{"pageNumber":"1411","pageRowStart":"35250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70017176,"text":"70017176 - 1992 - Implementation of softcopy photogrammetric workstations at the US Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70017176","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implementation of softcopy photogrammetric workstations at the US Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey has provided the Nation with primary quadrangle maps and map products for the last 50 years. The Survey recently completed initial coverage of the conterminous United States and Hawaii at 1:24 000 scale. In Alaska, complete coverage exists at 1:63 360 scale. Effort is underway to build a National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB) composed of the digital representation of these and other map series. In addition the Survey plans to meet the demand for more current and complete data through the development and promotion of spatial data standards in cooperation with other Federal, State, local and private organizations. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Skalet, C., Lee, G., and Ladner, L.J., 1992, Implementation of softcopy photogrammetric workstations at the US Geological Survey: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 58, no. 1, p. 57-63.","startPage":"57","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a390ee4b0c8380cd617af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skalet, C.D.","contributorId":10290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skalet","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, G.Y.G.","contributorId":53657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"G.Y.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ladner, L. J.","contributorId":69016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladner","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014888,"text":"1014888 - 1992 - Molecular and genetic characterization of cytochrome oxidase negative Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-10T11:17:00.353362","indexId":"1014888","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molecular and genetic characterization of cytochrome oxidase negative Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)","docAbstract":"<div id=\"9838813\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Cytochrome oxidase variants of the bacterial fish pathogen,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Aeromonas salmonicida</i>, were characterized for genetic and molecular homology with cytochrome oxidase-positive isolates that typically induce furunculosis in salmonids. Protein and lipopolysaccharide moieties of the cytochrome oxidase-negative variants were similar to their typical counterparts, based on sodium-dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Pathogenicity of aberrant isolates to brook trout (<i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>) was similar to typical cytochrome oxidase-positive isolates. Colorimetric deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization in 96-well microplates yielded homology values greater than 82.5% for typical aberrant<span>&nbsp;</span><i>A. salmonicida</i><span>&nbsp;</span>isolates when photobiotinylated DNA for reference<span>&nbsp;</span><i>A. salmonicida</i><span>&nbsp;</span>3.101 was used as a probe. The only variation of these isolates from typical<span>&nbsp;</span><i>A. salmonicida</i><span>&nbsp;</span>was a negative cytochrome oxidase reaction.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-28.4.515","usgsCitation":"Teska, J., Cipriano, R.C., and Schill, W.B., 1992, Molecular and genetic characterization of cytochrome oxidase negative Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 28, no. 4, p. 515-520, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-28.4.515.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"515","endPage":"520","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69932e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Teska, J.D.","contributorId":15961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teska","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cipriano, R. C.","contributorId":12400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cipriano","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schill, W. B.","contributorId":60146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017187,"text":"70017187 - 1992 - Geochemical evolution of Jurassic diorites from the Bristol Lake region, California, USA, and the role of assimilation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70017187","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evolution of Jurassic diorites from the Bristol Lake region, California, USA, and the role of assimilation","docAbstract":"Late Jurassic dioritic plutons from the Bristol Lake region of the eastern Mojave Desert share several geochemical attributes with high-alumina basalts, continental hawaiite basalts, and high-K are andesites including: high K2O concentrations; high Al2O3 (16-19 weight %); elevated Zr/TiO2; LREE (light-rare-earth-element) enrichment (La/YbCN=6.3-13.3); and high Nb. Pearce element ratio analysis supported by petrographic relations demonstrates that P, Hf, and Zr were conserved during differentiation. Abundances of conserved elements suggest that dioritic plutons from neighboring ranges were derived from similar parental melts. In the most voluminous suite, correlated variations in elemental concentrations and (87Sr/86Sr)i indicate differentiation by fractional crystallization of hornblende and plagioclase combined with assimilation of a component characterized by abundant radiogenic Sr. Levenberg-Marquardt and Monte Carlo techniques were used to obtain optimal solutions to non-linear inverse models for fractional crystallization-assimilation processes. Results show that the assimilated material was chemically analogous to lower crustal mafic granulites and that the mass ratio of contaminant to parental magma was on the order of 0.1. Lack of enrichment in 18O with differentiation is consistent with the model results. Elemental concentrations and O, Sr, and Nd isotopic data point to a hydrous REE-enriched subcontinental lithospheric source similar to that which produced some Cenozoic continental hawaiites from the southern Cordillera. Isotopic compositions of associated granitoids suggest that partial melting of this subcontinental lithosphere may have been an important process in the development of the Late Jurassic plutonic arc of the eastern Mojave Desert. ?? 1992 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00310883","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Young, E., Wooden, J.L., Shieh, Y., and Farber, D., 1992, Geochemical evolution of Jurassic diorites from the Bristol Lake region, California, USA, and the role of assimilation: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 110, no. 1, p. 68-86, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310883.","startPage":"68","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205519,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310883"},{"id":224634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1635e4b0c8380cd550ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, E.D.","contributorId":69307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shieh, Y.-N.","contributorId":21696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shieh","given":"Y.-N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farber, D.","contributorId":53532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farber","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70187411,"text":"70187411 - 1992 - Landsat thematic mapper products for rangeland assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-02T11:38:50","indexId":"70187411","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1753,"text":"Geocarto International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landsat thematic mapper products for rangeland assessment","docAbstract":"<p><span>Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data are useful for mapping rangeland resources worldwide. Spatial resolution and spectral characteristics of the data are adequate for performing a variety of range‐related tasks, including monitoring ecological change. The unique spectral characteristics of TM data are important in the development of products for manual interpretation of images to be used in rangeland assessment. Procedures were developed for using a histogram‐based, data‐dependent stretch of multispectml data values for producing site‐specific TM image products. The process optimizes image information for a given data set without a priori knowledge of the imaged site. Manual interpretation of TM products for rangeland assessment has many applications and will be aided by a standardized procedure for compositing spectral bands.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10106049209354349","usgsCitation":"Haas, R.H., 1992, Landsat thematic mapper products for rangeland assessment: Geocarto International, v. 7, no. 1, p. 27-33, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049209354349.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"33","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340734,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59099ab2e4b0fc4e44915822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haas, Robert H.","contributorId":93388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":693917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017026,"text":"70017026 - 1992 - Modernization and multiscale databases at the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T16:19:07.974197","indexId":"70017026","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1317,"text":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modernization and multiscale databases at the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has begun a digital cartographic modernization program. Keys to that program are the creation of a multiscale database, a feature-based file structure that is derived from a spatial data model, and a series of “templates” or rules that specify the relationships between instances of entities in reality and features in the database. The database will initially hold data collected from the USGS standard map products at scales of 1:24,000, 1:100,000, and 1:2,000,000. The spatial data model is called the digital line graph-enhanced model, and the comprehensive rule set consists of collection rules, product generation rules, and conflict resolution rules. This modernization program will affect the USGS mapmaking process because both digital and graphic products will be created from the database. In addition, non-USGS map users will have more flexibility in uses of the databases. These remarks are those of the session discussant made in response to the six papers and the keynote address given in the session.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0198-9715(92)90012-G","usgsCitation":"Morrison, J.L., 1992, Modernization and multiscale databases at the U.S. Geological Survey: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, v. 16, no. 4, p. 313-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-9715(92)90012-G.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224864,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ca5e4b0c8380cd6fe55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, J. L.","contributorId":28012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30083,"text":"wri914130 - 1992 - Techniques for estimating 7-day, 10-year low-flow characteristics for ungaged sites on streams in Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-04T21:49:38.53325","indexId":"wri914130","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4130","title":"Techniques for estimating 7-day, 10-year low-flow characteristics for ungaged sites on streams in Mississippi","docAbstract":"<p>Mississippi State water laws require that the 7-day, 10-year low-flow characteristic (7Q10) of streams be used as a criterion for issuing wastedischarge permits to dischargers to streams and for limiting withdrawals of water from streams. This report presents techniques for estimating the 7Q10 for ungaged sites on streams in Mississippi based on the availability of baseflow discharge measurements at the site, location of nearby gaged sites on the same stream, and drainage area of the ungaged site. These techniques may be used to estimate the 7Q10 at sites on natural, unregulated or partially regulated, and non-tidal streams. Low-flow characteristics for streams in the Mississippi River alluvial plain were not estimated because the annual lowflow data exhibit decreasing trends with time. Also presented are estimates of the 7Q10 for 493 gaged sites on Mississippi streams.</p><p>Techniques for estimating the 7Q10 have been developed for ungaged sites with base-flow discharge measurements, for ungaged sites on gaged streams, and for ungaged sites on ungaged streams. For an ungaged site with one or more base-flow discharge measurements, base-flow discharge data at the ungaged site are related to concurrent discharge data at a nearby gaged site. For ungaged sites on gaged streams, several methods of transferring the 7Q10 from a gaged site to an ungaged site were developed; the resulting 7Q10 values are based on drainage area prorations for the sites. For ungaged sites on ungaged streams, the 7Q10 is estimated from a map developed for. this study that shows the unit 7Q10 (7Q10 per square mile of drainage area) for ungaged basins in the State. The mapped values were estimated from the unit 7Q10 determined for nearby gaged basins, adjusted on the basis of the geology and topography of the ungaged basins.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914130","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pat Harrison Waterway District, Pearl River Basin Development District, Tombigbee River Valley Water Management District, Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, Mississippi Office of Land and Water Resources, Mississippi Office of Pollution Control","usgsCitation":"Telis, P.A., 1992, Techniques for estimating 7-day, 10-year low-flow characteristics for ungaged sites on streams in Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4130, Report: iv, 143 p.; Plate: 35.61 x 48.12 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914130.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 143 p.; Plate: 35.61 x 48.12 inches","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6861d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Telis, Pamela A. patelis@usgs.gov","contributorId":1461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Telis","given":"Pamela","email":"patelis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185479,"text":"70185479 - 1992 - Sampling vadose-zone water for a volatile organic compound at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T05:58:20","indexId":"70185479","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling vadose-zone water for a volatile organic compound at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey","docAbstract":"<p><span>A new method of collecting samples of unsaturated-zone water for quantitative analysis for a volatile organic compound, trichloroethene (TCE), was compared to three other, previously described sampling methodologies in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, prepared water samples containing TCE in a known concentration (20 µg/L) were sampled repeatedly by using each of the four methods to quantify method precision and accuracy. To compare the four methods in the field, unsaturated-zone water above a TCE-contaminated water-table aquifer was transferred from a depth of 2 m to land surface with 0.15-m-long suction lysimeters attached to 1.85-m lengths of stainless-steel tubing. Statistical analyses of the laboratory and field data indicate that the new method, which involves collecting the water samples in gas-tight glass syringes, is superior to the other three methods for the quantitative sampling and analysis of TCE on the basis of its high precision and accuracy and ease of use. This method was used to collect additional samples from the field site to quantify the spatial variability of TCE concentrations in the unsaturated-zone water. Results of analysis of variance of the data indicate that the spatial concentration variability is important, and that differences in TCE concentration are statistically significant for horizontal distances less than 3.6 m.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societies ","doi":"10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100020018x","usgsCitation":"Smith, J., Cho, H.J., Jaffe, P.R., MacLeod, C., and Koehnlein, S.A., 1992, Sampling vadose-zone water for a volatile organic compound at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 21, no. 2, p. 264-271, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100020018x.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"264","endPage":"271","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338070,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Picatinny Arsenal ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.5751953125,\n              40.9127342255246\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.50721740722656,\n              40.9127342255246\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.50721740722656,\n              40.973158837894324\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.5751953125,\n              40.973158837894324\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.5751953125,\n              40.9127342255246\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d60e4b0236b68f98f6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, James A.","contributorId":68718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cho, H. Jean","contributorId":189545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cho","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jaffe, Peter R.","contributorId":22503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacLeod, Cecilia L.","contributorId":62250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacLeod","given":"Cecilia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Koehnlein, Susan A.","contributorId":80550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koehnlein","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70177769,"text":"70177769 - 1992 - Assessment of sediment contamination at Great Lakes Areas of Concern: the ARCS Program Toxicity-Chemistry Work Group strategy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-20T14:42:33","indexId":"70177769","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2178,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of sediment contamination at Great Lakes Areas of Concern: the ARCS Program Toxicity-Chemistry Work Group strategy","docAbstract":"<p class=\"Para\">In response to a mandate in Section 118(c)(3) of the Water Quality Act of 1987, a program called Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) was established. Four technical work groups were formed. This paper details the research strategy of the Toxicity-Chemistry Work Group.</p><p class=\"Para\">The Work Group's general objectives are to develop survey methods and to map the degree of contamination and toxicity in bottom sediments at three study areas, which will serve as guidance for future surveys at other locations. A related objective is to use the data base that will be generated to calculate sediment quality concentrations by several methods. The information needed to achieve these goals will be collected in a series of field surveys at three areas: Saginaw Bay (MI), Grand Calumet River (IN), and Buffalo River (NY). Assessments of the extent of contamination and potential adverse effects of contaminants in sediment at each of these locations will be conducted by collecting samples for physical characterization, toxicity testing, mutagenicity testing, chemical analyses, and fish bioaccumulation assays. Fish populations will be assessed for tumors and external abnormalities, and benthic community structure will be analyzed. A mapping approach will use low-cost indicator parameters at a large number of stations, and will extrapolate by correlation from traditional chemical and biological studies at a smaller number of locations. Sediment toxicity testing includes elutriate, pore water and whole sediment bioassays in a three-tiered framework. In addition to the regular series of toxicity tests at primary mater stations, some stations are selected for a more extensive suite of tests.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00044715","usgsCitation":"Ross, P., Burton, G., Crecelius, E., Filkins, J.C., Giesy, J., Ingersoll, C., Landrum, P., Mac, M., Murphy, T.J., Rathbun, J.E., Smith, V.E., Tatem, H.E., and Taylor, R., 1992, Assessment of sediment contamination at Great Lakes Areas of Concern: the ARCS Program Toxicity-Chemistry Work Group strategy: Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, v. 1, no. 3, p. 193-200, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044715.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"200","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330266,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c8e4b0f497e78fcade","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, P.E.","contributorId":37997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, G.A. Jr.","contributorId":91959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crecelius, E.A.","contributorId":50787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crecelius","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Filkins, J. C.","contributorId":176139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Filkins","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Giesy, J. P.","contributorId":60574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giesy","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Landrum, P.F.","contributorId":98423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landrum","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mac, M. J.","contributorId":44492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Murphy, T. J.","contributorId":90982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rathbun, J. E.","contributorId":176140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rathbun","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Smith, V. E.","contributorId":176141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Tatem, H. E.","contributorId":176142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tatem","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Taylor, R.W.","contributorId":96054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":81453,"text":"81453 - 1992 - Review of habitat classification schemes appropriate to streams, rivers, and connecting channels in the Great Lakes drainage system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"81453","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Review of habitat classification schemes appropriate to streams, rivers, and connecting channels in the Great Lakes drainage system","docAbstract":"Studies of lotic classification, zonation, and distribution carried out since the turn of the century were reviewed for their use in developing a habitat classification scheme for flowing water in the Great Lakes drainage basin.  Seventy papers, dealing mainly with fish but including benthos, were organized into four somewhat distinct groups.  A heirarchical scale of habitat measurements is suggested, and sources of data and inventory methods, including statistical treatment, are reviewed.  An outline is also provided for developing a classification system for riverine habitat in the Great Lakes drainage basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The development of an aquatic habitat classification system for lakes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0849301483","usgsCitation":"Hudson, P.L., Griffiths, R., and Wheaton, T., 1992, Review of habitat classification schemes appropriate to streams, rivers, and connecting channels in the Great Lakes drainage system, chap. <i>of</i> The development of an aquatic habitat classification system for lakes, p. 73-107.","productDescription":"p. 73-107","startPage":"73","endPage":"107","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604040","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Busch, W.-Dieter N.","contributorId":113848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busch","given":"W.-Dieter","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504120,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sly, Peter G.","contributorId":58607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sly","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504119,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Patrick L. 0000-0002-7646-443X phudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-443X","contributorId":5616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Patrick","email":"phudson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":295401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffiths, R.W.","contributorId":55369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffiths","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wheaton, T.J.","contributorId":37272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheaton","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180724,"text":"70180724 - 1992 - The use of tumors in wild populations of fish to assess ecosystem health","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T10:57:17","indexId":"70180724","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2178,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of tumors in wild populations of fish to assess ecosystem health","docAbstract":"<p><span>Evidence has linked toxicants in aquatic systems with cancer in fish and population level effects on species. Thus some types of tumors may be useful monitors of ecosystem health, at least as affected by genotoxins and promoters. However, tumors caused by purely genetic mechanisms or by virus would not be good indicators. Only neoplasms which have chemicals as a portion of their etiology (either as initiators or promoters) would be useful in assessing ecosystem health. Lesions which may fit these criteria include liver neoplasms (both biliary and hepatic) and skin lesions in a variety of primarily benthic fishes, and neural lesions in various drum species and in butterfly fish species. Two studies purporting to demonstrate a lack of tumors in fish from polluted areas have been reexamined and found either to have insufficient data on vulnerable species or to actually support a tumor-pollution linkage. Thus certain lesions in vulnerable species or species groups may serve as a mechanism to assess one facet of ecosystem health.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00044045","usgsCitation":"Baumann, P.C., 1992, The use of tumors in wild populations of fish to assess ecosystem health: Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, v. 1, no. 2, p. 135-146, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044045.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334526,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a035d8e4b099f50d3e0504","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baumann, Paul C.","contributorId":104455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumann","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017317,"text":"70017317 - 1992 - The Galileo Solid-State Imaging experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70017317","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3454,"text":"Space Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Galileo Solid-State Imaging experiment","docAbstract":"The Solid State Imaging (SSI) experiment on the Galileo Orbiter spacecraft utilizes a high-resolution (1500 mm focal length) television camera with an 800 ?? 800 pixel virtual-phase, charge-coupled detector. It is designed to return images of Jupiter and its satellites that are characterized by a combination of sensitivity levels, spatial resolution, geometric fiedelity, and spectral range unmatched by imaging data obtained previously. The spectral range extends from approximately 375 to 1100 nm and only in the near ultra-violet region (??? 350 nm) is the spectral coverage reduced from previous missions. The camera is approximately 100 times more sensitive than those used in the Voyager mission, and, because of the nature of the satellite encounters, will produce images with approximately 100 times the ground resolution (i.e., ??? 50 m lp-1) on the Galilean satellites. We describe aspects of the detector including its sensitivity to energetic particle radiation and how the requirements for a large full-well capacity and long-term stability in operating voltages led to the choice of the virtual phase chip. The F/8.5 camera system can reach point sources of V(mag) ??? 11 with S/N ??? 10 and extended sources with surface brightness as low as 20 kR in its highest gain state and longest exposure mode. We describe the performance of the system as determined by ground calibration and the improvements that have been made to the telescope (same basic catadioptric design that was used in Mariner 10 and the Voyager high-resolution cameras) to reduce the scattered light reaching the detector. The images are linearly digitized 8-bits deep and, after flat-fielding, are cosmetically clean. Information 'preserving' and 'non-preserving' on-board data compression capabilities are outlined. A special \"summation\" mode, designed for use deep in the Jovian radiation belts, near Io, is also described. The detector is 'preflashed' before each exposure to ensure the photometric linearity. The dynamic range is spread over 3 gain states and an exposure range from 4.17 ms to 51.2 s. A low-level of radial, third-order, geometric distortion has been measured in the raw images that is entirely due to the optical design. The distortion is of the pincushion type and amounts to about 1.2 pixels in the corners of the images. It is expected to be very stable. We discuss the measurement objectives of the SSI experiment in the Jupiter system and emphasize their relationships to those of other experiments in the Galileo project. We outline objectives for Jupiter atmospheric science, noting the relationship of SSI data to that to be returned by experiments on the atmospheric entry Probe. We also outline SSI objectives for satellite surfaces, ring structure, and 'darkside' (e.g., aurorae, lightning, etc.) experiments. Proposed cruise measurement objectives that relate to encounters at Venus, Moon, Earth, Gaspra, and, possibly, Ida are also briefly outlined. The article concludes with a description of a 'fully distributed' data analysis system (HIIPS) that SSI team members intend to use at their home institutions. We also list the nature of systematic data products that will become available to the scientific community. Finally, we append a short 'historical' note outlining the responsibilities and roles of institutions and individuals that have been involved in the 14 year development of the SSI experiment so far. ?? 1992 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Space Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00216864","issn":"00386308","usgsCitation":"Belton, M.J., Klaasen, K., Clary, M., Anderson, J.L., Anger, C., Carr, M.H., Chapman, C.R., Davies, M.E., Greeley, R., Anderson, D., Bolef, L., Townsend, T., Greenberg, R., Head, J.W., Neukum, G., Pilcher, C., Veverka, J., Gierasch, P., Fanale, F.P., Ingersoll, A., Masursky, H., Morrison, D., and Pollack, J.B., 1992, The Galileo Solid-State Imaging experiment: Space Science Reviews, v. 60, no. 1-4, p. 413-455, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00216864.","startPage":"413","endPage":"455","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205492,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216864"},{"id":224494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba741e4b08c986b321470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belton, M. J. S.","contributorId":79223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klaasen, K.P.","contributorId":56806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaasen","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clary, M.C.","contributorId":70932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clary","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, J. L.","contributorId":103240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anger, C.D.","contributorId":84514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anger","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chapman, C. R.","contributorId":12984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Davies, M. E.","contributorId":26050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Anderson, D.","contributorId":9211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bolef, L.K.","contributorId":51603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolef","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Townsend, T.E.","contributorId":104774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townsend","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Greenberg, R.","contributorId":26778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenberg","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Head, J. W. III","contributorId":106267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Neukum, G.","contributorId":105443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neukum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Pilcher, C.B.","contributorId":31917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilcher","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Gierasch, P.J.","contributorId":9005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gierasch","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Fanale, F. P.","contributorId":24925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fanale","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Ingersoll, A.P.","contributorId":54735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Morrison, D.","contributorId":98015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Pollack, James B.","contributorId":12616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollack","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}}
,{"id":70016833,"text":"70016833 - 1992 - The extent of temporal smearing in surface-temperature histories derived from borehole temperature measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-17T17:39:56.779664","indexId":"70016833","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The extent of temporal smearing in surface-temperature histories derived from borehole temperature measurements","docAbstract":"<p><span>The ability of borehole temperature data to resolve past climatic events is investigated using Backus-Gilbert inversion methods. Two experimental approaches are considered: (1) the data consist of a single borehole temperature profile, and (2) the data consist of climatically-induced temperature transients measured within a borehole during a monitoring experiment. The sensitivity of the data's resolving power to the vertical distribution of the measurements, temperature measurement errors, the inclusion of a local meteorological record, and the duration of a monitoring experiment, are investigated. The results can be used to help interpret existing surface temperature histories derived from borehole temperature data and to optimize future experiments for the detection of climatic signals.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0921-8181(92)90027-8","usgsCitation":"Clow, G.D., 1992, The extent of temporal smearing in surface-temperature histories derived from borehole temperature measurements: Global and Planetary Change, v. 6, no. 2-4, p. 81-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(92)90027-8.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225032,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babf1e4b08c986b323187","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clow, Gary D. 0000-0002-2262-3853 clow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2262-3853","contributorId":2066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"Gary","email":"clow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":374617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016849,"text":"70016849 - 1992 - Classifying and mapping wetlands and peat resources using digital cartography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70016849","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Classifying and mapping wetlands and peat resources using digital cartography","docAbstract":"Digital cartography allows the portrayal of spatial associations among diverse data types and is ideally suited for land use and resource analysis. We have developed methodology that uses digital cartography for the classification of wetlands and their associated peat resources and applied it to a 1:24 000 scale map area in New Hampshire. Classifying and mapping wetlands involves integrating the spatial distribution of wetlands types with depth variations in associated peat quality and character. A hierarchically structured classification that integrates the spatial distribution of variations in (1) vegetation, (2) soil type, (3) hydrology, (4) geologic aspects, and (5) peat characteristics has been developed and can be used to build digital cartographic files for resource and land use analysis. The first three parameters are the bases used by the National Wetlands Inventory to classify wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. The fourth parameter, geological aspects, includes slope, relief, depth of wetland (from surface to underlying rock or substrate), wetland stratigraphy, and the type and structure of solid and unconsolidated rock surrounding and underlying the wetland. The fifth parameter, peat characteristics, includes the subsurface variation in ash, acidity, moisture, heating value (Btu), sulfur content, and other chemical properties as shown in specimens obtained from core holes. These parameters can be shown as a series of map data overlays with tables that can be integrated for resource or land use analysis.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Mapping and Geographic Information Systems","conferenceDate":"21 June 1990 through 22 June 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASTM","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA, United States","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Cameron, C., and Emery, D.A., 1992, Classifying and mapping wetlands and peat resources using digital cartography, <i>in</i> ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1126, San Francisco, CA, USA, 21 June 1990 through 22 June 1990, p. 195-206.","startPage":"195","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1126","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f631e4b0c8380cd4c5ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cameron, Cornelia C.","contributorId":103002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"Cornelia C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emery, David A.","contributorId":107437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016739,"text":"70016739 - 1992 - Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions involving vanadium in natural systems: Accumulation of vanadium in sedimentary rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T15:44:53.625272","indexId":"70016739","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions involving vanadium in natural systems: Accumulation of vanadium in sedimentary rocks","docAbstract":"<p>A critical review of thermodynamic data for aqueous and solid V species is presented to evaluate dissolution, transport, and precipitation of V under natural conditions. Emphasis is given to results of experimental studies of V chemistry, especially those for which the experimental conditions are near those found in nature. Where possible, data are obtained for or corrected to the reference conditions of 298.15K, 1 atm (1.01325 bar) and zero ionic strength. Vanadium [IV] (V<sup>IV</sup>) and vanadium[V] (V<sup>V</sup>) are the most soluble forms of V in nature, and their complexes with fluoride, sulfate, and oxalate may act to increase V solubility under oxidizing conditions.</p><p>Because redox behavior is of fundamental importance to understanding natural V chemistry, the kinetics of reduction of V<sup>IV</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to V<sup>III</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>H<sub>2</sub>S were studied. Although H<sub>2</sub>S is predicted from thermodynamic data to be capable of reducing V<sup>IV</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to V<sup>III</sup>, this reaction has not been demonstrated experimentally. Experiments were carried out under conditions of temperature (45°C), pH (3.6–6.8), ionic strength (0.05–0.1 m), and V concentrations (9.8–240 μmolar) likely to be found in nature. Because the reaction is very slow, H<sub>2</sub>S concentrations in excess of natural conditions were used (8.1 × 10<sup>−4</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to 0.41 atm). The results show that V<sup>IV</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>is reduced to V<sup>III</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>under a variety of conditions. The rate increases with increasing pH, but is not appreciably affected by ionic strength (as represented by the concentration of KCl, which was used as the supporting electrolyte in all cases). Prior to initiation of the reaction, there is an induction period, the length of which increases with increasing KCl concentration or decreasing pH. Attempts to model the reaction mechanism by numerical methods have failed to produce a satisfying fit of the results, indicating partial reaction orders, a complex mechanism, or involvement of a variety of intermediate species.</p><p>The results of the thermodynamic and kinetic studies were applied to understanding the genesis of V deposits such as those commonly found on the Colorado Plateau. Vanadium in these sandstone-hosted deposits is present mostly in the reduced oxidation state, V<sup>III</sup>. Because of the insolubility of V<sup>III</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>oxyhydroxides, it is likely that a more oxidized form of V (either [IV] or [V]) was transported to the site of mineralization, and that the V was reduced<span>&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and subsequently precipitated. A probable reductant is hydrogen sulfide; the presence of pyrite cogenetic with the V minerals documents the presence of H<sub>2</sub>S during mineralization. The experiments described here show that H<sub>2</sub>S could have reduced V<sup>IV</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to V<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>III</sup>, and thus led to the formation of these deposits.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(92)90217-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R., and Goldhaber, M., 1992, Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions involving vanadium in natural systems: Accumulation of vanadium in sedimentary rocks: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, no. 4, p. 1471-1483, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90217-7.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1471","endPage":"1483","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb27de4b08c986b325830","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017291,"text":"70017291 - 1992 - Quantitative assessment of future development of cooper/silver resources in the Kootenai National Forest, Idaho/Montana: Part I-Estimation of the copper and silver endowments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70017291","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative assessment of future development of cooper/silver resources in the Kootenai National Forest, Idaho/Montana: Part I-Estimation of the copper and silver endowments","docAbstract":"Faced with an ever-increasing diversity of demand for the use of public lands, managers and planners are turning more often to a multiple-use approach to meet those demands. This approach requires the uses to be mutually compatible and to utilize the more valuable attributes or resource values of the land. Therefore, it is imperative that planners be provided with all available information on attribute and resource values in a timely fashion and in a format that facilitates a comparative evaluation. The Kootenai National Forest administration enlisted the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Bureau of Mines to perform a quantitative assessment of future copper/silver production potential within the forest from sediment-hosted copper deposits in the Revett Formation that are similar to those being mined at the Troy Mine near Spar Lake. The U.S. Geological Survey employed a quantitative assessment technique that compared the favorable host terrane in the Kootenai area with worldwide examples of known sediment-hosted copper deposits. The assessment produced probabilistic estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits that may be present in the area and of the copper and silver endowment that might be contained in them. Results of the assessment suggest that the copper/silver deposit potential is highest in the southwestern one-third of the forest. In this area there is an estimated 50 percent probability of at least 50 additional deposits occurring mostly within approximately 260,000 acres where the Revett Formation is thought to be present in the subsurface at depths of less than 1,500 meters. A Monte Carlo type simulation using data on the grade and tonnage characteristics of other known silver-rich, sediment-hosted copper deposits predicts a 50 percent probability that these undiscovered deposits will contain at least 19 million tonnes of copper and 100,000 tonnes of silver. Combined with endowments estimated for identified, but not thoroughly explored deposits, and deposits that might also occur in the remaining area of the forest, the endowment potential increases to 23 million tonnes of copper and 190,000 tonnes of silver. ?? 1992 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01782270","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Spanski, G., 1992, Quantitative assessment of future development of cooper/silver resources in the Kootenai National Forest, Idaho/Montana: Part I-Estimation of the copper and silver endowments: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 1, no. 2, p. 163-183, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01782270.","startPage":"163","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205559,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01782270"},{"id":224831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9206e4b0c8380cd805e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spanski, G.T.","contributorId":29842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spanski","given":"G.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017030,"text":"70017030 - 1992 - Origin of stratiform sediment-hosted manganese carbonate ore deposits: Examples from Molango, Mexico, and TaoJiang, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:26:56","indexId":"70017030","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of stratiform sediment-hosted manganese carbonate ore deposits: Examples from Molango, Mexico, and TaoJiang, China","docAbstract":"Carbonate and sulfide minerals from the Molango, Mexico, and TaoJiang, China, Mn deposits display similar and distinctive ??34S and ??13C patterns in intervals of manganese carbonate mineralization. ??13C-values for Mn-bearing carbonate range from -17.8 to +0.5??? (PDB), with the most negative values occurring in high-grade ore zones that are composed predominantly of rhodochrosite. In contrast, calcite from below, within and above Mn-carbonate zones at Molango has ??13C???0??? (PDB). Markedly negative ??13C data indicate that a large proportion of the carbon in Mn-carbonates was derived from organic matter oxidation. Diagenetic reactions using MnO2 and SO2-4 to oxidize sedimentary organic matter were the principle causes of such 12C enrichment. Pyrite content and sulfide ?? 34S-values also show distinctive variations. In unmineralized rocks, very negative ??34S-values (avg. < -21??? CDT) and abundant pyrite content suggest that pyrite formed from diagenetic, bacteriogenic sulfate reduction. In contrast, Mn-bearing horizons typically contain only trace amounts of pyrite (e.g., <0.5 wt% S with ??34S-values 34S-enriched, in some cases to nearly the value for contemporaneous seawater. 34S-enriched pyrite from the Mn-carbonate intervals indicates sulfide precipitation in an environment that underwent extensive SO2-4 reduction, and was largely a closed system with regard to exchange of sulfate and dissolved sulfide with normal seawater. The occasional occurrence of 34S-depleted pyrite within Mn-carbonate zones dominated by 34S-enriched pyrite is evidence that closed-system conditions were intermittent and limited to local pore waters and did not involve entire sedimentary basins. Mn-carbonate precipitation may have occluded porosity in the surficial sediments, thus establishing an effective barrier to SO2-4 exchange with overlying seawater. Similar isotopic and mineralogic characteristics from both the Molango and TaoJiang deposits, widely separated in geologic time and space, suggest they were formed similarly by MnO2 precipitation at the margins of dysaerobic to anoxic marine basins. Mn-carbonate formed predominantly by early-diagenetic reduction of Mn-oxides via oxidation of organic matter in near-surface sediments. In addition to MnCO3 precipitation, organic matter oxidation reactions resulted in oxidation of FeS to Fe-oxides such as magnetite, maghemite and hematite. The latter process explains anomalously low pyrite content and abundant Fe-oxide minerals in ore zones dominated by rhodochrosite. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(92)90036-5","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Okita, P., and Shanks, W.C., 1992, Origin of stratiform sediment-hosted manganese carbonate ore deposits: Examples from Molango, Mexico, and TaoJiang, China: Chemical Geology, v. 99, no. 1-3, p. 139-163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90036-5.","startPage":"139","endPage":"163","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266067,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90036-5"}],"volume":"99","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70f3e4b0c8380cd7636c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okita, P.M.","contributorId":63031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okita","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016727,"text":"70016727 - 1992 - Contribution of 222Rn in domestic water supplies to 222Rn in indoor air in Colorado homes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70016727","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1884,"text":"Health Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of 222Rn in domestic water supplies to 222Rn in indoor air in Colorado homes","docAbstract":"The contribution of 222Rn from domestic water wells to indoor air was investigated in a study of 28 houses near Conifer, CO. Air concentrations determined by alpha-track detectors (ATDs) and continuous radon monitors were compared with the predictions of a single-cell model. In many of the houses, the water supply was shown to contribute significantly to levels of indoor 222Rn. The data from the ATD study were augmented with a continuous monitoring study of a house near Lyons, CO. The well water in that house has the highest known concentration of 222Rn in water yet reported (93 MBq m-3). The temporal pattern in the indoor 222Rn concentration corresponds to water-use records. In general, it is difficult to quantify the proportion of indoor radon attributable to water use. Several lines of evidence suggest that the single-cell model underestimates this proportion. Continuous- monitoring data, although useful, are impractical due to the cost of the equipment. We propose a protocol for 222Rn measurement based on three simultaneous integrating radon detectors that may help estimate the proportion of indoor 222Rn derived from the water supply.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Health Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00179078","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, E., Wanty, R., and Nyberg, P., 1992, Contribution of 222Rn in domestic water supplies to 222Rn in indoor air in Colorado homes: Health Physics, v. 62, no. 2, p. 171-177.","startPage":"171","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa80e4b0c8380cd4db28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, E.P.","contributorId":65129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, R. B. 0000-0002-2063-6423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":66704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nyberg, P.","contributorId":31919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nyberg","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016650,"text":"70016650 - 1992 - <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar dating of Quaternary feldspar: Examples from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-10T09:02:50","indexId":"70016650","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar dating of Quaternary feldspar: Examples from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand","docAbstract":"<p><span>Using a continuous laser and resistance furnace, we have measured ages on Quaternary plagioclase with an absolute precision of about ±30 ka and on Quaternary sanidine with a relative precision of better than 1%. Such precision was achieved by using low-temperature heating steps to remove much of the nonradiogenic argon contamination. Plagioclase is one of the most common mineral phases in volcanic rocks; thus, these procedures will be widely applicable to many problems for which precise radiometric age control has not been available. We studied plagioclase and plagioclase-sanidine concentrates from the oldest and the three largest silicic ash-flow deposits of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, one of the world's largest and most active volcanic systems. The results are in close agreement with new magnetostratigraphic data, suggest that existing fission-track age determinations significantly underestimate the age of older units, and shift the inception of Taupo Volcanic Zone volcanism back to at least 1600 ka. The improved precision has permitted the first correlations between proximal and distal units; previous correlations with deep-sea ash flows in the western Pacific require major revision.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0531:AADOQF>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Pringle, M.S., McWilliams, M., Houghton, B.F., Lanphere, M.A., and Wilson, C.J., 1992, <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar dating of Quaternary feldspar: Examples from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Geology, v. 20, no. 6, p. 531-534, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0531:AADOQF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"531","endPage":"534","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              175.0836181640625,\n              -39.72831341029744\n            ],\n            [\n              176.912841796875,\n              -39.72831341029744\n            ],\n            [\n              176.912841796875,\n              -37.657732126282724\n            ],\n            [\n              175.0836181640625,\n              -37.657732126282724\n            ],\n            [\n              175.0836181640625,\n              -39.72831341029744\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e264e4b0c8380cd45b41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pringle, M. S.","contributorId":107712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pringle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McWilliams, M.","contributorId":39121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McWilliams","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":374134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70187576,"text":"70187576 - 1992 - Land cover mapping of the Upper Kuskokwim Resource Management Area, Alaska, using Landsat and a digital data base approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T13:34:32","indexId":"70187576","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1175,"text":"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land cover mapping of the Upper Kuskokwim Resource Management Area, Alaska, using Landsat and a digital data base approach","docAbstract":"<p>Digital land cover and terrain data for the Upper Kuskokwim Resource Management Area in south-central Alaska were produced by the U.S. Geological Survey for the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. These and other environmental data were incorporated into a digital data base to assist in the production of a land cover map and to facilitate in the management and planning of the area.</p><p>The digital data base is registered to a 50 m Universal Transverse Mercator grid and is stored on computer-compatible tape to facilitate transfer between different processing systems. The data base includes land cover classifications, terrain models (elevation, slope, aspect, solar illumination), autumn and winter Landsat multi-spectral scanner data, soils and surficial geology data, and area boundary.</p><p>The spectral classification of Landsat multi-spectral scanner data resulted in seven major classes and 24 subclasses. Major classes were forest, shrubland, dwarf scrub, herbaceous, barren, water, and other.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/07038992.1992.10855308","usgsCitation":"Markon, C., 1992, Land cover mapping of the Upper Kuskokwim Resource Management Area, Alaska, using Landsat and a digital data base approach: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 18, no. 2, p. 62-71, https://doi.org/10.1080/07038992.1992.10855308.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"71","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5912d54ee4b0e541a03d456b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markon, Carl markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":140882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":113,"text":"Alaska Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70187578,"text":"70187578 - 1992 - Monitoring rangeland dynamics in Senegal with advanced very high resolution radiometer data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T13:41:11","indexId":"70187578","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1753,"text":"Geocarto International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring rangeland dynamics in Senegal with advanced very high resolution radiometer data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Time‐series Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data, computed from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data, are being used by regional and national programs in the African Sahel to monitor seasonal rangeland conditions. The data are often used as indicators of grazing conditions and drought. However, distinguishing rangelands from other vegetation cover types on NDVI images is difficult. A second complication is that rangeland types and their associated productivity vary geographically by soil type. To effectively assess rangeland conditions, seasonal fluctuations (due to climatic cycles) must be isolated from long‐term production characteristics associated with vegetation type and soil differences. Rangeland NDVI dynamics, including qualitative assessments of rangeland production, and the timing and length of the growing season in Senegal were examined by using 7.4‐km global area coverage satellite data. Analyses were based on 10‐day NDVI composite image data from 1982 through 1989. The NDVI image data were stratified by rangeland and soil polygons derived from locally available resource maps. Time‐series NDVI statistics were calculated from the resource polygons that had been interpreted into high, medium, and low production rangelands. Analysts monitoring rangeland conditions can better identify seasonal anomalies such as drought by comparing production potential within homogeneous; resource polygons with the current NDVI data.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10106049209354356","usgsCitation":"Tappan, G.G., Tyler, D.J., Wehde, M.E., and Moore, D.G., 1992, Monitoring rangeland dynamics in Senegal with advanced very high resolution radiometer data: Geocarto International, v. 7, no. 1, p. 87-98, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049209354356.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"98","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5912d53ee4b0e541a03d4559","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tappan, G. Gray 0000-0002-2240-6963 tappan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2240-6963","contributorId":3624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappan","given":"G.","email":"tappan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Gray","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tyler, Dean J. 0000-0002-1542-7539 dtyler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1542-7539","contributorId":4268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyler","given":"Dean","email":"dtyler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wehde, M. E.","contributorId":191158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wehde","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, Donald G.","contributorId":41146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1007906,"text":"1007906 - 1992 - Commissioned Review. Carbon: freshwater plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-27T09:31:38","indexId":"1007906","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3090,"text":"Plant, Cell & Environment","onlineIssn":"1365-3040","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Commissioned Review. Carbon: freshwater plants","docAbstract":"δ13C values for freshwater aquatic plant matter varies from −11 to −50‰ and is not a clear indicator of photosynthetic pathway as in terrestrial plants. Several factors affect δ13C of aquatic plant matter. These include: (1) The δ13C signature of the source carbon has been observed to range from +1‰ for HCO3− derived from limestone to −30‰ for CO2 derived from respiration. (2) Some plants assimilate HCO3−, which is –7 to –11‰ less negative than CO2. (3) C3, C4, and CAM photosynthetic pathways are present in aquatic plants. (4) Diffusional resistances are orders of magnitude greater in the aquatic environment than in the aerial environment. The greater viscosity of water acts to reduce mixing of the carbon pool in the boundary layer with that of the bulk solution. In effect, many aquatic plants draw from a finite carbon pool, and as in terrestrial plants growing in a closed system, biochemical discrimination is reduced. In standing water, this factor results in most aquatic plants having a δ13C value similar to the source carbon. Using Farquhar's equation and other physiological data, it is possible to use δ13C values to evaluate various parameters affecting photosynthesis, such as limitations imposed by CO2 diffusion and carbon source.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Plant, Cell and Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01653.x","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., and Sandquist, D., 1992, Commissioned Review. Carbon: freshwater plants: Plant, Cell & Environment, v. 15, no. 9, p. 1021-1035, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01653.x.","startPage":"1021","endPage":"1035","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268428,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01653.x"}],"volume":"15","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-04-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sandquist, D.R.","contributorId":37281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandquist","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016325,"text":"70016325 - 1992 - Use of D-C resistivity to map saline ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-20T14:51:02","indexId":"70016325","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Use of D-C resistivity to map saline ground water","docAbstract":"It has been estimated in previous studies that 23 square miles of the Oxnard aquifer, a member of a multi-layered aquifer system beneath the Oxnard plain in Ventura County, California, has been contaminated as a result of seawater intrusion. To investigate this and other potential sources of saline water, a direct-current resistivity survey was made as an alternative to the costly and time-consuming method of well drilling in the part of the Oxnard plain where ground water is believed to be most affected by seawater. Findings from this survey and water-quality data collected from wells as part of this study suggest that the extent of seawater intrusion is much less than reported. A field inventory of the current monitoring-well network utilized by managing agencies suggests that the integrity of most of the well casings is questionable. Leakage of saline water from an unconfined `perched zone' through these and other failed or corroded well casings is a possible source of increasing chloride concentration in the underlying Oxnard aquifer. Saline water also may be present in fine-grained deposits along the eastern limit of the Oxnard aquifer. Pumping near this area could induce the lateral migration of saline water from these deposits.","largerWorkTitle":"Irrigation and Drainage: Saving a Threatened Resource - In Search of Solutions, Proceedings of the Irrigation and Drainage Sessions at Water Forum '92","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the ASCE National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage - Water Forum '92","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, MD, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"0872628779","usgsCitation":"Stamos, C., Predmore, S.K., and Zohdy, A.A., 1992, Use of D-C resistivity to map saline ground water, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"85","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263313,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/confpub/70016325/70016325.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.25,34.08 ], [ -119.25,34.18 ], [ -119.06,34.18 ], [ -119.06,34.08 ], [ -119.25,34.08 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe60e4b08c986b32956b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamos, Christina L. 0000-0002-1007-9352","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1007-9352","contributorId":19593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamos","given":"Christina L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Predmore, Steven K. spredmor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Predmore","given":"Steven","email":"spredmor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":373186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zohdy, Adel A. R.","contributorId":61799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zohdy","given":"Adel","email":"","middleInitial":"A. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017059,"text":"70017059 - 1992 - Dioctahedral smectite reactions at elevated temperatures: Effects of K-availability, Na/K ratio and ionic strength","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T16:19:53.560303","indexId":"70017059","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":828,"text":"Applied Clay Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Dioctahedral smectite reactions at elevated temperatures: Effects of K-availability, <i>Na/K</i> ratio and ionic strength","title":"Dioctahedral smectite reactions at elevated temperatures: Effects of K-availability, Na/K ratio and ionic strength","docAbstract":"<p>Hydrothermal experiments were conducted to measure the effects of K availability,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Na</i>/<i>K</i><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio and ionic strength in chloride solutions on the rate and extent of the reaction of smectite to interstratified illite/smectite. The &lt; 2 μm fraction of a bentonite was treated hydrothermally at temperatures of 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450°C for run times of up to 30 days in the presence of 0.33, 0.66 and 1.00 equivalents of K per O<sub>10</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>. The effect of K-content on reaction progress is dramatic at low (0.33 eq.) K concentrations, but diminishes above a concentration of 0.66 equivalents. The effect of K-content is also more important at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. Addition of K above that required to satisfy the cation exchange capacity of the smectite reduced the amount of chlorite byproduct and produced authigenic K-feldspar at the highest K-concentration.</p><p>Similar experiments were run using<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Na</i>/<i>K</i><span>&nbsp;</span>equivalent ratios of 0 to 25 and total solution molalities of 0 to 3.75 molal. Because these experiments were small fixed-volume experiments, it was necessary to vary two of the three key variables (K-content,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Na</i>/<i>K</i><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio, ionic strength simultaneously. The data suggest, however, that K-content has a much stronger effect than either<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Na</i>/<i>K</i><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio or ionic strength on illitization reaction progress.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-1317(92)90032-I","usgsCitation":"Whitney, G., 1992, Dioctahedral smectite reactions at elevated temperatures: Effects of K-availability, Na/K ratio and ionic strength: Applied Clay Science, v. 7, no. 1-3, p. 97-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1317(92)90032-I.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01a5e4b0c8380cd4fcb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitney, Gene","contributorId":27049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"Gene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70016860,"text":"70016860 - 1992 - Quiet geomagnetic field representation for all days and latitudes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-24T11:13:19.598695","indexId":"70016860","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quiet geomagnetic field representation for all days and latitudes","docAbstract":"<div id=\"article-overiew-abstract-wrap\"><p class=\"global-para-14\">This paper describes a technique for obtaining the quiet-time geomagnetic field variation expected for all days of the year and distribution of latitudes from a limited set of selected quiet days within a year at a discrete set of locations. We used a data set of observatories operated by Indian and USSR scientists in 1976 and 1977 near 75°E longitude as illustration. Our method relies upon spatial smoothing of the decomposed spectral components. An evaluation of the fidelity of the resulting model shows correlation coefficients usually above 0.9 at the lower latitudes and near 0.7 at the higher latitudes with variations identified as dependent upon season and field element.</p></div><div id=\"datarepo-wrap\"><br></div><div id=\"article-overiew-references-wrap\"><br></div><div id=\"article-overiew-related-wrap\"><br></div><div id=\"figures-tables-wrap\"><br></div><div id=\"author-information-wrap\"><div id=\"author_info_main\"><br></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"J-STAGE","doi":"10.5636/jgg.44.459","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W., Schiffmacher, E., and Arora, B., 1992, Quiet geomagnetic field representation for all days and latitudes: Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity, v. 44, no. 6, p. 459-480, https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.44.459.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"459","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479614,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.44.459","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224661,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a931ae4b0c8380cd80bfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W.H.","contributorId":30749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiffmacher, E.R.","contributorId":69297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffmacher","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arora, B.R.","contributorId":85336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arora","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70016177,"text":"70016177 - 1992 - Sulfur isotopic disequilibrium and fluid-rock interaction during metamorphism of sulfidic black shales from the Waterville-Augusta area, Maine, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T16:13:20.694502","indexId":"70016177","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur isotopic disequilibrium and fluid-rock interaction during metamorphism of sulfidic black shales from the Waterville-Augusta area, Maine, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sulfur isotope ratios of pyrite (py) and pyrrhotite (po) from regionally metamorphosed graphitic sulfidic schists and related rocks from south-central Maine, USA, were analysed using SO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;and SF</span><sub>6</sub><span>&nbsp;techniques. There is a broad range in δ</span><sup>34</sup><span>S values for both pyrite and pyrrhotite at most outcrops, up to 8%. and overall the values are isotopically light, averaging ~ −27‰ for the entire data set, suggesting that the rocks have not been grossly isotopically disturbed by regional metamorphism from their inferred organic-rich sedimentary origins. At all temperatures from chlorite to sillimanite grades, sulfide analysed from veins and blebs within the schists show predominantly disequilibrium fractionations ranging from </span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>&amp;#x394;</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>34</mn></msup><mtext>S</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>py-po</mn></msub><mtext>&amp;#x2212;3.0</mtext><mtext>to</mtext><mtext>+3.5&amp;#x2030;</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Δ<sup>34</sup>S<sub>py-po</sub>−3.0to+3.5‰</span></span></span><span>, as do matrix sulfides from rocks that attained temperatures &lt;500°C. Only at&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;&gt; 500°</span><i>C</i><span>&nbsp;do matrix pyrite-pyrrhotite pairs with polygonal or aligned granoblastic microstructures approach isotopic equilibrium at millimeter to centimeter scales, suggesting that the process that favoured equilibration was recrystallization accompanying metamorphism and deformation. This disequilibrium may be a function of preferential interaction of one of the phases with an infiltrating fluid, but the lack of any systematic trends in the data, particularly with both negative and positive Δ</span><sup>34</sup><span>S</span><sub>py-po</sub><span>&nbsp;at some outcrops, does not permit ready identification of fluid sources, fluxes, or compositions. By combining published fluid fluxes for the area and a knowledge of the mass of sulfur contained in the rocks and the inferred infiltrating fluid, it appears that sulfur should have been homogenized over at least 10's to 1000's of meters, if equilibrium had been attained between rock sulfides and an infiltrating fluid of constant composition. That this did not occur was probably due to lack of equilibration between sulfides and the fluid but may also have arisen because of channelling of fluid flow along rather than across layers, or a lack of fluid infiltration through this unit.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(92)90266-L","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Oliver, N., Hoering, T., Johnson, T., Rumble, D., and Shanks, W.C., 1992, Sulfur isotopic disequilibrium and fluid-rock interaction during metamorphism of sulfidic black shales from the Waterville-Augusta area, Maine, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, no. 12, p. 4257-4265, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90266-L.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"4257","endPage":"4265","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223453,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9de2e4b08c986b31db52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oliver, N.H.S.","contributorId":66849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"N.H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoering, T.C.","contributorId":101011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoering","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, T.W.","contributorId":61169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rumble, D. III","contributorId":49931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumble","given":"D.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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