Nearly 50 coincident seismic reflection/refraction studies to depths of at least the Moho provide an improved understanding of the continental lithosphere. Some conclusions include the following: (1) A transparent upper crust, a common observation on vertical reflection profiles, cannot generally be correlated with velocity gradients or low-velocity zones. Rather, a commonly transparent upper crust may be explained by short-wavelength, steeply dipping features in the brittle upper crust and to a lesser degree by signal contamination from source-generated noise. (2) The reflective lower crust in extensional terranes appears to be characterized by a high average seismic velocity (6.6–7.3 km/s) and to consist of laminated high- and low-velocity layers with typical thicknesses of 100–200 m. (3) Landward dipping reflectors observed in the middle to lower crusts of convergent zones have been identified as paired high- and low-velocity slabs which represent oceanic crust and mantle accreted via underplating to the continental margin. (4) The crust-mantle boundary may differ sufficiently when imaged with vertical incidence and wide-angle data to justify the retention, for the present, of the concept of separate reflection and refraction Mohos. While there is good evidence that these features are coincident within measurement uncertainties in most regions, recently recorded data from the Basin and Range admit the possibility for noncoincidence in that area. (5) Upper mantle reflections which cannot be migrated into the lower crust remain rare, despite isolated unequivocal examples. Thus the upper mantle appears to be relatively homogeneous at seismic reflection wavelengths and to lack the laminations inferred for the lower crust. The wide-angle method will likely provide the most reliable information on the velocity structure and physical state of this portion of the lithosphere for some years to come. (6) There appear to be clear and consistent basic differences between convergent and extensional terranes which have been identified from coincident experiments; these differences may be sufficiently universal to infer the tectonic history of poorly exposed terranes. (7) No truly three-dimensional coincident experiment (i.e., including three-dimensional migration) has been conducted, but some three-dimensional data have been collected using both methods. Measurements of attenuation, Poisson's ratio, and anisotropy within the crust using coincident data sets remain frontiers.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/RG025i004p00723","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Mooney, W.D., and Brocher, T., 1987, Coincident seismic reflection/refraction studies of the continental lithosphere: A global review.: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 25, no. 4, p. 723-742, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG025i004p00723.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"723","endPage":"742","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225736,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7a4e4b0c8380cd4cc1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooney, W. D.","contributorId":72376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58395,"text":"mf1594C - 1987 - Geochemical survey maps of the wildernesses and roadless areas in the White Mountains National Forest, Coos, Grafton, and Carroll counties, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-19T11:12:10","indexId":"mf1594C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1594","chapter":"C","title":"Geochemical survey maps of the wildernesses and roadless areas in the White Mountains National Forest, Coos, Grafton, and Carroll counties, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"The Wilderness Act (Public Law 88-577, September 3, 1964) and related acts require the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines to survey certain areas on Federal lands to determine what mineral values, if any, may be present. Results must be made available to the public and be submitted to the President and the Congress. This report presents the results a geochemical survey of the Great Gulf and Presidential Range-Dry River Wilderness Areas; the Dartmouth Range, Wild River, Pemigewasset, Kinsman Mountain, Mount Wolf-Gordon Pond, Jobildunk, Carr Mountain, Sandwich Range, and the Dry River Extention (2 parcels) Roadless Areas; and the intervening and immediately surrounding areas in the White Mountain National Forest, Coos, Grafton, and Carroll Counties, New Hampshire. The Great Gulf Wilderness was established when the Wilderness Act was passed in 1964, and the Presidential Range-Dray Wiver Wilderness was established by Public Law 93-622, January 3, 1975. The Dartmouth Range, Wild River, Pemigewasset, Kinsman Mountain, Mount Wolf-Gordon Pond, Carr Mountain, and Jobildunk areas were classified as a further planning area during the Second Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II) by the U.S. Forest Service, January 1979.
\nThe White Mountain National Forest contains two established wilderness areas and ten additional RARE II roadless areas, covering a total of about 380 square miles. The location of these areas is shown on figure 1 and further information about them is contained in table 2. In order to treat all these separate areas as a single entity, they, along with the immediately surrounding areas, were combined into one study area, hereafter referred to as the study area, of about 1,300 square miles.
\nThis map is based on joint investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Office of the State Geologists of New Hampshire. The geochemical survey was conducted in the summer of 1980 and was integrated with an on-going multidisciplinary study of mineral resources of the Sherbrooke and Lewiston 1°x2° quadrangles under the Conterminous United States Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1594C","usgsCitation":"Canney, F., Howd, F.H., Domenico, J.A., and Nakagawa, H., 1987, Geochemical survey maps of the wildernesses and roadless areas in the White Mountains National Forest, Coos, Grafton, and Carroll counties, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1594, 3 Sheets: 54.37 x 38.14 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1594C.","productDescription":"3 Sheets: 54.37 x 38.14 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1594C.PNG"},{"id":326985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1594-C/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":326986,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1594-C/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":326987,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1594-C/plate-3.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","county":"Carroll County, Coos County, Grafton County","otherGeospatial":"White Mountains National Forest","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72,43.75 ], [ -72,44.5 ], [ -71,44.5 ], [ -71,43.75 ], [ -72,43.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abb1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Canney, F. C.","contributorId":24790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Canney","given":"F. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howd, F. H.","contributorId":52965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howd","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Domenico, J. A.","contributorId":12028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domenico","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nakagawa, H.M.","contributorId":31055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakagawa","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":4353,"text":"cir957 - 1987 - Mineralogy and instrumental neutron activation analysis of seven National Bureau of Standards and three Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas clay reference samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:21","indexId":"cir957","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"957","title":"Mineralogy and instrumental neutron activation analysis of seven National Bureau of Standards and three Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas clay reference samples","docAbstract":"The concentrations of 3 oxides and 29 elements in 7 National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and 3 Instituto de Pesquisas Techno16gicas (IPT) reference clay samples were etermined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The analytical work was designed to test the homogeneity of constituents in three new NBS reference clays, NBS-97b, NBS-98b, and NBS-679. The analyses of variance of 276 sets of data for these three standards show that the constituents are distributed homogeneously among bottles of samples for 94 percent of the sets of data. \r\n\r\nThree of the reference samples (NBS-97, NBS-97a, and NBS-97b) are flint clays; four of the samples (NBS-98, NBS-98a, NBS-98b, and IPT-32) are plastic clays, and three of the samples (NBS-679, IPT-28, and IPT-42) are miscellaneous clays (both sedimentary and residual). Seven clays are predominantly kaolinite; the other three clays contain illite and kaolinite in the approximate ratio 3:2. Seven clays contain quartz as the major nonclay mineral. The mineralogy of the flint and plastic clays from Missouri (NBS-97a and NBS-98a) differs markedly from that of the flint and plastic clays from Pennsylvania (NBS-97, NBS-97b, NBS-98, and NBS-98b). \r\n\r\nThe flint clay NBS-97 has higher average chromium, hafnium, lithium, and zirconium contents than its replacement, reference sample NBS-97b. The differences between the plastic clay NBS-98 and its replacement, NBS-98b, are not as pronounced. The trace element contents of the flint and plastic clays from Missouri, NBS-97a and NBS-98a, differ significantly from those of the clays from Pennsylvania, especially the average rare earth element (REE) contents. The trace element contents of clay sample IPT-32 differ from those of the other plastic clays. IPT-28 and IPT-42 have some average trace element contents that differ not only between these two samples but also from all the other clays. IPT-28 has the highest summation of the average REE contents of the 10 samples. The uranium content of NBS-98a, 46 parts per million, is very much higher than that of the other clays. \r\n\r\nPlots of average REE contents of the flint and plastic clays, normalized to chondritic abundances, show that the clays from Missouri differ from the same types of clay from Pennsylvania. The plot of REE contents for the miscellaneous clays shows that the normalized means for the elements lanthanum through samarium for IPT-28 are much greater than those for the other miscellaneous clays. The means for the elements europium through lutetium are similar for all three miscellaneous clays.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir957","usgsCitation":"Hosterman, J.W., Flanagan, F., Bragg, A., Doughten, M., Filby, R., Grimm, C., Mee, J.S., Potts, P., and Rogers, N., 1987, Mineralogy and instrumental neutron activation analysis of seven National Bureau of Standards and three Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas clay reference samples: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 957, iv, 38 p. :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir957.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p. :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0957/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31462,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0957/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hosterman, John W.","contributorId":48962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosterman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flanagan, F.J.","contributorId":50139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bragg, Anne","contributorId":78600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bragg","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doughten, M. W.","contributorId":101648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doughten","given":"M. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Filby, R.H.","contributorId":26071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filby","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grimm, Catherine","contributorId":40063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimm","given":"Catherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mee, J. S.","contributorId":25168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Potts, P.J.","contributorId":38416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potts","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rogers, N.W.","contributorId":83650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"N.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":3603,"text":"cir968 - 1987 - Development of sinkholes resulting from man's activities in the Eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T10:39:26","indexId":"cir968","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"968","title":"Development of sinkholes resulting from man's activities in the Eastern United States","docAbstract":"Development of induced sinkholes in carbonate terranes in the Eastern United States has resulted in costly damage and water pollution. Previously, detailed investigations of sinkholes were limited to Alabama and Missouri, with the most comprehensive being in Alabama. An investigation of the remainder of the area was made in 1981 to regionalize previous findings. More than 850 sites of sinkhole development have been identified in 19 States. It is estimated that more than 6,500 sinkholes or related features have formed at these sites. Most have occurred since 1950. Based on information available, States most impacted are Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee.
\nThe total cost of damage and associated protective measures resulting from induced sinkholes is unknown. Costs reported for a limited number of sites were about $170 million--expended almost entirely after 1970. About $140 million were expended at five dams in four States and to repair or protect highways in two States.
\nSinkholes are of two types, natural and induced {accelerated or caused by man}. The sudden development of both types results from the collapse of the roof of a cavity or cavern in rock, or from the downward migration of unconsolidated deposits into solutionally enlarged openings in the top of bedrock. The occurrence of sinkholes resulting from bedrock roof collapses, in comparison with the occurrence of sinkholes resulting from downward migration of unconsolidated deposits, is rare.
\nInduced sinkholes are of two types: those resulting from a decline in water level due to ground-water withdrawals and those resulting from construction. Sinkholes resulting from water-level declines are caused by loss of buoyant support, increase in velocity of water movement, water-level fluctuations, and induced recharge. Most induced sinkholes resulting from construction are caused by the diversion or impoundment of surface drainage over unconsolidated deposits resting on openings in the top of bedrock. Collapse mechanisms include loading, saturation, and piping.
\nAssessment of existing or potential sinkhole problems at a site requires recognition of features associated with sinkhole development and knowledge of triggering mechanisms that cause sinkholes. Natural sinkhole development is generally not predictable. Induced sinkhole development is predictable in some instances, but is predictable only in the sense that it will occur in a particular area. The most predictable development results from dewatering by wells, quarries, and mines.
\nAlternatives that allow avoiding or minimizing sinkhole hazards are most numerous when a problem or potential problem is recognized during site evaluation. The number of alternatives declines after the beginning of site development. Where sinkhole development is predictable, zoning of land use can minimize hazards.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Print Office","doi":"10.3133/cir968","usgsCitation":"Newton, J.G., 1987, Development of sinkholes resulting from man's activities in the Eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 968, iv, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir968.","productDescription":"iv, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30638,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0968/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0968/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.294921875,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -96.6357421875,\n 42.65012181368025\n ],\n [\n -95.5810546875,\n 40.01078714046552\n ],\n [\n -94.658203125,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -94.41650390625,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -94.130859375,\n 33.52307880890422\n ],\n [\n -94.0869140625,\n 32.02670629333614\n ],\n [\n -93.55957031249999,\n 31.109388560814963\n ],\n [\n -93.91113281249999,\n 29.7453016622136\n ],\n [\n -89.09912109375,\n 29.05616970274342\n ],\n [\n -89.45068359374999,\n 30.183121842195515\n ],\n [\n -86.68212890625,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -85.23193359375,\n 29.554345125748267\n ],\n [\n -84.17724609375,\n 30.088107753367257\n ],\n [\n -82.7490234375,\n 28.94086176940557\n ],\n [\n -82.9248046875,\n 27.9361805667694\n ],\n [\n -81.97998046875,\n 26.352497858154\n ],\n [\n -81.18896484375,\n 25.045792240303445\n ],\n [\n -80.17822265625,\n 25.145284610685064\n ],\n [\n -79.91455078125,\n 26.941659545381516\n ],\n [\n -80.48583984375,\n 28.57487404744697\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -80.88134765625,\n 31.89621446335144\n ],\n [\n -79.07958984375,\n 33.15594830078649\n ],\n [\n -77.9150390625,\n 33.925129700072\n ],\n [\n -76.3330078125,\n 34.75966612466248\n ],\n [\n -75.4541015625,\n 35.97800618085568\n ],\n [\n -75.8056640625,\n 37.03763967977139\n ],\n [\n -74.90478515625,\n 38.75408327579141\n ],\n [\n -73.76220703125,\n 40.463666324587685\n ],\n [\n -71.4990234375,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -69.5654296875,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -70.4443359375,\n 42.53689200787317\n ],\n [\n -70.33447265624999,\n 43.40504748787035\n ],\n [\n -66.884765625,\n 44.574817404670306\n ],\n [\n -67.7197265625,\n 45.75219336063106\n ],\n [\n -67.78564453125,\n 47.17477833929903\n ],\n [\n -68.22509765625,\n 47.428087261714275\n ],\n [\n -69.19189453125,\n 47.487513008956554\n ],\n [\n -69.98291015625,\n 46.78501604269254\n ],\n [\n -71.54296874999999,\n 45.042478050891546\n ],\n [\n -74.8388671875,\n 45.042478050891546\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -79.07958984375,\n 43.59630591596548\n ],\n [\n -79.03564453124999,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -82.44140625,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -83.03466796874999,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -82.46337890625,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 43.51668853502909\n ],\n [\n -82.55126953124999,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -84.13330078125,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -88.26416015625,\n 48.31242790407178\n ],\n [\n -90.966796875,\n 48.25394114463431\n ],\n [\n -93.2080078125,\n 48.66194284607008\n ],\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 48.73445537176822\n ],\n [\n -94.81201171875,\n 49.32512199104001\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.410973199695846\n ],\n [\n -95.11962890625,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -97.294921875,\n 49.009050809382046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65ddf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newton, John G.","contributorId":22323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34990,"text":"b1668 - 1987 - Rare-earth-element compositions of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Southern Rocky Mountains and adjacent areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:48","indexId":"b1668","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1668","title":"Rare-earth-element compositions of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Southern Rocky Mountains and adjacent areas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b1668","usgsCitation":"Lipman, P.W., 1987, Rare-earth-element compositions of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Southern Rocky Mountains and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1668, iv, 23 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1668.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1668/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247526,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1668/plate-table_1.pdf","size":"2663","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":62936,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1668/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db649191","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":213942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12062,"text":"ofr87509 - 1987 - Geochemistry and preliminary assessment of resource potential for postorogenic granites of the southwestern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-22T14:45:20","indexId":"ofr87509","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-509","title":"Geochemistry and preliminary assessment of resource potential for postorogenic granites of the southwestern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"Geochemical data for samples from 55 postorogenic plutons of the southwestern Arabian Shield show that these granitoids are generally less evolved than similar granitoids of the eastern Arabian Shield. Radioelement contents are low to normal relative to typical granitic rocks and uranium contents are distinctly low relative to rocks of the eastern Arabian Shield. The data indicate low favorability for ore deposits of elements that are typically enriched in granites at the end stages of magmatism such as tin, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, rare-earth elements, and radioactive elements.
\nRegional geochemical patterns are not consistent with the north-south trending microplate boundary that has been proposed by other workers. Correlation coefficients for trace-element data obtained during the current study also argue against sharp compositional breaks in the protolith for the postorogenic granites. Consideration of the data presented here and similar data for granitoids of the eastern Arabian Shield, suggest the existence of a compositionally gradational protolith of continental affinity to the east and oceanic affinity to the west.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87509","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., VanTrump, G., Bush, C.A., Vaughn, R.B., and Bartel, A., 1987, Geochemistry and preliminary assessment of resource potential for postorogenic granites of the southwestern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-509, i, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87509.","productDescription":"i, 59 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0509/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40078,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0509/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 41.5,\n 18\n ],\n [\n 38.4,\n 22\n ],\n [\n 44,\n 22\n ],\n [\n 44,\n 18\n ],\n [\n 41.5,\n 18\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab6e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"VanTrump, George Jr.","contributorId":54193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanTrump","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bush, C. A.","contributorId":43344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vaughn, R. B.","contributorId":27043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bartel, A.J.","contributorId":34508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartel","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":13175,"text":"ofr87392 - 1987 - The formation and failure of natural dams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr87392","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-392","title":"The formation and failure of natural dams","docAbstract":"Of the numerous kinds of dams that form by natural processes, dams formed from landslides, glacial ice, and neoglacial moraines present the greatest threat to people and property. The most common types of mass movements that form landslide dams are rock and debris avalanches, rock and soil slumps and slides, and mud, debris, and earth flows. The most common initiation mechanisms for dam-forming landslides are excessive rainfall and snowmelt and earthquakes. Landslide dams can be classified into six categories based on their relation with the valley floor. Type I dams (11%) of the 81 landslide dams around the world that were classifed do not reach from one valley side to the other. Type II dams (44%) span the entire valley flood, occasionally depositing material high up on opposite valley sides. Type III dams (41%) move considerable distances both upstream and downstream from the landslide failure. Type IV dams (1%) are rare and involve the contemporaneous failure of material from both sides of a valley. Type V dams (1%) are also rare, and are created when a single landslide sends multiple tongues of debris into a valley forming two or more landslide dams in the same surfaces, that extend under the stream or valley and emerge on the opposite valley side. Many landslide dams fail shortly after formation. Overtopping is by far the most common cause of failure. Glacial ice dams can produce at least nine kinds of ice-dammed lakes. The most dangerous are lakes formed in main valleys dammed by tributary glaciers. Failure can occur by erosion of a drainage tunnel under or through the ice dam or by a channel over the ice dam. Cold polar ice dams generally drain supraglacially or marginally by downmelting of an outlet channel. Warmer temperate-ice dams tend to fail by sudden englacial or subglacial breaching and drainage. Late neoglacial moraine-dammed lakes are located in steep mountain areas affected by the advances and retreats of valley glaciers in the last several centuries. The most common reported failure mechanism is overtopping and breaching by a wave or series of waves in the lake, generated by icefalls, rockfalls, or snow or rock avalanches. Melting of ice-cores or frozen ground and piping and seepage are other possible failure mechanisms. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87392","usgsCitation":"Costa, J.E., and Schuster, R.L., 1987, The formation and failure of natural dams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-392, v, 39 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87392.","productDescription":"v, 39 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0392/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41573,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0392/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbb2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Costa, J. E.","contributorId":28977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, R. L.","contributorId":19135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28402,"text":"wri864356 - 1987 - Effects on water quality due to flood-water detention by Barker and Addicks Reservoirs, Houston, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T11:27:09","indexId":"wri864356","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4356","title":"Effects on water quality due to flood-water detention by Barker and Addicks Reservoirs, Houston, Texas","docAbstract":"The Barker and Addicks Reservoirs, located about 16 miles west of Houston, Texas, provide flood-detention storage for storm runoff. Of interest are the water-quality characteristics in the study area and changes in water quality during detention. Study area sampling sites were selected upstream along Buffalo Bayou for Barker Reservoir and on Bear Creek and Langham Creek for Addicks Reservoir, within the reservoirs, near the reservoir outflows, and below the confluence of each reservoir outflow at the streamflow station Buffalo Bayou near Addicks. Flow data were available at all sites except in the reservoirs. Analyses of samples collected during both low flow and storm runoff show that, in general, the waters of the study area were low in mineralization, but the aesthetics of the water was a problem.
\nThe inorganic constituents, trace metals, and pesticides rarely exceeded maximum contaminant levels recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for public supply using 1976 and 1977 criteria for primary and secondary standards. All species of nutrients, except ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus, almost always were below the recommended maximum contaminant levels. Phosphorus almost always exceeded these levels.
\nAesthetic problems are evident. Large values of suspended solids, turbidity, and color were common. Small dissolved-oxygen values commonly occurred in the reservoirs. Possible bacterial problems are indicated because coliformbacteria densities exceeded recommended levels in about 25 percent of the samples.
\nThe effects of the reservoirs on the water-quality characteristics of storm runoff were analyzed using three approaches. The first approach was a comparison of the discharge-weighted average values of nine selected constituents at each streamflow-gaging station during four storms. Reservoir effects on the quality of runoff detained 1 to 4 days in the two reservoirs were inconsistent. However, the reservoirs consistently had an effect on the water quality of runoff that was detained the longest (more than 8 days). Biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, turbidity, color, total nitrogen, and total organic carbon discharge-weighted average values were consistently smaller after flowing through the reservoirs. Dissolved solids and total phosphorus values were consistently larger after flowing through the reservoirs.
\nThe second approach was an analysis of the means of the discharge-weighted average values computed for the four hydrologic events using the Student t-test. Statistical results Indicate that reservoir detention significantly reduced suspended solids (the mean decreased from 178 milligrams per liter at the Inflows to 105 milligrams per liter at the outflows) and turbidity (the mean decreased from 119 nephelometrlc turbidity units at the inflows to 66 nephelometric turbidity units at the outflows).
\nThe third approach was a comparison at each site of the mean, maximum, and minimum values computed for seven constituents that did not correlate with discharge. These constituents or properties of water were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, dissolved oxygen percent saturation, total-coliform bacteria, fecal-conform bacteria, and fecal-streptococci bacteria. The only consistent water-quality changes observed were with the three bacteria groups, which were decreased by flood-water detention.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri864356","usgsCitation":"Liscum, F., Goss, R., and Paul, E., 1987, Effects on water quality due to flood-water detention by Barker and Addicks Reservoirs, Houston, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4356, v, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864356.","productDescription":"v, 96 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4356/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4356/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","otherGeospatial":"Addicks Reservoir, Barker Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.84403991699217,\n 29.68328053373362\n ],\n [\n -95.84403991699217,\n 29.981107684467244\n ],\n [\n -95.49934387207031,\n 29.981107684467244\n ],\n [\n -95.49934387207031,\n 29.68328053373362\n ],\n [\n -95.84403991699217,\n 29.68328053373362\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ee77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liscum, Fred","contributorId":95463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liscum","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goss, R.L.","contributorId":83143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goss","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paul, E.M.","contributorId":65089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26277,"text":"wri854342 - 1987 - Ground-water resources of Jones County, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri854342","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4342","title":"Ground-water resources of Jones County, Mississippi","docAbstract":"Jones County, Mississippi, is supplied with groundwater from aquifers in strata of Eocene and younger age. The largest groundwater withdrawals are from aquifers in the Catahoula Sandstone of the Miocene aquifer system that occur at depths of 200 and 400 ft in the Laurel area. Several public and industrial water supply wells obtain water from deeper Eocene strata that occur at depths of more than 900 ft. Pumpage from all aquifers in Jones County for all uses increased from < 1 million gal/day (mgd) in 1925 to a maximum of 21.6 mgd in 1975. The city of Laurel used about 6.2 mgd in 1984 and total water use for the county was about 14.1 mgd. The extreme irregularity of the sand beds that form the aquifers is reflected in the wide range in hydraulic characteristics. Transmissivity values range from 600 to 10,000 sq ft/day and average about 6,000 sq ft/day. The average hydraulic conductivity is about 90 ft/day. Water levels in key observation wells in the lower Catahoula aquifer at Laurel have declined from about 150 ft above sea level in 1945 to about 80 ft above sea level in 1985. Since 1975, water levels in the Catahoula aquifers in the Laurel area have declined at a slower rate, but the cone of depression has enlarged because of areal changes in pumping. Water in the major aquifers is usable for most purposes, and concentrations of common constituents do not exceed water quality criteria for drinking water supplies. Iron concentrations are highest in the Catahoula and Vicksburg aquifers, exceeding 0.30 mg/L in water from 33% of the wells for which data are available. Color is highest in the Eocene Cockfield aquifer, exceeding 50 units in water from 60% of the wells. Dissolved solids concentrations range from 487 to 840 mg/L in water from wells in the Cockfield and Sparta aquifers. The pH values generally are < 7.0 in water from wells in the Catahoula and Vicksburg aquifers and > 8.4 in water from wells in the Cockfield and Sparta aquifers. Hardness of water from all aquifers rarely exceeds 50 mg/L. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854342","usgsCitation":"Boswell, E.H., Bednar, G., and Darden, D., 1987, Ground-water resources of Jones County, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4342, v, 49 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854342.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4342/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55087,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4342/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6497c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boswell, E. H.","contributorId":38954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boswell","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bednar, G.A.","contributorId":94668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bednar","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Darden, Daphne","contributorId":12489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darden","given":"Daphne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27218,"text":"wri864056 - 1987 - Effects of coal strip mining on stream water quality and biology, southwestern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri864056","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4056","title":"Effects of coal strip mining on stream water quality and biology, southwestern Washington","docAbstract":"Strip mining for coal in southwestern Washington may be affecting the water quality of streams. To investigate these possible effects, five streams were selected for study of water quality in each of the two coal bearing areas: the Centralia-Chehalis coal district, and Kelso-Castle Rock coal area. In the Centralia-Chehalis coal district, three of the streams have drainage basins in which mines are active. Water in streams that drain unmined basins is typical of western Washington streams and is characterized as a mixed water because calcium, magnesium, sodium, and bicarbonate ions predominate. A change in anionic composition from bicarbonate to sulfate in streams draining mined areas was not sufficient to change the general water composition and thus make the streams acidic. The largest downstream changes in water quality in both mined and unmined drainage basins were observed during summer low-flow conditions, when minimal dilution, increased water temperatures, and low dissolved oxygen concentrations occurred. High dissolved solids were found in the mined drainage basins during this period. High concentrations of iron, manganese, and zinc were present in the bottom sediments of the mined basins. Moderate concentrations of chromium, cobalt, copper, and zinc were also found in the bottom sediments of a few unmined basins. Streams with substrates of gravel-cobble or gravel-coarse sand had the most diverse benthic fauna and a higher number of ubiquitous taxa than streams with sand-silt substrates, which had the most dissimilar fauna. Mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies were rare at the site most affected by mining. The erosion potential of a basin appears to be related to the average basin slope and the amount of forested areas. Strip mining for coal in steep basins may lead to massive movements of unconsolidated spoils after vegetal cover is removed if the land disturbed is graded to pre-mining slopes. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864056","usgsCitation":"Fuste, L.A., and Meyer, D.F., 1987, Effects of coal strip mining on stream water quality and biology, southwestern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4056, vi, 124 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864056.","productDescription":"vi, 124 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56089,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68453a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuste, L. A.","contributorId":85631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuste","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, D. F.","contributorId":21167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207311,"text":"70207311 - 1987 - Dinosaurs, pollen and spores, and the age of the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T13:34:40.796569","indexId":"70207311","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-16T15:34:50","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dinosaurs, pollen and spores, and the age of the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The Ojo Alamo Sandstone of the San Juan Basin of New Mexico is composed of interbedded conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone. Conglomerates are found in the western part of the basin; siliceous pebbles diminish in size both southward and eastward across the basin, becoming rare to nonexistent in the eastern part. There is great variation in the internal stratigraphy of the Ojo Alamo: Individual sandstone or mudstone beds thicken, thin, and pinch out laterally. The thickness of the Ojo Alamo varies from 6 m (20 ft) to more than 122 m (400 ft). The formation varies in composition from one to as many as five sandstone beds with interbeds of siltstone or mudstone.
Dinosaur bone has been found within the Ojo Alamo at several sites in the western part of the basin. Paleocene pollen has been found within the Ojo Alamo in the eastern part of the basin. To date, no Cretaceous pollen has been found at or above the stratigraphic level of dinosaur bone within the Ojo Alamo Sandstone. Near Barrel Spring, in the southwest part of the basin, both dinosaur bone and Paleocene pollen have been found. One bone, found at the top of the Ojo Alamo, was loose on the surface, and its significance is therefore equivocal. Dinosaur bone, however, has also been found in place in the upper part of the Ojo Alamo about 1.6 km (1 mi) west of Barrel Spring, at about the same stratigraphic level as Paleocene pollen from a site just east of Barrel Spring. Because there is no apparent unconformity between the highest in-place bone level and the Paleocene pollen level in this area, the Ojo Alamo dinosaurs, if not reworked, are Paleocene in age at this site and probably throughout the San Juan Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE209-p17","usgsCitation":"Fassett, J.E., Lucas, S.G., and O’Neill, F., 1987, Dinosaurs, pollen and spores, and the age of the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico: GSA Special Papers, v. 209, p. 17-34, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE209-p17.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370321,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.709716796875,\n 35.93354064249312\n ],\n [\n -106.864013671875,\n 35.93354064249312\n ],\n [\n -106.864013671875,\n 37.45741810262938\n ],\n [\n -108.709716796875,\n 37.45741810262938\n ],\n [\n -108.709716796875,\n 35.93354064249312\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"209","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fassett, James E. jfassett@usgs.gov","contributorId":73590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fassett","given":"James","email":"jfassett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":777646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lucas, S. G.","contributorId":76934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neill, F.M.","contributorId":221285,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Neill","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182082,"text":"70182082 - 1987 - Aggressive encounters between tundra swans and greater white-fronted geese during brood rearing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T17:46:33","indexId":"70182082","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aggressive encounters between tundra swans and greater white-fronted geese during brood rearing","docAbstract":"Interspecific aggression in waterfowl (Anatidae) is relatively common (McKinney 1965; Kear 1972; Savard 1982, 1984), but interactions leading to mortality of one of the combatants are rarely-observed in the wild. A recent debate (Livezey and Humphrey 1985a, 1985b; Nuechterlein and Storer 1985a, 1985b; Murray 1985) has centered on the proximate and ultimate causes of interspecific territoriality and killing in steamer-ducks (Tachyeres spp.), a group of large-bodies antids. We report here aggressive encounters between Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons) and Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus) during brood rearing on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, which on two occasions resulted in the death of a White-fronted Goose gosling.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1368496","usgsCitation":"Ely, C.R., Budeau, D.A., and Swain, U.G., 1987, Aggressive encounters between tundra swans and greater white-fronted geese during brood rearing: The Condor, v. 89, no. 2, p. 420-422, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368496.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"420","endPage":"422","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":342,"text":"Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"89","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a5770ce4b057081a24eeb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budeau, David A.","contributorId":44840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budeau","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swain, Una G.","contributorId":181771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swain","given":"Una","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":342,"text":"Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":669496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182081,"text":"70182081 - 1987 - Adult survival and productivity of Northern Fulmars in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T17:40:01","indexId":"70182081","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adult survival and productivity of Northern Fulmars in Alaska","docAbstract":"The population dynamics of Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) were studied at the Semidi Islands in the western Gulf of Alaska. Fulmars occurred in a broad range of color phases, and annual survival was estimated from the return of birds in the rarer plumage classes. A raw estimate of mean annual survival over a 5-year period was 0.963, but a removal experiment indicated the raw value was probably biased downward. The estimate of annual survival adjusted accordingly was 0.969. Mortality during the breeding season was less than 10% of the annual total, and postbreeding mortality of failed breeders was three to four times higher than that of successful breeders. Breeding success averaged 41% over 9 years. About 5% of experienced birds failed to breed each year due to physical destruction of their breeding sites, mate-loss, or other causes. An estimated 30% of the birds near the colony in one year were of prebreeding age. A comparison of population parameters in Pacific and Atlantic fulmars indicates that higher survival in the prebreeding years is the likely basis for population growth in the northeastern Atlantic. The correlation of breeding success and survival suggests both parameters may decline with age.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1368515","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., 1987, Adult survival and productivity of Northern Fulmars in Alaska: The Condor, v. 89, no. 4, p. 685-696, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368515.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"685","endPage":"696","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol89/iss4/1","text":"External Repository"},{"id":335663,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska, Semidi Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.983642578125,\n 55.903035707281575\n ],\n [\n -156.500244140625,\n 55.903035707281575\n ],\n [\n -156.500244140625,\n 56.28910808646475\n ],\n [\n -156.983642578125,\n 56.28910808646475\n ],\n [\n -156.983642578125,\n 55.903035707281575\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a5770ce4b057081a24eebb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015205,"text":"70015205 - 1987 - Residence of silver in mineral deposits of the Thunder Mountain caldera complex, Central Idaho, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015205","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2751,"text":"Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residence of silver in mineral deposits of the Thunder Mountain caldera complex, Central Idaho, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Silver is an accessory element in gold, antimony, and tungsten deposits of the caldera complex. Most of the deposits are economically of low grade and genetically of xenothermal or epithermal character. Their gold- and silver-bearing minerals are usually disseminated, fine grained, and difficult to study. Sparsely disseminated pyrite and arsenoprite are common associates. Identified silver minerals are: native silver and electrum; the sulfides acanthite, argentite (the latter always inverted to acanthite), and members of the Silberkies group; the sulfosalts matildite, miargyrite, pyrargyrite, argentian tetrahedrite, and unnamed Ag-Sb-S and Ag-Fe-Sb-S minerals; the telluride hessite and the selenide naumannite; halides of the cerargyrite group; and the antimonate stetefeldtite. Suspected silver minerals include the sulfide uytenbogaardtite and the sulfosalts andorite, diaphorite, and polybasite. Electrum, acanthite, and argentian tetrahedrite are common, though nowhere abundant. The other silver minerals are rare. Silver is present as a minor element in the structure of some varieties of other minerals. These include arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcostibite, covelline, digenite, galena, sphalerite, and stibnite. The search for adventitious Ag in most of these minerals has been cursory. The results merely indicate that elemental silver is not confined to discrete silver minerals and is, therefore, an additional complication for the recovery of silver-bearing material from some deposits. Silver occurs cryptically in some plants of the region. At Red Mountain, for example, the ashed sapwood of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) contains 2 to 300 ppm Ag. Silver in the ashed wood is roughly 100 times as abundant as it is in soil. The phenomenon, useful in biogeochemical exploration, deserves the attention of mineralogists. ?? 1987 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01163257","issn":"09300708","usgsCitation":"Leonard, B.F., and Christian, R., 1987, Residence of silver in mineral deposits of the Thunder Mountain caldera complex, Central Idaho, U.S.A.: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 36, no. 3-4, p. 151-168, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01163257.","startPage":"151","endPage":"168","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205405,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01163257"},{"id":223702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa96fe4b0c8380cd85dc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leonard, B. F.","contributorId":32911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"B.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christian, R.P.","contributorId":51313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014255,"text":"70014255 - 1987 - Geochemistry of the rare earth elements in ferromanganese nodules from DOMES Site A, northern equatorial Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:59:10.302614","indexId":"70014255","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of the rare earth elements in ferromanganese nodules from DOMES Site A, northern equatorial Pacific","docAbstract":"The distribution of rare earth elements (REE) in ferromanganese nodules from DOMES Site A has been determined by instrumental neutron activation methods. The concentrations of the REE vary markedly. Low concentrations characterize samples from a depression (the valley), in which Quaternary sediments are thin or absent; high concentrations are found in samples from the surrounding abyssal hills (the highlands) where the Quaternary sediment section is relatively thick. Moreover, the valley nodules are strongly depleted in the light trivalent REE (LREE) and Ce compared with nodules from the highlands, some of the former showing negative Ce anomalies.
The REE abundances in the nodules are strongly influenced by the REE abundances in coexisting bottom water. Some controls on the REE chemistry of bottom waters include: a) the more effective removal of the LREE relative to the HREE from seawater because of the greater degree of complexation of the latter elements with seawater ligands, b) the very efficient oxidative scavenging of Ce on particle surfaces in seawater, and c) the strong depletion of both Ce and the LREE in, or a larger benthic flux of the HREE into, the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) which flows through the valley. The distinctive REE chemistry of valley nodules is a function of their growth from geochemically evolved AABW. In contrast, the REE chemistry of highland nodules indicates growth from a local, less evolved seawater source.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90287-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Calvert, S., Piper, D., and Baedecker, P.A., 1987, Geochemistry of the rare earth elements in ferromanganese nodules from DOMES Site A, northern equatorial Pacific: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 9, p. 2331-2338, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90287-0.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2331","endPage":"2338","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225499,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1723e4b0c8380cd553c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvert, S.E.","contributorId":12196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baedecker, P. A.","contributorId":95444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014098,"text":"70014098 - 1987 - Source of lead and mineralizing brines for rossie-type Pb-Zn veins in the Frontenac axis area, New York ( USA).","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T08:57:53","indexId":"70014098","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source of lead and mineralizing brines for rossie-type Pb-Zn veins in the Frontenac axis area, New York ( USA).","docAbstract":"Veins composed mainly of calcite and some galena, sphalerite, fluorite, and other minerals are widespread in the Frontenac axis area of New York and Ontario. In New York, the veins (Fig. 1) occur mainly west and northwest of Gouverneur (Brown, 1983). The veins, mined in the 1800s for lead, were first described by Emmons (1838). Smyth (1903) called these the \"Rossie lead veins,\" a name now used locally for all veins of this type. Similar veins in southeastern Ontario were described by Uglow (1916) and Sangster (1970).
\nThe steeply dipping veins are aligned along extensional fractures in metamorphic rocks of the Grenville Complex and in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, including the Potsdam Sandstone of Late Cambrian age, and limestones as young as Middle Ordovician. However, the age of emplacement of Rossie veins is unknown. The veins are mineralogically simple, consisting of calcite (~95%) with minor and approximately equal amounts of sphalerite and galena, and sparse fluorite, barite, celestite, and chalcopyrite (Brown, 1983). Paragenetically early minerals are crushed and granulated; later undeformed minerals fill open spaces (Fig. 2). Sandstone dikes that originated from either the overlying Potsdam Sandstone or stratigraphically higher arenaceous rocks cut into the Rossie veins and occupy all available space. Their unstratified nature suggests that sand was intruded under high hydraulic pressure during tectonic events that reopened the veins. Most veins are vertical and narrow (1-3 cm wide) and those that were mined are as much as 1.7 m wide. The veins trend mainly northwest-southeast but have a local east-west orientation. The fractures and veins show evidence of strike-slip faulting with a right-lateral offset due to late reactivation of north-east-trending faults that originally formed during the Proterozoic Grenville orogeny. Relatively rare inclined veins, termed gash veins (Brown, 1983), occur in proximity to some of the regional northeast-trending faults. These veins contain open spaces lined with large, undeformed crystals of calcite (~90%) and green fluorite (~5%). The minerals of the northeast-trending gash veins, which dip to the northwest, are believed to be paragenetically late results of the same mineralization and tectonic event that produced the Rossie veins. For example, the green fluorite in the gash veins is similar in color and occurrence to small fluorite crystals in vugs in the vertical Rossie veins. Associated with the fluorite in both occurrences is coarse crystalline calcite containing tiny tetrahedra of chalcopyrite aligned along crystallographic planes.
\nThe present study of fluid inclusions and lead isotopes was done to understand better the nature and possible source of the mineralizing solutions for both vertical and gash veins and the possible origin of the lead and zinc mineralization. Large deposits of essentially syngenetic sphalerite with minor to trace galena occur in the Proterozoic rocks of this region (e.g., Balmat-Edwards, New York). Although none of these deposits are known in the immediate vicinity of Rossie veins, the possibility that Rossie veins contain remobilized metals from these older deposits was considered.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.82.2.489","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Ayuso, R., Foley, N.K., and Brown, C.E., 1987, Source of lead and mineralizing brines for rossie-type Pb-Zn veins in the Frontenac axis area, New York ( USA).: Economic Geology, v. 82, no. 2, p. 489-491, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.82.2.489.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"491","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 44\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1987-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9331e4b08c986b31a358","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayuso, Robert","contributorId":96350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, C. Erwin","contributorId":96261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Erwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2000102,"text":"2000102 - 1987 - Bird behavior and mortality in relation to power lines in prairie habitats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T11:18:15","indexId":"2000102","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Bird behavior and mortality in relation to power lines in prairie habitats","docAbstract":"Research was conducted to determine the magnitude of avian mortality caused by power transmission lines in prairie habitats during the two spring and two fall migration periods between July 1980 and May 1982. Searches for dead birds were made at least twice weekly during each migration period. Study sites were selected to include 'worst-case' situations involving potentially large concentrations of birds.In total, 633 dead birds were found beneath 9.6 km of power lines. About 81% of the birds were found during fall migration. Removal of birds by scavengers was of minor, although local, importance, and observer error in finding birds was greatest in areas of dense vegetation. Total kill was estimated at 1,332 birds.Data were gathered on more than 7,000 bird flights observed in the vicinity of the power lines. Sixty-eight percent of the birds did not respond to the presence of the power lines. Flaring and climbing over the conductor or overhead ground wire occurred in about 25% of the flights. One hundred nine birds in 82 flocks were observed to collide with a power line. Of these birds, 87% flared to climb over the power line before colliding. The overhead ground wire was responsible for most deaths, as 102 of 109 birds collided with it.Whereas none of the mortality observed was considered to be biologically significant at the particular sites examined, the cumulative effect of mortality sustained from collisions with power lines may be important, particularly to populations of rare or endangered birds.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Faanes, C.A., 1987, Bird behavior and mortality in relation to power lines in prairie habitats: Technical Report 7.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":112253,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA322514","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db616478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faanes, C. A.","contributorId":8790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faanes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014141,"text":"70014141 - 1987 - Field observations of slush ice generated during freeze-up in arctic coastal waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-18T11:15:25.942159","indexId":"70014141","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field observations of slush ice generated during freeze-up in arctic coastal waters","docAbstract":"A thin black shale overlying the B-coal underclay (in the Middle Pennsylvanian post-Pottsville strata of the Bernice Basin) contains a compression flora composed of large, prostrate, unidirectionally oriented lycopod trunks and randomly oriented pteridosperm stems. Analyses of modern log accumulations indicate that unidirectional trunk orientations can be produced by riverflood currents, volcanic blasts, and most high-energy windstorms. Since there are neither fluvial sediments nor ash deposits associated with the Bernice assemblage, this deposit is believed to have been formed by high-energy winds. Furthermore, this deposit is interpreted to be in situ because storm winds (and volcanic blasts) rarely have sufficient energy for the physical transport of large, intact tree trunks. The sedimentary history of the B-coal underclay can be determined from the successional changes in the species and plant part compositions (leaves, seeds, branches, trunks, etc.) of the preserved plant material. The underclay is an accretionary floodplain soil which accumulated as discrete increments during episodic floods. The sediments deposited with each flood incorporated the litter layer of the lycopod-pteridosperm forest which occupied this site. Ordinarily, the flood water would recede, and renewed root growth would destroy the primary sedimentary structures and the newly incorporated organic material. Because the bedding and forest litter are preserved in the top 5 cm of the underclay, root growth and silt deposition must have been terminated by the last flooding event. The site eventually became permanently inundated, and an organic-rich mud began to accumulate in the resulting floodplain lake. The lycopod-pteridosperm forest drowned and, at some later time, was blown down into the lake. The trunks are preserved on a single bedding plane in a 2-cm-thick, organic-rich lacustrine black shale. Continued organic accumulation in the lake resulted in the accumulation of a hypautochthonous peat which eventually was colonized by a peat-forming flora.
A possible example of a very deep glacial excavation is provided by a distinctive gravity low located at the front of a valley glacier that once flowed into glacial Lake Aniuk (formerly Lake Noatak) in the western Brooks Range. Geologic and geophysical data suggest that sediments or ice filling a glacially excavated valley are the most probable cause of the 30–50 mGal anomaly. Reasonable choices of geometric models and density contrasts indicate that the former excavation is now filled with a buried-ice thickness of 700 m or sediment thicknesses greater than 1 km; comparable anomalies are not known for other glaciated lacustrine valleys. However, many fiords do exceed 1 km in depth, and Crary found one nearly 2 km deep in Antarctica. In studying this fiord, he suggested the probable increased efficiency of excavation directly behind the point where an outlet glacier becomes afloat to form the Ross Ice Shelf and where it thus has a vertical component of motion and a mechanism for debris removal. Floating glacier ice tongues are now rare in the Arctic, but they exist in maritime parts of northern Ellesmere Island and Greenland. Studies of ice movement, environment, and morphology of another large floating glacier tongue in a perennially frozen lake in the Angiussaq Mountains of northern Greenland suggest that Pleistocene Lake Aniuk could have had a similar environment, water temperature, and near-stable water level and that it could have maintained both a floating polar glacier tongue and a perennial ice cover. No direct evidence of efficient excavation was observed in Greenland, but efficient glacial erosion behind a floating polar ice tongue could explain the excavation that caused the Alaskan gravity anomaly.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB09p08976","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Barnes, D., 1987, Gravity anomaly at a Pleistocene lake bed in NW Alaska interpreted by analogy with Greenland's Lake Taserssauq and its floating ice tongue: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B9, p. 8976-8984, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB09p08976.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"8976","endPage":"8984","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a0ee4b0c8380cd5ae5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, D.F.","contributorId":48960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015253,"text":"70015253 - 1987 - The chemistry and mineralogy of haloed burrows in pelagic sediment at DOMES Site A: The equatorial North Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-16T11:15:48.413011","indexId":"70015253","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemistry and mineralogy of haloed burrows in pelagic sediment at DOMES Site A: The equatorial North Pacific","docAbstract":"I studied the timing and frequency of copulation in mated pairs and the occurrence of extra-pair copulation (EPC) among Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) for 2 yr. Copulation peaked 24 days before laying, a few days before females departed on a prelaying exodus of about 3 weeks. I estimated that females were inseminated at least 34 times each season. A total of 44 EPC attempts was seen, 9 (20%) of which apparently resulted in insemination. Five successful EPCs were solicitated by females visiting neighboring males. Multiple copulations during a single mounting were rare within pairs but occurred in nearly half of the successful EPCs. Both sexes visited neighbors during the prelaying period, and males employed a special behavioral display to gain acceptance by unattended females. Males invested time in nest-site attendance during the prelaying period to guard their mates and pursue EPC. However, the occurrence of EPC in fulmars was largely a matter of female choice.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4087544 ","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., 1987, Copulation and mate guarding in the Northern Fulmar: The Auk, v. 104, no. 3, p. 450-461, https://doi.org/10.2307/4087544 .","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"450","endPage":"461","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4087544","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Semidi Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.93832397460938,\n 55.9407405184921\n ],\n [\n -156.46865844726562,\n 55.9407405184921\n ],\n [\n -156.46865844726562,\n 56.272336447630416\n ],\n [\n -156.93832397460938,\n 56.272336447630416\n ],\n [\n -156.93832397460938,\n 55.9407405184921\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c90130e4b0849ce97abd67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}