Cypress Creek is located in central Arkansas and is the main tributary to Brewer Lake, which serves as the primary water supply for Conway, Arkansas, and the surrounding areas. A model of the Cypress Creek watershed was developed and calibrated in cooperation with Southwestern Energy Company using detailed precipitation, streamflow, and discrete suspended-sediment data collected from 2009 through 2012. These data were used with a Hydrologic Simulation Program—FORTRAN model to address different potential gas-extraction activities within the watershed.
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The calibrated Hydrologic Simulation Program—FORTRAN model was used to simulate four land-use scenarios and examine the potential effects of these land-use changes on the streamflow and water quality within the Cypress Creek watershed. These simulated scenarios included (1) the conversion of all nonforested land to forest, representing a time period before extensive grazing activities and no gas-extraction activities; (2) a land-use change to that of 1949, representing a time period with some grazing activities and no gas-extraction activities; (3) a time period with current land-use conditions, but without any gas-extraction activities, that is, the exclusion of gas-well pads/pipelines, associated gravel roads, and surface-water impoundments; and (4) a time period with current land-use conditions, but with increased gas-extraction activities (for example, increased gas-well pad and surface-water impoundment activities) to represent a possible future natural gas full-development condition for the area.
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A current-conditions simulation also was built and calibrated and represents the current conditions (2013) within the watershed. This simulation was used as the comparison basis for the four land-use scenarios described above. The current-conditions simulation used the 2006 land-use conditions, which consisted primarily of forest and pasture, as well as the current (2013) 35 gas-well pads and pipelines and 6 surface-water impoundments, which account for approximately 1.6 percent of the land use. Simulating a time period before extensive-grazing activities and no gas-extraction activities for scenario 1 resulted in a decrease in suspended-sediment loads and volume of streamflow within the Cypress Creek watershed compared to the current-conditions simulation. Simulating a time period before any gas-extraction activities but with some grazing activities for scenario 2 also resulted in a decrease in suspended-sediment loads and volume of streamflow within the Cypress Creek watershed. Simulating current conditions, but without any natural gas-pad land use or related activities (including pipelines and associated gravel roads), for scenario 3 resulted in mostly unchanged suspended-sediment loads and volume of streamflow within the Cypress Creek watershed, as compared to the current-conditions simulation. Finally, simulating potential future conditions of increased gas-well pad and surface-water impoundment activities for scenario 4 resulted in a decrease (compared to the current-conditions simulation) in suspended-sediment loads and a slight increase of volume of streamflow within the Cypress Creek watershed.
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The Arkansas Natural Resources Commission and the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality list suspended sediment from “poor pastures” as a primary source of nonpoint-source pollution in north-central Arkansas, but unpaved (gravel) roads are another important source of suspended sediment. Because of the high sediment-loading rates associated with gravel roads and the large amount of pasture within the watershed, the factors most responsible for suspended sediment within the Cypress Creek watershed are likely associated more with the pastureland and gravel roads, than factors associated with gas-well pads/pipelines.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145057","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Southwestern Energy Company","usgsCitation":"Hart, R.M., 2014, Simulated effects of existing and proposed surface-water impoundments and gas-well pads on streamflow and suspended sediment in the Cypress Creek watershed, Arkansas (Originally posted April 10, 2014; Version 1.1: April 16, 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5057, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145057.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054270","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286180,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145057.jpg"},{"id":286178,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5057/"},{"id":286179,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5057/pdf/sir2014-5057.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","city":"Conway","otherGeospatial":"Brewer Lake;Cypress Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.748504,35.029964 ], [ -92.748504,35.400913 ], [ -92.429371,35.400913 ], [ -92.429371,35.029964 ], [ -92.748504,35.029964 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Originally posted April 10, 2014; Version 1.1: April 16, 2016","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517061e4b05569d805a3a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, Rheannon M. 0000-0003-4657-5945 rmhart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4657-5945","contributorId":5516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Rheannon","email":"rmhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70100725,"text":"sir20145020 - 2014 - Simulation of groundwater flow and interaction of groundwater and surface water on the Lac du Flambeau Reservation, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-04T12:51:24","indexId":"sir20145020","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-04T12:46:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5020","title":"Simulation of groundwater flow and interaction of groundwater and surface water on the Lac du Flambeau Reservation, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa and Indian Health Service are interested in improving the understanding of groundwater flow and groundwater/surface-water interaction on the Lac du Flambeau Reservation (Reservation) in southwest Vilas County and southeast Iron County, Wisconsin, with particular interest in an understanding of the potential for contamination of groundwater supply wells and the fate of wastewater that is infiltrated from treatment lagoons on the Reservation. This report describes the construction, calibration, and application of a regional groundwater flow model used to simulate the shallow groundwater flow system of the Reservation and water-quality results for groundwater and surface-water samples collected near a system of waste-water-treatment lagoons.
\nGroundwater flows through a permeable glacial aquifer that ranges in thickness from 60 to more than 200 feet (ft). Seepage and drainage lakes are common in the area and influence groundwater flow patterns on the Reservation. A two-dimensional, steady-state analytic element groundwater flow model was constructed using the program GFLOW. The model was calibrated by matching target water levels and stream base flows through the use of the parameter-estimation program, PEST. Simulated results illustrate that groundwater flow within most of the Reservation is toward the Bear River and the chain of lakes that feed the Bear River. Results of analyses of groundwater and surface-water samples collected downgradient from the wastewater infiltration lagoons show elevated levels of ammonia and dissolved phosphorus. In addition, wastewater indicator chemicals detected in three downgradient wells and a small downgradient stream indicate that infiltrated wastewater is moving southwest of the lagoons toward Moss Lake.
\nPotential effects of extended wet and dry periods (within historical ranges) were evaluated by adjusting precipitation and groundwater recharge in the model and comparing the resulting simulated lake stage and water budgets to stages and water budgets from the calibrated model. Simulated lake water budgets and water level changes illustrate the importance of understanding the position of a lake within the hydrologic system (headwater or downstream), the type of lake (surface-water drainage or seepage lake), and the role of groundwater in dampening the effects of large-scale changes in weather patterns on lake levels.
\nAreas contributing recharge to drinking-water supply wells on the Reservation were delineated using forward particle tracking from the water table to the well. Monte Carlo uncertainty analyses were used to produce maps showing the probability of groundwater capture for areas around each well nest. At the Main Pumphouse site near the Village of Lac du Flambeau, most of the area contributing recharge to the wells occurs downgradient from a large wetland between the wells and the wastewater infiltration lagoons. Nonetheless, a small potential for the wells to capture infiltrated wastewater is apparent when considering uncertainty in the model parameter values. At the West Pumphouse wells south of Flambeau Lake, most of the area contributing recharge is between the wells and Tippecanoe Lake.
\nThe extent of infiltrated wastewater from two infiltration lagoons was tracked using the groundwater flow model and Monte Carlo uncertainty analyses. Wastewater infiltrated from the lagoons flows predominantly south toward Moss Lake as it integrates with the regional groundwater flow system. The wastewater-plume-extent simulations support the area-contributing-recharge simulations, indicating that there is a possibility, albeit at low probability, that some wastewater could be captured by water-supply wells. Comparison of simulated water-table contours indicate that the lagoons may mound the water table approximately 4 ft, with diminishing levels of mounding outward from the lagoons.
\nFour scenarios, representing potential alternatives for wastewater management, were simulated (at current discharge rates) to evaluate the potential extent of wastewater in the aquifer and discharge to surface-water bodies associated with each management scenario. Wastewater simulated to infiltrate through a hypothetical diffuser below a wetland south of the current lagoons appears to discharge to the overlying wetland and would likely discharge to Moss Lake as overland flow. Wastewater simulated to discharge to a small lake (Mindy Lake) between Moss and Fence Lakes appears to spread radically over a large area between the lakes. Wastewater simulated to discharge to lagoons south and northeast of the current lagoons also appears to spread radially, but the areas of the aquifer with the highest probability of encountering waste-water contamination would likely be between the lagoons and the nearest lake, where the wastewater would eventually discharge. Probability results for the wastewater-plume-extent scenarios are sensitive to the number of mathematical water particles used to represent infiltrating wastewater and the level of detail in the synthetic grid used for the probability analysis. Thus, probability results from wastewater-plume-extent simulations are qualitative only; however, it is expected that illustrations of relatively high or low probability will be useful as a general guide for decision making. Management problems requiring quantitative estimates of probability are best re-cast into problems evaluating the area that contributes recharge to the location of interest, which is not dependent upon the number of simulated particles or the resolution of a synthetic grid.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145020","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa and Indian Health Service","usgsCitation":"Juckem, P.F., Fienen, M., and Hunt, R.J., 2014, Simulation of groundwater flow and interaction of groundwater and surface water on the Lac du Flambeau Reservation, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5020, Report: vi, 43 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145020.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 43 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"54","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-046060","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285713,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5020/pdf/sir2014-5020.pdf"},{"id":285714,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5020/appendix/sir2014-5020_appendix_layout.xlsx"},{"id":285715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145020.jpg"},{"id":285701,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5020/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Iron County;Vilas County","otherGeospatial":"Lac Du Flambeau Reservation","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.0,45.916667 ], [ -90.0,46.083333 ], [ -89.75,46.083333 ], [ -89.75,45.916667 ], [ -90.0,45.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517062e4b05569d805a3ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juckem, Paul F. 0000-0002-3613-1761 pfjuckem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3613-1761","contributorId":1905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juckem","given":"Paul","email":"pfjuckem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651 mnfienen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","email":"mnfienen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":492392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70100635,"text":"70100635 - 2014 - Mercury in the soil of two contrasting watersheds in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:37:18","indexId":"70100635","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-03T15:02:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury in the soil of two contrasting watersheds in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"Soil represents the largest store of mercury (Hg) in terrestrial ecosystems, and further study of the factors associated with soil Hg storage is needed to address concerns about the magnitude and persistence of global environmental Hg bioaccumulation. To address this need, we compared total Hg and methyl Hg concentrations and stores in the soil of different landscapes in two watersheds in different geographic settings with similar and relatively high methyl Hg concentrations in surface waters and biota, Fishing Brook, Adirondack Mountains, New York, and McTier Creek, Coastal Plain, South Carolina. Median total Hg concentrations and stores in organic and mineral soil samples were three-fold greater at Fishing Brook than at McTier Creek. Similarly, median methyl Hg concentrations were about two-fold greater in Fishing Brook soil than in McTier Creek soil, but this difference was significant only for mineral soil samples, and methyl Hg stores were not significantly different among these watersheds. In contrast, the methyl Hg/total Hg ratio was significantly greater at McTier Creek suggesting greater climate-driven methylation efficiency in the Coastal Plain soil than that of the Adirondack Mountains. The Adirondack soil had eight-fold greater soil organic matter than that of the Coastal Plain, consistent with greater total Hg stores in the northern soil, but soil organic matter – total Hg relations differed among the sites. A strong linear relation was evident at McTier Creek (r2 = 0.68; p<0.001), but a linear relation at Fishing Brook was weak (r2 = 0.13; p<0.001) and highly variable across the soil organic matter content range, suggesting excess Hg binding capacity in the Adirondack soil. These results suggest greater total Hg turnover time in Adirondack soil than that of the Coastal Plain, and that future declines in stream water Hg concentrations driven by declines in atmospheric Hg deposition will be more gradual and prolonged in the Adirondacks.","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0086855","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., Woodruff, L.G., Bradley, P.M., and Cannon, W.F., 2014, Mercury in the soil of two contrasting watersheds in the eastern United States: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 2, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086855.","productDescription":"15 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-040278","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086855","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":285648,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":285555,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086855"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York;South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Adirondack Mountains;Fishing Brook;Mctier Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -83.63,31.05 ], [ -83.63,47.04 ], [ -71.24,47.04 ], [ -71.24,31.05 ], [ -83.63,31.05 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-02-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517054e4b05569d805a328","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869 daburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":1237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"daburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70100475,"text":"70100475 - 2014 - Linking aquifer spatial properties and non-Fickian transport in mobile-immobile like alluvial settings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-02T11:00:28","indexId":"70100475","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-02T10:59:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking aquifer spatial properties and non-Fickian transport in mobile-immobile like alluvial settings","docAbstract":"Time-nonlocal transport models can describe non-Fickian diffusion observed in geological media, but the physical meaning of parameters can be ambiguous, and most applications are limited to curve-fitting. This study explores methods for predicting the parameters of a temporally tempered Lévy motion (TTLM) model for transient sub-diffusion in mobile–immobile like alluvial settings represented by high-resolution hydrofacies models. The TTLM model is a concise multi-rate mass transfer (MRMT) model that describes a linear mass transfer process where the transfer kinetics and late-time transport behavior are controlled by properties of the host medium, especially the immobile domain. The intrinsic connection between the MRMT and TTLM models helps to estimate the main time-nonlocal parameters in the TTLM model (which are the time scale index, the capacity coefficient, and the truncation parameter) either semi-analytically or empirically from the measurable aquifer properties. Further applications show that the TTLM model captures the observed solute snapshots, the breakthrough curves, and the spatial moments of plumes up to the fourth order. Most importantly, the a priori estimation of the time-nonlocal parameters outside of any breakthrough fitting procedure provides a reliable “blind” prediction of the late-time dynamics of subdiffusion observed in a spectrum of alluvial settings. Predictability of the time-nonlocal parameters may be due to the fact that the late-time subdiffusion is not affected by the exact location of each immobile zone, but rather is controlled by the time spent in immobile blocks surrounding the pathway of solute particles. Results also show that the effective dispersion coefficient has to be fitted due to the scale effect of transport, and the mean velocity can differ from local measurements or volume averages. The link between medium heterogeneity and time-nonlocal parameters will help to improve model predictability for non-Fickian transport in alluvial settings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.064","usgsCitation":"Zhang, Y., Green, C.T., and Baeumer, B., 2014, Linking aquifer spatial properties and non-Fickian transport in mobile-immobile like alluvial settings: Journal of Hydrology, v. 512, p. 315-331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.064.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-052078","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285297,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":285267,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.064"}],"volume":"512","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517052e4b05569d805a308","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.064","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.064","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Zhang Yong, Green Christopher T., Baeumer Boris","journalName":"Journal of Hydrology","publicationDate":"5/2014","auditedOn":"9/18/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Yong","contributorId":19029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Yong","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, Christopher T. 0000-0002-6480-8194 ctgreen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6480-8194","contributorId":1343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Christopher","email":"ctgreen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baeumer, Boris","contributorId":70245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baeumer","given":"Boris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70100468,"text":"70100468 - 2014 - Decadal surface water quality trends under variable climate, land use, and hydrogeochemical setting in Iowa, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T15:54:17","indexId":"70100468","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-02T10:53:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decadal surface water quality trends under variable climate, land use, and hydrogeochemical setting in Iowa, USA","docAbstract":"Understanding how nitrogen fluxes respond to changes in agriculture and climate is important for improving water quality. In the midwestern United States, expansion of corn cropping for ethanol production led to increasing N application rates in the 2000s during a period of extreme variability of annual precipitation. To examine the effects of these changes, surface water quality was analyzed in 10 major Iowa Rivers. Several decades of concentration and flow data were analyzed with a statistical method that provides internally consistent estimates of the concentration history and reveals flow-normalized trends that are independent of year-to-year streamflow variations. Flow-normalized concentrations of nitrate+nitrite-N decreased from 2000 to 2012 in all basins. To evaluate effects of annual discharge and N loading on these trends, multiple conceptual models were developed and calibrated to flow-weighted annual concentrations. The recent declining concentration trends can be attributed to both very high and very low discharge in the 2000s and to the long (e.g., 8 year) subsurface residence times in some basins. Dilution of N and depletion of stored N occurs in years with high discharge. Reduced N transport and increased N storage occurs in low-discharge years. Central Iowa basins showed the greatest reduction in flow-normalized concentrations, likely because of smaller storage volumes and shorter residence times. Effects of land-use changes on the water quality of major Iowa Rivers may not be noticeable for years or decades in peripheral basins of Iowa, and may be obscured in the central basins where extreme flows strongly affect annual concentration trends.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/2013WR014829","usgsCitation":"Green, C.T., Bekins, B.A., Kalkhoff, S.J., Hirsch, R.M., Liao, L., and Barnes, K., 2014, Decadal surface water quality trends under variable climate, land use, and hydrogeochemical setting in Iowa, USA: Water Resources Research, v. 50, no. 3, p. 2425-2443, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014829.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"2425","endPage":"2443","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052067","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285296,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":285264,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014829"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.6395,40.3754 ], [ -96.6395,43.5012 ], [ -90.1426,43.5012 ], [ -90.1426,40.3754 ], [ -96.6395,40.3754 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517032e4b05569d805a1af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, Christopher T. 0000-0002-6480-8194 ctgreen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6480-8194","contributorId":1343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Christopher","email":"ctgreen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. 0000-0003-4110-1716 sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hirsch, Robert M. 0000-0002-4534-075X rhirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-075X","contributorId":2005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"Robert","email":"rhirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liao, Lixia 0000-0003-2513-0680 lliao@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2513-0680","contributorId":5311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liao","given":"Lixia","email":"lliao@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":492240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barnes, Kimberlee K.","contributorId":41476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Kimberlee K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70048664,"text":"70048664 - 2014 - Stream macroinvertebrate response models for bioassessment metrics: addressing the issue of spatial scale","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T10:51:00","indexId":"70048664","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-01T13:36:17","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stream macroinvertebrate response models for bioassessment metrics: addressing the issue of spatial scale","docAbstract":"We developed independent predictive disturbance models for a full regional data set and four individual ecoregions (Full Region vs. Individual Ecoregion models) to evaluate effects of spatial scale on the assessment of human landscape modification, on predicted response of stream biota, and the effect of other possible confounding factors, such as watershed size and elevation, on model performance. We selected macroinvertebrate sampling sites for model development (n = 591) and validation (n = 467) that met strict screening criteria from four proximal ecoregions in the northeastern U.S.: North Central Appalachians, Ridge and Valley, Northeastern Highlands, and Northern Piedmont. Models were developed using boosted regression tree (BRT) techniques for four macroinvertebrate metrics; results were compared among ecoregions and metrics. Comparing within a region but across the four macroinvertebrate metrics, the average richness of tolerant taxa (RichTOL) had the highest R2 for BRT models. Across the four metrics, final BRT models had between four and seven explanatory variables and always included a variable related to urbanization (e.g., population density, percent urban, or percent manmade channels), and either a measure of hydrologic runoff (e.g., minimum April, average December, or maximum monthly runoff) and(or) a natural landscape factor (e.g., riparian slope, precipitation, and elevation), or a measure of riparian disturbance. Contrary to our expectations, Full Region models explained nearly as much variance in the macroinvertebrate data as Individual Ecoregion models, and taking into account watershed size or elevation did not appear to improve model performance. As a result, it may be advantageous for bioassessment programs to develop large regional models as a preliminary assessment of overall disturbance conditions as long as the range in natural landscape variability is not excessive.","language":"English","publisher":"PLOS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0090944","usgsCitation":"White, I.R., Kennen, J., May, J., Brown, L.R., Cuffney, T.F., Jones, K.A., and Orlando, J., 2014, Stream macroinvertebrate response models for bioassessment metrics: addressing the issue of spatial scale: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 3, p. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090944.","productDescription":"e90944; 21 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"21","ipdsId":"IP-045602","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090944","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":287148,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090944"},{"id":287150,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"North Central Appalachians;Northeastern Highlands;Northern Piedmont;Ridge And Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80,3.1352777777777776 ], [ -80,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -72,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -72,3.1352777777777776 ], [ -80,3.1352777777777776 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53749079e4b0870f4d23cfff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Ian R.","contributorId":21862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennen, Jonathan G. 0000-0002-5426-4445 jgkennen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-4445","contributorId":574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennen","given":"Jonathan G.","email":"jgkennen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, Jason T. 0000-0002-5699-2112","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-2112","contributorId":14791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Jason T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cuffney, Thomas F. 0000-0003-1164-5560 tcuffney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-5560","contributorId":517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuffney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, Kimberly A. kjones@usgs.gov","contributorId":937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Kimberly","email":"kjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":485342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Orlando, James L. 0000-0002-0099-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-7221","contributorId":95954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"James L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70100655,"text":"70100655 - 2014 - Spatial and temporal patterns of endocrine active chemicals in small streams indicate differential exposure to aquatic organisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T16:12:56","indexId":"70100655","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-01T10:32:45","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of endocrine active chemicals in small streams indicate differential exposure to aquatic organisms","docAbstract":"Alkylphenolic chemicals (APCs) and hormones were measured six times from February through October 2007 in three Minnesota streams receiving wastewater to identify spatial and temporal patterns in concentrations and in estrogen equivalency. Fish were collected once during the study to evaluate endpoints indicative of endocrine disruption. The most commonly detected APCs were 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol and the most commonly detected hormones were estrone and androstenedione. Chemical concentrations were greatest for nonylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (NPECs) (5,000-140,000 ng/l), followed by 4-nonlylphenol and 4-nonylphenolethoxylates (50-880 ng/l), 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenolethoxylates with concentrations as great as 130 ng/l, and hormones (0.1-54 ng/l). Patterns in chemicals and estrogen equivalency indicated that wastewater effluent is a pathway of APCs and hormones to downstream locations in this study. However, upstream contributions can be equally or more important indicating alternative sources. This study indicates that aquatic organisms experience both spatially and temporally variable exposures in the number of compounds, total concentrations, and estrogenicity. This variability was evident in fish collected from the three rivers as no clear upstream to downstream pattern of endocrine disruption endpoints emerged.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/jawr.12162","usgsCitation":"Lee, K.E., Barber, L.B., and Schoenfuss, H., 2014, Spatial and temporal patterns of endocrine active chemicals in small streams indicate differential exposure to aquatic organisms: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 50, no. 2, p. 401-419, https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12162.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"401","endPage":"419","ipdsId":"IP-043754","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285699,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":285660,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12162"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.24,43.5 ], [ -97.24,49.38 ], [ -89.49,49.38 ], [ -89.49,43.5 ], [ -97.24,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517064e4b05569d805a3c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, K. E.","contributorId":100014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, L. B.","contributorId":64602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoenfuss, H.L.","contributorId":103877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenfuss","given":"H.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047332,"text":"70047332 - 2014 - Reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and wastewater indicators in streambed sediments of the lower Columbia River basin, Oregon and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T16:07:35","indexId":"70047332","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-01T10:32:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and wastewater indicators in streambed sediments of the lower Columbia River basin, Oregon and Washington","docAbstract":"One by-product of advances in modern chemistry is the accumulation of synthetic chemicals in the natural environment. These compounds include contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), some of which are endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) that can have detrimental reproductive effects. The role of sediments in accumulating these types of chemicals and acting as a source of exposure for aquatic organisms is not well understood. Here we present a small-scale reconnaissance of CECs in bed sediments of the lower Columbia River and several tributaries and urban streams. Surficial bed sediment samples were collected from the Columbia River, the Willamette River, the Tualatin River, and several small urban creeks in Oregon. Thirty-nine compounds were detected at concentrations ranging from <1 to >1,000 ng [g sediment]-1 dry weight basis. Columbia River mainstem, suggesting a higher risk of exposure to aquatic life in lower order streams. Ten known or suspected EDCs were detected during the study. At least one EDC was detected at 21 of 23 sites sampled; several EDCs were detected in sediment from most sites. This study is the first to document the occurrence of a large suite of CECs in the sediments of the Columbia River basin. A better understanding of the role of sediment in the fate and effects of emerging contaminants is needed.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/jawr.12161","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, E., Furlong, E.T., and Rosenbauer, R., 2014, Reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and wastewater indicators in streambed sediments of the lower Columbia River basin, Oregon and Washington: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 50, no. 2, p. 291-301, https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12161.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"301","ipdsId":"IP-046284","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64g1j3sh","text":"External Repository"},{"id":287160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287159,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12161"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon;Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River","volume":"50","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53749074e4b0870f4d23cfdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, Elena","contributorId":16758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"Elena","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert","contributorId":9551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70101272,"text":"70101272 - 2014 - Small reservoir distribution, rate of construction, and uses in the upper and middle Chattahoochee basins of the Georgia Piedmont, USA, 1950-2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T11:02:05","indexId":"70101272","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-01T10:24:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1957,"text":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-information","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small reservoir distribution, rate of construction, and uses in the upper and middle Chattahoochee basins of the Georgia Piedmont, USA, 1950-2010","docAbstract":"Construction of small reservoirs affects ecosystem processes in numerous ways including fragmenting stream habitat, altering hydrology, and modifying water chemistry. While the upper and middle Chattahoochee River basins within the Southeastern United States Piedmont contain few natural lakes, they have a high density of small reservoirs (more than 7500 small reservoirs in the nearly 12,000 km2 basin). Policymakers and water managers in the region have little information about small reservoir distribution, uses, or the cumulative inundation of land cover caused by small reservoir construction. Examination of aerial photography reveals the spatiotemporal patterns and extent of small reservoir construction from 1950 to 2010. Over that 60 year timeframe, the area inundated by water increased nearly six fold (from 19 reservoirs covering 0.16% of the study area in 1950 to 329 reservoirs covering 0.95% of the study area in 2010). While agricultural practices were associated with reservoir creation from 1950 to 1970, the highest rates of reservoir construction occurred during subsequent suburban development between 1980 and 1990. Land cover adjacent to individual reservoirs transitioned over time through agricultural abandonment, land reforestation, and conversion to development during suburban expansion. The prolific rate of ongoing small reservoir creation, particularly in newly urbanizing regions and developing counties, necessitates additional attention from watershed managers and continued scientific research into cumulative environmental impacts at the watershed scale.","language":"English","publisher":"International Journal of Geo-Information","doi":"10.3390/ijgi3020460","usgsCitation":"Ignatius, A.R., and Jones, J., 2014, Small reservoir distribution, rate of construction, and uses in the upper and middle Chattahoochee basins of the Georgia Piedmont, USA, 1950-2010: ISPRS International Journal of Geo-information, v. 3, no. 2, p. 460-480, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3020460.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"460","endPage":"480","ipdsId":"IP-041039","costCenters":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3020460","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":286169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Chattahoochee River Basin, Georgia Piedmont","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.599022,33.757124 ], [ -84.599022,34.987592 ], [ -82.965826,34.987592 ], [ -82.965826,33.757124 ], [ -84.599022,33.757124 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517063e4b05569d805a3bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ignatius, Amber R. arignatius@usgs.gov","contributorId":3817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ignatius","given":"Amber","email":"arignatius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":492651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, John W. 0000-0001-6117-3691 jwjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6117-3691","contributorId":2220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"John","email":"jwjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129607,"text":"70129607 - 2014 - Capturing interactions between nitrogen and hydrological cycles under historical climate and land use: Susquehanna watershed analysis with the GFDL land model LM3-TAN","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-24T09:22:56","indexId":"70129607","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-01T09:19:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1011,"text":"Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Capturing interactions between nitrogen and hydrological cycles under historical climate and land use: Susquehanna watershed analysis with the GFDL land model LM3-TAN","docAbstract":"We developed a process model LM3-TAN to assess the combined effects of direct human influences and climate change on terrestrial and aquatic nitrogen (TAN) cycling. The model was developed by expanding NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory land model LM3V-N of coupled terrestrial carbon and nitrogen (C-N) cycling and including new N cycling processes and inputs such as a soil denitrification, point N sources to streams (i.e., sewage), and stream transport and microbial processes. Because the model integrates ecological, hydrological, and biogeochemical processes, it captures key controls of the transport and fate of N in the vegetation–soil–river system in a comprehensive and consistent framework which is responsive to climatic variations and land-use changes. We applied the model at 1/8° resolution for a study of the Susquehanna River Basin. We simulated with LM3-TAN stream dissolved organic-N, ammonium-N, and nitrate-N loads throughout the river network, and we evaluated the modeled loads for 1986–2005 using data from 16 monitoring stations as well as a reported budget for the entire basin. By accounting for interannual hydrologic variability, the model was able to capture interannual variations of stream N loadings. While the model was calibrated with the stream N loads only at the last downstream Susquehanna River Basin Commission station Marietta (40°02' N, 76°32' W), it captured the N loads well at multiple locations within the basin with different climate regimes, land-use types, and associated N sources and transformations in the sub-basins. Furthermore, the calculated and previously reported N budgets agreed well at the level of the whole Susquehanna watershed. Here we illustrate how point and non-point N sources contributing to the various ecosystems are stored, lost, and exported via the river. Local analysis of six sub-basins showed combined effects of land use and climate on soil denitrification rates, with the highest rates in the Lower Susquehanna Sub-Basin (extensive agriculture; Atlantic coastal climate) and the lowest rates in the West Branch Susquehanna Sub-Basin (mostly forest; Great Lakes and Midwest climate). In the re-growing secondary forests, most of the N from non-point sources was stored in the vegetation and soil, but in the agricultural lands most N inputs were removed by soil denitrification, indicating that anthropogenic N applications could drive substantial increase of N2O emission, an intermediate of the denitrification process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/bg-11-5809-2014","usgsCitation":"Lee, M., Malyshev, S., Shevliakova, E., Milly, P., and Jaffe, P.R., 2014, Capturing interactions between nitrogen and hydrological cycles under historical climate and land use: Susquehanna watershed analysis with the GFDL land model LM3-TAN: Biogeosciences, v. 11, p. 5809-5826, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5809-2014.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"5809","endPage":"5826","numberOfPages":"18","ipdsId":"IP-058259","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5809-2014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":295706,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295705,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5809-2014"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Susquehanna River","volume":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544b6a1ae4b03653c63fb1c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, M.","contributorId":17932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malyshev, S.","contributorId":58210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malyshev","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shevliakova, E.","contributorId":69910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shevliakova","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milly, Paul C. D.","contributorId":100769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"Paul C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jaffe, P. R.","contributorId":96204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70189199,"text":"70189199 - 2014 - Biochar application to hardrock mine tailings: Soil quality, microbial activity, and toxic element sorption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T15:52:45","indexId":"70189199","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biochar application to hardrock mine tailings: Soil quality, microbial activity, and toxic element sorption","docAbstract":"Waste rock piles from historic mining activities remain unvegetated as a result of metal toxicity and high acidity. Biochar has been proposed as a low-cost remediation strategy to increase soil pH and reduce leaching of toxic elements, and improve plant establishment. In this laboratory column study, biochar made from beetle-killed pine wood was assessed for utility as a soil amendment by mixing soil material from two mine sites collected near Silverton, Colorado, USA with four application rates of biochar (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% vol:vol). Columns were leached seven times over 65 days and leachate pH and concentration of toxic elements and base cations were measured at each leaching. Nutrient availability and soil physical and biological parameters were determined following the incubation period. We investigated the hypotheses that biochar incorporation into acidic mine materials will (1) reduce toxic element concentrations in leaching solution, (2) improve soil parameters (i.e. increase nutrient and water holding capacity and pH, and decrease compaction), and (3) increase microbial populations and activity. Biochar directly increased soil pH (from 3.33 to 3.63 and from 4.07 to 4.77 in the two materials) and organic matter content, and decreased bulk density and extractable salt content in both mine materials, and increased nitrate availability in one material. No changes in microbial population or activity were detected in either mine material upon biochar application. In leachate solution, biochar increased base cations from both materials and reduced the concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in leachate solution from one material. However, in the material with greater toxic element content, biochar did not reduce concentrations of any measured dissolved toxic elements in leachate and resulted in a potentially detrimental release of Cd and Zn into solution at concentrations above that of the pure mine material. The length of time of effectiveness and specific sorption by biochar is variable by element and the toxic element concentration and acidity of the initial mine material.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.02.003","usgsCitation":"Kelly, C.N., Peltz, C.D., Stanton, M.R., Rutherford, D.W., and Rostad, C.E., 2014, Biochar application to hardrock mine tailings: Soil quality, microbial activity, and toxic element sorption: Applied Geochemistry, v. 43, p. 35-48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.02.003.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"48","ipdsId":"IP-045330","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595dfab7e4b0d1f9f056a7a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, Charlene N. cnkelly@usgs.gov","contributorId":4563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Charlene","email":"cnkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":703459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peltz, Christopher D.","contributorId":194216,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peltz","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanton, Mark R. mstanton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"Mark","email":"mstanton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":703461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rutherford, David W. dwruther@usgs.gov","contributorId":1325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"David","email":"dwruther@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":703460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rostad, Colleen E. cerostad@usgs.gov","contributorId":833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"Colleen","email":"cerostad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":703458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70141031,"text":"70141031 - 2014 - Hydrological effects of forest transpiration loss in bark beetle-impacted watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-15T17:52:12.448976","indexId":"70141031","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2841,"text":"Nature Climate Change","onlineIssn":"1758-6798","printIssn":"1758-678X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrological effects of forest transpiration loss in bark beetle-impacted watersheds","docAbstract":"The recent climate-exacerbated mountain pine beetle infestation in the Rocky Mountains of North America has resulted in tree death that is unprecedented in recorded history. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity inherent in insect infestation creates a complex and often unpredictable watershed response, influencing the primary storage and flow components of the hydrologic cycle. Despite the increased vulnerability of forested ecosystems under changing climate1, watershed-scale implications of interception, ground evaporation, and transpiration changes remain relatively unknown, with conflicting reports of streamflow perturbations across regions. Here, contributions to streamflow are analysed through time and space to investigate the potential for increased groundwater inputs resulting from hydrologic change after infestation. Results demonstrate that fractional late-summer groundwater contributions from impacted watersheds are 30 ± 15% greater after infestation and when compared with a neighbouring watershed that experienced earlier and less-severe attack, albeit uncertainty propagations through time and space are considerable. Water budget analysis confirms that transpiration loss resulting from beetle kill can account for the relative increase in groundwater contributions to streams, often considered the sustainable flow fraction and critical to mountain water supplies and ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/nclimate2198","usgsCitation":"Bearup, L.A., Maxwell, R.M., Clow, D.W., and McCray, J.E., 2014, Hydrological effects of forest transpiration loss in bark beetle-impacted watersheds: Nature Climate Change, v. 4, p. 481-486, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2198.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"486","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054398","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297943,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.0675048828125,\n 40.012890779526174\n ],\n [\n -106.0675048828125,\n 40.591013883455936\n ],\n [\n -105.38909912109375,\n 40.591013883455936\n ],\n [\n -105.38909912109375,\n 40.012890779526174\n ],\n [\n -106.0675048828125,\n 40.012890779526174\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2bcce4b08de9379b34db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bearup, Lindsay A.","contributorId":139257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bearup","given":"Lindsay","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maxwell, Reed M.","contributorId":95373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"Reed","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCray, John E.","contributorId":139258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCray","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":540538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70168381,"text":"70168381 - 2014 - Identifying legal, ecological and governance obstacles and opportunities for adapting to climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-11T13:24:20","indexId":"70168381","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3504,"text":"Sustainability","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying legal, ecological and governance obstacles and opportunities for adapting to climate change","docAbstract":"Current governance of regional scale water management systems in the United States has not placed them on a path toward sustainability, as conflict and gridlock characterize the social arena and ecosystem services continue to erode. Changing climate may continue this trajectory, but it also provides a catalyst for renewal of ecosystems and a window of opportunity for change in institutions. Resilience provides a bridging concept that predicts that change in ecological and social systems is often dramatic, abrupt, and surprising. Adapting to the uncertainty of climate driven change must be done in a manner perceived as legitimate by the participants in a democratic society. Adaptation must begin with the current hierarchical and fragmented social-ecological system as a baseline from which new approaches must be applied. Achieving a level of integration between ecological concepts and governance requires a dialogue across multiple disciplines, including ecologists with expertise in ecological resilience, hydrologists and climate experts, with social scientists and legal scholars. Criteria and models that link ecological dynamics with policies in complex, multi-jurisdictional water basins with adaptive management and governance frameworks may move these social-ecological systems toward greater sustainability.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/su6042338","usgsCitation":"Cosens, B., Gunderson, L., Allen, C.R., and Benson, M.H., 2014, Identifying legal, ecological and governance obstacles and opportunities for adapting to climate change: Sustainability, v. 6, no. 4, p. 2338-2356, https://doi.org/10.3390/su6042338.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"2338","endPage":"2356","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056238","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":473078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su6042338","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":317956,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bdbec4e4b06458514aeece","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cosens, Barbara","contributorId":166744,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cosens","given":"Barbara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gunderson, Lance","contributorId":30797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunderson","given":"Lance","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benson, Melinda H.","contributorId":54090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Melinda","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":619949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70180391,"text":"70180391 - 2014 - Infiltration and runoff generation processes in fire-affected soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T09:34:05","indexId":"70180391","displayToPublicDate":"2014-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infiltration and runoff generation processes in fire-affected soils","docAbstract":"Post-wildfire runoff was investigated by combining field measurements and modelling of infiltration into fire-affected soils to predict time-to-start of runoff and peak runoff rate at the plot scale (1 m2). Time series of soil-water content, rainfall and runoff were measured on a hillslope burned by the 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire west of Boulder, Colorado during cyclonic and convective rainstorms in the spring and summer of 2011. Some of the field measurements and measured soil physical properties were used to calibrate a one-dimensional post-wildfire numerical model, which was then used as a ‘virtual instrument’ to provide estimates of the saturated hydraulic conductivity and high-resolution (1 mm) estimates of the soil-water profile and water fluxes within the unsaturated zone.
Field and model estimates of the wetting-front depth indicated that post-wildfire infiltration was on average confined to shallow depths less than 30 mm. Model estimates of the effective saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks, near the soil surface ranged from 0.1 to 5.2 mm h−1. Because of the relatively small values of Ks, the time-to-start of runoff (measured from the start of rainfall), tp, was found to depend only on the initial soil-water saturation deficit (predicted by the model) and a measured characteristic of the rainfall profile (referred to as the average rainfall acceleration, equal to the initial rate of change in rainfall intensity). An analytical model was developed from the combined results and explained 92–97% of the variance of tp, and the numerical infiltration model explained 74–91% of the variance of the peak runoff rates. These results are from one burned site, but they strongly suggest that tp in fire-affected soils (which often have low values of Ks) is probably controlled more by the storm profile and the initial soil-water saturation deficit than by soil hydraulic properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.9857","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Ebel, B.A., 2014, Infiltration and runoff generation processes in fire-affected soils: Hydrological Processes, v. 28, no. 9, p. 3432-3453, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9857.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"3432","endPage":"3453","ipdsId":"IP-042432","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334278,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-06-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef1e4b072a7ac0cad39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, John A. 0000-0003-2609-364X jamoody@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-364X","contributorId":771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"John","email":"jamoody@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963 bebel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":2557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian","email":"bebel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70099991,"text":"sir20145036 - 2014 - Simulation of zones of contribution to wells at site GM–38, Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Bethpage, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-28T14:36:01","indexId":"sir20145036","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-28T14:23:03","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5036","title":"Simulation of zones of contribution to wells at site GM–38, Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Bethpage, New York","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional groundwater-flow model is coupled with the particle-tracking program MODPATH to delineate zones of contribution to wells pumping from the Magothy aquifer and supplying water to a chlorinated volatile organic compound removal plant at site GM–38, Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Bethpage, New York. By use of driller’s logs, a transitional probability approach generated three alternative realizations of heterogeneity within the Magothy aquifer to assess uncertainty in model representation. Finer-grained sediments with low hydraulic conductivity were realized as laterally discontinuous, thickening towards the south, and comprising about 17 percent of the total aquifer volume.
\n\nParticle-tracking evaluations of a steady state present conditions model with alternative heterogeneity realizations were used to develop zones of contribution of remedial pumping wells. Because of heterogeneity and high rates of advection within the coarse-grained sediments, transport by dispersion and (or) diffusion was assumed to be negligible. Resulting zones of contribution of existing remedial wells are complex shapes, influenced by heterogeneity of each realization and other nearby hydrologic stresses. The use of two particle tracking techniques helped identify zones of contribution to wells. Backtracking techniques and observations of points of intersection of backward-tracked particles at shells of the GM–38 Hot Spot, as defined by surfaces of equal total volatile organic compound concentration, identified the source of water within the GM–38 Hot Spot to simulated wells. Forward-tracking techniques identified the fate of water within the GM–38 Hot Spot, including well capture and discharge to model constant head and drain boundaries. The percentage of backward-tracked particles, started at GM–38 wells that were sourced from within the Hot Spot, varied from 72.0 to 98.2, depending on the Hot Spot delineation used (present steady state model and Magothy aquifer heterogeneity realization A). The percentage of forward-tracked particles that were captured by GM–38 wells varied from 81.1 to 94.6, depending on the Hot Spot delineation used, with the remainder primarily captured by Bethpage Water District Plant 4 production wells (present steady state model and Magothy aquifer heterogeneity realization A). Less than 1 percent of forward-tracked particles ultimately discharge at model constant head and drain boundaries. The differences between forward- and backward-tracked particle percentage ranges are due to some forward-tracked particles not being captured by GM–38 wells, and some backward-tracked particles not intersecting specific regions of the Hot Spot.
\n\nDuring 2013, an aquifer test generated detailed time series of well pumping rates and corresponding water-level responses were recorded at numerous locations. These data were used to verify the present conditions steady state model and demonstrate the sensitivity of model results to transient-state changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145036","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Naval Facilities Engineering Command","usgsCitation":"Misut, P., 2014, Simulation of zones of contribution to wells at site GM–38, Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Bethpage, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5036, vii, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145036.","productDescription":"vii, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"70","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-053917","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285106,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5036/pdf/sir2014-5036.pdf"},{"id":285107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145036.jpg"},{"id":285104,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5036/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Bethpage","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.506,40.731 ], [ -73.506,40.769 ], [ -73.464,40.769 ], [ -73.464,40.731 ], [ -73.506,40.731 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517063e4b05569d805a3b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Misut, Paul","contributorId":93822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Misut","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70073968,"text":"ofr20141003 - 2014 - Hydrologic Drought Decision Support System (HyDroDSS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-27T14:22:43","indexId":"ofr20141003","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-27T14:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1003","title":"Hydrologic Drought Decision Support System (HyDroDSS)","docAbstract":"The hydrologic drought decision support system (HyDroDSS) was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board (RIWRB) for use in the analysis of hydrologic variables that may indicate the risk for streamflows to be below user-defined flow targets at a designated site of interest, which is defined herein as data-collection site on a stream that may be adversely affected by pumping. Hydrologic drought is defined for this study as a period of lower than normal streamflows caused by precipitation deficits and (or) water withdrawals. The HyDroDSS is designed to provide water managers with risk-based information for balancing water-supply needs and aquatic-habitat protection goals to mitigate potential effects of hydrologic drought.
\nThis report describes the theory and methods for retrospective streamflow-depletion analysis, rank correlation analysis, and drought-projection analysis. All three methods are designed to inform decisions made by drought steering committees and decisionmakers on the basis of quantitative risk assessment. All three methods use estimates of unaltered streamflow, which is the measured or modeled flow without major withdrawals or discharges, to approximate a natural low-flow regime.
\nRetrospective streamflow-depletion analysis can be used by water-resource managers to evaluate relations between withdrawal plans and the potential effects of withdrawal plans on streams at one or more sites of interest in an area. Retrospective streamflow-depletion analysis indicates the historical risk of being below user-defined flow targets if different pumping plans were implemented for the period of record. Retrospective streamflow-depletion analysis also indicates the risk for creating hydrologic drought conditions caused by use of a pumping plan. Retrospective streamflow-depletion analysis is done by calculating the net streamflow depletions from withdrawals and discharges and applying these depletions to a simulated record of unaltered streamflow.
\nRank correlation analysis in the HyDroDSS indicates the persistence of hydrologic measurements from month to month for the prediction of developing hydrologic drought conditions and quantitatively indicates which hydrologic variables may be used to indicate the onset of hydrologic drought conditions. Rank correlation analysis also indicates the potential use of each variable for estimating the monthly minimum unaltered flow at a site of interest for use in the drought-projection analysis. Rank correlation analysis in the HyDroDSS is done by calculating Spearman’s rho for paired samples and the 95-percent confidence limits of this rho value. Rank correlation analysis can be done by using precipitation, groundwater levels, measured streamflows, and estimated unaltered streamflows. Serial correlation analysis, which indicates relations between current and future values, can be done for a single site. Cross correlation analysis, which indicates relations among current values at one site and current and future values at a second site, also can be done.
\nDrought-projection analysis in the HyDroDSS indicates the risk for being in a hydrologic drought condition during the current month and the five following months with and without pumping. Drought-projection analysis also indicates the potential effectiveness of water-conservation methods for mitigating the effect of withdrawals in the coming months on the basis of the amount of depletion caused by different pumping plans and on the risk of unaltered flows being below streamflow targets. Drought-projection analysis in the HyDroDSS is done with Monte Carlo methods by using the position analysis method. In this method the initial value of estimated unaltered streamflows is calculated by correlation to a measured hydrologic variable (monthly precipitation, groundwater levels, or streamflows from an index station identified with the rank correlation analysis). Then a pseudorandom number generator is used to create 251 six-month-long flow traces by using a bootstrap method. Serial correlation of the estimated unaltered monthly minimum streamflows determined from the rank correlation analysis is preserved within each flow trace. The sample of unaltered streamflows indicates the risk of being below flow targets in the coming months under simulated natural conditions (without historic withdrawals). The streamflow-depletion algorithms are then used to estimate risks of flow being below targets if selected pumping plans are used.
\nThis report also describes the implementation of the HyDroDSS. The HyDroDSS was developed as a Microsoft Access® database application to facilitate storage, handling, and use of hydrologic datasets with a simple graphical user interface. The program is implemented in the database by using the Visual Basic for Applications® (VBA) programming language. Program source code for the analytical techniques is provided in the HyDroDSS and in electronic text files accompanying this report. Program source code for the graphical user interface and for data-handling code, which is specific to Microsoft Access® and the HyDroDSS, is provided in the database. An installation package with a run-time version of the software is available with this report for potential users who do not have a compatible copy of Microsoft Access®. Administrative rights are needed to install this version of the HyDroDSS.
\nA case study, to demonstrate the use of HyDroDSS and interpretation of results for a site of interest, is detailed for the USGS streamgage on the Hunt River (station 01117000) near East Greenwich in central Rhode Island. The Hunt River streamgage was used because it has a long record of streamflow and is in a well-studied basin with a substantial amount of hydrologic and water-use data including groundwater pumping for municipal water supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141003","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Granato, G., 2014, Hydrologic Drought Decision Support System (HyDroDSS): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1003, Report: x, 91 p.; Make CD by ISO package, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141003.","productDescription":"Report: x, 91 p.; Make CD by ISO package","numberOfPages":"118","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-042923","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":285061,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141003.jpg"},{"id":285059,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1003/ofr2014-1003_CDROM.iso"},{"id":285057,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1003/"},{"id":285058,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1003/pdf/ofr2014-1003.pdf"}],"projection":"Rhode Island state plane projection","country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","city":"East Greenwich","otherGeospatial":"Hunt River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.575284,41.507592 ], [ -71.575284,41.674953 ], [ -71.426104,41.674953 ], [ -71.426104,41.507592 ], [ -71.575284,41.507592 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517047e4b05569d805a262","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Granato, Gregory E. 0000-0002-2561-9913 ggranato@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-9913","contributorId":1692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"Gregory E.","email":"ggranato@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":489307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70093581,"text":"ofr20141023 - 2014 - Petrophysical properties, mineralogy, fractures, and flow tests in 25 deep boreholes at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-28T15:23:34","indexId":"ofr20141023","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-25T14:48:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1023","title":"Petrophysical properties, mineralogy, fractures, and flow tests in 25 deep boreholes at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"As part of a site investigation for the disposal of radioactive waste, numerous boreholes were drilled into a sequence of Miocene pyroclastic flows and related deposits at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. This report contains displays of data from 25 boreholes drilled during 1979–1984, relatively early in the site investigation program. Geophysical logs and hydrological tests were conducted in the boreholes; core and cuttings analyses yielded data on mineralogy, fractures, and physical properties; and geologic descriptions provided lithology boundaries and the degree of welding of the rock units. Porosity and water content were computed from the geophysical logs, and porosity results were combined with mineralogy from x-ray diffraction to provide whole-rock volume fractions. These data were composited on plates and used by project personnel during the 1990s. Improvements in scanning and computer technology now make it possible to publish these displays.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141023","usgsCitation":"Nelson, P.H., and Kibler, J.E., 2014, Petrophysical properties, mineralogy, fractures, and flow tests in 25 deep boreholes at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1023, Report: vi, 19 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141023.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 19 p.; Downloads Directory","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051310","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284900,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1023/"},{"id":284903,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1023/downloads/"},{"id":284902,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1023/pdf/of2014-1023.pdf"},{"id":284905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141023.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.500887,36.74929 ], [ -116.500887,36.919932 ], [ -116.374544,36.919932 ], [ -116.374544,36.74929 ], [ -116.500887,36.74929 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6b1ae4b0b29085103ad2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Philip H. pnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Philip","email":"pnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kibler, Joyce E.","contributorId":56293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kibler","given":"Joyce","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70099278,"text":"70099278 - 2014 - 1DTempPro: analyzing temperature profiles for groundwater/surface-water exchange","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T16:04:54","indexId":"70099278","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-25T10:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"1DTempPro: analyzing temperature profiles for groundwater/surface-water exchange","docAbstract":"A new computer program, 1DTempPro, is presented for the analysis of vertical one-dimensional (1D) temperature profiles under saturated flow conditions. 1DTempPro is a graphical user interface to the U.S. Geological Survey code Variably Saturated 2-Dimensional Heat Transport (VS2DH), which numerically solves the flow and heat-transport equations. Pre- and postprocessor features allow the user to calibrate VS2DH models to estimate vertical groundwater/surface-water exchange and also hydraulic conductivity for cases where hydraulic head is known.","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12051","usgsCitation":"Voytek, E.B., Drenkelfuss, A., Day-Lewis, F.D., Healy, R., Lane, J.W., and Werkema, D.D., 2014, 1DTempPro: analyzing temperature profiles for groundwater/surface-water exchange: Ground Water, v. 52, no. 2, p. 298-302, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12051.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"298","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"5","ipdsId":"IP-042740","costCenters":[{"id":496,"text":"Office of Groundwater-Branch of Geophysics","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284767,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284376,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12051"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53516eb1e4b05569d8059d05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voytek, Emily B. 0000-0003-0981-453X ebvoytek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0981-453X","contributorId":3575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voytek","given":"Emily","email":"ebvoytek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drenkelfuss, Anja","contributorId":9954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drenkelfuss","given":"Anja","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Healy, Richard","contributorId":60947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. jwlane@usgs.gov","contributorId":1738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jwlane@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":491940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Werkema, Dale D.","contributorId":40488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Werkema","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":491943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70096234,"text":"70096234 - 2014 - Phytoremediation of a petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated shallow aquifer in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T16:06:39","indexId":"70096234","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-20T15:28:20","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3249,"text":"Remediation Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phytoremediation of a petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated shallow aquifer in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, USA","docAbstract":"A former bulk fuel terminal in North Carolina is a groundwater phytoremediation demonstration site where 3,250 hybrid poplars, willows, and pine trees were planted from 2006 to 2008 over approximately 579,000 L of residual gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Since 2011, the groundwater altitude is lower in the area with trees than outside the planted area. Soil-gas analyses showed a 95 percent mass loss for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and a 99 percent mass loss for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). BTEX and methyl tert-butyl ether concentrations have decreased in groundwater. Interpolations of free-phase, fuel product gauging data show reduced thicknesses across the site and pooling of fuel product where poplar biomass is greatest. Isolated clusters of tree mortalities have persisted in areas with high TPH and BTEX mass. Toxicity assays showed impaired water use for willows and poplars exposed to the site's fuel product, but Populus survival was higher than the willows or pines on-site, even in a noncontaminated control area. All four Populus clones survived well at the site.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rem.21382","usgsCitation":"Nichols, E.G., Cook, R.L., Landmeyer, J., Atkinson, B., Malone, D.R., Shaw, G., and Woods, L., 2014, Phytoremediation of a petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated shallow aquifer in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, USA: Remediation Journal, v. 24, no. 2, p. 29-46, https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21382.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"46","ipdsId":"IP-052835","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21382","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":287162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287161,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rem.21382"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Elizabeth City","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.30,36.26 ], [ -76.30,36.34 ], [ -76.18,36.34 ], [ -76.18,36.26 ], [ -76.30,36.26 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53749071e4b0870f4d23cfcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie","contributorId":51210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"Guthrie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, Rachel L.","contributorId":88270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landmeyer, James 0000-0002-5640-3816 jlandmey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-3816","contributorId":3257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"James","email":"jlandmey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atkinson, Brad","contributorId":77848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Brad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Malone, Donald R.","contributorId":9179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shaw, George","contributorId":26628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Woods, Leilani","contributorId":46011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Leilani","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70099120,"text":"70099120 - 2014 - Quantity and quality of groundwater discharge in a hypersaline lake environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-03T14:57:56","indexId":"70099120","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-20T13:59:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantity and quality of groundwater discharge in a hypersaline lake environment","docAbstract":"Geophysical and geochemical surveys were conducted to understand groundwater discharge to Great Salt Lake (GSL) and assess the potential significance of groundwater discharge as a source of selenium (Se). Continuous resistivity profiling (CRP) focusing below the sediment/water interface and fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) surveys were conducted along the south shore of GSL. FO-DTS surveys identified persistent cold-water temperature anomalies at 10 separate locations. Seepage measurements were conducted at 17 sites (mean seepage rate = 0.8 cm/day). High resistivity anomalies identified by the CRP survey were likely a mirabilite (Na2SO4·10H2O) salt layer acting as a semi-confining layer for the shallow groundwater below the south shore of the lake. Positive seepage rates measured along the near-shore areas of GSL indicate that a ∼1-m thick oolitic sand overlying the mirabilite layer is likely acting as a shallow, unconfined aquifer. Using the average seepage rate of 0.8 cm/day over an area of 1.6 km2, an annual Se mass loading to GSL of 23.5 kg was estimated. Determination of R/Ra values (calculated 3He/4He ratio over the present-day atmospheric 3He/4He ratio) <1 and tritium activities of 1.2–2.0 tritium units in groundwater within and below the mirabilite layer indicates a convergence of regional and local groundwater flow paths discharging into GSL. Groundwater within and below the mirabilite layer obtains its high sulfate salinity from the dissolution of mirabilite. The δ34S and δ18O isotopic values in samples of dissolved sulfate from the shallow groundwater below the mirabilite are almost identical to the isotopic signature of the mirabilite core material. The saturation index calculated for groundwater samples using PHREEQC indicates the water is at equilibrium with mirabilite. Water samples collected from GSL immediately off shore contained Se concentrations that were 3–4 times higher than other sampling sites >25 km offshore from the study site and may be originating from less saline groundwater seeps mixing with the more saline water from GSL. Additional evidence for mixing with near shore seeps is found in the δD and δ18O isotopic values and Br:Cl ratios. Geochemical modeling for a water sample collected in the vicinity of the study area indicates that under chemically reducing conditions, arsenic- (As) bearing minerals could dissolve while Se-bearing minerals will likely precipitate out of solution, possibly explaining why the shallow groundwater below and within the mirabilite salt layer contains low concentrations of Se (0.9–2.3 μg/L).","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.040","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., Naftz, D.L., Day-Lewis, F., Henderson, R., Rosenberry, D., Stolp, B., and Jewell, P., 2014, Quantity and quality of groundwater discharge in a hypersaline lake environment: Journal of Hydrology, v. 512, p. 177-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.040.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"194","ipdsId":"IP-037434","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.326622,40.499181 ], [ -112.326622,40.849657 ], [ -111.94931,40.849657 ], [ -111.94931,40.499181 ], [ -112.326622,40.499181 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"512","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5351705de4b05569d805a383","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R.B.","contributorId":48693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day-Lewis, F. D. 0000-0003-3526-886X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":35773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henderson, R.D.","contributorId":14269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6619,"text":"University of Connecticutt","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":491830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":491832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":71942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jewell, P.","contributorId":77843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jewell","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70094490,"text":"sir20145030 - 2014 - Methods for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods for urban and small, rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T20:56:35","indexId":"sir20145030","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-19T14:26:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5030","title":"Methods for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods for urban and small, rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2011","docAbstract":"Reliable estimates of the magnitude and frequency of floods are essential for the design of transportation and water-conveyance structures, flood-insurance studies, and flood-plain management. Such estimates are particularly important in densely populated urban areas. In order to increase the number of streamflow-gaging stations (streamgages) available for analysis, expand the geographical coverage that would allow for application of regional regression equations across State boundaries, and build on a previous flood-frequency investigation of rural U.S Geological Survey streamgages in the Southeast United States, a multistate approach was used to update methods for determining the magnitude and frequency of floods in urban and small, rural streams that are not substantially affected by regulation or tidal fluctuations in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. The at-site flood-frequency analysis of annual peak-flow data for urban and small, rural streams (through September 30, 2011) included 116 urban streamgages and 32 small, rural streamgages, defined in this report as basins draining less than 1 square mile. The regional regression analysis included annual peak-flow data from an additional 338 rural streamgages previously included in U.S. Geological Survey flood-frequency reports and 2 additional rural streamgages in North Carolina that were not included in the previous Southeast rural flood-frequency investigation for a total of 488 streamgages included in the urban and small, rural regression analysis. The at-site flood-frequency analyses for the urban and small, rural streamgages included the expected moments algorithm, which is a modification of the Bulletin 17B log-Pearson type III method for fitting the statistical distribution to the logarithms of the annual peak flows. Where applicable, the flood-frequency analysis also included low-outlier and historic information. Additionally, the application of a generalized Grubbs-Becks test allowed for the detection of multiple potentially influential low outliers.
\nStreamgage basin characteristics were determined using geographical information system techniques. Initial ordinary least squares regression simulations reduced the number of basin characteristics on the basis of such factors as statistical significance, coefficient of determination, Mallow’s Cp statistic, and ease of measurement of the explanatory variable. Application of generalized least squares regression techniques produced final predictive (regression) equations for estimating the 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability flows for urban and small, rural ungaged basins for three hydrologic regions (HR1, Piedmont–Ridge and Valley; HR3, Sand Hills; and HR4, Coastal Plain), which previously had been defined from exploratory regression analysis in the Southeast rural flood-frequency investigation. Because of the limited availability of urban streamgages in the Coastal Plain of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, additional urban streamgages in Florida and New Jersey were used in the regression analysis for this region. Including the urban streamgages in New Jersey allowed for the expansion of the applicability of the predictive equations in the Coastal Plain from 3.5 to 53.5 square miles. Average standard error of prediction for the predictive equations, which is a measure of the average accuracy of the regression equations when predicting flood estimates for ungaged sites, range from 25.0 percent for the 10-percent annual exceedance probability regression equation for the Piedmont–Ridge and Valley region to 73.3 percent for the 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability regression equation for the Sand Hills region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145030","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Transportation, Office of Materials and Research, and the North Carolina Department of Transportation, Division of Highways (Hydraulics Unit)","usgsCitation":"Feaster, T., Gotvald, A.J., and Weaver, J., 2014, Methods for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods for urban and small, rural streams in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, 2011 (First posted March 19, 2014; Revised March 26, 2014, ver. 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5030, Report: vii, 104 p.; Application-of-Methods-Tool, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145030.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 104 p.; Application-of-Methods-Tool","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051253","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145030.jpg"},{"id":284261,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5030/pdf/sir2014-5030.pdf"},{"id":284260,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5030/"},{"id":284262,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5030/sir2014-5030_applications_tool-ver1.1.xlsx"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.04,29.95 ], [ -86.04,38.01 ], [ -74.69,38.01 ], [ -74.69,29.95 ], [ -86.04,29.95 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"First posted March 19, 2014; Revised March 26, 2014, ver. 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517055e4b05569d805a32a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feaster, Toby D. 0000-0002-5626-5011 tfeaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5626-5011","contributorId":1109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feaster","given":"Toby D.","email":"tfeaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gotvald, Anthony J. 0000-0002-9019-750X agotvald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9019-750X","contributorId":1970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gotvald","given":"Anthony","email":"agotvald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weaver, J. Curtis","contributorId":42260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"J. Curtis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70094151,"text":"sir20145028 - 2014 - Surface-water and karst groundwater interactions and streamflow-response simulations of the karst-influenced upper Lost River watershed, Orange County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-07T09:53:30","indexId":"sir20145028","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-18T14:43:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5028","title":"Surface-water and karst groundwater interactions and streamflow-response simulations of the karst-influenced upper Lost River watershed, Orange County, Indiana","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs (OCRA), conducted a study of the upper Lost River watershed in Orange County, Indiana, from 2012 to 2013. Streamflow and groundwater data were collected at 10 data-collection sites from at least October 2012 until April 2013, and a preliminary Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources (WATER)-TOPMODEL based hydrologic model was created to increase understanding of the complex, karstic hydraulic and hydrologic system present in the upper Lost River watershed, Orange County, Ind. Statistical assessment of the optimized hydrologic-model results were promising and returned correlation coefficients for simulated and measured stream discharge of 0.58 and 0.60 and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values of 0.56 and 0.39 for USGS streamflow-gaging stations 03373530 (Lost River near Leipsic, Ind.), and 03373560 (Lost River near Prospect, Ind.), respectively. Additional information to refine drainage divides is needed before applying the model to the entire karst region of south-central Indiana. Surface-water and groundwater data were used to tentatively quantify the complex hydrologic processes taking place within the watershed and provide increased understanding for future modeling and management applications. The data indicate that during wet-weather periods and after certain intense storms, the hydraulic capacity of swallow holes and subsurface conduits is overwhelmed with excess water that flows onto the surface in dry-bed relic stream channels and karst paleovalleys. Analysis of discharge data collected at USGS streamflow-gaging station 03373550 (Orangeville Rise, at Orangeville, Ind.), and other ancillary data-collection sites in the watershed, indicate that a bounding condition is likely present, and drainage from the underlying karst conduit system is potentially limited to near 200 cubic feet per second. This information will direct future studies and assist managers in understanding when the subsurface conduits may become overwhelmed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145028","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Indiana Office of Community and Rural Affairs (OCRA)","usgsCitation":"Bayless, E.R., Cinotto, P.J., Ulery, R.L., Taylor, C.J., McCombs, G.K., Kim, M.H., and Nelson, H.L., 2014, Surface-water and karst groundwater interactions and streamflow-response simulations of the karst-influenced upper Lost River watershed, Orange County, Indiana (Originally posted March 18, 2014; Revised April 7, 2014): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5028, viii, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145028.","productDescription":"viii, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-040755","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284186,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145028.jpg"},{"id":284185,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5028/pdf/sir2014-5028.pdf"},{"id":284184,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5028/"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Orange County","otherGeospatial":"Upper Lost River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86.66,38.416 ], [ -86.66,38.766 ], [ -86.166,38.766 ], [ -86.166,38.416 ], [ -86.66,38.416 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Originally posted March 18, 2014; Revised April 7, 2014","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517065e4b05569d805a3d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":42586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cinotto, Peter J. pcinotto@usgs.gov","contributorId":451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cinotto","given":"Peter","email":"pcinotto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ulery, Randy L. rlulery@usgs.gov","contributorId":4679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulery","given":"Randy","email":"rlulery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":490453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Charles J.","contributorId":93100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McCombs, Gregory K. gmccombs@usgs.gov","contributorId":5429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCombs","given":"Gregory","email":"gmccombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":490454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kim, Moon H. 0000-0002-4328-8409 mkim@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-8409","contributorId":3211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Moon","email":"mkim@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70098419,"text":"70098419 - 2014 - How mangrove forests adjust to rising sea level","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-18T13:33:59","indexId":"70098419","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-18T13:28:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2863,"text":"New Phytologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How mangrove forests adjust to rising sea level","docAbstract":"Mangroves are among the most well described and widely studied wetland communities in the world. The greatest threats to mangrove persistence are deforestation and other anthropogenic disturbances that can compromise habitat stability and resilience to sea-level rise. To persist, mangrove ecosystems must adjust to rising sea level by building vertically or become submerged. Mangroves may directly or indirectly influence soil accretion processes through the production and accumulation of organic matter, as well as the trapping and retention of mineral sediment. In this review, we provide a general overview of research on mangrove elevation dynamics, emphasizing the role of the vegetation in maintaining soil surface elevations (i.e. position of the soil surface in the vertical plane). We summarize the primary ways in which mangroves may influence sediment accretion and vertical land development, for example, through root contributions to soil volume and upward expansion of the soil surface. We also examine how hydrological, geomorphological and climatic processes may interact with plant processes to influence mangrove capacity to keep pace with rising sea level. We draw on a variety of studies to describe the important, and often under-appreciated, role that plants play in shaping the trajectory of an ecosystem undergoing change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"New Phytologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/nph.12605","usgsCitation":"Krauss, K.W., McKee, K.L., Lovelock, C.E., Cahoon, D.R., Saintilan, N., Reef, R., and Chen, L., 2014, How mangrove forests adjust to rising sea level: New Phytologist, v. 202, no. 1, p. 19-34, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12605.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-049944","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284147,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12605"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"202","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd60c5e4b0b290850fd239","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krauss, Ken W. 0000-0003-2195-0729 kraussk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2195-0729","contributorId":2017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","email":"kraussk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, Karen L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":8927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovelock, Catherine E.","contributorId":64787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovelock","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667 dcahoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":3791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"dcahoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saintilan, Neil","contributorId":31670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saintilan","given":"Neil","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reef, Ruth","contributorId":44826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reef","given":"Ruth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chen, Luzhen","contributorId":71474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Luzhen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70098422,"text":"70098422 - 2014 - Does water chemistry affect the dietary uptake and toxicity of silver nanoparticles by the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T16:34:57","indexId":"70098422","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-18T13:18:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does water chemistry affect the dietary uptake and toxicity of silver nanoparticles by the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis?","docAbstract":"Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in many applications and likely released into the aquatic environment. There is increasing evidence that Ag is efficiently delivered to aquatic organisms from AgNPs after aqueous and dietary exposures. Accumulation of AgNPs through the diet can damage digestion and adversely affect growth. It is well recognized that aspects of water quality, such as hardness, affect the bioavailability and toxicity of waterborne Ag. However, the influence of water chemistry on the bioavailability and toxicity of dietborne AgNPs to aquatic invertebrates is largely unknown. Here we characterize for the first time the effects of water hardness and humic acids on the bioaccumulation and toxicity of AgNPs coated with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) to the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis after dietary exposures. Our results indicate that bioaccumulation and toxicity of Ag from PVP-AgNPs ingested with food are not affected by water hardness and by humic acids, although both could affect interactions with the biological membrane and trigger nanoparticle transformations. Snails efficiently assimilated Ag from the PVP-AgNPs mixed with diatoms (Ag assimilation efficiencies ranged from 82 to 93%). Rate constants of Ag uptake from food were similar across the entire range of water hardness and humic acid concentrations. These results suggest that correcting regulations for water quality could be irrelevant and ineffective where dietary exposure is important.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.010","usgsCitation":"Lopez-Serrano Oliver, A., Croteau, M., Stoiber, T., Tejamaya, M., Römer, I., Lead, J.R., and Luoma, S.N., 2014, Does water chemistry affect the dietary uptake and toxicity of silver nanoparticles by the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis?: Environmental Pollution, v. 189, p. 87-91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.010.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"5","ipdsId":"IP-054217","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284171,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284170,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.010"}],"volume":"189","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53517034e4b05569d805a1cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopez-Serrano Oliver, Ana","contributorId":85083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez-Serrano Oliver","given":"Ana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Croteau, Marie-Noële","contributorId":22863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Croteau","given":"Marie-Noële","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stoiber, Tasha L.","contributorId":91402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stoiber","given":"Tasha L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tejamaya, Mila","contributorId":93375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tejamaya","given":"Mila","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Römer, Isabella","contributorId":17133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Römer","given":"Isabella","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lead, Jamie R.","contributorId":41331,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lead","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70055555,"text":"tm4A9 - 2014 - HydroClimATe: hydrologic and climatic analysis toolkit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T15:21:11","indexId":"tm4A9","displayToPublicDate":"2014-03-17T14:53:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"4-A9","title":"HydroClimATe: hydrologic and climatic analysis toolkit","docAbstract":"The potential consequences of climate variability and climate change have been identified as major issues for the sustainability and availability of the worldwide water resources. Unlike global climate change, climate variability represents deviations from the long-term state of the climate over periods of a few years to several decades. Currently, rich hydrologic time-series data are available, but the combination of data preparation and statistical methods developed by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the Groundwater Resources Program is relatively unavailable to hydrologists and engineers who could benefit from estimates of climate variability and its effects on periodic recharge and water-resource availability. This report documents HydroClimATe, a computer program for assessing the relations between variable climatic and hydrologic time-series data. HydroClimATe was developed for a Windows operating system. The software includes statistical tools for (1) time-series preprocessing, (2) spectral analysis, (3) spatial and temporal analysis, (4) correlation analysis, and (5) projections. The time-series preprocessing tools include spline fitting, standardization using a normal or gamma distribution, and transformation by a cumulative departure. The spectral analysis tools include discrete Fourier transform, maximum entropy method, and singular spectrum analysis. The spatial and temporal analysis tool is empirical orthogonal function analysis. The correlation analysis tools are linear regression and lag correlation. The projection tools include autoregressive time-series modeling and generation of many realizations. These tools are demonstrated in four examples that use stream-flow discharge data, groundwater-level records, gridded time series of precipitation data, and the Multivariate ENSO Index.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Section A: Statistical analysis in Book 4 Hydrologic Analysis and Interpretation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm4A9","collaboration":"Groundwater Resources Program. This report is Chapter 9 of Section A: Statistical analysis in Book 4 Hydrologic Analysis and Interpretation.","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, J.E., Hanson, R.T., and Predmore, S.K., 2014, HydroClimATe: hydrologic and climatic analysis toolkit: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 4-A9, x, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm4A9.","productDescription":"x, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-035956","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284093,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm4A9.jpg"},{"id":284091,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm4a9/"},{"id":284092,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm4a9/pdf/tm4-a9.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd60efe4b0b290850fd3b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, Jesse E. 0000-0002-0048-0839 jdickins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-0839","contributorId":152545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Jesse","email":"jdickins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":486142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Predmore, Steven K. spredmor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Predmore","given":"Steven","email":"spredmor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":486144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}