The kinetics of accumulation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) at various pH values were investigated to explore how pH-dependent accumulation might influence PCP toxicity. Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exposed to 5 μg PCP/L in a static system buffered with 7.5 mM bicine orN,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid (BES) at pH 7.0, 8.0, or 9.0. The amount of PCP in the fish, concentration of PCP in water, and the total amount of metabolites in the system were measured after exposure of fish from 1 to 96 hr. Equations for these variables based on a two compartment pharmacokinetic model were fitted simultaneously to the data using NONLIN, which uses an iterative nonlinear least squares technique. Uptake clearance, metabolic clearance, and apparent volume of distribution of PCP decreased as pH increased. The decrease in PCP accumulation with increased pH was not due solely to a pH-induced decrease in uptake. In addition, the distribution of PCP within the fish was altered by changes in the external pH. The pH-associated changes in distribution may have altered access of PCP to sites of metabolism, thereby altering the metabolic clearance. The pH-related changes in the pharmacokinetics of PCP resulted in a decrease in its bioconcentration factor with an increase in pH and account both for the decreased capacity of the fish to accumulate PCP and for its reduced LC50.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01054993","usgsCitation":"Stehly, G., and Hayton, W.L., 1990, Effect of pH on the accumulation kinetics of pentachlorophenol in goldfish: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 19, no. 3, p. 464-470, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01054993.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"464","endPage":"470","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201921,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6255f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stehly, G. R.","contributorId":34081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehly","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayton, W. L.","contributorId":100325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007566,"text":"1007566 - 1990 - Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T16:16:22.270247","indexId":"1007566","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations","docAbstract":"(1) Counts through time were compiled for five sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in the north-east Pacific Ocean that were below equilibrium density: Attu Island, south-east Alaska, British Columbia, Washington State, and central California. Similar data were obtained from the equilibrium density population at Amchitka Island in 1971 and 1986.
(2) Shorelines of Attu and Amchitka islands each were divided into forty-five segments, within which lineal (length of shore at mean higher high water) and areal (mean higher high water to the 10-fathom (18.3-m) depth contour) measures were made of the amount of habitat.
(3) Rate of increase for the four northern populations was 17-20% year-1. Density- or size-dependent changes in rate of increase could not be demonstrated for any of these populations. The California population, in contrast, has undergone three apparent growth phases: the early 1900s to the mid-1970s when it increased about 5% year-1; the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s when it declined about 5% year-1; and the mid-1980s to 1988 when it increased about 7% year-1. An exponential growth model accounted for 92-98% of the variation in counts through time in all cases.
(4) Population increase at Attu Island was achieved largely by range expansion as opposed to increased density. Range expansion in lineal and areal habitat occurred at 11% and 13% year-1, respectively; neither rate was lower (P > 0.25) than the observed rate of increase in numbers of animals counted.
(5) Despite similarities in island size and physical environment, the most conservative estimates of population density at Amchitka Island were > 3 X greater than maximum density estimates for Attu Island.
(6) Surveys of Amchitka Island from the mid-1930s through the mid-1980s indicate that the population increased to a peak in the 1940s; declined abruptly thereafter; and subsequently increased to a new and higher equilibrium in the 1960s, where it has since remained.
(7) These population data, together with information on sea otter foraging and benthic community structure at Attu and Amchitka islands, suggest that multiple population equilibria exist in this system, emanating from complex trophic interactions low in the food web. I hypothesize that the lower population equilibrium is achieved largely or exclusively on an invertebrate diet consisting principally of herbivorous sea urchins. When unregulated by sea otter predation, the rocky benthos is deforested by sea urchin grazing. As growing otter populations compete increasingly for food, grazing intensity declines and the system shifts to one dominated by kelp beds, in turn leading to increased production, a shift in habitat structure, and population increases of kelp bed fishes. Apparently this new food resource elevates the sea otter population to a higher and more stable equilibrium.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.2307/4870","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., 1990, Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 59, p. 385-400, https://doi.org/10.2307/4870.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"400","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129970,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db654b75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008551,"text":"1008551 - 1990 - Effects of habitat fragmentation on a stream-dwelling species, the flattened musk turtle Sternotherus depressus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-15T10:50:50","indexId":"1008551","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of habitat fragmentation on a stream-dwelling species, the flattened musk turtle Sternotherus depressus","docAbstract":"The flattened musk turtle Sternotherus depressus has disappeared from more than half of its former range because of habitat modifications to stream and river channels in the Warrior River Basin, Alabama. Only 6·9% of its probable historic range contains relatively healthy populations, and most populations are fragmented by extensive areas of unsuitable habitat. Turtles in the best remaining habitats continue to be vulnerable to disease and human-related disturbance, collecting and habitat modification. These factors lead to population declines and abnormal population structure. Habitat fragmentation, especially in small populations, increases vulnerability to human-caused catastrophes and demographic accidents, and could lead to eventual extinction. The threats facing fragmented populations of this turtle probably parallel those affecting many other stream-dwelling species throughout the southeastern United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0006-3207(90)90040-V","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C., 1990, Effects of habitat fragmentation on a stream-dwelling species, the flattened musk turtle Sternotherus depressus: Biological Conservation, v. 54, p. 33-45, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(90)90040-V.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"45","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":130911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db615160","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C.K. Jr.","contributorId":86286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.K.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":93729,"text":"93729 - 1990 - An expert system for prediction of aquatic toxicity of contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T09:29:18","indexId":"93729","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"An expert system for prediction of aquatic toxicity of contaminants","docAbstract":"The National Fisheries Research Center-Great Lakes has developed an interactive computer program in muLISP that runs on an IBM-compatible microcomputer and uses a linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) to predict acute toxicity to four representative aquatic species from the detailed structure of an organic molecule. Using the SMILES formalism for a chemical structure, the expert system identifies all structural components and uses a knowledge base of rules based on an LSER to generate four structure-related parameter values. A separate module then relates these values to toxicity. The system is designed for rapid screening of potential chemical hazards before laboratory or field investigations are conducted and can be operated by users with little toxicological background. This is the first expert system based on LSER, relying on the first comprehensive compilation of rules and values for the estimation of LSER parameters.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Expert systems for environmental applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1021/bk-1990-0431.ch007","usgsCitation":"Hickey, J.P., Aldridge, A., Passino, D.R., and Frank, A.M., 1990, An expert system for prediction of aquatic toxicity of contaminants, chap. of Expert systems for environmental applications, v. 431, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1990-0431.ch007.","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266976,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1990-0431.ch007"},{"id":128421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"431","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684d7d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hushon, Judith M.","contributorId":112071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hushon","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505139,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Hickey, James P.","contributorId":83460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aldridge, Andrew J.","contributorId":21105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldridge","given":"Andrew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Passino, Dora R. May","contributorId":23877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passino","given":"Dora","email":"","middleInitial":"R. May","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frank, Anthony M.","contributorId":28922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014611,"text":"1014611 - 1990 - Gas transfer within a multi-stage packed column oxygen absorber: Model development and application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T15:39:11.113728","indexId":"1014611","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":852,"text":"Aquacultural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas transfer within a multi-stage packed column oxygen absorber: Model development and application","docAbstract":"A packed column oxygen obsorber was developed in which oxygen flow is directed, in serial reuse, through parallel packed column stages receiving equal portions of the liquid being treated. The relative performance of the absorber was established using a computer simulation program employing finite difference-mass transfer calculations. The program was calibrated using packing specific mass transfer coefficients derived from pilot scale test data. A separate series of tests served to verify model assumptions and performance predictions. Simulation data indicated multi-stage operation can substantially reduce the column height required to achieve a selected oxygen absorption efficiency (AE); for example, the column height required to achieve an AE of 76·5% with an inlet volumetric oxygenwater ratio of 0·008 (column packing, 3·81 cm plastic ACTIFIL®; water temperature, 20°C; influent dissolved oxygen, 9·08 mg/litre; operating pressure (absolute), 760 mm Hg) was 0·27 m using a 10-stage system versus 1·39 m using a single-stage absorber. Reductions in column height achieved were related to oxygen and water feed rates, number of stages employed, mass transfer characteristics of the column packing used, and concentrations of dissolved gases in the liquid being treated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0144-8609(90)90010-W","usgsCitation":"Watten, B.J., and Boyd, C.E., 1990, Gas transfer within a multi-stage packed column oxygen absorber: Model development and application: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 9, no. 1, p. 33-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8609(90)90010-W.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131831,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b12f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watten, Barnaby J. 0000-0002-2227-8623 bwatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":2002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"Barnaby","email":"bwatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":320730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyd, Claude E.","contributorId":192710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyd","given":"Claude","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014613,"text":"1014613 - 1990 - Modeling the effects of serial off-gas reuse on the performance of a hooded surface oxygen obsorption system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T15:44:56.110048","indexId":"1014613","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":852,"text":"Aquacultural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the effects of serial off-gas reuse on the performance of a hooded surface oxygen obsorption system","docAbstract":"A numerical model was used to evaluate the performance of a surface agitation system designed to contact commercial oxygen with water. The modeled system was unique in that oxygen-rich off-gas, normally discharged to the atmosphere, was directed in serial reuse through additional contact stages receiving untreated water. A correlation between the agitator mass-transfer coefficient and power demand, needed to calibrate the model, was established using a single-stage (37 W) contactor of 1·18 m3 capacity. Additional tests, conducted with both single and three-stage equipment, verified model assumptions and performance predictions. Simulation runs indicated oxygen flow or power input required to meet a given effluent dissolved gas criterion can be substantially reduced by the off-gas reuse step; for example, to achieve an effluent dissolved oxygen of 24·1 mg/litre with a single stage agitator the oxygen feed rate needed was 61·5% greater than that required by a six-stage system receiving the same total power input (standard aeration efficiency, 0·5 kg/kW h; water flow rate, 100 litre/min; influent dissolved oxygen, 9·08 mg/litre at 15°C). The savings achieved increased with (1) greater target effluent dissolved oxygen concentrations, (2) lower oxygen feed rates, (3) higher input power levels, and (4) number of contact stages.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0144-8609(90)90014-Q","usgsCitation":"Watten, B.J., Meade, J.W., and Boyd, C.E., 1990, Modeling the effects of serial off-gas reuse on the performance of a hooded surface oxygen obsorption system: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 9, no. 2, p. 97-120, https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8609(90)90014-Q.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131832,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699794","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watten, Barnaby J. 0000-0002-2227-8623 bwatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":2002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"Barnaby","email":"bwatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":320732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meade, J. W.","contributorId":38082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyd, Claude E.","contributorId":192710,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyd","given":"Claude","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014681,"text":"1014681 - 1990 - The evolution of sex-change mechanisms in fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-20T16:31:54.725812","indexId":"1014681","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The evolution of sex-change mechanisms in fishes","docAbstract":"Five distinct sex-change mechanisms are identified among sequentially hermaphroditic fishes based on socio-ecological characteristics. The primary determinants of the sex-change mechanisms appear to be social organization and mating system, which in turn depend on resource distribution in space and time. The ability of a single individual to control all mating in the social unit, which is related to the size of the social unit, differentiates three suppression mechanisms from two induction mechanisms. Sex-change suppression, which is characteristic of species with small group size and rigid dominance hierarchies, refers to inevitable sex change in the absence of group dominance. Ability to migrate between resource patches differentiates protogynous suppression (e.g. inLabroides dimidiatus) from protandrous suppression (e.g. inAmphiprion spp.). Early sex change appears to have evolved from protogynous suppression under special conditions involving the loss of mating control by a single dominant individual in certain species (e.g.Centropyge spp. ). Sex-change induction, which is characteristic of species with large social groups lacking rigid dominance hierarchies, refers to the requirement that sex change must be induced by specific characteristics of (or changes in) the social group, regardless of dominance status. Ability to distinguish sex, or its importance, differentiates sex-ratio induction (e.g.Anthias squamipinnis) from size-ratio induction (e.g.Thalassoma spp.). Alternative models account for the possibility that all cases of sex change require stimulation from smaller conspecifics (universal induction-inhibition model) or that all fish have the genetic capacity to switch mechanisms, depending on changing ecological conditions and resulting changes in mating system (behavioral-scaling model). Neurophysiological models suggest that induction mechanisms, which require at least two categories of environmental stimuli, may have evolved from the simpler suppression mechanisms, which require only one kind of input from the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/BF00005025","usgsCitation":"Ross, R.M., 1990, The evolution of sex-change mechanisms in fishes: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 29, no. 2, p. 81-93, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00005025.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129924,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69780e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Robert M.","contributorId":62562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000614,"text":"1000614 - 1990 - Changes in Wisconsin's Lake Michigan salmonid sport fishery, 1969-1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-04T09:40:25","indexId":"1000614","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in Wisconsin's Lake Michigan salmonid sport fishery, 1969-1985","docAbstract":"The modern sport fishery for salmonids in Wisconsin waters of Lake Michigan was begun during 1963-1969 with the stocking of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), brook trout (S. fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), coho salmon (O. kisutch), and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). The fishery grew rapidly during 1969-1985 as angler effort increased 10-fold, catch rate doubled, and catch increased 20-fold. The stocking and catch became increasingly dominated by chinook salmon, with coho salmon and lake trout of secondary importance and brown, rainbow, and brook trout of least importance. Trolling dominated the fishery, particularly by launched-boat anglers and, more recently, by moored-boat anglers. Charter boat trolling grew the most continuously and had the highest catch rates. The catch by trollers was dominated by chinook and coho salmon and lake trout. Pier, stream, and shore anglers fished less overall, but had catch rates that were similar to launched-boat anglers. The catch by pier and shore anglers was spread among chinook and coho salmon, and lake, brown and rainbow trout. The catch by stream anglers was dominated by chinook salmon. The percentage of stocked fish that were subsequently caught (catch ratio) was highest for fingerling chinook salmon (12.9%). Yearling brook trout, brown trout, coho salmon, lake trout, and rainbow trout had intermediate catch ratios (5.1-9.8%). Fingerling brook trout, brown trout, and lake trout had the lowest catch ratios (2.5-3.5%). The catch ratio for rainbow trout dropped from 9.8 to 5.1% after stocking with a different strain (the Shasta strain). Fingerling rainbow trout produced the lowest returns (<0.5%). We derived stocking recommendations for each species and life stage based on these catch ratios, and catch objectives based on maintaining catch levels recorded during 1983-1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1990)010<0442:CIWSLM>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hansen, M.J., Schultz, P.T., and Lasee, B.A., 1990, Changes in Wisconsin's Lake Michigan salmonid sport fishery, 1969-1985: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 10, no. 4, p. 442-457, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1990)010<0442:CIWSLM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"442","endPage":"457","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268701,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1990)010<0442:CIWSLM>2.3.CO;2"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.1873,41.3809 ], [ -88.1873,46.1266 ], [ -84.5178,46.1266 ], [ -84.5178,41.3809 ], [ -88.1873,41.3809 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db54560b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Michael J. 0000-0001-8522-3876 michaelhansen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8522-3876","contributorId":5006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"michaelhansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schultz, Paul T.","contributorId":71518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lasee, Becky A.","contributorId":30586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasee","given":"Becky","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000582,"text":"1000582 - 1990 - Toxicokinetics of PAHs in Hexagenia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:52:23","indexId":"1000582","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicokinetics of PAHs in Hexagenia","docAbstract":"The accumulation kinetics of two waterborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) and phenanthrene (PHE), were studied in the mayfly nymph (Hexagenia limbata).
\nThe uptake clearance decreased while the bioconcentration of BAP increased with an increase in weight of the H. limbata nymph. The relationship between uptake clearance and bioconcentration for PHE was variable, and bioconcentration was greater for the heavier animals.
\nTwo kinetic models were used to evaluate the effect of nymph weight on disposition of PAHs: (a) the amount-uptake clearance model, similar to models most frequently used in environmental toxicology; and (b) a clearance-volume model, similar to models used in clinical pharmacology. The two models gave similar predictive results but were different in a few cases. These differences in common parameter estimation probably resulted from methodologies used and high data variability rather than the models themselves, since they are mathematically equal. Some of the parameters are unique to each of the models and are defined and described.
\nThe clearance of oxygen from water is inversely and linearly related to the weight of the mayfly nymphs, but oxygen clearances were always much less than the uptake clearances of the PAHs. The high PAH uptake clearance compared to oxygen clearance implies a greater surface area or efficiency for PAH accumulation from water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620090206","usgsCitation":"Stehly, G.R., Landrum, P.F., Henry, M.G., and Klemm, C., 1990, Toxicokinetics of PAHs in Hexagenia: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 9, no. 2, p. 167-174, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090206.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"174","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db62802e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stehly, Guy R.","contributorId":11553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehly","given":"Guy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landrum, Peter F.","contributorId":20688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landrum","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henry, Mary G.","contributorId":38517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klemm, C.","contributorId":21917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemm","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000569,"text":"1000569 - 1990 - Redefinition of Teneridrilus Holmquist (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae), with description of two new species from North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:40","indexId":"1000569","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3147,"text":"Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Redefinition of Teneridrilus Holmquist (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae), with description of two new species from North America","docAbstract":"The tubificid genus Teneridrilus Holmquist, 1985 (subfamily Tubificinae) is redefined. The genus was originally monotypic for the type species, formerly classified as Ilyodrilus mastix Brinkhurst, 1978. The genus now includes Teneridrilus columbiensis, a new combination for Isochaetides columbiensis, and two new species. The first of these, Teneridrilus calvus, is described by Erseus and Brinkhurst, and the second, Teneridrilus flexus, by Erseus and Hiltunen. Synapomorphies for the genus are strongly modified chaetae in II and an enlarged eversible pharnyx. The genus is distributed from China to British Columbia, Washington and California in freshwater near the mouths of large rivers, and in the St. Marys River, which connects Lake Superior with Lakes Michgan and Huron.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Erseus, C., Hiltunen, J.K., Brinkhurst, R.O., and Schloesser, D.W., 1990, Redefinition of Teneridrilus Holmquist (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae), with description of two new species from North America: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, v. 103, no. 4, p. 839-846.","productDescription":"p. 839-846","startPage":"839","endPage":"846","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a330","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erseus, Christer","contributorId":25118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erseus","given":"Christer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hiltunen, Jarl K.","contributorId":27820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiltunen","given":"Jarl","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brinkhurst, Ralph O.","contributorId":14780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinkhurst","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schloesser, Don W.","contributorId":21485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70197617,"text":"70197617 - 1990 - Evolution of the Tertiary La Honda basin, central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-13T14:45:54","indexId":"70197617","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evolution of the Tertiary La Honda basin, central California","docAbstract":"Tertiary strata of the La Honda basin are exposed in the Santa Cruz Mountains along the central California coast south of San Francisco. The basin fill has a composite thickness of more than 14,500 m and consists of sedimentary and volcanic rocks that in places rest on granitic basement rocks of the Salinia terrane. Paleogene strata are mainly turbidite sandstone and hemipelagic mudstone that accumulated in deep-sea fan and basin plain environments at lower bathyal to abyssal depths. Neogene rocks are mainly shallow-marine shelf sandstone and upper to middle bathyal siliceous mudstone. Both Paleogene and Neogene strata exhibit rapid lateral variations in thickness and facies, several local and regional unconformities, numerous folds, and ubiquitous faults.
The complicated geology and geologic history of the La Honda basin reflect the fact that, throughout its history, the basin has been located at or near the tectonically active plate boundary between the North American continent and various oceanic plates of the Pacific basin. The La Honda basin originated during the Paleocene, perhaps during an episode of wrench tectonism associated with oblique subduction and arrival of the Salinia terrane. Major restructuring of the basin during the Oligocene-including uplift and erosion of the basin margins, movement along the Zayante-Vergeles fault, and deposition of two sand-rich deep-sea fans–apparently resulted from the approach of the Farallon-Pacific spreading ridge and its collision with the California continental margin. During the late Oligocene and early Miocene, widespread volcanism and marine transgression accompanied an episode of regional transtension along the San Andreas fault system. Deposition of shallow-marine sandstones and deeper-water siliceous mudstones occurred during much of the Miocene and Pliocene but was interrupted at least three times by brief episodes of uplift and erosion associated with transpressional wrench tectonism along the San Andreas fault. Marine deposition ended and uplift of the modern Santa Cruz Mountains began during the late Pliocene in response to the most-recent episode of regional transpression.
Five small oil fields in the La Honda basin have produced a total of 1.7 million barrels of oil and 300 million cubic feet of gas, mostly from reservoirs in Eocene turbidite sandstone and Miocene limestone.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology and tectonics of the central California coastal region, San Francisco to Monterey: Camarillo, Calif., American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section Guidebook","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","usgsCitation":"Stanley, R.G., 1990, Evolution of the Tertiary La Honda basin, central California, in Geology and tectonics of the central California coastal region, San Francisco to Monterey: Camarillo, Calif., American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section Guidebook, v. 67, p. 1-29.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"29","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355020,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":355019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/pacific/data/082/082001/1_ps0820001.htm"}],"volume":"67","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112819e4b034bf6a8201b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70195676,"text":"70195676 - 1990 - 1986 Great Lakes Seismic refraction survey (GLIMPCE): Line A - refraction mode","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-21T13:24:05.406215","indexId":"70195676","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5636,"text":"Geological Survey of Canada Open File","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"2283","title":"1986 Great Lakes Seismic refraction survey (GLIMPCE): Line A - refraction mode","docAbstract":"In the fall of 1986, the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), two Canadian universities -- University of Western Ontario and University of Saskatchewan, and four American universities -- Northern Illinois University, Southern Illinois University, University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh participated in a major deep seismic experiment in Lake Superior under the GLIMPCE (Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution) umbrella. This Open-File Report presents the seismic sections for line A, which was shot specifically for refraction recording. The main target for study by this line was the Mid-Continent Rift System. All recording stations, 31 in total (26 land stations and 5 OBSs), recorded energy from shots fired every two minutes (333 m spacing) by a tuned airgun array towed by a contracted ship along line A in Lake Superior. These data are the densest such data ever recorded in the continental North America over such distances. It is also unique since coincident seismic reflection and refraction are available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Survey of Canada","doi":"10.4095/128170","usgsCitation":"Morel-a-l’Huissier, P., Karl, J.H., Trehu, A.M., Hajnal, Z., Mereu, R.F., Meyer, R.P., Sexton, J.L., Ervin, C.P., Green, A.G., and Hutchinson, D., 1990, 1986 Great Lakes Seismic refraction survey (GLIMPCE): Line A - refraction mode: Geological Survey of Canada Open File 2283, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.4095/128170.","productDescription":"31 p.","numberOfPages":"61","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479824,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4095/128170","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":352051,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": 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Patrick","contributorId":104123,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morel-a-l’Huissier","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13092,"text":"Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karl, John H.","contributorId":131105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karl","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":18171,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trehu, Anne M.","contributorId":49884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trehu","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hajnal, Zoltan","contributorId":55883,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hajnal","given":"Zoltan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13248,"text":"University of Saskatchewan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mereu, Robert F.","contributorId":94978,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mereu","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13255,"text":"University of Western Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meyer, Robert P.","contributorId":69935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16925,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sexton, John L.","contributorId":94363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sexton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13212,"text":"Southern Illinois University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ervin, C. Patrick","contributorId":8552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ervin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[{"id":13666,"text":"Northern Illinois University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Green, Alan G.","contributorId":83314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Green","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":13092,"text":"Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":174836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":729660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70197266,"text":"70197266 - 1990 - Program to prepare standard figures for grade-tonnage models on a Macintosh","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-24T13:24:00","indexId":"70197266","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Program to prepare standard figures for grade-tonnage models on a Macintosh","docAbstract":"Grade-tonnage models are frequency distributions of deposit tonnage and grades of mineral deposits of a specific type. The program described here allows users to prepare standard figures of grade and tonnage distributions and display the deposit name associated with any of the data points. Titles and scales appropriate for most deposit types are plotted automatically for tonnage, Cu, Ni, Sn, Nb, W, Au, Hg, Mo, Zn, Pb, Ag, Co, Pt, Pd, Sb, Fe, Cr, Mn, and Ba.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Microcomputer applications in geology 2","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-08-040261-1.50026-X","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., and Bliss, J.D., 1990, Program to prepare standard figures for grade-tonnage models on a Macintosh, chap. of Microcomputer applications in geology 2, p. 241-250, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-040261-1.50026-X.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"250","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354467,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15aa88e4b092d9651e2309","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":736469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016229,"text":"70016229 - 1990 - Variations in fault slip and strain accumulation at Parkfield, California: Initial results using two-color geodimeter measurements 1984-1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:23:28.635268","indexId":"70016229","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in fault slip and strain accumulation at Parkfield, California: Initial results using two-color geodimeter measurements 1984-1988","docAbstract":"Repeated length measurements of several geodetic baselines near Parkfield, California, have revealed significant variations in the local rates of shallow fault slip and strain. This network of baselines, surveyed several times each week, straddles the San Andreas fault in the transition zone between the creeping section to the northwest and the locked section to the southeast. The length measurements, characterized by a precision approaching 0.1 ppm, reveal large fluctuations in the rates of baseline extension. Principal mode analysis of the length change data indicates that the two largest components of the signal are (1) secular extensions and contractions consistent with surface slip on the main strand of the San Andreas fault, and (2) a large seasonal oscillation with no obvious spatial coherence. On most of these baselines, the second component appears to be in phase with seasonal rainfall. When data from the baselines with the largest amplitude of the seasonal signal are excluded, the remaining data can be modeled in terms of both spatial and temporal variations in surface slip, variations in the components of the changes in uniform strain, and the possible displacement of the central monument in this radial network. In parameterizing this model, the spatial variation of slip beneath the near surface is reflected by changes in shear strain. Although the computed secular shear is highly dependent upon the specified parameterization of surface slip, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that slip at intermediate depths lags behind the surface slip rate. However, the range in models that fit the data does not necessarily imply that there is a deficit in slip at depth relative to the surface. Comparison of the inferred values of surface slip from the model with the observed fault slip measured by very short baseline creep meters indicates close agreement in secular rates, but the short-term variations observed with the creep meters are either highly attenuated or nonexistent in the modeled slip since the modeled slip is a spatial average which smooths out possible short-wavelength variations in the surface slip for which the creep instruments are most sensitive. An interesting conclusion from the two-color data is that surface slip on the San Andreas fault appears to be spread over a 2-km-wide zone on the south flank of Middle Mountain but is confined to a very narrow zone to the south as the fault passes through the center of the network. This conclusion is dependent upon the assumption that a few critical monuments are stable and track tectonic displacements in the long term. Finally, the largest observed strain change is an extensional strain coincident with the Kettleman Hills earthquake M5.5 in August 1985.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB03p02533","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J.O., Burford, R.O., and Slater, L., 1990, Variations in fault slip and strain accumulation at Parkfield, California: Initial results using two-color geodimeter measurements 1984-1988: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B3, p. 2533-2552, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB03p02533.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2533","endPage":"2552","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc17de4b08c986b32a5d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, J. O.","contributorId":39404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burford, Robert O.","contributorId":52560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burford","given":"Robert","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slater, L.E.","contributorId":35063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slater","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27508,"text":"wri904050 - 1990 - Ground-water resources of Honey Lake Valley, Lassen County, California, and Washoe County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T17:23:56.874406","indexId":"wri904050","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-4050","title":"Ground-water resources of Honey Lake Valley, Lassen County, California, and Washoe County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Honey Lake Valley is a 2,200 sq-mi, topographically closed basin about 35 miles northwest of Reno, Nevada. Unconsolidated basin-fill deposits on the valley floor and fractured volcanic rocks in northern and eastern uplands are the principal aquifers. In the study area, about 130,000 acre- ft of water recharges the aquifer system annually, about 40% by direct infiltration of precipitation and about 60% by infiltration of streamflow and irrigation water. Balancing this is an equal amount of groundwater discharge, of which about 65% evaporates from the water table or is transpired by phreatophytes, about 30 % is withdrawn from wells, and about 5% leaves the basin as subsurface outflow to the east. Results of a groundwater flow model of the eastern part of the basin, where withdrawals for public supply have been proposed, indicate that if 15,000 acre-ft of water were withdrawn annually, a new equilibrium would eventually be established by a reduction of about 60% in both evapotranspiration and subsurface outflow to the east. Hydrologic effects would be minimal at the western boundary of the flow-model area. Within the modeled area, the increased withdrawals cause an increase in the simulated net flow of groundwater eastward across the California-Nevada State line from about 670 acre-ft/yr to about 2,300 acre-ft/yr. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904050","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and the Nevada Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Handman, E.H., Londquist, C.J., and Maurer, D.K., 1990, Ground-water resources of Honey Lake Valley, Lassen County, California, and Washoe County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4050, Report: vii, 112 p.; 4 Plates: 16.03 x 21.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904050.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 112 p.; 4 Plates: 16.03 x 21.94 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400440,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4050/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400439,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4050/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400438,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4050/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400441,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4050/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56354,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4050/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","county":"Lassen County, Washoe County","otherGeospatial":"Honey Lake Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 39.592990390285024\n ],\n [\n -119.1302490234375,\n 39.592990390285024\n ],\n [\n -119.1302490234375,\n 40.67438908251788\n ],\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 40.67438908251788\n ],\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 39.592990390285024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Handman, Elinor H.","contributorId":31748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handman","given":"Elinor","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Londquist, Clark J.","contributorId":44149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Londquist","given":"Clark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":198230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44778,"text":"wri894208 - 1990 - Potentiometric surface of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and contiguous hydraulically connected units, west-central Texas, winter, 1974-75","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T21:58:51.899839","indexId":"wri894208","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4208","title":"Potentiometric surface of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and contiguous hydraulically connected units, west-central Texas, winter, 1974-75","docAbstract":"The potentiometric surface of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and contiguous hydraulically connected units (from December 1974 through February 1975) was mapped as part of the Edwards-Trinity Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) project. A major goal of the Edwards-Trinity RASA project is to understand and describe the regional flow system (Bush, 1986). The development of a digital ground-water flow model of the aquifer system is a key part of the project. This potentiometric map will be used in the calibration of the ground-water flow model and in understanding ground-water movement in the aquifer system.
\nThe map depicts the potentiometric surface of the major aquifers of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and contiguous units that form a continuous hydraulically connected regional aquifer within the study area in west-central Texas (fig. 1). The potentiometric surface of an aquifer is an imaginary surface defined by contouring locations of equal static head (the altitude to which water will rise in a well). The potentiometric surface map shows the direction of ground-water flow from higher to lower altitude.
\nThe study area extends beyond the aquifers of the Edwards-Trinity system to hydrologic divides, including the Colorado River and the Rio Grande (fig. 2).
\nThe data used to compile this map were obtained from the Texas Natural Resources Information System on magnetic tape and from Rees and Buckner (1980). The winter of 1974-75 (December 1974 through February 1975) was selected for mapping for two reasons: (1) More water-level data were available throughout the study area for this winter season than for other winter seasons, and (2) during winter there is almost no loss of ground water as a result of evaporation, irrigation withdrawals, and transpiration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri894208","usgsCitation":"Kuniansky, E.L., 1990, Potentiometric surface of the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and contiguous hydraulically connected units, west-central Texas, winter, 1974-75: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4208, 2 Plates: 36.00 x 25.87 inches and 36.00 x 25.88 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894208.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 36.00 x 25.87 inches and 36.00 x 25.88 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326542,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri894208.JPG"},{"id":414271,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47284.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82106,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4208/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82105,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4208/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Edwards-Trinity aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.1417,\n 29.1333\n ],\n [\n -97.8083,\n 29.1333\n ],\n [\n -97.8083,\n 32.5067\n ],\n [\n -104.1417,\n 32.5067\n ],\n [\n -104.1417,\n 29.1333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683015","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuniansky, Eve L. 0000-0002-5581-0225 elkunian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5581-0225","contributorId":932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuniansky","given":"Eve","email":"elkunian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015822,"text":"70015822 - 1990 - Traveltime inversion using transmitted waves of offset VSP data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T15:26:10.232465","indexId":"70015822","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Traveltime inversion using transmitted waves of offset VSP data","docAbstract":"Estimation of layer parameters such as interval velocity, reflector depth, and dip can be formulated as a generalized linear inverse problem using observed arrival times. Based on a 2-D earth model, a computationally efficient and accurate formula is derived for traveltime inversion. This inversion method is applied to offset vertical seismic profile (VSP) data for estimating layer parameters using only transmitted first-arrival times. As opposed to a layer-stripping method, this method estimates all layer parameters simultaneously, thus reducing the cumulative error resulting from the errors in the upper layers. This investigation indicates (1) at least two source locations are required to estimate layer parameters properly, and (2) accurate arrival times are essential for computing the dip of a layer reliably. Bulk time shifts, such as static shifts, do not affect the parameter estimation significantly if the amount of shift is not too large. The result of real and modeled VSP data inversions indicates that traveltime inversion using transmitted first-arrival times from at least two source locations is a viable method for estimating interval velocities, reflector depths, and reflector dips.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1442920","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., 1990, Traveltime inversion using transmitted waves of offset VSP data: Geophysics, v. 55, no. 8, p. 1089-1097, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442920.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1089","endPage":"1097","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb786e4b08c986b327310","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016525,"text":"70016525 - 1990 - Some hydrological impacts of climate change for the Delaware River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016525","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Some hydrological impacts of climate change for the Delaware River Basin","docAbstract":"To gain insight into possible impacts of climate change on water availability in the Delaware River, two models are linked. The first model is a monthly water balance model that converts the temperature and precipitation values generated by a random number generator to monthly streamflow values. The monthly streamflow values are input to a second model that simulates the operation of reservoirs and diversions within the basin. The output for the two linked models consists of time series of reservoir levels and streamflow at key points in the basin. Model results for a base case, in which monthly temperature and precipitation statistics are unchanged from historical records, are compared to several changed-climate scenarios under a standard set of rules of operation.","conferenceTitle":"Optimizing the Resources for Water Management - Proceedings of the ASCE 17th Annual National Conference","conferenceDate":"17 April 1990 through 21 April 1990","conferenceLocation":"Fort Worth, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"087262756X","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., 1990, Some hydrological impacts of climate change for the Delaware River Basin, Optimizing the Resources for Water Management - Proceedings of the ASCE 17th Annual National Conference, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 17 April 1990 through 21 April 1990, p. 541-544.","startPage":"541","endPage":"544","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b92b1e4b08c986b31a072","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016505,"text":"70016505 - 1990 - Reflected and mode-converted seismic waves within the shallow Aleutian subduction zone, southern Kenai Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T15:26:59.741501","indexId":"70016505","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reflected and mode-converted seismic waves within the shallow Aleutian subduction zone, southern Kenai Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"Pronounced secondary phases observed in local recordings of quarry shots and earthquakes on the southern Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, are identified as reflected P and S and converted S-to-P phases originating within four depth ranges: in the upper few kilometers of the Cook Inlet Tertiary basin, at midcrustal depths within the overthrust North American plate, at about 35 km depth near the top of the Wadati-Benioff seismic zone in proximity to the inferred interplate megathrust, and at about 5–10 km below the megathrust in the subducted Pacific plate. Beneath the landward margin of the accreted Chugach terrane, the mid-upper plate (MUP) discontinuity dips as steeply as 20°–30° to the west-northwest over the depth range 12–18 km. At shallower depths it flattens and possibly arches with the crest at about 10 km depth. Similar midcrustal reflectors have been imaged about 125 km to the southwest and about 350 km to the northeast along the structural trend of the Chugach terrane. The extensive reflectors may have a common origin, possible caused by the presence of underplated rocks. Relative amplitudes and polarities of the secondary phases originating at MUP depths provide few constraints on the nature of the discontinuity. It appears that the MUP discontinuity is seismically inactive and does not represent a brittle-ductile transition zone within the upper plate. The two converted S-to-P phases generated near the top of the subducted plate could indicate a low-velocity zone associated with subducted oceanic crust.
","largerWorkTitle":"American Geophysical Union","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB05p06883","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Stephens, C., Page, R., and Lahr, J., 1990, Reflected and mode-converted seismic waves within the shallow Aleutian subduction zone, southern Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B5, p. 6883-6897, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB05p06883.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"6883","endPage":"6897","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a43be4b0e8fec6cdbad7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016471,"text":"70016471 - 1990 - Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 particles formed by oxidation of pyrite heated in an anoxic atmosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T13:30:13.118769","indexId":"70016471","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 particles formed by oxidation of pyrite heated in an anoxic atmosphere","docAbstract":"As a follow-up to previous gas analysis experiments in which pyrite was heated to 681 K in an anoxic (oxygen starved) atmosphere, the first oxidation product, FeSO4, was studied as a bulk material. No decomposition of FeSO4 to Fe3O4 was observed in the temperature range studied. The lack of decomposition of bulk FeSO4 to Fe3O4 suggests that FeS2 oxidizes directly to Fe3O4, or that FeSO4, FeS2 and O2 react together to form Fe3O4. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements, along with magnetic hysteresis curves, show that small particles of Fe3O4 form on the pyrite surface, rather than a continuous layer of bulk Fe3O4. A working model describing the oxidation steps is presented.
We studied peat in several geologic and climatic settings: (1) a glaciated terrain in cold-temperate Maine and Minnesota, U.S.A.; (2) an island in a temperate maritime climate in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Maine, U.S.A., where sea level is rising rapidly and changing the environment of peat accumulation; (3) swamps along the warm-temperate U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, where sea level has changed often, thus creating sites for accumulation; and (4) in a tropical climate along the coast of Sarawak, Malaysia, and the delta of the Batang Hari River, Sumatra, Indonesia (Figs. 1 and 2). With the exception of the deposits on the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, most of the deposits described are domed bogs in which peat accumulation continued above the surface of the surrounding soil. The bogs of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains have almost level surfaces. All domed bogs are not entirely ombrotrophic (watered only from precipitation); multidomed bogs that rise from irregular or hilly surfaces may be crossed by streams that supply water to the bogs.
The geologic processes or organic sedimentation, namely terrestrialization and paludification, are similar in all peat deposits considered here. Differences in geomorphology affecting the quantity and that quality of peat that has ash contents of less than 25%, which are desirable for commercial purposes, depend chiefly on: (1) high humidity, which is favorable to luxuriant growth of peat-forming vegetation; (2) a depositional setting that permits extensive accumulation relatively free from inorganic contamination from sea water and streams and from dust and volcanic ash; and (3) a stable regional water table that controls the rate of decomposition under aerobic conditions and protects the deposit against the ravages of fire.
Differences in peat textures are due to the type of vegetation and to the degree of decomposition. The rate of decomposition is largely the result of the amount of oxidation and aerobic microbial activity. Stratigraphic distribution of various textures and amounts of inorganic components within a peat deposit is largely determined by the vertical positions occupied by peat-forming environments, such as pond, marsh, swamp and heath where vegetation accumulated, and the depth to zones of unoxygenated water.
Peat also differs in the rate of accumulation. On the basis of carbon-14 dating, an estimated 8 m of peat in the tropical Batang Hari River deposit in Sumatra has been accumulating at the rate of about 1.5 m/1,000 yr, whereas peat in the cold-temperate deposit in Maine has been accumulating at the rate of 0.66 m/1,000 yr. Accumulation rates in domed deposits such as these are affected not only by factors controlling volume of biomass and aerobic decay but also by stream erosion and fires that remove peat. Such disconformities (see Fig. 2) within the deposit may be recognized by sudden vertical changes in degree of decomposition and/or the presence of charcoal.
The trace-element content of peat deposits is affected by the environments of their settings. Samples of peat that have an ash content of less than 25% dry weight and that are from small, almost level swamp deposits along the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina were compared with similar samples from small domed bogs in Maine, a glaciated area. Samples from Nort Carolina, which are from deposits in thick fluvial and nearshore marine sediments far from the bedrock source, are generally higher in Ti, Cr and Pb. The Maine samples from deposits in glacial drift close to the bedrock source contain more Zn, Mn, P, Ca, Na and Fe. The kind and amount of trace elements within the deposits appear to relate largely to depositional setting, to kinds of bedrock source, and to the modes of transportation from source to peat swamp.
Trace-element concentrations in the extensive Sumatra peat deposit, which represents a potentially commercial coal bed, are similar to those found in Appalachian coals except for As and Au, which are higher in the former. This similarity most likely implies that geochemical controls on mineral matter controlled the concentrations in both.
Most peat deposits found in the world today are not precursors of economic coal beds because they are too local in extent, lack beds of commercial-quality peat greater than 6 m thick, and/or are too far from sea level to be rapidly by marine or marginal marine sediments before destruction by erosion and decomposition. However, the two domed deposits in Sarawak and Sumatra described above are parts of extensive, thick, low-sulfur, fuel-quality peat deposits, which have bases below the levels of rivers on coastal deltas. These are likely to be preserved in their lower part and to become precursors of tropical coal seams of potential economic importance. The lenticular and tabular peat deposits of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, which have little chance of survival, have features resembling those in Tertiary peat deposits in alluvial settings of western North America.
The quality, shape, and extent of modern and ancient peat deposits are controlled by the same factors - humidity, vegetation type, ground- and surface-water regimes, and physiographic and geologic setting. Thus, a study of modern peat deposits may help in studies of the areal distribution and the thickness and quality of ancient coal beds.
Organic geochemical investigations of peatified and coalified xylem from gymnosperms have provided useful information on the organic transformational processes collectively known as coalification. The combined use of solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py/gc/ms) has allowed us to examine the organic composition of peatified and coalified xylem on both a bulk (average) compositional basis and on a detailed molecular basis. We conclude from our studies that coalification of gymnospermous xylem involves the following processes1.
(1) early selective removal of cellulosic materials so that lignin, a primary constituent of xylem, is transformed to macromolecular aromatic components in coal;2.
(2) modification of gymnospermous lignin by demethylation to form catechol-like structures, and by condensation reactions to induce a high level of cross-linking at an early stage of coalification; and
(3) dehydroxylation during increasing coalification to subbituminous coal, the resultant xylem becomes more phenolic in character as the catechol-like structures decrease.
Two North American contributions to the Global Geoscience Transects Program, the Quebec-Maine-Gulf of Maine transect and the Great Lakes portion of the United States-Canadian Border transect, are among the first to produce digital geology in a form that can be combined with gridded gravity and aeromagnetic data. Maps of shaded relief and color-composite bandpass-filtered potential-field data combined with overlays of digitized geologic contacts and faults reveal significant new geologic information, including the relative thickness of plutons, the structure of poorly exposed or concealed magnetic units, and possible evidence for mineralized ground. Mechanisms for capturing digital geology by use of scanners, commercial geographic information systems (GIS) software packages, and public-domain PC-based software packages are illustrated by examples from these two transects. The digital geology is combined with the potential field data by use of in-house raster-based image-processing software and commercial hardware. Geologic cross sections constructed along the transects may be tested and refined by using 2-D and 2.5-D magnetic- and gravity-modeling software. The integrated data sets ultimately allow construction of 3-D models of the crust within the transects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.5408/0022-1368-38.4.330","issn":"00221368","usgsCitation":"Phillips, J., 1990, Integration of potential-field and digital geologic data for two North American geoscience transects: Journal of Geological Education, v. 38, no. 4, p. 330-338, https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-38.4.330.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"330","endPage":"338","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480466,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-38.4.330","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223020,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c95e4b0c8380cd62e6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, J. D. 0000-0002-6459-2821","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":22366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016431,"text":"70016431 - 1990 - Geophysical constraints on Washington convergent margin structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T15:28:32.02146","indexId":"70016431","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical constraints on Washington convergent margin structure","docAbstract":"Gravity and magnetic maps of western Washington reveal the lateral structure and fabric of the Washington Coast Range, Puget Basin, and southern Washington Cascade Range. The magnetic and gravity maps show large amplitude positive anomalies associated with the shallow but largely buried section of Washington Coast Range mafic rocks which are separated by negative anomalies over deep sedimentary basins. The positive anomalies indicate that the Coast Range mafic basement extends farther east than previously thought, at least as far east as the longitude of Seattle. Linear and steep gravity and magnetic gradients indicate many unmapped, often buried faults in the Washington Coast Range Province. Magnetic highs are also associated with mapped batholiths in the Cascade arc. Several magnetic highs observed east of the Coast Range rocks and west of these batholiths may be associated with buried Tertiary plutons or ophiolites. Two-dimensional gravity and magnetic modeling constrained with geological and other geophysical data indicate that the Coast Range Province rocks are about 1 km thick at the coast, thickening to as much as 30 km near their postulated eastern edge. A maximum boundary on the average density of the upper 15–20 km of the rocks that compose the Coast Range Province of 2920 kg/m3 was established by the modeling, suggesting a composition largely of basalt and gabbro with little interbedded sediments. Under these rocks may be mantle or a subduction complex composed of dense mafic, ultramafic, and sedimentary rocks like that proposed to underlie Vancouver Island. Previous gravity models of the Washington margin include lower densities for the proposed subduction complex than for Vancouver Island, suggesting a lower component of mafic and ultramafic rocks than the rocks underlying Vancouver Island. However, my Washington model requires that the proposed subduction complex be more dense than the trench sediments and, therefore, that material denser than sediments be incorporated within it. The absence of continental mantle and the modeled wedge shape of the Coast Range Province upper crust suggest that erosion of the bottom of the overriding plate by subduction processes may have occurred.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p19533","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., 1990, Geophysical constraints on Washington convergent margin structure: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B12, p. 19533-19546, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19533.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"19533","endPage":"19546","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222972,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.99289441326454,\n 48.94625600979734\n ],\n [\n -129.5979382121656,\n 48.94625600979734\n ],\n [\n -129.5979382121656,\n 45.56775656606118\n ],\n [\n -120.99289441326454,\n 45.56775656606118\n ],\n [\n -120.99289441326454,\n 48.94625600979734\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2814e4b0c8380cd59deb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016424,"text":"70016424 - 1990 - Cooling rate and thermal structure determined from progressive magnetization of the dacite dome at Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T15:30:45.753432","indexId":"70016424","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cooling rate and thermal structure determined from progressive magnetization of the dacite dome at Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"Our study of a magnetic anomaly associated with the recently active dacite dome at Mount St. Helens suggests that the dome consists of a hot, nonmagnetized core surrounded by a cool, magnetized carapace and flanking talus. The talus does not contribute to the anomaly because its constituent blocks are randomly oriented. Temporal changes in the magnetic anomaly indicate that the magnetized carapace thickened at an average rate of 0.03±0.01 m/d from 1984 to 1986. Petrographic and rock magnetic properties of dome samples indicate that the dominant process responsible for these changes is magnetization of extensively oxidized rock at progressively deeper levels within the dome as the rock cools through its blocking temperature, rather than subsequent changes in magnetization caused by further oxidation. Newly extruded material cools rapidly for a short period as heat is conducted outward in response to convective heat loss from its surface. The cooling rate gradually declines for several weeks, and thereafter the material cools at a relatively constant rate by convective heat loss from its interior along fractures that propagate inward. The rate of internal convective heat loss through fractures varies with rainfall, snowmelt, and large-scale fracturing during subsequent eruptive episodes. In accordance with a model for solidification of the 1959 lava lake at Kilauea Iki, Hawaii, we picture the dome's magnetized carapace as being a two-phase, porous, convective zone separated from the nonmagnetized core of the dome by a thin, single-phase conductive zone. As a consequence of the heat balance between the conductive and convective zones, the blocking-temperature isotherm migrates inward at a relatively constant rate. If the dome remains inactive, the time scale for its complete magnetization is estimated to be 18–36 years, a forecast which can be refined by shallow drilling into the dome and by continuing studies of its growing magnetic anomaly.