundity, generating the potential for cascading effects in hypersaline food webs. We present the first comprehensive study of the temporal dynamics of cestode parasites in natural populations of brine shrimp throughout the annual cycle. Over a 12-month period, clonal Artemia parthenogenetica were sampled in the Odiel marshes in Huelva, and the sexual Artemia salina was sampled in the Salinas de Cerrillos in Almería. Throughout the year, 4–45 % of A. parthenogenetica were infected with cestodes (mean species richness = 0.26), compared to 27–72 % of A. salina (mean species richness = 0.64). Ten cestode species were recorded. Male and female A. salina showed similar levels of parasitism. The most prevalent and abundant cestodes were those infecting the most abundant final hosts, especially the Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber. In particular, the flamingo parasite Flamingolepis liguloides had a prevalence of up to 43 % in A. parthenogenetica and 63.5 % in A. salina in a given month. Although there was strong seasonal variation in prevalence, abundance, and intensity of cestode infections, seasonal changes in bird counts were weak predictors of the dynamics of cestode infections. However, infection levels of Confluaria podicipina in A. parthenogenetica were positively correlated with the number of their black-necked grebe Podiceps nigricollis hosts. Similarly, infection levels of Anomotaenia tringae and Anomotaenia microphallos in A. salina were correlated with the number of shorebird hosts present the month before. Correlated seasonal transmission structured the cestode community, leading to more multiple infections than expected by chance.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Parasitology Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00436-013-3347-x","usgsCitation":"Sanchez, M.I., Nikolov, P.N., GEorgieva, D.D., Georgiev, B.B., Vasileva, G.P., Pankov, P., Paracuellos, M., Lafferty, K.D., and Green, A.J., 2013, High prevalence of cestodes in Artemia spp. throughout the annual cycle: relationship with abundance of avian final hosts: Parasitology Research, v. 112, no. 5, p. 1913-1923, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3347-x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1913","endPage":"1923","ipdsId":"IP-043802","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/75096","text":"External Repository"},{"id":294027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294015,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3347-x"}],"country":"Spain","city":"Almeria;Huelva","otherGeospatial":"Odiel Marshes;Salinas De Cerrillos","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -6.9626,36.82 ], [ -6.9626,37.2913 ], [ -2.43,37.2913 ], [ -2.43,36.82 ], [ -6.9626,36.82 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"112","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541aa29ce4b01571b3d51cae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanchez, Marta I.","contributorId":54136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"Marta","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nikolov, Pavel N.","contributorId":9983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nikolov","given":"Pavel","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"GEorgieva, Darina D.","contributorId":94614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"GEorgieva","given":"Darina","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Georgiev, Boyko B.","contributorId":40916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Georgiev","given":"Boyko","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vasileva, Gergana P.","contributorId":71494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vasileva","given":"Gergana","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pankov, Plamen","contributorId":38488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankov","given":"Plamen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Paracuellos, Mariano","contributorId":21478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paracuellos","given":"Mariano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Green, Andy J.","contributorId":30531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Andy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70125371,"text":"70125371 - 2013 - Evolutionary dynamics of a rapidly receding southern range boundary in the threatened California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-17T10:20:53","indexId":"70125371","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T10:14:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1601,"text":"Evolutionary Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolutionary dynamics of a rapidly receding southern range boundary in the threatened California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii)","docAbstract":"Populations forming the edge of a species range are often imperiled by isolation and low genetic diversity, with proximity to human population centers being a major determinant of edge stability in modern landscapes. Since the 1960s, the California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii) has undergone extensive declines in heavily urbanized southern California, where the range edge has rapidly contracted northward while shifting its cardinal orientation to an east-west trending axis. We studied the genetic structure and diversity of these frontline populations, tested for signatures of contemporary disturbance, specifically fire, and attempted to disentangle these signals from demographic events extending deeper into the past. Consistent with the genetic expectations of the ‘abundant-center’ model, we found that diversity, admixture, and opportunity for random mating increases in populations sampled successively further away from the range boundary. Demographic simulations indicate that bottlenecks in peripheral isolates are associated with processes extending tens to a few hundred generations in the past, despite the demographic collapse of some due to recent fire-flood events. While the effects of recent disturbance have left little genetic imprint on these populations, they likely contribute to an extinction debt that will lead to continued range contraction unless management intervenes to stall or reverse the process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Evolutionary Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Publishing","doi":"10.1111/eva.12067","usgsCitation":"Richmond, J.Q., Barr, K.R., Backlin, A.R., Vandergast, A.G., and Fisher, R.N., 2013, Evolutionary dynamics of a rapidly receding southern range boundary in the threatened California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii): Evolutionary Applications, v. 6, no. 5, p. 808-822, https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12067.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"808","endPage":"822","ipdsId":"IP-042321","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12067","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293963,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.12067"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.9462,35.4903 ], [ -120.9462,34.0217 ], [ -118.2363,34.0217 ], [ -118.2363,35.4903 ], [ -120.9462,35.4903 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"6","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-04-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541aa29be4b01571b3d51ca4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richmond, Jonathan Q. 0000-0001-9398-4894 jrichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9398-4894","contributorId":5400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Jonathan","email":"jrichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barr, Kelly R. kelly_barr@usgs.gov","contributorId":5628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"Kelly","email":"kelly_barr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Backlin, Adam R. 0000-0001-5618-8426 abacklin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5618-8426","contributorId":3802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Backlin","given":"Adam","email":"abacklin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vandergast, Amy G. 0000-0002-7835-6571","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-6571","contributorId":97617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vandergast","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70048197,"text":"70048197 - 2013 - Mapping invasive Phragmites australis in the coastal Great Lakes with ALOS PALSAR satellite imagery for decision support","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T10:25:00","indexId":"70048197","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T10:12:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping invasive Phragmites australis in the coastal Great Lakes with ALOS PALSAR satellite imagery for decision support","docAbstract":"The invasive variety of Phragmites australis (common reed) forms dense stands that can cause negative impacts on coastal Great Lakes wetlands including habitat degradation and reduced biological diversity. Early treatment is key to controlling Phragmites, therefore a map of the current distribution is needed. ALOS PALSAR imagery was used to produce the first basin-wide distribution map showing the extent of large, dense invasive Phragmites-dominated habitats in wetlands and other coastal ecosystems along the U.S. shore of the Great Lakes. PALSAR is a satellite imaging radar sensor that is sensitive to differences in plant biomass and inundation patterns, allowing for the detection and delineation of these tall (up to 5 m), high density, high biomass invasive Phragmites stands. Classification was based on multi-season ALOS PALSAR L-band (23 cm wavelength) HH and HV polarization data. Seasonal (spring, summer, and fall) datasets were used to improve discrimination of Phragmites by taking advantage of phenological changes in vegetation and inundation patterns over the seasons. Extensive field collections of training and randomly selected validation data were conducted in 2010–2011 to aid in mapping and for accuracy assessments. Overall basin-wide map accuracy was 87%, with 86% producer's accuracy and 43% user's accuracy for invasive Phragmites. The invasive Phragmites maps are being used to identify major environmental drivers of this invader's distribution, to assess areas vulnerable to new invasion, and to provide information to regional stakeholders through a decision support tool.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2012.11.001","usgsCitation":"Bourgeau-Chavez, L., Kowalski, K., Carlson Mazur, M.L., Scarbrough, K.A., Powell, R.B., Brooks, C., Huberty, B., Jenkins, L.K., Banda, E.C., Galbraith, D.M., Laubach, Z.M., and Riordan, K., 2013, Mapping invasive Phragmites australis in the coastal Great Lakes with ALOS PALSAR satellite imagery for decision support: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 39, no. Suppl. 1, p. 65-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2012.11.001.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-037101","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277611,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2012.11.001"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie;Lake Huron;Lake Michigan;Lake Ontario;Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.11,41.4 ], [ -92.11,48.85 ], [ -76.3,48.85 ], [ -76.3,41.4 ], [ -92.11,41.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"39","issue":"Suppl. 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52396bf9e4b04b9308ae4e30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bourgeau-Chavez, Laura L.","contributorId":15105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourgeau-Chavez","given":"Laura L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kowalski, Kurt P. 0000-0002-8424-4701 kkowalski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8424-4701","contributorId":3768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kowalski","given":"Kurt P.","email":"kkowalski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":483959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson Mazur, Martha L.","contributorId":95377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson Mazur","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":483969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scarbrough, Kirk A.","contributorId":9949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scarbrough","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Powell, Richard B.","contributorId":19869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brooks, Colin N.","contributorId":103961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Colin N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Huberty, Brian","contributorId":55733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huberty","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jenkins, Liza K.","contributorId":84657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Liza","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Banda, Elizabeth C.","contributorId":84658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banda","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Galbraith, David M.","contributorId":52071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galbraith","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Laubach, Zachary M.","contributorId":33615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laubach","given":"Zachary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Riordan, Kevin","contributorId":52877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riordan","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":483965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ]}