Director, Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1730 E. Parham Road
Richmond, VA 23228
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Oceanographic Time-Series Measurement Database contains oceanographic observations made as part of studies designed to increase understanding of sediment transport processes and associated dynamics. Analysis of these data has contributed to more accurate prediction of the movement and fate of sediments and other suspended materials in the coastal ocean. The measurements were collected primarily by investigators at the USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) and colleagues, beginning in 1975. Most of the field experiments were carried out on the U.S. continental shelf and slope.
This report describes the instrumentation and platforms used to make the measurements; the methods used to process, apply quality-control criteria, and archive the data; the data storage format, and how the data are released and distributed. The report also includes instructions on how to access the data from the online database at http://stellwagen.er.usgs.gov/. As of 2016, the database contains about 5,000 files, which may include observations of current velocity, wave statistics, ocean temperature, conductivity, pressure, and light transmission at one or more depths over some duration of time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071194","usgsCitation":"Montgomery, E.T., Martini, M.A., Lightsom, F.L., Butman, B., Nowacki, D.J., and Suttles, S.E., 2008, Documentation of the U.S. Geological Survey Oceanographic Time-Series Measurement Database (ver. 3.0, April 2021): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007–1194, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071194.","productDescription":"HTML Document; Version History","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384733,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1194/versionHist.txt","size":"15.3 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":11280,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1194/index.html","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2007-1194","linkHelpText":"- Version 3.0"},{"id":195692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1194/coverthb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0: January 2008; Version 1.1: February 2009; Version 2.0: June 2016; Version 3.0: April 2021","contact":"Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543-1598
The 2008 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Seismic Hazard Maps display earthquake ground motions for various probability levels across the United States and are applied in seismic provisions of building codes, insurance rate structures, risk assessments, and other public policy. This update of the maps incorporates new findings on earthquake ground shaking, faults, seismicity, and geodesy. The resulting maps are derived from seismic hazard curves calculated on a grid of sites across the United States that describe the frequency of exceeding a set of ground motions. The USGS National Seismic Hazard Mapping Project developed these maps by incorporating information on potential earthquakes and associated ground shaking obtained from interaction in science and engineering workshops involving hundreds of participants, review by several science organizations and State surveys, and advice from two expert panels. The new probabilistic hazard maps represent an update of the 2002 seismic hazard maps developed by Frankel and others (2002), which used the methodology developed for the 1996 version of the maps (Frankel and others, 1996). Algermissen and Perkins (1976) published the first probabilistic seismic hazard map of the United States which was updated in Algermissen and others (1990). The National Seismic Hazard Maps represent our assessment of the “best available science” in earthquake hazards estimation for the United States (maps of Alaska and Hawaii as well as further information on hazard across the United States are available on our Web site at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/hazmaps/).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081128","usgsCitation":"Petersen, Mark D., Frankel, Arthur D., Harmsen, Stephen C., Mueller, Charles S., Haller, Kathleen M., Wheeler, Russell L., Wesson, Robert L., Zeng, Yuehua, Boyd, Oliver S., Perkins, David M., Luco, Nicolas, Field, Edward H., Wills, Chris J., and Rukstales, Kenneth S., 2008, Documentation for the 2008 Update of the United States National Seismic Hazard Maps: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008–1128, 61 p. ","productDescription":"Report: vi, 61 p.; 11 Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438853,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FPDG6G","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data Release for the 2008 National Seismic Hazard Model for the Conterminous U.S."},{"id":367961,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1128/versionhist.txt","size":"1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":367959,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1128/ofr20081128v1.1.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2008-1128"},{"id":190886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1128/coverthb.gif"}],"edition":"Version 1.0: April 2008; Version 1.1: May 2008","contact":"Natural Hazards
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Chapter 1 of this CD–ROM is a database of digitized Fischer (shale-oil) assays of cores and cuttings from boreholes drilled in the Eocene Green River oil shale deposits in southwestern Wyoming. Assays of samples from some surface sections are also included. Most of the Fischer assay analyses were made by the former U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) at its laboratory in Laramie, Wyoming. Other assays, made by institutional or private laboratories, were donated to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and are included in this database as well as Adobe PDF-scanned images of some of the original laboratory assay reports and lithologic logs prepared by USBM geologists. The size of this database is 75.2 megabytes and includes information on 971 core holes and rotary-drilled boreholes and numerous surface sections. Most of these data were released previously by the USBM and the USGS through the National Technical Information Service but are no longer available from that agency. Fischer assays for boreholes in northeastern Utah and northwestern Colorado have been published by the USGS.
Additional data include geophysical logs, groundwater data, chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses, and other data. These materials are available for inspection in the office of the USGS Central Energy Resources Team in Lakewood, Colorado. The digitized assays were checked with the original laboratory reports, but some errors likely remain. Other information, such as locations and elevations of core holes and oil and gas tests, were not thoroughly checked. However, owing to the current interest in oil-shale development, it was considered in the public interest to make this preliminary database available at this time.
Chapter 2 of this CD–ROM presents oil-yield histograms of samples of cores and cuttings from exploration drill holes in the Eocene Green River Formation in the Great Divide, Green River, and Washakie Basins of southwestern Wyoming. A database was compiled that includes about 47,000 Fischer assays from 186 core holes and 240 rotary drill holes. Most of the oil yield data are from analyses performed by the former U.S. Bureau of Mines oil shale laboratory in Laramie, Wyoming, with some analyses made by private laboratories. Location data for 971 Wyoming oil-shale drill holes are listed in a spreadsheet that is included in the CD–ROM.
These Wyoming Fischer assays and histograms are part of a much larger collection of oil-shale information, including geophysical and lithologic logs, water data, chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses on the Green River oil-shale deposits in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming held by the U.S. Geological Survey. Because of an increased interest in oil shale, this CD–ROM containing Fischer assay data and oil-yield histograms for the Green River oil-shale deposits in southwestern Wyoming is being released to the public.
Microsoft Excel spreadsheets included with Chapter 2 contain the Fischer assay data from the 426 holes and data on the company name and drill-hole name, and location. Histograms of the oil yields obtained from the Fischer assays are presented in both Grapher and PDF format. Fischer assay text data files are also included in the CD–ROM.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081152","isbn":"9781411321847","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey Oil Shale Assessment Team, 2008, Fischer-assays of oil-shale drill cores and rotary cuttings from the greater Green River basin, southwestern Wyoming (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1152, Chapter 1: ii, 16 p.; Chapter 2: ii, 10 p.; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081152.","productDescription":"Chapter 1: ii, 16 p.; Chapter 2: ii, 10 p.; Downloads Directory","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2008_1152.jpg"},{"id":402632,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93981.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":14088,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1152/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Green River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 40.98819156349393\n ],\n [\n -106.171875,\n 40.98819156349393\n ],\n [\n -106.171875,\n 42.65012181368022\n ],\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 42.65012181368022\n ],\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 40.98819156349393\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f46b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey Oil Shale Assessment Team","contributorId":128035,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey Oil Shale Assessment Team","id":535011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97314,"text":"ofr20081192 - 2008 - Geologic resource evaluation of Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park, Hawai'i; Part I, geology and coastal landforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-01T21:52:20.653108","indexId":"ofr20081192","displayToPublicDate":"2009-02-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1192","displayTitle":"Geologic Resource Evaluation of Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park, Hawai'i; Part I, Geology and Coastal Landforms","title":"Geologic resource evaluation of Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park, Hawai'i; Part I, geology and coastal landforms","docAbstract":"Geologic resource inventories of lands managed by the National Park Service (NPS) are important products for the parks and are designed to provide scientific information to better manage park resources. Park-specific geologic reports are used to identify geologic features and processes that are relevant to park ecosystems, evaluate the impact of human activities on geologic features and processes, identify geologic research and monitoring needs, and enhance opportunities for education and interpretation. These geologic reports are planned to provide a brief geologic history of the park and address specific geologic issues forming a link between the park geology and the resource manager. \r\n\r\nThe Kona coast National Parks of the Island of Hawai'i are intended to preserve the natural beauty of the Kona coast and protect significant ancient structures and artifacts of the native Hawaiians. Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site (PUHE), Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park (KAHO), and Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park (PUHO) are three Kona parks studied by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Team in cooperation with the National Park Service. This report is one of six related reports designed to provide geologic and benthic-habitat information for the three Kona parks. Each geology and coastal-landform report describes the regional geologic setting of the Hawaiian Islands, gives a general description of the geology of the Kona coast, and presents the geologic setting and issues for one of the parks. The related benthic-habitat mapping reports discuss the marine data and habitat classification scheme, and present results of the mapping program. \r\n\r\nPu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park ('Place of Refuge of Honaunau') is the southernmost of the three National Parks located on the leeward Kona coast of the Island of Hawai'i. It is a relatively small park originally 73 ha (182 acres), and was expanded in 2006 with the acquisition of an additional 96 ha (238 acres). The park is probably best known for the pu'uhonua (place of refuge) native Hawaiian cultural site. In addition to the pu'uhonua, the park contains palace grounds, royal fishponds, burial sites, prehistoric trails, a royal canoe landing area, stone house platforms and associated temple structures. A massive basalt rock wall (300 m long, 3 m high, and 5 m wide) separates the pu'uhonua from the areas used by Hawaiian royalty and other grounds. Honaunau Bay is a popular marine resource area adjacent to the park. \r\n\r\nThe seaward-sloping lands of PUHO lie at the base of Mauna Loa volcano, which forms a bench of low-lying pahoehoe lava flows at Pu'uhonua Point. The park coastline is approximately 1.6 km long and is mostly rocky with the exception of a small artificially nourished beach at Keone'ele Cove at the northern boundary next to Honaunau Bay. The park is bounded to the south by Ki'ilae Bay and includes the coastal portions of three Hawaiian land divisions (ahupua'a): Honaunau, Keokea, and Ki'ilae. The western boundary is the high tide mark. The waters of Keone'ele Cove, the ancient royal canoe landing at PUHO, while not formally under NPS jurisdiction, are managed by the park under an agreement with the State of Hawai'i. This small embayment is a known haven for sea turtles, which are often found sunning themselves on the nearshore volcanic platform. Impacts to this area include frequent visits by scuba divers and snorkelers to Honaunau Bay and a small boat ramp located just to the north of Keone'ele Cove. \r\n\r\nThere is an accompanying report that presents the results of benthic habitat mapping of the offshore waters for PUHO (Cochran and others, 2006b; linked below). They mapped from the shoreline to depths of approximately 40 m, where the shelf drops off to a sand-covered bottom. PUHO park boundaries extend only to the mean high-tide level; however, landscape impacts created by development around the park are of concern to","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081192","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Richmond, B.M., Cochran, S., and Gibbs, A.E., 2008, Geologic resource evaluation of Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park, Hawai'i; Part I, geology and coastal landforms (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1192, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081192.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12366,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388777,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86409.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.91470718383786,\n 19.406697227887108\n ],\n [\n -155.8901596069336,\n 19.406697227887108\n ],\n [\n -155.8901596069336,\n 19.423372920825656\n ],\n [\n -155.91470718383786,\n 19.423372920825656\n ],\n [\n -155.91470718383786,\n 19.406697227887108\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a83a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cochran, Susan A.","contributorId":27533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Susan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gibbs, Ann E. 0000-0002-0883-3774 agibbs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-3774","contributorId":2644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"Ann","email":"agibbs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97312,"text":"ofr20081190 - 2008 - Geologic resource evaluation of Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Hawai'i; Part I, geology and coastal landforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-01T21:54:42.669665","indexId":"ofr20081190","displayToPublicDate":"2009-02-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1190","displayTitle":"Geologic Resource Evaluation of Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Hawai'i; Part I, Geology and Coastal Landforms","title":"Geologic resource evaluation of Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Hawai'i; Part I, geology and coastal landforms","docAbstract":"Geologic resource inventories of lands managed by the National Park Service (NPS) are important products for the parks and are designed to provide scientific information to better manage park resources. Park-specific geologic reports are used to identify geologic features and processes that are relevant to park ecosystems, evaluate the impact of human activities on geologic features and processes, identify geologic research and monitoring needs, and enhance opportunities for education and interpretation. These geologic reports are planned to provide a brief geologic history of the park and address specific geologic issues forming a link between the park geology and the resource manager. \r\n\r\nThe Kona coast National Parks of the Island of Hawai'i are intended to preserve the natural beauty of the Kona coast and protect significant ancient structures and artifacts of the native Hawaiians. Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site (PUHE), Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park (KAHO), and Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park (PUHO) are three Kona parks studied by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Team in cooperation with the National Park Service. This report is one of six related reports designed to provide geologic and benthic-habitat information for the three Kona parks. Each geology and coastal-landform report describes the regional geologic setting of the Hawaiian Islands, gives a general description of the geology of the Kona coast, and presents the geologic setting and issues for one of the parks. The related benthic-habitat mapping reports discuss the marine data and habitat classification scheme, and present results of the mapping program. \r\n\r\nPu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site (PUHE) is the smallest (~86 acres) of three National Parks located on the leeward Kona coast of the Island of Hawai'i. The main structure at PUHE, Pu'ukohola Heiau, is an important historical temple that was built during 1790-91 by King Kamehameha I (also known as Kamehameha the Great) and is often associated with the founding of the Hawaiian Kingdom (Greene, 1993). The temple was constructed to incur the favor of the king's personal war god Kuka'ilimoku during the time that Kamehameha I waged several battles in an attempt to extend his control over all the Hawaiian Islands. The park is also the site of the older Mailekini Heiau, which was used by the ancestors of Kamehameha I, and an offshore, submerged temple, Hale O Kapuni Heiau, that was dedicated to the shark god. The park occupies the scenic Hill of the Whale overlooking Kawaihae Bay and Pelekane Beach. \r\n\r\nThe seaward-sloping lands of PUHE lie at the convergence of lava flows formed by both Mauna Kea and Kohala Volcanoes. The park coastline is mostly rocky, with the exception of a small beach developed at the north boundary where an intermittent stream enters the sea. The park is bounded to the north by Kawaihae Harbor, to the south by Samuel M. Spencer Beach Park, and to the west by a broad submerged reef. The adjacent reef area is discussed in detail in the accompanying report by Cochran and others (2006). They mapped from the shoreline to depths of approximately 40 m, where the shelf drops off to a sand-covered bottom. PUHE park boundaries extend only to the mean high-tide line, however, landscape impacts created by development around the park are of concern to Park management.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081190","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Richmond, B.M., Cochran, S., and Gibbs, A.E., 2008, Geologic resource evaluation of Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site, Hawai'i; Part I, geology and coastal landforms (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1190, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081190.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":12364,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1190/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388776,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86407.htm"},{"id":195302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.8259582519531,\n 20.02037127515128\n ],\n [\n -155.81690311431885,\n 20.02037127515128\n ],\n [\n -155.81690311431885,\n 20.033515701232506\n ],\n [\n -155.8259582519531,\n 20.033515701232506\n ],\n [\n -155.8259582519531,\n 20.02037127515128\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6863ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cochran, Susan A.","contributorId":27533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Susan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gibbs, Ann E. 0000-0002-0883-3774 agibbs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-3774","contributorId":2644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"Ann","email":"agibbs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97313,"text":"ofr20081191 - 2008 - Geologic resource evaluation of Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Hawai'i: Geology and coastal landforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-01T20:11:44.869988","indexId":"ofr20081191","displayToPublicDate":"2009-02-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1191","displayTitle":"Geologic resource evaluation of Kaloko-Honoköhau National Historical Park, Hawai'i: Geology and coastal landforms","title":"Geologic resource evaluation of Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Hawai'i: Geology and coastal landforms","docAbstract":"Geologic resource inventories of lands managed by the National Park Service (NPS) are important products for the parks and are designed to provide scientific information to better manage park resources. Park-specific geologic reports are used to identify geologic features and processes that are relevant to park ecosystems, evaluate the impact of human activities on geologic features and processes, identify geologic research and monitoring needs, and enhance opportunities for education and interpretation. These geologic reports are planned to provide a brief geologic history of the park and address specific geologic issues that link the park geology and the resource manager. \r\n\r\nThe Kona coast National Parks of the Island of Hawai'i are intended to preserve the natural beauty of the Kona coast and protect significant ancient structures and artifacts of the native Hawaiians. Pu'ukohola Heiau National Historic Site (PUHE), Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park (KAHO), and Pu'uhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park (PUHO) are three Kona parks studied by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Team in cooperation with the National Park Service. This report is one of six related reports designed to provide geologic and benthic-habitat information for the three Kona parks. Each geology and coastal-landform report describes the regional geologic setting of the Hawaiian Islands, gives a general description of the geology of the Kona coast, and presents the geologic setting and issues for one of the parks. The related benthic-habitat mapping reports discuss the marine data and habitat classification scheme, and present results of the mapping program. \r\n\r\nKaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park (KAHO) was established in 1978 in order to preserve and protect traditional native Hawaiian culture and cultural sites. The park is the site of an ancient Hawaiian settlement, occupies 469 ha and is considered a locale of considerable cultural and historical significance. Cultural resources include fishponds, petroglyphs and a heiau (religious site). The fishponds are also recognized as exceptional birding areas and are important wetlands for migratory birds. The ocean and reef have been designated as a Marine Area Reserve, where green sea turtles commonly come ashore to rest. The park is also a valuable recreational resource, with approximately 4 km of coastline and a protective cove ideal for snorkeling and swimming. KAHO park boundaries extend beyond the mean high tide line and include the adjacent marine environment. An accompanying report for KAHO presents the results of benthic habitat mapping of the offshore waters, from the shoreline to approximately 40 m water depth. Ground-water quality and potential downslope impacts created by development around the park are of concern to Park management.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081191","usgsCitation":"Richmond, B.M., Gibbs, A.E., and Cochran, S., 2008, Geologic resource evaluation of Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Hawai'i: Geology and coastal landforms (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1191, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081191.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12365,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1191/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":388755,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86408.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.5,18.75 ], [ -156.5,20.5 ], [ -154.5,20.5 ], [ -154.5,18.75 ], [ -156.5,18.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6863a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gibbs, Ann E. 0000-0002-0883-3774 agibbs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-3774","contributorId":2644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"Ann","email":"agibbs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cochran, Susan A.","contributorId":27533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Susan A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97310,"text":"ofr20081375 - 2008 - Predicted surface displacements for scenario earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-18T09:24:50","indexId":"ofr20081375","displayToPublicDate":"2009-02-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1375","title":"Predicted surface displacements for scenario earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay region","docAbstract":"In the immediate aftermath of a major earthquake, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) will be called upon to provide information on the characteristics of the event to emergency responders and the media. One such piece of information is the expected surface displacement due to the earthquake. In conducting probabilistic hazard analyses for the San Francisco Bay Region, the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP) identified a series of scenario earthquakes involving the major faults of the region, and these were used in their 2003 report (hereafter referred to as WG03) and the recently released 2008 Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast (UCERF). Here I present a collection of maps depicting the expected surface displacement resulting from those scenario earthquakes. \r\n\r\nThe USGS has conducted frequent Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys throughout northern California for nearly two decades, generating a solid baseline of interseismic measurements. Following an earthquake, temporary GPS deployments at these sites will be important to augment the spatial coverage provided by continuous GPS sites for recording postseismic deformation, as will the acquisition of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) scenes. The information provided in this report allows one to anticipate, for a given event, where the largest displacements are likely to occur. This information is valuable both for assessing the need for further spatial densification of GPS coverage before an event and prioritizing sites to resurvey and InSAR data to acquire in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake. In addition, these maps are envisioned to be a resource for scientists in communicating with emergency responders and members of the press, particularly during the time immediately after a major earthquake before displacements recorded by continuous GPS stations are available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081375","usgsCitation":"Murray-Moraleda, J.R., 2008, Predicted surface displacements for scenario earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay region (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1375, Report: v, 39 p.; Zip File, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081375.","productDescription":"Report: v, 39 p.; Zip File","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12362,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1375/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.6,36 ], [ -124.6,40.6 ], [ -120.6,40.6 ], [ -120.6,36 ], [ -124.6,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray-Moraleda, Jessica R.","contributorId":23649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray-Moraleda","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97281,"text":"ofr20081356 - 2008 - Factors that Influence the Price of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Rare Earth Elements, and Zn","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:04","indexId":"ofr20081356","displayToPublicDate":"2009-02-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1356","title":"Factors that Influence the Price of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Rare Earth Elements, and Zn","docAbstract":"This report is based on a presentation delivered at The 12th International Battery Materials Recycling Seminar, March 17-20, 2008, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., about the factors that influence prices for aluminum, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, nickel, rare earth elements, and zinc. These are a diverse group of metals that are of interest to the battery recycling industry. Because the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) closely monitors, yet neither buys nor sells, metal commodities, it is an unbiased source of metal price information and analysis.\r\n\r\nThe authors used information about these and other metals collected and published by the USGS (U.S. production, trade, stocks, and prices and world production) and internationally (consumption and stocks by country) from industry organizations, because metal markets are influenced by activities and events over the entire globe. Long-term prices in this report, represented by unit values, were adjusted to 1998 constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. A previous USGS study in this subject area was 'Economic Drivers of Mineral Supply' by Lorie A. Wagner, Daniel E. Sullivan, and John L. Sznopek (USGS Open File Report 02-335). \r\n\r\nBy seeking a common cause for common behavior of prices among the various metal commodities, the authors found that major factors that influence prices of metal commodities were international events such as wars and recessions, and national events such as the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and economic growth in China, which started its open door policy in the 1970s but did not have significant market impact until the 1990s. Metal commodity prices also responded to commodity-specific events such as tariff or usage changes or mine strikes. \r\n\r\nIt is shown that the prices of aluminum, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, and zinc are at historic highs, that world stocks are at (or near) historic lows, and that China's consumption of these metals had increased substantially, making it the world's leading consumer of these metals.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081356","usgsCitation":"Papp, J.F., Bray, E.L., Edelstein, D.L., Fenton, M.D., Guberman, D.E., Hedrick, J.B., Jorgenson, J.D., Kuck, P.H., Shedd, K.B., and Tolcin, A., 2008, Factors that Influence the Price of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Rare Earth Elements, and Zn: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1356, iv, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081356.","productDescription":"iv, 61 p.","temporalStart":"2008-03-17","temporalEnd":"2008-03-20","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12332,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1356/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6864e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Papp, John F. jpapp@usgs.gov","contributorId":2895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papp","given":"John","email":"jpapp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bray, E. Lee lbray@usgs.gov","contributorId":39903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"E.","email":"lbray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edelstein, Daniel L. dedelste@usgs.gov","contributorId":2894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelstein","given":"Daniel","email":"dedelste@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fenton, Michael D. mfenton@usgs.gov","contributorId":2897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenton","given":"Michael","email":"mfenton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Guberman, David E. dguberman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guberman","given":"David","email":"dguberman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hedrick, James B.","contributorId":19993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jorgenson, John D.","contributorId":74087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kuck, Peter H. pkuck@usgs.gov","contributorId":5173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuck","given":"Peter","email":"pkuck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Shedd, Kim B. kshedd@usgs.gov","contributorId":2896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedd","given":"Kim","email":"kshedd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tolcin, Amy C. atolcin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolcin","given":"Amy C.","email":"atolcin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":97270,"text":"ofr20081242 - 2008 - User's Guide to the Water-Analysis Screening Tool (WAST): A Tool for Assessing Available Water Resources in Relation to Aquatic-Resource Uses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-08T12:21:25","indexId":"ofr20081242","displayToPublicDate":"2009-02-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1242","title":"User's Guide to the Water-Analysis Screening Tool (WAST): A Tool for Assessing Available Water Resources in Relation to Aquatic-Resource Uses","docAbstract":"A water-analysis screening tool (WAST) was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in partnership with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, to provide an initial screening of areas in the state where potential problems may exist related to the availability of water resources to meet current and future water-use demands. The tool compares water-use information to an initial screening criteria of the 7-day, 10-year low-flow statistic (7Q10) resulting in a screening indicator for influences of net withdrawals (withdrawals minus discharges) on aquatic-resource uses. This report is intended to serve as a guide for using the screening tool.\r\n\r\nThe WAST can display general basin characteristics, water-use information, and screening-indicator information for over 10,000 watersheds in the state. The tool includes 12 primary functions that allow the user to display watershed information, edit water-use and water-supply information, observe effects downstream from edited water-use information, reset edited values to baseline, load new water-use information, save and retrieve scenarios, and save output as a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081242","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Stuckey, M.H., and Kiesler, J.L., 2008, User's Guide to the Water-Analysis Screening Tool (WAST): A Tool for Assessing Available Water Resources in Relation to Aquatic-Resource Uses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1242, Report: vi, 19 p.; 5 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081242.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 19 p.; 5 Appendixes","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12320,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1242/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db603fda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckey, Marla H. 0000-0002-5211-8444 mstuckey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-8444","contributorId":1734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckey","given":"Marla","email":"mstuckey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kiesler, James L. jkiesler@usgs.gov","contributorId":4470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiesler","given":"James","email":"jkiesler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97261,"text":"ofr20081355 - 2008 - The Global Flows of Metals and Minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:10","indexId":"ofr20081355","displayToPublicDate":"2009-02-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1355","title":"The Global Flows of Metals and Minerals","docAbstract":"This paper provides a preliminary review of the trends in worldwide metals and industrial minerals production and consumption based on newly developed global metals and minerals Material Flow Accounts (MFA). The MFA developed encompass data on extraction and consumption for 25 metal and mineral commodities, on a country-by-country and year-by-year basis, for the period 1970 to 2004. The data-base, jointly developed by the authors, resides with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as individual commodity Excel workbooks and within a Filemaker data management system for use in analysis.\r\n\r\nNumerous national MFA have been developed to provide information on the industrial metabolism of individual countries. These MFA include material flows associated with the four commodity categories of goods that are inputs to a country's economy, agriculture, forestry, metals and minerals, and nonrenewable organic material. In some cases, the material flows associated with the creation and maintenance of the built infrastructure (such as houses, buildings, roads, airports, dams, and so forth) were also examined. The creation of global metals and industrial minerals flows is viewed as a first step in the creation of comprehensive global MFA documenting the historical and current flows of all of the four categories of physical goods that support world economies.\r\n\r\nMetals and minerals represent a major category of nonrenewable resources that humans extract from and return to the natural ecosystem. As human populations and economies have increased, metals and industrial minerals use has increased concomitantly. This dramatic growth in metals and minerals use has serious implications for both the availability of future resources and the health of the environment, which is affected by the outputs associated with their use. This paper provides an overview of a number of the trends observed by examining the database and suggests areas for future study.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081355","usgsCitation":"Rogich, D.G., and Matos, G.R., 2008, The Global Flows of Metals and Minerals: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1355, iv, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081355.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1970-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12311,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1355/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c3e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogich, Donald G.","contributorId":88052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogich","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matos, Grecia R. 0000-0002-3285-3070 gmatos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3285-3070","contributorId":2656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matos","given":"Grecia","email":"gmatos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":301521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97263,"text":"ofr20081230 - 2008 - Petrographic and Vitrinite Reflectance Analyses of a Suite of High Volatile Bituminous Coal Samples from the United States and Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"ofr20081230","displayToPublicDate":"2009-02-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1230","title":"Petrographic and Vitrinite Reflectance Analyses of a Suite of High Volatile Bituminous Coal Samples from the United States and Venezuela","docAbstract":"This report presents vitrinite reflectance and detailed organic composition data for nine high volatile bituminous coal samples. These samples were selected to provide a single, internally consistent set of reflectance and composition analyses to facilitate the study of linkages among coal composition, bitumen generation during thermal maturation, and geochemical characteristics of generated hydrocarbons. Understanding these linkages is important for addressing several issues, including: the role of coal as a source rock within a petroleum system, the potential for conversion of coal resources to liquid hydrocarbon fuels, and the interactions between coal and carbon dioxide during enhanced coalbed methane recovery and(or) carbon dioxide sequestration in coal beds.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081230","usgsCitation":"Hackley, P.C., and Kolak, J.J., 2008, Petrographic and Vitrinite Reflectance Analyses of a Suite of High Volatile Bituminous Coal Samples from the United States and Venezuela: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1230, iii, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081230.","productDescription":"iii, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12313,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1230/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolak, Jonathan J.","contributorId":59100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolak","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97251,"text":"ofr20081286 - 2008 - Estimated Water Use in Puerto Rico, 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:25","indexId":"ofr20081286","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1286","title":"Estimated Water Use in Puerto Rico, 2005","docAbstract":"Water-use data were compiled for the 78 municipios of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico for 2005. Five offstream categories were considered: public-supply water withdrawals and deliveries, domestic self-supplied water use, industrial self-supplied ground-water withdrawals, crop irrigation water use, and thermoelectric power freshwater use. One water-use category also was considered: power-generation instream water use (thermoelectric-saline withdrawals and hydroelectric power). Freshwater withdrawals and deliveries for offstream use from surface- and ground-water sources in Puerto Rico were estimated at 712 million gallons per day (Mgal/d). The largest amount of freshwater withdrawn was by public-supply water facilities and was estimated at 652 Mgal/d. The public-supply domestic water use was estimated at 347 Mgal/d. Fresh surface- and ground-water withdrawals by domestic self-supplied users were estimated at 2.1 Mgal/d and the industrial self-supplied withdrawals were estimated at 9.4 Mgal/d. Withdrawals for crop irrigation purposes were estimated at 45.2 Mgal/d, or approximately 6.3 percent of all offstream freshwater withdrawals. Instream freshwater withdrawals by hydroelectric facilities were estimated at 568 Mgal/d and saline instream surface-water withdrawals for cooling purposes by thermoelectric-power facilities was estimated at 2,288 Mgal/d.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081286","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority, Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, and Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board","usgsCitation":"Molina-Rivera, W.L., and Gómez-Gómez, F., 2008, Estimated Water Use in Puerto Rico, 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1286, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081286.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12300,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1286/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.33333333333333,17.75 ], [ -67.33333333333333,18.583333333333332 ], [ -65.16666666666667,18.583333333333332 ], [ -65.16666666666667,17.75 ], [ -67.33333333333333,17.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdca6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molina-Rivera, Wanda L. 0000-0001-5856-283X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5856-283X","contributorId":54190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molina-Rivera","given":"Wanda","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97252,"text":"ofr20081378 - 2008 - Mapping Land Use/Land Cover in the Ambos Nogales Study Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:55","indexId":"ofr20081378","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1378","title":"Mapping Land Use/Land Cover in the Ambos Nogales Study Area","docAbstract":"The Ambos Nogales watershed, which surrounds the twin cities of Nogales, Arizona, United States and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, has a history of problems related to flooding. This paper describes the process of creating a high-resolution, binational land-cover dataset to be used in modeling the Ambos Nogales watershed. The Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment tool will be used to model the Ambos Nogales watershed to identify focal points for planning efforts and to anticipate ramifications of implementing detention reservoirs at certain watershed planes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081378","usgsCitation":"Norman, L.M., and Wallace, C., 2008, Mapping Land Use/Land Cover in the Ambos Nogales Study Area (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1378, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081378.","productDescription":"42 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12301,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1378/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.1,31.2 ], [ -111.1,31.5 ], [ -110.8,31.5 ], [ -110.8,31.2 ], [ -111.1,31.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0be4b07f02db69e214","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallace, Cynthia S.A.","contributorId":70487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Cynthia S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97253,"text":"ofr20081329 - 2008 - USGS Gulf Coast Science Conference and Florida Integrated Science Center Meeting: Proceedings with abstracts, October 20-23, 2008, Orlando, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T16:45:26.981608","indexId":"ofr20081329","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1329","title":"USGS Gulf Coast Science Conference and Florida Integrated Science Center Meeting: Proceedings with abstracts, October 20-23, 2008, Orlando, Florida","docAbstract":"Welcome!\r\nThe USGS is the Nation's premier source of information in support of science-based decision making for resource management. We are excited to have the opportunity to bring together a diverse array of USGS scientists, managers, specialists, and others from science centers around the Gulf working on biologic, geologic, and hydrologic issues related to the Gulf of Mexico and the State of Florida.\r\nWe've organized the meeting around the major themes outlined in the USGS Circular 1309, Facing Tomorrow's Challenges - U.S. Geological Survey Science in the Decade 2007-2017. USGS senior leadership will provide a panel discussion about the Gulf of Mexico and Integrated Science. Capstone talks will summarize major topics and key issues. Interactive poster sessions each evening will provide the opportunity for you to present your results and talk with your peers. We hope that discussions and interactions at this meeting will help USGS scientists working in Florida and the Gulf Coast region find common interests, forge scientific collaborations and chart a direction for the future.\r\nWe hope that the meeting environment will encourage interaction, innovation and stimulate ideas among the many scientists working throughout the region. We'd like to create a community of practice across disciplines and specialties that will help us address complex scientific and societal issues.\r\nPlease take advantage of this opportunity to visit with colleagues, get to know new ones, share ideas and brainstorm about future possibilities.\r\nIt is our pleasure to provide this opportunity. We are glad you're here.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081329","usgsCitation":"2008, USGS Gulf Coast Science Conference and Florida Integrated Science Center Meeting: Proceedings with abstracts, October 20-23, 2008, Orlando, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1329, iv, 157 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081329.","productDescription":"iv, 157 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-10-20","temporalEnd":"2008-10-23","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196025,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12302,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1146","title":"Interpolation of Reconnaissance Multibeam and Single-Beam Bathymetry Offshore of Milford, Connecticut","docAbstract":"This report releases echosounder data from the northern part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) hydrographic survey H11044 in Long Island Sound, off Milford, Connecticut. The data have been interpolated and regridded into a complete-coverage data set and image of the sea floor. The grid produced as a result of the interpolation is at 10-m resolution. These data extend an already published set of reprocessed bathymetric data from the southern part of survey H11044.\r\n\r\nIn Long Island Sound, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with NOAA and the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, is producing detailed maps of the sea floor. Part of the current phase of research involves studies of sea-floor topography and its effect on the distributions of sedimentary environments and benthic habitats.\r\n\r\nThis data set provides a more continuous perspective of the sea floor than was previously available. It helps to define topographic variability and benthic-habitat diversity for the area and improves our understanding of oceanographic processes controlling the distribution of sediments and benthic habitats. Inasmuch as precise information on environmental setting is important for selecting sampling sites and accurately interpreting point measurements, this data set can also serve as a base map for subsequent sedimentological, geochemical, and biological research.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081146","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., Ackerman, S., McMullen, K., Schattgen, P., Schaer, J., and Doran, E.F., 2008, Interpolation of Reconnaissance Multibeam and Single-Beam Bathymetry Offshore of Milford, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1146, Available online, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081146.","productDescription":"Available online","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12294,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/pubs/of2008-1146/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{\"crs\": {\"type\": \"name\", \"properties\": {\"name\": \"urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84\"}}, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [[[-72.9579682138978, 41.2455737803401], [-72.95787439080266, 41.242829454807406], [-72.95029817587046, 41.24289982212876], [-72.95088457021507, 41.22652769202761], [-72.95419183431859, 41.21667626703839], [-72.95226846086832, 41.1946982070029], [-72.95444984783022, 41.19406490111074], [-72.95348816110507, 41.19082800432855], [-72.95118949527426, 41.19078109278099], [-72.95383999771185, 41.19014778688884], [-72.95236228396345, 41.181375327493676], [-72.95433256896129, 41.175253370536076], [-72.9521277262256, 41.17180537178983], [-72.95407455544965, 41.168967223162014], [-72.9518462569402, 41.160335498409545], [-72.95374617461668, 41.15472956847516], [-72.93993072385798, 41.15435427609464], [-72.94082204326176, 41.14314241622594], [-72.93716294255148, 41.138451261469186], [-72.94079858748796, 41.13774758825565], [-72.94032947201228, 41.12794307481399], [-73.12886698168705, 41.13120342736996], [-73.12722507752218, 41.144995422354874], [-73.1048482693324, 41.149053271219486], [-73.09326111708314, 41.15822447876898], [-73.10674818700886, 41.166903115069005], [-73.10935177789887, 41.16981163101819], [-73.0936129536899, 41.15953800210088], [-73.09145502250178, 41.17712983243876], [-73.08174433215527, 41.18723927093962], [-73.06928931627603, 41.19244645271962], [-73.0523073360565, 41.18888117510447], [-73.05150983974785, 41.1935254183137], [-73.05810754381498, 41.19750789955718], [-73.04932845278597, 41.20433853002807], [-73.04118929928296, 41.20335338752914], [-73.0373425523824, 41.19976465414021], [-73.03373036321969, 41.20389287032617], [-73.028593548761, 41.20518293788429], [-73.01803845055827, 41.201711483364264], [-73.0063809309877, 41.21067158894973], [-73.00347241503849, 41.21871691935758], [-72.9921198205271, 41.222469843163], [-72.98466088446382, 41.23196943154547], [-72.97558350000948, 41.23281383940169], [-72.96779618311324, 41.241844312308466], [-72.9579682138978, 41.2455737803401]]]}, \"properties\": {\"extentType\": \"Custom\", \"code\": \"\", \"name\": \"\", \"notes\": \"\", \"promotedForReuse\": false, \"abbreviation\": \"\", \"shortName\": \"\", \"description\": \"\"}, \"bbox\": [-73.12886698168705, 41.12794307481399, -72.93716294255148, 41.24608980736335], \"type\": \"Feature\", \"id\": \"3090730\"}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e06a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerman, S.D.","contributorId":88843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMullen, K.Y.","contributorId":51857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMullen","given":"K.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schattgen, P.T.","contributorId":16525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schattgen","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schaer, J.D.","contributorId":31082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaer","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Doran, E. F.","contributorId":31066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":97247,"text":"ofr20081282 - 2008 - Framework for Evaluating Water Quality of the New England Crystalline Rock Aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:27:35","indexId":"ofr20081282","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1282","title":"Framework for Evaluating Water Quality of the New England Crystalline Rock Aquifers","docAbstract":"Little information exists on regional ground-water-quality patterns for the New England crystalline rock aquifers (NECRA). A systematic approach to facilitate regional evaluation is needed for several reasons. First, the NECRA are vulnerable to anthropogenic and natural contaminants such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), arsenic, and radon gas. Second, the physical characteristics of the aquifers, termed 'intrinsic susceptibility', can lead to variable and degraded water quality. A framework approach for characterizing the aquifer region into areas of similar hydrogeology is described in this report and is based on hypothesized relevant physical features and chemical conditions (collectively termed 'variables') that affect regional patterns of ground-water quality. A framework for comparison of water quality across the NECRA consists of a group of spatial variables related to aquifer properties, hydrologic conditions, and contaminant sources. These spatial variables are grouped under four general categories (features) that can be mapped across the aquifers: (1) geologic, (2) hydrophysiographic, (3) land-use land-cover, and (4) geochemical. On a regional scale, these variables represent indicators of natural and anthropogenic sources of contaminants, as well as generalized physical and chemical characteristics of the aquifer system that influence ground-water chemistry and flow. These variables can be used in varying combinations (depending on the contaminant) to categorize the aquifer into areas of similar hydrogeologic characteristics to evaluate variation in regional water quality through statistical testing.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081282","usgsCitation":"Harte, P.T., Robinson, G.R., Ayotte, J., and Flanagan, S., 2008, Framework for Evaluating Water Quality of the New England Crystalline Rock Aquifers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1282, x, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081282.","productDescription":"x, 37 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":468,"text":"New Hampshire-Vermont Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12314,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1282/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77,38 ], [ -77,48 ], [ -66,48 ], [ -66,38 ], [ -77,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a885c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harte, Philip T. 0000-0002-7718-1204 ptharte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":1008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"Philip","email":"ptharte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Gilpin R. Jr. grobinso@usgs.gov","contributorId":3083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gilpin","suffix":"Jr.","email":"grobinso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":301481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":301480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flanagan, Sarah M.","contributorId":8492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"Sarah M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97238,"text":"ofr20071359E - 2008 - Chemical data for precipitate samples","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":97238,"text":"ofr20071359E - 2008 - Chemical data for precipitate samples","indexId":"ofr20071359E","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Chemical Data for Precipitate Samples","title":"Chemical data for precipitate samples"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":80624,"text":"ofr20071359 - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","indexId":"ofr20071359","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":80624,"text":"ofr20071359 - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","indexId":"ofr20071359","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T21:35:34.246565","indexId":"ofr20071359E","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1359","chapter":"E","displayTitle":"Chemical Data for Precipitate Samples","title":"Chemical data for precipitate samples","docAbstract":"During studies of sulfide oxidation in coastal areas of Prince William Sound in 2005, precipitate samples were collected from onshore and intertidal locations near the Ellamar, Threeman, and Beatson mine sites (chapter A, fig. 1; table 7). The precipitates include jarosite and amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide from Ellamar, amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide from Threeman, and amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide, ferrihydrite, and schwertmannite from Beatson. Precipitates occurring in the form of loose, flocculant coatings were harvested using a syringe and concentrated in the field by repetitive decanting. Thicker accumulations were either scraped gently from rocks using a stainless steel spatula or were scooped directly into receptacles (polyethylene jars or plastic heavy-duty zippered bags). Most precipitate samples contain small amounts of sedimentary detritus. With three jarosite-bearing samples from Ellamar, an attempt was made to separate the precipitate from the heavy-mineral fraction of the sediment. In this procedure, the sample was stirred in a graduated cylinder containing deionized water. The jarosite-rich suspension was decanted onto analytical filter paper and air dried before analysis. \r\n\r\nEleven precipitate samples from the three mine sites were analyzed in laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Denver, Colorado (table 8). Major and trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry following multiacid (HCl-HNO3-HClO4-HF) digestion (Briggs and Meier, 2002), except for mercury, which was analyzed by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (Brown and others, 2002a). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed on powdered samples (<200 mesh) by S. Sutley of the USGS. Additional details regarding sample preparation and detection limits are found in Taggert (2002). Discussions of the precipitate chemistry and associated microbial communities are presented in Koski and others (2008) and Foster and others (2008), respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071359E","usgsCitation":"Foster, A.L., and Koski, R.A., 2008, Chemical data for precipitate samples (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1359, ii, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071359E.","productDescription":"ii, 4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12289,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1359/e/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,59.5 ], [ -150,61.25 ], [ -145,61.25 ], [ -145,59.5 ], [ -150,59.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Andrea L. 0000-0003-1362-0068 afoster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-0068","contributorId":1740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Andrea","email":"afoster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97231,"text":"ofr20081371 - 2008 - Status of the Island Night Lizard and Two Non-Native Lizards on Outlying Landing Field San Nicolas Island, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:32","indexId":"ofr20081371","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1371","title":"Status of the Island Night Lizard and Two Non-Native Lizards on Outlying Landing Field San Nicolas Island, California","docAbstract":"More than 900 individually marked island night lizards (Xantusia riversiana) were captured on San Nicolas Island, California, between 1984 and 2007 as part of an ongoing study to monitor the status of this threatened species. Our data suggest that at least a few lizards are probably more than 20 years old, and one lizard would be 31.5 years old if it grew at an average rate for the population. Ages of 20 and 30 years seem reasonable given the remarkably slow growth during capture intervals of more than a decade for five of the lizards which we estimated to be 20 or more years old. Like other lizards, island night lizard growth rates vary by size, with larger lizards growing more slowly. In general, growth rates were somewhat greater on San Nicolas Island (compared with Santa Barbara Island), and this increase was sustained through all of the intermediate size classes.\r\n\r\nThe higher growth rate may account for the somewhat larger lizards present on San Nicolas Island, although we cannot discount the possibility that night lizards on San Nicolas are merely living longer. The high percentage of small lizards in the Eucalyptus habitat might seem to reflect a healthy population in that habitat, but the high proportion of small lizards appears to be caused by good reproduction in the 1900s and substantially poorer reproduction in subsequent years. The Eucalyptus habitat has dried quite a bit in recent years. Night lizards in the Haplopappus/Grassland habitat have shown an increase in the proportion of larger lizards since 2000. There has also been an increase in the proportion of large lizards in the Rock Cobble habitat at Redeye Beach. However, there are has been some change in habitat with more elephant seals occupying the same area just above the high tide as do the night lizards. Southern alligator lizards and side-blotched lizards are both non-native on San Nicolas Island. Neither lizard causes obvious harm to island night lizards, and management time and effort should be directed toward much more pressing problems, such as general habitat restoration, erosion control, and the removal of feral cats.\r\n\r\nThe island night lizard (Xantusia riversiana) is endemic to three of the California Channel Islands: Nicolas, San Clemente, and Santa Barbara Islands. Due to its restricted range and apparently small population levels, both the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the California Department of Fish and Game have listed the island night lizard as a threatened species. Our study was conducted on San Nicolas Island, which lies offshore 120 km southwest of Los Angeles, California. The island is managed by the U.S. Navy who refers to the island as Outlying Landing Field San Nicolas Island. The Navy maintains radar, telemetry, and communications equipment on San Nicolas Island to support its mission of testing and evaluating weapons systems. The Navy has dual requirements for ensuring military readiness and sustainability while complying with the Federal Endangered Species Act. A comprehensive understanding of the status and stability of the species on San Nicolas Island is essential for effective island management and may aid in the eventual delisting of the species. Previous work on the San Nicolas Island (Fellers and others, 1998) demonstrated that island night lizards were distributed over the eastern half of San Nicolas Island where there is suitable shrubby habitat. On the eastern half of the island, they occur primarily in or near cactus/sage scrub habitats on the north beach terrace, in scattered patches of scrub on the central mesa, and in boulder and cactus habitats on the southern escarpment of the island. Fellers and others (1998) evaluated data from 1984-85 and 1992-95 and estimated that there were 15,300 island night lizards present on San Nicolas Island. \r\n\r\nThere are two non-native lizards on San Nicolas Island, the side-blotch lizard (Uta stansburiana) and the southern alligator lizard (Elgaria multicarinata). Both of the","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081371","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Naval Outlying Landing Field, San Nicolas Island, and Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Southwest, San Diego Naval Station, San Diego, California","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., Drost, C.A., and Murphey, T., 2008, Status of the Island Night Lizard and Two Non-Native Lizards on Outlying Landing Field San Nicolas Island, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1371, vi, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081371.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","temporalStart":"1984-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12281,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1371/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49cae4b07f02db5d7f0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drost, Charles A. 0000-0002-4792-7095 charles_drost@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4792-7095","contributorId":3151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drost","given":"Charles","email":"charles_drost@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphey, Thomas G.","contributorId":26248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphey","given":"Thomas G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97220,"text":"ofr20081380 - 2008 - Geologic Maps and Cross Sections of the Tuba City Open Dump Site and Vicinity, With Implications for the Occurrence and Flow of Ground Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:29","indexId":"ofr20081380","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1380","title":"Geologic Maps and Cross Sections of the Tuba City Open Dump Site and Vicinity, With Implications for the Occurrence and Flow of Ground Water","docAbstract":"This report is designed to make available to interested parties geologic and limited hydrologic and geochemical information about the Tuba City Open Dump (TCOD) site. This information has been gathered during studies of the site from January to September 2008. Mapping by the authors and construction of cross sections show that a section of gently northeast-dipping Jurassic sedimentary rocks underlies the TCOD and vicinity. Low mesas in the area are capped by variably cemented gravels and siliceous limestones. Surficial sediments are composed of eolian sand and fluvially reworked eolian sand that overlie bedrock underneath the TCOD. Nearby Pasture Canyon is underlain by fluvial and floodplain sediment consisting of sand and silt. Shallow ground water of the water-table aquifer at the TCOD moves westward through the surficial sediment and the underlying weathered bedrock to Pasture Canyon then southward along the canyon. A fracture zone extends up the wash that passes just to the north of the TCOD and brings deeper ground water of the N-aquifer to the water-table aquifer.\r\n\r\nBedrock consists of the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone composed of thick sections of eolian crossbedded sandstone with lesser laterally discontinuous layers of silty sandstone, siltstone, and limestone. Below the Navajo Sandstone is a section informally known as the Kayenta Formation-Navajo Sandstone transition zone. It is composed of calcareous sandstone, silty sandstone, siltstone, and limestone beds that intertongue with crossbedded sandstone. The finer grained rocks in both major bedrock units form aquitards that limit downward movement of ground water. The water-table aquifer is perched on these aquitards, which locally occurs beneath the two open dumps that form the TCOD site. A monocline occupies the position of Pasture Canyon west of the TCOD. Fractures likely related to the monocline are exposed in several localities.\r\n\r\nDeep ground waters consist of dilute calcium-bicarbonate waters low in all trace elements. Shallow ground water is variably affected by near-surface processes, which add varying amounts of sodium, chloride, sulfate, and trace elements. Locally, human influences, such as the TCOD, affect shallow ground-water chemistry.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081380","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Hopi Tribe, and the Navajo Nation","usgsCitation":"Otton, J.K., Johnson, R.H., and Horton, R., 2008, Geologic Maps and Cross Sections of the Tuba City Open Dump Site and Vicinity, With Implications for the Occurrence and Flow of Ground Water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1380, iv, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081380.","productDescription":"iv, 78 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12269,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1380/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a83eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Ray H.","contributorId":41920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, Robert 0000-0001-5578-3733 rhorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-3733","contributorId":612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"Robert","email":"rhorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97219,"text":"ofr20081384 - 2008 - Evaluation of Terrestrial LIDAR for Monitoring Geomorphic Change at Archeological Sites in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:49","indexId":"ofr20081384","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1384","title":"Evaluation of Terrestrial LIDAR for Monitoring Geomorphic Change at Archeological Sites in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of an evaluation of terrestrial light detection and ranging (LIDAR) for monitoring geomorphic change at archeological sites located within Grand Canyon National Park, Ariz. Traditionally, topographic change-detection studies have used total station methods for the collection of data related to key measurable features of site erosion such as the location of thalwegs and knickpoints of gullies that traverse archeological sites (for example, Pederson and others, 2003). Total station methods require survey teams to walk within and on the features of interest within the archeological sites to take accurate measurements. As a result, site impacts may develop such as trailing, damage to cryptogamic crusts, and surface compaction that can exacerbate future erosion of the sites. National Park Service (NPS) resource managers have become increasingly concerned that repeated surveys for research and monitoring purposes may have a detrimental impact on the resources that researchers are trying to study and protect. \r\n\r\nBeginning in 2006, the Sociocultural Program of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center (GCMRC) initiated an evaluation of terrestrial LIDAR as a new monitoring tool that might enhance data quality and reduce site impacts. This evaluation was conducted as one part of an ongoing study to develop objective, replicable, quantifiable monitoring protocols for tracking the status and trend of variables affecting archeological site condition along the Colorado River corridor. The overall study consists of two elements: (1) an evaluation of the methodology through direct comparison to geomorphologic metrics already being collected by total station methods (this report) and (2) an evaluation of terrestrial LIDAR's ability to detect topographic change through the collection of temporally different datasets (a report on this portion of the study is anticipated early in 2009). The main goals of the first element of study were to \r\n\r\n\r\n1. test the methodology and survey protocols of terrestrial LIDAR surveying under actual archeological site field conditions, \r\n2. examine the ability to collect topographic data of entire archeological sites given such constraints as vegetation and rough topography, and \r\n3. evaluate the ability of terrestrial LIDAR to accurately map the locations of key geomorphic features already being collected by total station methods such as gully thalweg and knickpoint locations. \r\n\r\nThis report focuses on the ability of terrestrial LIDAR to duplicate total station methods, including typical erosion-related change features such as the plan view gully thalweg location and the gully thalweg long profile. The report also presents information concerning the use of terrestrial LIDAR for archeological site monitoring in a general sense. In addition, a detailed comparison of the site impacts caused by both total station and terrestrial LIDAR survey methods is presented using a suite of indicators, including total field survey time, field footstep count, and data-processing time. A thorough discussion of the relative benefits and limitations of using terrestrial LIDAR for monitoring erosion-induced changes at archeological sites in Grand Canyon National Park concludes this report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081384","usgsCitation":"Collins, B., Brown, K.M., and Fairley, H., 2008, Evaluation of Terrestrial LIDAR for Monitoring Geomorphic Change at Archeological Sites in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1384, vi, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081384.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12268,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1384/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.5,35.6 ], [ -113.5,36.8 ], [ -111.5,36.8 ], [ -111.5,35.6 ], [ -113.5,35.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faf6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Brian D.","contributorId":71641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Kristin M.","contributorId":17181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Kristin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fairley, Helen C.","contributorId":10506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairley","given":"Helen C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97215,"text":"ofr20081367 - 2008 - Assessment of the Mowry Shale and Niobrara Formation as Continuous Hydrocarbon Systems, Powder River Basin, Montana and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:50","indexId":"ofr20081367","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1367","title":"Assessment of the Mowry Shale and Niobrara Formation as Continuous Hydrocarbon Systems, Powder River Basin, Montana and Wyoming","docAbstract":"A recent U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) oil and gas assessment of the Powder River Basin , Wyoming and Montana, identified the Upper Cretaceous Mowry Shale and Niobrara Formation as the primary hydrocarbon sources for Cretaceous conventional and unconventional reservoirs. Cumulative Mowry-sourced petroleum production is about 1.2 BBO (billion barrels of oil) and 2.2 TCFG (trillion cubic feet of gas) and cumulative Niobrara-sourced oil production is about 520 MMBO (million barrels of oil) and 0.95 TCFG. Burial history modeling indicated that hydrocarbon generation for both formations started at about 0.60 percent Ro at depths of about 8,000 ft. At maximum depths, Ro for the Mowry is about 1.2 to 1.3 percent and about 0.80 percent for the Niobrara. \r\n\r\nThe Mowry and Niobrara continuous reservoirs were assessed using a cell-based methodology that utilized production data. The size of each cell was based on geologic controls and potential drainage areas in analog fields. Current and historical production data were used to determine the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) distribution for untested cells. Only production data from unconventional fractured shale reservoirs with vertical wells were used. For the Mowry, the minimum, median, and maximum total recovery volumes per cell for untested cells are (1) 0.002, 0.25, and 0.35 MMBO, respectively; and for the Niobrara (2) 0.002, 0.028, and 0.5 MMBO. Sweet spots were identified by lineaments and faults, which are believed to be areas having the greatest petroleum potential; an upper limit of 8,000 ft depth was defined by overpressuring caused by hydrocarbon generation. Mean estimates of technically recoverable undiscovered continuous resource for the Mowry are 198 MMBO, 198 BCF (billion cubic feet of gas), and 11.9 MMBNGL (million barrels of natural gas liquid), and those for the Niobrara are 227 MMBO, 227 BCFG, and 13.6 MMBNGL.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081367","usgsCitation":"Anna, L.O., and Cook, T.A., 2008, Assessment of the Mowry Shale and Niobrara Formation as Continuous Hydrocarbon Systems, Powder River Basin, Montana and Wyoming (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1367, Poster: 85 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081367.","productDescription":"Poster: 85 x 36 inches","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12198,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1367/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109,42 ], [ -109,47 ], [ -103,47 ], [ -103,42 ], [ -109,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668099","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anna, Lawrence O.","contributorId":107318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anna","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, Troy A.","contributorId":52519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Troy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97210,"text":"ofr20081324 - 2008 - Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona— 2006-07","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-20T20:13:52.611617","indexId":"ofr20081324","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2008-1324","title":"Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona— 2006-07","docAbstract":"The N aquifer is the major source of water in the 5,400 square-mile Black Mesa area in northeastern Arizona. Availability of water is an important issue in northeastern Arizona because of continued water requirements for industrial and municipal use and the needs of a growing population. Precipitation in the Black Mesa area is typically about 6 to 14 inches per year. \r\n\r\nThe water-monitoring program in the Black Mesa area began in 1971 and is designed to provide information about the long-term effects of ground-water withdrawals from the N aquifer for industrial and municipal uses. This report presents results of data collected for the monitoring program in the Black Mesa area from January 2006 to September 2007. The monitoring program includes measurements of (1) ground-water withdrawals, (2) ground-water levels, (3) spring discharge, (4) surface-water discharge, and (5) ground-water chemistry. Periodic testing of ground-water withdrawal meters is completed every 4 to 5 years. \r\n\r\nThe Navajo Tribal Utility Authority (NTUA) yearly totals for the ground-water metered withdrawal data were unavailable in 2006 due to an up-grade within the NTUA computer network. Because NTUA data is often combined with Bureau of Indian Affairs data for the total withdrawals in a well system, withdrawals will not be published in this year's annual report. \r\n\r\nFrom 2006 to 2007, annually measured water levels in the Black Mesa area declined in 3 of 11 wells measured in the unconfined areas of the N aquifer, and the median change was 0.0 feet. Measurements indicated that water levels declined in 8 of 17 wells measured in the confined area of the aquifer. The median change for the confined area of the aquifer was 0.2 feet. From the prestress period (prior to 1965) to 2007, the median water-level change for 30 wells was -11.1 feet. Median water-level changes were 2.9 feet for 11 wells measured in the unconfined areas and -40.2 feet for 19 wells measured in the confined area. \r\n\r\nSpring flow was measured once in 2006 and once in 2007 at Moenkopi School Spring. Flow decreased by 18.9 percent at Moenkopi School Spring. During the period of record, flow fluctuated, and a decreasing trend was apparent. \r\n\r\nContinuous records of surface-water discharge in the Black Mesa area have been collected from streamflow gages at the following sites: Moenkopi Wash at Moenkopi (1976 to 2006), Dinnebito Wash near Sand Springs (1993 to 2006), Polacca Wash near Second Mesa (1994 to 2006), and Pasture Canyon Springs (August 2004 to December 2006). Median flows during November, December, January, and February of each water year were used as an index of the amount of ground-water discharge to the above named sites. For the period of record at each streamflow-gaging station, the median winter flows have generally remained even, showing neither a significant increase nor decrease in flows. There is not a long enough period of record for Pasture Canyon Spring for a trend to be apparent. \r\n\r\nIn 2007, water samples were collected from 1 well and 1 spring in the Black Mesa area and were analyzed for selected chemical constituents. Concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate have varied at Peabody well 5 for the period of record, and there is an apparent increasing trend. Dissolved-solids, chloride, and sulfate concentrations increased at Moenkopi School Spring during the more than 12 years of record.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20081324","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Arizona Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Truini, M., and Macy, J.P., 2008, Ground-water, surface-water, and water-chemistry data, Black Mesa area, northeastern Arizona— 2006-07 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1324, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20081324.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388256,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_86288.htm"},{"id":194988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12193,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1324/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Black Mesa area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.5,35.5 ], [ -111.5,37 ], [ -109.5,37 ], [ -109.5,35.5 ], [ -111.5,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d4d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truini, Margot mtruini@usgs.gov","contributorId":599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truini","given":"Margot","email":"mtruini@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":301376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macy, J. P.","contributorId":41913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}