We examined relations between mercury concentrations in walleyes Stizostedion vitreum and the characteristics ofclear‐water Wisconsin lakes, which spanned a broad range of pH values (5.0–8.1) and acid‐neutralizing capacities (–9 to 1,017 μeq/L). Total concentrations of mercury in axial muscle tissue of walleyes (total length, 25–56 cm) varied from 0.12 to 1.74 μg/g wet weight. Concentrations were greatest in fish from the eight lakes with pH less than 7.0; concentrations in these fish equaled or exceeded 0.5 μg/g in 88% of the samples analyzed and 1.0 μg/g in 44%. In the five lakes with pH of 7.0 and above, concentrations exceeded 0.5 μg/g in only 1 of 21 walleyes. Multiple regression revealed that lake pH and total length offish accounted for 69% of the variation in mercury concentration in walleyes. Regression models with total length and either waterborne calcium or acid‐neutralizing capacity as independent variables accounted for 67% of the variation in concentration. The observed differences in fish mercury concentration between the low‐pH and high‐pH lakes could not be logically attributed to differences in growth rate or diet among the walleye populations. Moreover, it is improbable that mercury influxes to the low‐pH lakes were greater than those to the high‐pH lakes, because of the close proximity and spatial interspersion of low‐ and high‐pH lakes. We attributed the observed pH‐related trend in mercury concentration in walleyes to variation among lakes in within‐lake processes that affected the production and bioavailability of methylmercury.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1990)119<0862:FIMCIW>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wiener, J., Martini, R., Sheffy, T., and Glass, G., 1990, Factors influencing mercury concentrations in walleyes in northern Wisconsin lakes: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 119, no. 5, p. 862-870, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1990)119<0862:FIMCIW>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"862","endPage":"870","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502236,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"northern Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.26820995411673,\n 46.86779190456383\n ],\n [\n -92.25785818045594,\n 46.202352284047336\n ],\n [\n -92.99207708885791,\n 45.699366996875455\n ],\n [\n -92.90114983661414,\n 44.729300518908715\n ],\n [\n -91.92494153825102,\n 44.101462109461124\n ],\n [\n -87.40557207594718,\n 44.0171337770426\n ],\n [\n -86.56726005808703,\n 45.29092432802179\n ],\n [\n -86.94129224505971,\n 45.54814632355047\n ],\n [\n -87.55407608530683,\n 45.231321095438716\n ],\n [\n -87.7330682924283,\n 45.876538402104025\n ],\n [\n -89.15632708966778,\n 46.15266795547139\n ],\n [\n -90.01047258456092,\n 46.39879471344413\n ],\n [\n -90.33373780523318,\n 46.65586034006465\n ],\n [\n -89.97903209603456,\n 47.32730180033931\n ],\n [\n -90.58869581787731,\n 47.345225548404926\n ],\n [\n -91.77959262639123,\n 46.90337770377511\n ],\n [\n -92.26820995411673,\n 46.86779190456383\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a01e4b07f02db5f7fde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martini, R.E.","contributorId":92779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sheffy, T.B.","contributorId":58373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheffy","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glass, G.E.","contributorId":37853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185816,"text":"70185816 - 1990 - Use of tree-ring chemistry to document historical ground-water contamination events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T11:43:38","indexId":"70185816","displayToPublicDate":"1990-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of tree-ring chemistry to document historical ground-water contamination events","docAbstract":"The annual growth rings of tulip trees (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) appear to preserve a chemical record of ground-water contamination at a landfill in Maryland. Zones of elevated iron and chlorine concentrations in growth rings from trees immediately downgradient from the landfill are closely correlated temporally with activities in the landfill expected to generate iron and chloride contamination in the ground water. Successively later iron peaks in trees increasingly distant from the landfill along the general direction of ground-water flow imply movement of iron-contaminated ground water away from the landfill. The historical velocity of iron movement (2 to 9 m/yr) and chloride movement (at least 40 m/yr) in ground water at the site was estimated from element-concentration trends of trees at successive distances from the landfill. The tree-ring-derived chloride-transport velocity approximates the known ground-water velocity (30 to 80 m/yr). A minimum horizontal hydraulic conductivity (0.01 to .02 cm/s) calculated from chloride velocity agrees well with values derived from aquifer tests (about 0.07 cm/s) and from ground-water modeling results (0.009 to 0.04 cm/s).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1990.tb01983.x","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., and Yanosky, T.M., 1990, Use of tree-ring chemistry to document historical ground-water contamination events: Groundwater, v. 28, no. 5, p. 677-684, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1990.tb01983.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"684","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338585,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc81fe4b02ff32c68573a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":686841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yanosky, Thomas M.","contributorId":40589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanosky","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169358,"text":"70169358 - 1990 - Human impacts on bear habitat use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T14:57:11.065965","indexId":"70169358","displayToPublicDate":"1990-08-01T14:45:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":978,"text":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Human impacts on bear habitat use","docAbstract":": Human effects on bear habitat use are mediated through food biomass changes, bear tolerance of humans and their impacts, and human tolerance of bears. Large-scale changes in bear food biomass have been caused by conversion of wildlands and waterways to intensive human use, and by the introduction of exotic pathogens. Bears consume virtually all human foods that have been established in former wildlands, but bear use has been limited by access. Air pollution has also affected bear food biomass on a small scale and is likely to have major future impacts on bear habitat through climatic warming. Major changes in disturbance cycles and landscape mosaics wrought by humans have further altered temporal and spatial pulses of bear food production. These changes have brought short-term benefits in places, but have also added long-term stresses to most bear populations. Although bears tend to avoid humans, they will also use exotic and native foods in close proximity to humans. Subadult males and adult females are more often impelled to forage closer to humans because of their energetic predicament and because more secure sites are often preempted by adult males. Although male bears are typically responsible for most livestock predation, adult females and subadult males are more likely to be habituated to humans because they tend to forage closer to humans. Elimination of human-habituated bears predictably reduces effective carrying capacity and is more likely to be a factor in preserving bear populations where humans are present in moderate-to-high densities. If humans desire to preserve viable bear populations, they will either have to accept increased risk of injury associated with preserving habituated animals, or continue to crop habituated bears while at the same time preserving large tracts of wildlands free from significant human intrusion.
","conferenceTitle":"Eighth International Conference on Bear Research and Management","conferenceDate":"February 1989","conferenceLocation":"Victoria, British Columbia, Canada","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Bear Research and Management","publisherLocation":"Morges, Switzerland","doi":"10.2307/3872901","usgsCitation":"Mattson, D.J., 1990, Human impacts on bear habitat use: Bears: Their Biology and Management, v. 8, p. 33-56, https://doi.org/10.2307/3872901.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319413,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f66173e4b07d796bf77087","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattson, David J. david_mattson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"David","email":"david_mattson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70242141,"text":"70242141 - 1990 - The October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake and its aftershocks: Geometry of the sequence from high-resolution locations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T17:26:37.715607","indexId":"70242141","displayToPublicDate":"1990-08-01T12:12:46","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake and its aftershocks: Geometry of the sequence from high-resolution locations","docAbstract":"Hypocenters of the Loma Prieta sequence form a dipping zone that rises from the mainshock hypocenter and is parallel to the mainshock nodal plane. Most aftershocks cluster around the perimeter of the zone, surrounding a relatively aseismic center which approximates the region of mainshock rupture. At its southeastern end, the dipping aftershock zone warps into a vertical surface that corresponds to the San Andreas fault. In the central and northwestern parts of the zone at depths above ∼10 km, the aftershocks define numerous disjoint fault structures. The large component of reverse-slip observed in this event agrees with a simple model for slip on a dipping plane within a compressional fault bend. We do not believe that the Loma Prieta earthquake occurred on the Sargent fault. However, we are unable to conclude whether it ruptured the principal plate boundary fault or a less frequently active fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GL017i009p01417","usgsCitation":"Dietz, L.D., and Ellsworth, W.L., 1990, The October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake and its aftershocks: Geometry of the sequence from high-resolution locations: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 17, no. 9, p. 1417-1420, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i009p01417.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1417","endPage":"1420","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415428,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Loma Prieta, San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.96495413208875,\n 37.12642552193387\n ],\n [\n -121.96495413208875,\n 36.96957488229744\n ],\n [\n -121.72622540478163,\n 36.96957488229744\n ],\n [\n -121.72622540478163,\n 37.12642552193387\n ],\n [\n -121.96495413208875,\n 37.12642552193387\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dietz, Lynn D.","contributorId":304039,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dietz","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":868990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":868991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227577,"text":"70227577 - 1990 - On the nature and rate of resurfacing of Venus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T16:19:43.821406","indexId":"70227577","displayToPublicDate":"1990-08-01T10:13:38","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the nature and rate of resurfacing of Venus","docAbstract":"Crater production and obliteration are modeled for the plains of Venus, using: (1 ) the observed distribution of Venus-crossing asteroids and comets, (2) viscous relaxation of crater topography, and (3) erosion and burial by atmospheric, volcanic, and tectonic processes. Crater lifetimes are assumed to be proportional to crater depths for both classes of obliterative processes although the individual criteria vary. An average crater retention age between 0.4 to 2.0 Ga is estimated for plains under the assumption that craters are produced and not removed. The range is driven by uncertainty in identifying degraded impact as opposed to volcanic craters. On the other hand, crater retention ages greater than about 1.6 Ga are unlikely if viscous relaxation operates without loading of crater floors by burial. Our preferred model has plains subject to crater production and obliteration processes that vary over both space and time. In some areas, radar-bright crater ejecta haloes are preserved for long periods of time because volcanism, tectonism, and weathering occurs at rates « 1 km/Ga. Viscous relaxation has probably generated numerous shallow craters in these relatively quiescent regions. In other areas, volcanism and tectonism have resurfaced the terrain at rates greater than several km/Ga. The global coverage and high resolution SAR and altimetry data expected from Magellan will allow testing of this model, based on detailed crater observations (diameter, depth distributions; morphologic criteria; surface scattering properties) and their association with volcanic and tectonic features.
The Loma Prieta earthquake was a combination of right lateral strike-slip and reverse faulting. This oblique motion has been explained by a kinematic model that has the fault accommodate both the translation and convergence required by the Pacific-North American plate motions and a local bend in the San Andreas Fault However, in other areas of California, such as Parkfield-Coalinga, this combination of motions is taken up by decoupled strike-slip and thrust faults. In this paper I develop a simple physical model, based on applying Hamilton's principle to the energy released in earthquakes, that allows us to determine if a region should undergo oblique or decoupled faulting. This determination depends on the dip of available faults and the amount of convergence relative to the amount of translation. These energy constraints correctly predict the different types of faulting at Loma Prieta and Parkfield-Coalinga.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GL017i009p01453","usgsCitation":"Michael, A.J., 1990, Energy constraints on kinematic models of oblique faulting: Loma Prieta versus Parkfield-Coalinga: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 17, no. 9, p. 1453-1456, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i009p01453.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1453","endPage":"1456","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Loma Prieta, Los Angeles Basin, Parkfield-Coalinga, San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.9651572997092,\n 37.82629378404063\n ],\n [\n -121.8884795876107,\n 36.180199714044335\n ],\n [\n -120.88292911663564,\n 35.17361035219943\n ],\n [\n -119.81023202720752,\n 34.33136227342867\n ],\n [\n -117.68870986465859,\n 33.35198303960405\n ],\n [\n -114.98871295988008,\n 32.947294755677575\n ],\n [\n -115.32498790726544,\n 34.36503935692798\n ],\n [\n -118.46614851966058,\n 35.20202566589532\n ],\n [\n -120.73410102994643,\n 37.15185820866179\n ],\n [\n -121.76409130300496,\n 38.438532648239544\n ],\n [\n -122.9651572997092,\n 37.82629378404063\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, Andrew J. 0000-0002-2403-5019 michael@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":1280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Andrew","email":"michael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171478,"text":"70171478 - 1990 - Development of an aquifer management model AQMAN3D","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T10:26:23","indexId":"70171478","displayToPublicDate":"1990-08-01T06:30:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of an aquifer management model AQMAN3D","docAbstract":"A computer code that enables the use of the USGS Modular groundwater flow model for aquifermanagement modeling has been developed. Aquifermanagement techniques integrate groundwater flow modeling with linear quadratic optimization methods for the solution of various aquifer management problems. The model AQMAN3D, is a modified version of a previously developed two-dimensional AQMAN model. The idea of coupling the AQMAN model with the MODULAR model arose because actual groundwater flow systems behave in a three dimensional manner, therefore requiring treatment as such, and due to the widespread use of MODULAR. The use of the AQMAN3D model permits the implementation of the technique known as aquifer managementmodeling. A generalized approach to obtain an optimal solution to an aquifer management problem is proposed, and a sample test problem is presented to illustrate the use of the model. Even though the model provides the hydrologist with a new and powerful investigative tool, its applicability is limited to confined or quasiconfined systems.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tropical hydrology and Caribbean water resources : proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and Fourth Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","conferenceDate":"July 23-27, 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Puig, J.C., Rolon-Collazo, L.I., and Pagan-Trinidad, I., 1990, Development of an aquifer management model AQMAN3D, in Tropical hydrology and Caribbean water resources : proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and Fourth Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 23-27, 1990.","productDescription":"10 p.","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500752e4b0ee97d51bb532","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Krishna, J.H.","contributorId":169959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krishna","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631687,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631688,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631689,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morris, G.L.","contributorId":169960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morris","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631690,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Puig, Juan Carlos","contributorId":91546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puig","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"Carlos","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rolon-Collazo, L. I.","contributorId":117309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rolon-Collazo","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pagan-Trinidad, Ishmael","contributorId":169854,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pagan-Trinidad","given":"Ishmael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171322,"text":"70171322 - 1990 - Rainfall-soil moisture relations in landslide-prone areas of a tropical rain forest, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T09:57:45","indexId":"70171322","displayToPublicDate":"1990-07-28T15:45:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Rainfall-soil moisture relations in landslide-prone areas of a tropical rain forest, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Soil moisture conditions are not well documented in steep, tropical landslide-prone terrain. In the 11,330 ha Caribbean National Forest (CNF) in northeastern Puerto Rico more than 170 landslides that occurred from one to approximately 60 years ago have been mapped. Most of these landslides are shallow, with failure depths of 0.5 ot 7 m, and are associated with periods of intense, prolonged rainfall. Annual rainfall in the CNF ranges from 2,500 to more than 4,000 mm. Rainfall intensities of up to 65 mm/h have been recorded in the area during hurricanes.
\nDetailed studies of the relation between rainfall and soil moisture are underway at two forested sites on slopes in the CNF. Soil at the sites is characterized by a layer of silty-clay colluvial soil about 1 m thick, which is underlain by up to 10 m of saprolite, and overlies weathered volcaniclastic or quartz-diorite bedrock. Although considerable surface runoff has been observed at the study sites, data show moderate to rapid increases in pore pressure in repsonse to short duration storm events. Pore-pressure increases are greatest in the lower sections of concave slopes apparently due to convergent flow. It is anticipated that these pore-pressure data will provide a means of assessing rainfall characteristics leading to landslide initiation as well as insight to the mechanics of shallow landslides
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tropical Hydrology and Caribbean Water Resources, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology","conferenceDate":"July 23-27, 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., and Torres-Sanchez, A.J., 1990, Rainfall-soil moisture relations in landslide-prone areas of a tropical rain forest, Puerto Rico, in Tropical Hydrology and Caribbean Water Resources, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 23-27, 1990, p. 23-27.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e3ae4b07e28b664dbf5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Krishna, J.H.","contributorId":169959,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krishna","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631662,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631663,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gomez-Gomez, Fernando","contributorId":169637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gomez-Gomez","given":"Fernando","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631664,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morris, G.L.","contributorId":169960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morris","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631665,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":630554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torres-Sanchez, Angel J. 0000-0002-5595-021X ajtorres@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-021X","contributorId":5623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres-Sanchez","given":"Angel","email":"ajtorres@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242142,"text":"70242142 - 1990 - Source characteristics of the Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 18, 1989 from global digital seismic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T17:48:44.352353","indexId":"70242142","displayToPublicDate":"1990-07-01T12:43:17","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source characteristics of the Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 18, 1989 from global digital seismic data","docAbstract":"Displacement, velocity and acceleration records of P and SH body waves recorded at teleseismic distances are analysed to determine the static and dynamic source parameters of the Loma Prieta, California earthquake of October 18, 1989 (mb 6.6, Ms 7.1). Three distinct bursts of energy corresponding to three subevents can be recognized in most records. The displacement waveforms indicate that the first subevent contributes negligible moment while the largest releases of moment and energy are controlled by the second and third subevents. The second and third subevents are located north and south of the initial nucleation. A fourth small subevent needed to model later features of the P waveforms suggests that slow slip continued after the major releases of energy occurred. The waveforms are fit with a fault plane solution having strike 130°, dip 65° and slip 140° for all the subevents. The focal depths of the two major subevents are 16 and 12 km, and their asperity radii are 4.0 and 6.0 km, respectively. The seismic moment, M0, is 2.2×1026 dyne-cm. From spectral analysis of teleseismic velocity, the radiated energy, Es, is estimated to be 1.1×1022 dyne-cm, implying an apparent stress of 15 bars. From the high-frequency level of the teleseismic acceleration spectrum and a rupture area of 440 km2, we derive a dynamic stress drop of 51 bars.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GL017i008p01183","usgsCitation":"Choy, G., and Boatwright, J., 1990, Source characteristics of the Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 18, 1989 from global digital seismic data: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 17, no. 8, p. 1183-1186, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i008p01183.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1183","endPage":"1186","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415442,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Loma Prieta, San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.96495413208875,\n 37.12642552193387\n ],\n [\n -121.96495413208875,\n 36.96957488229744\n ],\n [\n -121.72622540478163,\n 36.96957488229744\n ],\n [\n -121.72622540478163,\n 37.12642552193387\n ],\n [\n -121.96495413208875,\n 37.12642552193387\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choy, George choy@usgs.gov","contributorId":2161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"George","email":"choy@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":868992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boatwright, John 0000-0002-6931-5241 boat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6931-5241","contributorId":1938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"John","email":"boat@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":868993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226729,"text":"70226729 - 1990 - Preliminary velocity and resistivity models of the Loma Prieta Earthquake region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-07T18:02:19.480334","indexId":"70226729","displayToPublicDate":"1990-07-01T11:54:31","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary velocity and resistivity models of the Loma Prieta Earthquake region","docAbstract":"A preliminary three-dimensional velocity model of the Loma Prieta epicentral region in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California has been derived using raypaths from aftershocks recorded by the U.S.G.S. seismic network. In addition, a magnetotelluric sounding profile was completed prior to the earthquake and a two-dimensional resistivity model computed. The velocity and resistivity models include a low-resistivity (3–10 ohm-m), low-velocity (3.3–5.8 km/s) wedge of material between the Zayante and San Andreas faults that extends to depths of over 8 km and is interpreted to be largely Tertiary marine sedimentary rocks. A high-resistivity (>1000 ohm-m), high-velocity (6.4–6.7 km/s) zone between the San Andreas and Sargent faults may represent largely mafic intrusive rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GL017i008p01235","usgsCitation":"Eberhart-Phillips, D., Labson, V.F., Stanley, W., Michael, A.J., and Rodriguez, B.D., 1990, Preliminary velocity and resistivity models of the Loma Prieta Earthquake region: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 17, no. 8, p. 1235-1238, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i008p01235.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1235","endPage":"1238","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392581,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Loma Prieta epicentral region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.5,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 37.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, Donna 0000-0003-0392-8659","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0392-8659","contributorId":190650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"Donna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Labson, Victor F. 0000-0003-1905-1820 vlabson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1905-1820","contributorId":326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labson","given":"Victor","email":"vlabson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":349,"text":"International Water Resources Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanley, William D.","contributorId":23274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michael, Andrew J. 0000-0002-2403-5019 michael@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":1280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Andrew","email":"michael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70242677,"text":"70242677 - 1990 - Seismomagnetic effect generated by the October, 1989, ML, 7.1 Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-12T14:22:26.85206","indexId":"70242677","displayToPublicDate":"1990-07-01T09:08:03","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismomagnetic effect generated by the October, 1989, ML, 7.1 Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake","docAbstract":"A differentially connected array of proton magnetometers operated within the epicentral region of the October 18, 1989, ML 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake for 12 years from 1974 to 1986. The closest magnetometer station was located 7.3 km from the epicenter of the earthquake and within 3 km of the site where anomalous ULF magnetic noise measurements were observed. Following the earthquake, the magnetometers were reinstalled with sensors replaced in the original undisturbed sensor holders. Comparison of pre-1986 total intensity magnetic field data with data obtained during the months following the earthquake indicate local offsets of about 1 nT may have been generated at stations nearest the epicenter. Tests on other continuous differenced data from 1983 to present indicate that offsets determined could be biased by as much as 0.7 nT. The offsets can be approximately fit with a simple seismomagnetic model of the earthquake for which 1.9 m of right lateral and 1.3 m of dip slip (southwest side up) occurred on a fault patch between 6 km and 18 km deep and 45 km long. The total rock magnetization is assumed to be 1.5 A/m. Since the offset has persisted following the earthquake, an alternate explanation in terms of electokinetic effects is unlikely even though transient ground water flow occurred following the earthquake. Comparison of pre-1986 and similar post-seismic total magnetic field noise does not indicate any change caused by aliasing of ULF (0.01 Hz-10 Hz) magnetic noise in the vicinity of the Loma Prieta earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GL017i008p01231","usgsCitation":"Mueller, R., and Johnston, M., 1990, Seismomagnetic effect generated by the October, 1989, ML, 7.1 Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 17, no. 8, p. 1231-1234, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i008p01231.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1231","endPage":"1234","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415657,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Loma Prieta, San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.64409994601175,\n 37.82359941405859\n ],\n [\n -122.64409994601175,\n 36.47073435770851\n ],\n [\n -121.00659629040953,\n 36.47073435770851\n ],\n [\n -121.00659629040953,\n 37.82359941405859\n ],\n [\n -122.64409994601175,\n 37.82359941405859\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, R.J.","contributorId":77135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242821,"text":"70242821 - 1990 - Remagnetization and northward translation of Mesozoic red chert from Cedros Island and the San Benito Islands, Baja California, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-19T13:20:47.149082","indexId":"70242821","displayToPublicDate":"1990-07-01T08:10:45","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remagnetization and northward translation of Mesozoic red chert from Cedros Island and the San Benito Islands, Baja California, Mexico","docAbstract":"Samples for paleomagnetic analysis were collected from red radiolarian ribbon chert in a Franciscan-like subduction complex (Western Baja terrane) exposed along the western margin of the Baja California Peninsula. A 40-m-thick section of chert was sampled on Cedros Island, and a 30-m-thick and two smaller sections of chert were sampled on the San Benito Islands to the west. A site in pillow basalt underlying the chert also was sampled on Cedros Island. The sections of chert on Cedros Island and the San Benito Islands contain radiolaria ranging in age from Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous. All of these rocks have similar normal-polarity direction of magnetization, indicating that they were remagnetized long after deposition. Results from a chert site, including an intrastratal fold, also indicate that the magnetization is postdepositional. A significantly improved grouping (95% confidence level) of directions after correction for the structural attitudes of the Cedros and San Benito chert sections, however, implies that the remagnetization predates breaking up and incorporation of the chert into the subduction complex. Studies of modern subduction zones imply that the attitude of the ancient subducting slab, including the chert sections, was near horizontal (dip angles <10° at the time of remagnetization. Thus, assuming paleohorizontality, a paleolatitude of 12° ± 5° N can be estimated for the Western Baja terrane in mid-Cretaceous time. The paleomagnetic directions also indicate a subsequent poleward translation of 25° ± 7° in latitude (2,800 km) and a clockwise rotation of 56° ± 7° of the Western Baja terrane with respect to North America. The paleolatitude error limits at the 95% confidence level represent minimum values, because deviations of the bedding planes from horizontal during remagnetization would contribute to the error. A 10° NE dip of the subducting slab, however, would account for only 4° of the paleolatitude anomaly, and a ≃60° NE dip would be needed to account for the entire anomaly. Modern analogs, in combination with plate-reconstruction models, imply that the northward translation of the Western Baja terrane along the ancient convergent margin of North America could have been accomplished by arc-parallel strike-slip faulting that was driven by oblique subduction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0983:RANTOM>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hagstrum, J.T., and Sedlock, R., 1990, Remagnetization and northward translation of Mesozoic red chert from Cedros Island and the San Benito Islands, Baja California, Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, no. 7, p. 983-991, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0983:RANTOM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"983","endPage":"991","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","state":"Baja California","otherGeospatial":"Cedros Island, San Benito Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.16625041062265,\n 28.2311617167161\n ],\n [\n -115.15883393973586,\n 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jhag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-280X","contributorId":3474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagstrum","given":"Jonathan","email":"jhag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sedlock, R.L.","contributorId":76902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedlock","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222404,"text":"5222404 - 1990 - Power calculations and model selection for trend analysis: A comment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T14:56:03.366373","indexId":"5222404","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-01T12:19:08","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Power calculations and model selection for trend analysis: A comment","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1937393","usgsCitation":"Link, W.A., and Hatfield, J.S., 1990, Power calculations and model selection for trend analysis: A comment: Ecology, v. 71, no. 3, p. 1217-1220, https://doi.org/10.2307/1937393.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1217","endPage":"1220","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201775,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db681e11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, William A. 0000-0002-9913-0256 wlink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":146920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":95187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70242828,"text":"70242828 - 1990 - Pliocene-Pleistocene growth of the Rio Ebro margin, northeast Spain: A prograding-slope model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-19T14:48:38.138612","indexId":"70242828","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-01T09:22:56","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene-Pleistocene growth of the Rio Ebro margin, northeast Spain: A prograding-slope model","docAbstract":"Pliocene-Pleistocene marine deposits overlying Messinian evaporites off northeast Spain are composed of five distinct seismic facies. These facies are interpreted to represent deposition in five adjacent settings: distal (isolated) basin, basin plain, base of slope,slope, and shelf. Contrary to previous studies, a submarine-fan style of deposition is not evident. Distal-basin deposits are characterized by thin, wavy, parallel beds draping the sea floor. Basin-plain deposits are similar but also have flat-lying beds and some low-relief channels. Base-of-slope deposits are dominated by stacked, overlapping, elongate channel/levee deposits that have concave-upward bases and convex-upward tops. Slope sequences are thick accumulations of overbank deposits laterally interrupted by large upward-climbing canyon fill. The shelf component is composed of overlapping and stacked delta lobes.
The composite sediment body is a prograded, upward-shallowing, offlap sequence initiated and controlled by the influx of terrigenous sediment from the Rio Ebro during the Pleistocene. This style of deposition is common in the rock record, and our model may be more appropriate as a modern analogue for some rocks than are conventional shelf-canyon-fan models of margin sedimentation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0721:PPGOTR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Field, M.E., and Gardner, J., 1990, Pliocene-Pleistocene growth of the Rio Ebro margin, northeast Spain: A prograding-slope model: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, no. 6, p. 721-733, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0721:PPGOTR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"721","endPage":"733","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416006,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Spain","otherGeospatial":"Ebro River, Gulf of Valencia, Mediterranean Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 0.41946810401728385,\n 38.818877576709724\n ],\n [\n 1.1021703518988204,\n 38.89780270387968\n ],\n [\n 1.2144747973308085,\n 39.13882043841926\n ],\n [\n 1.6821634069852962,\n 39.202662292482756\n ],\n [\n 2.2329615048395794,\n 39.72476089717111\n ],\n [\n 2.845322742969813,\n 39.932699381870265\n ],\n [\n 4.232278036019181,\n 40.18458992640424\n ],\n [\n 4.163049144495403,\n 41.187360727730294\n ],\n [\n 2.9187606557011065,\n 41.53216277897613\n ],\n [\n 1.3165577503920076,\n 41.04109709701899\n ],\n [\n 1.1476206210105886,\n 40.34262633093647\n ],\n [\n 0.6345408017392344,\n 39.772428656877196\n ],\n [\n 0.44923945601368587,\n 39.823337379110285\n ],\n [\n -0.059845030376664,\n 39.35401105496945\n ],\n [\n 0.41946810401728385,\n 38.818877576709724\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":61769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185498,"text":"70185498 - 1990 - Application of the Stefan-Maxwell Equations to determine limitations of Fick's law when modeling organic vapor transport in sand columns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:29:30","indexId":"70185498","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the Stefan-Maxwell Equations to determine limitations of Fick's law when modeling organic vapor transport in sand columns","docAbstract":"The organic component of the vapor phase of a porous medium contaminated by an immiscible organic liquid can be significant enough to violate the condition of a dilute species diffusing in a bulk phase assumed by Fick's law. The Stefan-Maxwell equations provide a more comprehensive model for quantifying steady state transport for a vapor phase composed of arbitrary proportions of its constituents. The application of both types of models to the analysis of column experiments demonstrates that use of a Fickian-based transport model can lead to significant overestimates of soil tortuosity constants. Further, the physical displacement of naturally occurring gases (e.g., O2), predicted by the Stefan-Maxwell model but not by application of Fick's Law, can be attributed improperly to a sink term such as microbial degradation in a Fickian-based transport model.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i006p01155","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., and Bruell, C.J., 1990, Application of the Stefan-Maxwell Equations to determine limitations of Fick's law when modeling organic vapor transport in sand columns: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 6, p. 1155-1163, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i006p01155.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"1155","endPage":"1163","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338095,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d65e4b0236b68f98f8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruell, Clifford J.","contributorId":189700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruell","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209938,"text":"70209938 - 1990 - Flank tectonics of Martian volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-06T17:46:52.890028","indexId":"70209938","displayToPublicDate":"1990-05-06T12:37:08","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flank tectonics of Martian volcanoes","docAbstract":"On the flanks of Olympus Mons is a series of terraces, concentrically distributed around the caldera. Their morphology and location suggest that they could be thrust faults caused by compressional failure of the cone. In an attempt to understand the mechanism of faulting and the possible influences of the interior structure of Olympus Mons, we have constructed a numerical model for elastic stresses within a Martian volcano. In the absence of internal pressurization, the middle slopes of the cone are subjected to compressional stress, appropriate to the formation of thrust faults. These stresses for Olympus Mons are ∼250 MPa. If a vacant magma chamber is contained within the cone, the region of maximum compressional stress is extended toward the base of the cone. If the magma chamber is pressurized, extensional stresses occur at the summit and on the upper slopes of the cone. For a filled but unpressurized magma chamber, the observed positions of the faults agree well with the calculated region of high compressional stress. Three other volcanoes on Mars, Ascraeus Mons, Arsia Mons, and Pavonis Mons, possess similar terraces. Extending our analysis to other Martian volcanoes, we find that only these three and Olympus Mons have flank stresses that exceed the compressional failure strength of basalt, lending support to the view that the terraces on all four are thrust faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB09p14345","usgsCitation":"Thomas, P., Squyres, S.W., and Carr, M.H., 1990, Flank tectonics of Martian volcanoes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B9, p. 14345-14355, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB09p14345.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"14345","endPage":"14355","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374494,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Paul","contributorId":176361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Squyres, Steven W.","contributorId":10537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":788594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70124364,"text":"70124364 - 1990 - Search path of a fossorial herbivore, Geomys bursarius, foraging in structurally complex plant communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T13:42:46","indexId":"70124364","displayToPublicDate":"1990-05-01T13:40:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Search path of a fossorial herbivore, Geomys bursarius, foraging in structurally complex plant communities","docAbstract":"The influence of habitat patchiness and unpalatable plants on the search path of the plains pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius) was examined in outdoor enclosures. Separate experiments were used to evaluate how individual animals explored (by tunnel excavation) enclosures free of plants except for one or more dense patches of a palatable plant (Daucus carota), a dense patch of an unpalatable species (Pastinaca sativa) containing a few palatable plants (D. carota), or a relatively sparse mixture of palatable (D. carota) and unpalatable (Raphanus sativus) species. Only two of eight individuals tested showed the predicted pattern of concentrating search effort in patches of palatable plants. The maintenance of relatively high levels of effort in less profitable sites may reflect the security afforded food resources by the solitary social system and fossorial lifestyle of G. bursarius. Unpalatable plants repelled animals under some conditions, but search paths in the sparsely planted mixed-species treatment suggest animals can use visual or other cues to orient excavations. Evidence supporting area-restricted search was weak. More information about the use of visual cues by G. bursarius and the influence of experience on individual search mode is needed for refining current models of foraging behavior in this species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","publisherLocation":"Provo, UT","doi":"10.2307/1382165","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., 1990, Search path of a fossorial herbivore, Geomys bursarius, foraging in structurally complex plant communities: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 71, no. 2, p. 177-187, https://doi.org/10.2307/1382165.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293752,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293751,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1382165"}],"volume":"71","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b9bde4b0239f1986baf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":500754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70124920,"text":"70124920 - 1990 - Differences between nipher and slter shielded rain gages at two Colorado deposition monitoring sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:43:50","indexId":"70124920","displayToPublicDate":"1990-05-01T09:54:39","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differences between nipher and slter shielded rain gages at two Colorado deposition monitoring sites","docAbstract":"In the last decade the United States and Canada have made significant progress in establishing spatial ad temporal estimates of atmospheric deposition throughout North America. Fundamental to the wet-deposition portion of these estimates is the accurate and precise measurement of precipitation amount.
\nGoodison and others (I-3) have reported on a new type of shielded snow gage known as the Canadian MSC Nipher shielded snow gage. Because this shielded snow gage has been shown to be superior to other precipitation gages for the estimation of snowfall amount, its design was adapted to the Universal Belfort precipitation gage (4), the dominant precipitation gage used at deposition monitoring sites in the United States. Favorable results taken from monitoring sites using this modified Nipher shielded snow gage (3-6) have prompted the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Electric Power Research Institute to adopt the Nipher shielded Belfort gage as a standard piece of equipment in the Acid MODES and Operational Evaluation Network (OEN) monitoring programs and to propose that is be included as a standard snow gage in other North American deposition monitoring programs.
\nThis communication details preliminary results from two of nine NADP/NTN deposition monitoring sites selected by the Environmental Protection Agency to compare Nipher shielded Belfort precipitation gage volumes to volumes obtained from the standard Belfort gage used in the NADP/NTN monitoring program.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","publisherLocation":"Easton, PA","doi":"10.1021/es00075a023","usgsCitation":"Bigelow, D.S., and Denning, A.S., 1990, Differences between nipher and slter shielded rain gages at two Colorado deposition monitoring sites: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 24, no. 5, p. 758-760, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00075a023.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"758","endPage":"760","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293803,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00075a023"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54140b1de4b082fed288b8fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bigelow, David S.","contributorId":21077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigelow","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denning, A. Scott","contributorId":70710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denning","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185523,"text":"70185523 - 1990 - A method for testing whether model predictions fall within a prescribed factor of true values, with an application to pesticide leaching","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-17T16:04:01","indexId":"70185523","displayToPublicDate":"1990-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for testing whether model predictions fall within a prescribed factor of true values, with an application to pesticide leaching","docAbstract":"A quantitative method is described for testing whether model predictions fall within a specified factor of true values. The technique is based on classical theory for confidence regions on unknown population parameters and can be related to hypothesis testing in both univariate and multivariate situations. A capability index is defined that can be used as a measure of predictive capability of a model, and its properties are discussed. The testing approach and the capability index should facilitate model validation efforts and permit comparisons among competing models. An example is given for a pesticide leaching model that predicts chemical concentrations in the soil profile.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(90)90058-O","usgsCitation":"Parrish, R.S., and Smith, C.N., 1990, A method for testing whether model predictions fall within a prescribed factor of true values, with an application to pesticide leaching: Ecological Modelling, v. 51, no. 1-2, p. 59-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(90)90058-O.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"59","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df08e4b05ec79911d1c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrish, Rudolph S.","contributorId":189727,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parrish","given":"Rudolph","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Charles N.","contributorId":189728,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70124360,"text":"70124360 - 1990 - The quantification of instream flow rights to water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T13:25:50","indexId":"70124360","displayToPublicDate":"1990-04-12T13:24:36","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"The quantification of instream flow rights to water","docAbstract":"Energy development of all types continues to grow in the Rocky Mountain Region of the western United States. Federal resource managers increasingly need to balance energy demands, their effects on the natural and human landscape, and public perceptions towards these issues. The Western Energy Citation Clearinghouse (WECC v.1.0), part of a suite of data and information management tools developed and managed by the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI), provides resource managers with a searchable online database of citations that covers a broad spectrum of energy and landscape related topics relevant to resource managers, such as energy sources, natural and human landscape effects, and new research, methods and models. Based on the 2011 USGS Open-file Report \"Abbreviated bibliography on energy development\" (Montag, et al. 2011), WECC is an extensive collection of energy-related citations, as well as categorized lists of additional online resources related to oil and gas development, best practices, energy companies and Federal agencies. WECC incorporates the powerful web services of Sciencebase 2.0, the enterprise data and information platform for USGS scientists and partners, to provide secure, role-based data management features. For example, public/unauthenticated WECC users have full search and read access to the entire energy citation collection, while authenticated WLCI data stewards can manage WECC's citation collection using Sciencebase data management forms.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the American Geophysical Union, Tenth Annual Hydrology Days","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the American Geophysical Union, Tenth Annual Hydrology Days","conferenceDate":"1990-04-10T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Hydrology Days Publications","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 1990, The quantification of instream flow rights to water, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b9c1e4b0239f1986bb21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70242779,"text":"70242779 - 1990 - Earthquake depths and the relation to strain accumulation and stress near strike-slip faults in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T18:45:21.113634","indexId":"70242779","displayToPublicDate":"1990-04-10T13:27:50","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake depths and the relation to strain accumulation and stress near strike-slip faults in southern California","docAbstract":"In this paper I report and attempt to interpret several observations about the depth distribution of earthquakes in the region of southern California containing the southern San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones. These observations are as follows: (1) Earthquakes in the major fault zones are predominantly deep (maximum, 22 km; characteristic, 11–18 km). (2) Earthquakes in the crustal blocks bounding the fault zones are predominantly shallow (maximum, 17 km; characteristic, 1–6 km). (3) In the San Jacinto fault zone, maximum earthquake depths correlate with surface heat flow. These relations together with focal mechanisms, geodetic strain measurements, and fault zone models are consistent with the following ideas: (1) Interseismic plate motion is accommodated by aseismic slip along an extension of the major fault zone below a brittle zone that is locked between large earthquakes. (2) The aseismic slip in a narrow fault zone in the brittle-plastic transition region concentrates strain at the base of the brittle fault zone. (3) Deep earthquakes occur in the lower part of the brittle fault zone due to stick-slip failure of highly stressed patches. (4) Background earthquakes and aftershocks that occur several kilometers deeper than large earthquake hypocenters suggest that a zone of mixed slip behavior may exist between the stable sliding (deep) and stick-slip (shallow) regions of the fault zone. This zone of mixed slip may fail predominantly by stable sliding, analogous to the central San Andreas and Calaveras faults of California. Seismic precursors to large earthquakes may occur in this zone, and large earthquakes may nucleate near the upper edge of this zone. Furthermore, the difference in seismicity between the San Jacinto and southern San Andreas faults suggests that the nature of this mixed zone may evolve as total displacement in the fault zone increases. (5) Shear stress may be less in the crustal blocks than in the deep brittle fault zones and generally at a level sufficient to cause brittle failure only shallow in the crustal blocks. (6) In the stress field produced by plate motion and slip in the deep fault zone, the upper brittle fault zone is not oriented favorably for shear failure. Lack of shallow earthquakes in the fault zones and the predominance of shallow earthquakes on favorably oriented fractures in the adjacent crustal blocks suggest that either stress in the upper brittle fault zone is relatively low or the upper fault zone is effectively strong due to its orientation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB04p04751","usgsCitation":"Sanders, C.O., 1990, Earthquake depths and the relation to strain accumulation and stress near strike-slip faults in southern California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B4, p. 4751-4762, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB04p04751.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"4751","endPage":"4762","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415856,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.61511264912465,\n 34.673786806121655\n ],\n [\n -117.61511264912465,\n 33.04653161796155\n ],\n [\n -115.55952691002476,\n 33.04653161796155\n ],\n [\n -115.55952691002476,\n 34.673786806121655\n ],\n [\n -117.61511264912465,\n 34.673786806121655\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanders, Christopher O.","contributorId":304217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanders","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70124263,"text":"70124263 - 1990 - Simulation of cotton rat population dynamics and response to rodenticide applications in Florida sugarcane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T09:14:22","indexId":"70124263","displayToPublicDate":"1990-03-01T09:12:38","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of cotton rat population dynamics and response to rodenticide applications in Florida sugarcane","docAbstract":"Alternative deterministic simulation models were compared to test the management consequences of present uncertainty about the degree of density dependence involved in cotton rat population cycles in southern Florida sugarcane fields. Efficacy of rodenticide applied in different months was explored under six different scenarios of density dependence and independence in two population parameters: fecundity and juvenile survival. Output from the six models differed considerably in the number of rats produced, but was remarkably consistent in the most effective months to apply rodenticide. Since models without density-dependent fecundity were inherently unstable and an inverse relationship between fecundity and population size is apparent in field data, such a population-growth mechanism seems possible in Florida sugarcane fields. The model in which fecundity was density-dependent at all times produced rat densities closest to field data. Output from this model was most sensitive to changes in the amount litter size declines as population size increases. Field tests are necessary to validate the general agreement among the models about the most effective months to apply rodenticide.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(90)90049-M","usgsCitation":"Montague, C., Lefebvre, L.W., Decker, D., and Holler, N.R., 1990, Simulation of cotton rat population dynamics and response to rodenticide applications in Florida sugarcane: Ecological Modelling, v. 50, no. 1-3, p. 177-203, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(90)90049-M.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293645,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293644,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(90)90049-M"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.6349,24.5211 ], [ -87.6349,31.001 ], [ -80.0311,31.001 ], [ -80.0311,24.5211 ], [ -87.6349,24.5211 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"50","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b9bde4b0239f1986baff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montague, Clay L.","contributorId":41351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montague","given":"Clay L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lefebvre, Lynn W. 0000-0002-4464-6263 llefebvre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-6263","contributorId":1614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lefebvre","given":"Lynn","email":"llefebvre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Decker, David G.","contributorId":48879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"David G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holler, Nicholas R.","contributorId":31316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holler","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016242,"text":"70016242 - 1990 - Stability analysis of Eulerian-Lagrangian methods for the one-dimensional shallow-water equations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T16:55:26.085627","indexId":"70016242","displayToPublicDate":"1990-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":840,"text":"Applied Mathematical Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stability analysis of Eulerian-Lagrangian methods for the one-dimensional shallow-water equations","docAbstract":"In this paper stability and error analyses are discussed for some finite difference methods when applied to the one-dimensional shallow-water equations. Two finite difference formulations, which are based on a combined Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, are discussed. In the first part of this paper the results of numerical analyses for an explicit Eulerian-Lagrangian method (ELM) have shown that the method is unconditionally stable. This method, which is a generalized fixed grid method of characteristics, covers the Courant-Isaacson-Rees method as a special case. Some artificial viscosity is introduced by this scheme. However, because the method is unconditionally stable, the artificial viscosity can be brought under control either by reducing the spatial increment or by increasing the size of time step. The second part of the paper discusses a class of semi-implicit finite difference methods for the one-dimensional shallow-water equations. This method, when the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is used for the convective terms, is also unconditionally stable and highly accurate for small space increments or large time steps. The semi-implicit methods seem to be more computationally efficient than the explicit ELM; at each time step a single tridiagonal system of linear equations is solved. The combined explicit and implicit ELM is best used in formulating a solution strategy for solving a network of interconnected channels. The explicit ELM is used at channel junctions for each time step. The semi-implicit method is then applied to the interior points in each channel segment. Following this solution strategy, the channel network problem can be reduced to a set of independent one-dimensional open-channel flow problems. Numerical results support properties given by the stability and error analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0307-904X(90)90045-7","usgsCitation":"Casulli, V., and Cheng, R.T., 1990, Stability analysis of Eulerian-Lagrangian methods for the one-dimensional shallow-water equations: Applied Mathematical Modelling, v. 14, no. 3, p. 122-131, https://doi.org/10.1016/0307-904X(90)90045-7.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"131","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489735,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0307-904x(90)90045-7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9649e4b08c986b31b3fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casulli, V.","contributorId":65994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casulli","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}