We explore the energetics of Triton's surface-atmosphere system using a model that includes the turbulent transfer of sensible heat as well as insolation, reradiation, and latent heat transport. The model relies on a 1° by 1° resolution hemispheric bolometric albedo map of Triton for determining the atmospheric temperature, the N2 frost emissivity, and the temperatures of unfrosted portions of the surface consistent with a frost temperature of ≅38 K. For a physically plausible range of heat transfer coefficients, we find that the atmospheric temperature roughly 1 km above the surface is approximately 1 to 3 K hotter than the surface. Atmospheric temperatures of 48 K suggested by early analysis of radio occultation data cannot be obtained for plausible values of the heat transfer coefficients. Our calculations indicate that Triton's N2 frosts must have an emissivity well below unity in order to have a temperature of ≅38 K, consistent with previous results. We also find that convection over small hot spots does not significantly cool them off, so they may be able to act as continous sources of buoyancy for convective plumes, but have not explored whether the convection is vigorous enough to entrain particulate matter thereby forming a dust devil. Our elevated atmospheric temperatures make geyser driven plumes with initial upward velocities ≤10 m s−1 stagnate in the lower atmosphere. These “wimpy” plumes provide a possible explanation for Triton's “wind streaks.”
Leak detection in water‐distribution systems can be accomplished by solving an inverse problem using measurements of pressure and/or flow. The problem is formulated with equivalent orifice areas of possible leaks as the unknowns. Minimization of the difference between measured and calculated heads produces a solution for the areas. The quality of the result depends on number and location of the measurements. A sensitivity matrix is key to deciding where to make measurements. Both location and magnitude of leaks are sensitive to the quantity and quality of pressure measurements and to how well the pipe friction parameters are known. The overdetermined problem (more measurements than suspected leaks) gives the best results, but some information can be derived from the underdetermined problem. The variance of leak areas, based on the quality of system characteristics and pressure data, indicates the likely accuracy of the results. The method will not substitute for more traditional leak surveys but can serve as a guide and supplement.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:7(1031)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Pudar, R.S., and Liggett, J.A., 1992, Leaks in pipe networks: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 118, no. 7, p. 1031-1046, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:7(1031).","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1031","endPage":"1046","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224476,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45efe4b0c8380cd67532","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pudar, Ranko S.","contributorId":39131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pudar","given":"Ranko","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liggett, James A.","contributorId":74145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liggett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017026,"text":"70017026 - 1992 - Modernization and multiscale databases at the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T16:19:07.974197","indexId":"70017026","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1317,"text":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modernization and multiscale databases at the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has begun a digital cartographic modernization program. Keys to that program are the creation of a multiscale database, a feature-based file structure that is derived from a spatial data model, and a series of “templates” or rules that specify the relationships between instances of entities in reality and features in the database. The database will initially hold data collected from the USGS standard map products at scales of 1:24,000, 1:100,000, and 1:2,000,000. The spatial data model is called the digital line graph-enhanced model, and the comprehensive rule set consists of collection rules, product generation rules, and conflict resolution rules. This modernization program will affect the USGS mapmaking process because both digital and graphic products will be created from the database. In addition, non-USGS map users will have more flexibility in uses of the databases. These remarks are those of the session discussant made in response to the six papers and the keynote address given in the session.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0198-9715(92)90012-G","usgsCitation":"Morrison, J.L., 1992, Modernization and multiscale databases at the U.S. Geological Survey: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, v. 16, no. 4, p. 313-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-9715(92)90012-G.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224864,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ca5e4b0c8380cd6fe55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, J. L.","contributorId":28012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017030,"text":"70017030 - 1992 - Origin of stratiform sediment-hosted manganese carbonate ore deposits: Examples from Molango, Mexico, and TaoJiang, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:26:56","indexId":"70017030","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of stratiform sediment-hosted manganese carbonate ore deposits: Examples from Molango, Mexico, and TaoJiang, China","docAbstract":"Carbonate and sulfide minerals from the Molango, Mexico, and TaoJiang, China, Mn deposits display similar and distinctive ??34S and ??13C patterns in intervals of manganese carbonate mineralization. ??13C-values for Mn-bearing carbonate range from -17.8 to +0.5??? (PDB), with the most negative values occurring in high-grade ore zones that are composed predominantly of rhodochrosite. In contrast, calcite from below, within and above Mn-carbonate zones at Molango has ??13C???0??? (PDB). Markedly negative ??13C data indicate that a large proportion of the carbon in Mn-carbonates was derived from organic matter oxidation. Diagenetic reactions using MnO2 and SO2-4 to oxidize sedimentary organic matter were the principle causes of such 12C enrichment. Pyrite content and sulfide ?? 34S-values also show distinctive variations. In unmineralized rocks, very negative ??34S-values (avg. < -21??? CDT) and abundant pyrite content suggest that pyrite formed from diagenetic, bacteriogenic sulfate reduction. In contrast, Mn-bearing horizons typically contain only trace amounts of pyrite (e.g., <0.5 wt% S with ??34S-values 34S-enriched, in some cases to nearly the value for contemporaneous seawater. 34S-enriched pyrite from the Mn-carbonate intervals indicates sulfide precipitation in an environment that underwent extensive SO2-4 reduction, and was largely a closed system with regard to exchange of sulfate and dissolved sulfide with normal seawater. The occasional occurrence of 34S-depleted pyrite within Mn-carbonate zones dominated by 34S-enriched pyrite is evidence that closed-system conditions were intermittent and limited to local pore waters and did not involve entire sedimentary basins. Mn-carbonate precipitation may have occluded porosity in the surficial sediments, thus establishing an effective barrier to SO2-4 exchange with overlying seawater. Similar isotopic and mineralogic characteristics from both the Molango and TaoJiang deposits, widely separated in geologic time and space, suggest they were formed similarly by MnO2 precipitation at the margins of dysaerobic to anoxic marine basins. Mn-carbonate formed predominantly by early-diagenetic reduction of Mn-oxides via oxidation of organic matter in near-surface sediments. In addition to MnCO3 precipitation, organic matter oxidation reactions resulted in oxidation of FeS to Fe-oxides such as magnetite, maghemite and hematite. The latter process explains anomalously low pyrite content and abundant Fe-oxide minerals in ore zones dominated by rhodochrosite. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(92)90036-5","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Okita, P., and Shanks, W.C., 1992, Origin of stratiform sediment-hosted manganese carbonate ore deposits: Examples from Molango, Mexico, and TaoJiang, China: Chemical Geology, v. 99, no. 1-3, p. 139-163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90036-5.","startPage":"139","endPage":"163","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266067,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90036-5"}],"volume":"99","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70f3e4b0c8380cd7636c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okita, P.M.","contributorId":63031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okita","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017038,"text":"70017038 - 1992 - A 3D, finite element model for baroclinic circulation on the Vancouver Island continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-09T16:22:13.31971","indexId":"70017038","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2381,"text":"Journal of Marine Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 3D, finite element model for baroclinic circulation on the Vancouver Island continental shelf","docAbstract":"This paper describes the development and application of a 3-dimensional model of the barotropic and baroclinic circulation on the continental shelf west of Vancouver Island, Canada. A previous study with a 2D barotropic model and field data revealed that several tidal constituents have a significant baroclinic component (the K1 in particular). Thus we embarked on another study with a 3D model to study the baroclinic effects on the residual and several selected tidal constituents.
The 3D model uses a harmonic expansion in time and a finite element discretization in space. All nonlinear terms are retained, including quadratic bottom stress, advection and wave transport (continuity nonlinearity). The equations are solved as a global and a local problem, where the global problem is the solution of the wave equation formulation of the shallow water equations, and the local problem is the solution of the momentum equation for the vertical velocity profile. These equations are coupled to the advection-diffusion equation for density so that density gradient forcing is included in the momentum equations. However, the study presented here describes diagnostic calculations for the baroclinic residual circulation only.
The model is sufficiently efficient that it encourages sensitivity testing with a large number of model runs. In this sense, the model is akin to an extension of analytical solutions to the domain of irregular geometry and bottom topography where this parameter space can be explored in some detail.
In particular, the consequences of the sigma coordinate system used by the model are explored. Test cases using an idealized representation of the continental shelf, shelf break and shelf slope, lead to an estimation of the velocity errors caused by interpolation errors inherent in the sigma coordinate system. On the basis of these estimates, the computational grid used in the 2D model is found to have inadequate resolution. Thus a new grid is generated with increased accuracy in the region of the shelf break. However, even with increased resolution, spurious baroclinic circulation seaward of the shelf break and in the vicinity of Juan de Fuca canyon remained a significant problem when the pressure gradient terms were evaluated using the σ coordinate system and using a realistic density profile.
With the new grid, diagnostic calculations of the barotropic and baroclinic residual circulation are performed using forcing from the observed σt (density) field and from the gradient of this field.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0924-7963(92)90021-Y","issn":"09247963","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., and Foreman, M., 1992, A 3D, finite element model for baroclinic circulation on the Vancouver Island continental shelf: Journal of Marine Systems, v. 3, no. 6, p. 507-518, https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-7963(92)90021-Y.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"518","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2c5e4b0c8380cd45c34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, R. A.","contributorId":34174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foreman, M.G.G.","contributorId":69846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"M.G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017046,"text":"70017046 - 1992 - Determination of subsurface fluid contents at a crude-oil spill site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-14T06:47:46","indexId":"70017046","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of subsurface fluid contents at a crude-oil spill site","docAbstract":"Measurement of the fluid-content distribution at sites contaminated by immiscible fluids, including crude oil, is needed to better understand the movement of these fluids in the subsurface and to provide data to calibrate and verify numerical models and geophysical methods. A laboratory method was used to quantify the fluid contents of 146 core sections retrieved from boreholes aligned along a 120-m longitudinal transect at a crude-oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota, U.S.A. The 47-mm-diameter, minimally disturbed cores spanned a 4-m vertical interval contaminated by oil. Cores were frozen on site in a dry ice-alcohol bath to prevent redistribution and loss of fluids while sectioning the cores. We gravimetrically determined oil and water contents using a two-step method: (1) samples were slurried and the oil was removed by absorption onto strips of hydrophobic porous polyethylene (PPE); and (2) the samples were oven-dried to remove the water. The resulting data show sharp vertical gradients in the water and oil contents and a clearly defined oil body. The subsurface distribution is complex and appears to be influenced by sediment heterogeneities and water-table fluctuations. The center of the oil body has depressed the water-saturated zone boundary, and the oil is migrating laterally within the capillary fringe. The oil contents are as high as 0.3cm3cm−3, which indicates that oil is probably still mobile 10 years after the spill occurred. The thickness of oil measured in wells suggests that accumulated thickness in wells is a poor indicator of the actual distribution of oil in the subsurface. Several possible sources of error are identified with the field and laboratory methods. An error analysis indicates that adsorption of water and sediment into the PPE adds as much as 4% to the measured oil masses and that uncertainties in the calculated sample volume and the assumed oil density introduce an additional ±3% error when the masses are converted to fluid contents.
Hydrothermal experiments were conducted to measure the effects of K availability, Na/K ratio and ionic strength in chloride solutions on the rate and extent of the reaction of smectite to interstratified illite/smectite. The < 2 μm fraction of a bentonite was treated hydrothermally at temperatures of 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450°C for run times of up to 30 days in the presence of 0.33, 0.66 and 1.00 equivalents of K per O10(OH)2. The effect of K-content on reaction progress is dramatic at low (0.33 eq.) K concentrations, but diminishes above a concentration of 0.66 equivalents. The effect of K-content is also more important at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. Addition of K above that required to satisfy the cation exchange capacity of the smectite reduced the amount of chlorite byproduct and produced authigenic K-feldspar at the highest K-concentration.
Similar experiments were run using Na/K equivalent ratios of 0 to 25 and total solution molalities of 0 to 3.75 molal. Because these experiments were small fixed-volume experiments, it was necessary to vary two of the three key variables (K-content, Na/K ratio, ionic strength simultaneously. The data suggest, however, that K-content has a much stronger effect than either Na/K ratio or ionic strength on illitization reaction progress.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-1317(92)90032-I","usgsCitation":"Whitney, G., 1992, Dioctahedral smectite reactions at elevated temperatures: Effects of K-availability, Na/K ratio and ionic strength: Applied Clay Science, v. 7, no. 1-3, p. 97-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1317(92)90032-I.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01a5e4b0c8380cd4fcb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitney, Gene","contributorId":27049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"Gene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017060,"text":"70017060 - 1992 - The structure, dynamics, and chemical composition of noneruptive plumes from Mount St. Helens, 1980-1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70017060","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The structure, dynamics, and chemical composition of noneruptive plumes from Mount St. Helens, 1980-1988","docAbstract":"From May 1980 to September 1988, more than 1000 fixed-wing aircraft flights were made with a correlation spectrometer to measure the sulfur dioxide flux from Mount St. Helens volcano. These flights also provided valuable data on the structure and dynamics of noneruptive plumes emanating from Mount St. Helens. During 1980 and part of 1981, an infrared spectrometer was also used to measure carbon dioxide emission rates. At distances up to 25 km from Mount St. Helens, plume widths can range up to 20 km or more, with width/thickness ratios from 3 to about 30. Maximum sulfur dioxide concentrations in these plumes depend on wind speed and are typically under 5 ppm and usually 1 ppm or less. Close examination of the plume data reveals that the characteristics of quiescent plumes from Mount St. Helens are strongly affected by certain meteorological conditions such as thermal and wind stratification in the troposphere, as well as by the topography of the volcano. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"McGee, K., 1992, The structure, dynamics, and chemical composition of noneruptive plumes from Mount St. Helens, 1980-1988: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 51, no. 3, p. 269-282.","startPage":"269","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb09ce4b08c986b324f82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017069,"text":"70017069 - 1992 - Geothermal gas compositions in yellowstone National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70017069","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geothermal gas compositions in yellowstone National Park, USA","docAbstract":"Gas samples collected between 1974 and 1986 have been analysed for the ten major components. Samples have been collected almost exclusively from the tops of pools, which has degraded the value of the data, and limited inter-comparisons to the relatively insoluble components, Ar, N2, CH4, H2 and He. A general gas distribution pattern in the park, in terms of these components, shows the major heat source(s) to underlie the Gibbon and Mud Volcano areas with all other geothermal areas having gas compositions consistent with a general north-south water flow. Shoshone Basin gases show a large range of compositions and these are analysed in detail. The patterns conform to that which would be expected from an east-west flow or fluid with progressive boiling and subsequent dilution. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Sheppard, D., Truesdell, A., and Janik, C.J., 1992, Geothermal gas compositions in yellowstone National Park, USA: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 51, no. 1-2, p. 79-93.","startPage":"79","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28cee4b0c8380cd5a420","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheppard, D.S.","contributorId":22494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheppard","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":375304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017091,"text":"70017091 - 1992 - Sr-Isotope record of Quaternary marine terraces on the California coast and off Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T13:53:10","indexId":"70017091","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sr-Isotope record of Quaternary marine terraces on the California coast and off Hawaii","docAbstract":"Strontium-isotopic ratios of dated corals have been obtained from submerged reefs formed during Quaternary glacial periods off the Hawaiian islands. These data, combined with data from deep-sea sediments, tightly constrain the secular variation of marine 87Sr 86Sr for the past 800,000 yr. Although long-term trends are apparent, no significant (>0.02???), rapid (<100,000 yr) excursions in 87Sr 86Sr were resolved nor did we observe any samples with 87Sr 86Sr greater than that of modern seawater. Strontium in mollusks from elevated marine terraces formed during interglacial periods on the southern California coast show resolvable and consistent variations in 87Sr 86Sr which, when compared to the trend of Quaternary marine 87Sr 86Sr, can be used to infer uplift rates and define approximate ages for the higher terraces. The Sr-isotope age estimates indicate that uplift rates vary among crustal blocks and were not necessarily constant with time. No contrast in Sr-isotopic ratios between similar-age Hawaiian and California fossils was observed, confirming that any change in marine 87Sr 86Sr from glacial to interglacial periods must be small. A realistic appraisal of the potential of Sr-isotope stratigraphy for chronometric applications in the Quaternary suggests that the technique will be limited to relatively coarse distinctions in age. ?? 1992.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(92)90066-R","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., Muhs, D., Simmons, K.R., and Moore, J., 1992, Sr-Isotope record of Quaternary marine terraces on the California coast and off Hawaii: Quaternary Research, v. 37, no. 3, p. 267-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90066-R.","startPage":"267","endPage":"280","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266478,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90066-R"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9642e4b08c986b31b3d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simmons, K. R.","contributorId":68771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017093,"text":"70017093 - 1992 - The dynamic relationship between ground water and the Columbia River: Using deuterium and oxygen-18 as tracers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:48:32.42053","indexId":"70017093","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The dynamic relationship between ground water and the Columbia River: Using deuterium and oxygen-18 as tracers","docAbstract":"Deuterium and oxygen-18 were used as natural tracers to investigate the hydraulic relationship between the Columbia River and the Blue Lake gravel aquifer near Portland, Oregon. A time series of stable-isotope data collected from surface and ground waters during a March 1990 aquifer test confirms that the river and aquifer are hydraulically connected. Calculations based on simple mixing show that the river contributed 40–50% of the yield of three wells after 5–6 days of pumping. Data collected during August 1990, show that the river contributed 65–80% of the yield of one well after 22 days of pumping and indicate that the contribution of the river was still increasing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(92)90078-A","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., McFarland, W.D., Wilkinson, J., and White, L.D., 1992, The dynamic relationship between ground water and the Columbia River: Using deuterium and oxygen-18 as tracers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 135, no. 1-4, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90078-A.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baae7e4b08c986b322ab5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McFarland, W. D.","contributorId":57099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilkinson, J.M.","contributorId":12068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkinson","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, L. D.","contributorId":14330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017096,"text":"70017096 - 1992 - Ground water chemistry and geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions at the Osamu Utsumi mine and the Morro do Ferro analogue study sites, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-08T17:42:40","indexId":"70017096","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water chemistry and geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions at the Osamu Utsumi mine and the Morro do Ferro analogue study sites, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil","docAbstract":"Surface and ground waters, collected over a period of three years from the Osamu Utsumi uranium mine and the Morro do Ferro thorium/rare-earth element (Th/REE) deposits, were analyzed and interpreted to identify the major hydrogeochemical processes. These results provided information on the current geochemical evolution of ground waters for two study sites within the Poços de Caldas Natural Analogue Project.
\nThe ground waters are a K–Fe–SO4–F type, a highly unusual composition related to intense weathering of a hydrothermally altered and mineralized complex of phonolites. Tritium and stable isotope data indicate that ground waters are of meteoric origin and are not affected significantly by evaporation or water–rock interactions. Recharging ground waters at both study sites demonstrate water of less than about 35 years in age, whereas deeper, more evolved ground waters are below 1 TU but still contain in most cases detectable tritium. These deeper ground waters may be interpreted as being of 35 to 60 or more years in age, resulting mainly from an admixture of younger with older ground waters and/or indicating the influence of subsurface produced tritium.
\nGeochemical processes involving water–rock–gas interactions have been modeled using ground water compositions, mineralogic data, ion plots and computations of speciation, non-thermodynamic mass balance and thermodynamic mass transfer. The geochemical reaction models can reproduce the water chemistry and mineral occurrences and they were validated by comparing the results of thermodynamic mass transfer calculations (using the PHREEQE program, Parkhurst et al., 1980). The results from the geochemical reaction models reveal that the dominant processes are production of CO2 in the soil zone through aerobic decay of organic matter, dissolution of fluorite, calcite, K-feldspar, albite, chlorite and manganese oxides, oxidation of pyrite and sphalerite, and precipitation of ferric oxides, silica and kaolinite. Gibbsite precipitation can be modeled for the shallow (recharge) water chemistry at Morro do Ferro, consistent with known mineralogy. Recharge waters are undersaturated with respect to barite and discharging waters and deeper ground waters are saturated to supersaturated with respect to barite demonstrating a strong solubility control. Strontium isotope data demonstrate that sources other than calcium-bearing minerals are required to account for the dissolved strontium in the ground waters. These may include K-feldspar, smectite–chlorite mixed-layer clays and goyazite [SrAl3(PO4)2 (OH)5 • H2O].
\n1992.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-444-89934-7.50011-6","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., McNutt, R., Puigdomenech, I., Smellie, J.A., and Wolf, M., 1992, Ground water chemistry and geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions at the Osamu Utsumi mine and the Morro do Ferro analogue study sites, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 45, no. 1-3, p. 249-287, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-89934-7.50011-6.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"287","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2aaae4b0c8380cd5b371","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNutt, R.H.","contributorId":53097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puigdomenech, I.","contributorId":85337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puigdomenech","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smellie, John A.T.","contributorId":26437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smellie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wolf, M.","contributorId":43504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017105,"text":"70017105 - 1992 - Evidence for the reversal of gradients in the uppermost parts of silicic magma reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-23T01:08:35.813254","indexId":"70017105","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for the reversal of gradients in the uppermost parts of silicic magma reservoirs","docAbstract":"Evidence from large-volume ignimbrites indicates that the source-magma reservoirs for most of these voluminous silicic pyroclastic deposits contained monotonic vertical chemical gradients at the time of eruption. However, gradients from a large-volume magma reservoir that produced a group of penecontemporaneous silicic lava domes, but no ignimbrite, show a reversal of the usual ignimbrite pattern. This reversal originated by modification of the usual pattern through minor assimilation of partially melted roof rocks. Eruptions that produced these domes apparently just tapped the uppermost part of their source reservoir. They thereby provide a high-resolution instantaneous view of this variably contaminated part of the magma system. Although not yet reported in the literature, similar reversals should be recorded in other groups of penecontemporaneous silicic domes and perhaps also in the lowermost parts of ignimbrites or in their underlying coeruptive Plinian deposits. The long-standing paradigm for monotonic zoning in large-volume reservoirs of silicic magma may require modification.
Lead isotopes from Fe and Mn oxides that coat stream pebbles from around the Mount Emmons porphyry molybdenum deposit in Colorado were studied to assess the feasibility of using Pb isotopes to detect concealed mineral deposits. The Fe/Mn oxide coatings were analyzed to determine their elemental concentrations using ICP-AES. The Pb isotope compositions of solutions from a selected suite of samples were measured, using both thermal ionization and ICP mass spectrometry, to compare results determined by the two analytical methods. Heavy mineral concentrates from the same sites were also analyzed to compare the Pb isotope compositions of the Fe/Mn coatings with those found in panned concentrates.
The Fe/Mn and206Pb/204Pb ratios of the oxide coatings are related to the lithology of the host rocks; Fe/Mn oxide coatings on pebbles of black shale have higher Fe/Mn values than do the coatings on either sandstone or igneous rocks. The shale host rocks have a more radiogenic signature (e.g. higher206Pb/204Pb) than the sandstone or igneous host rocks.
The Pb isotope data from sandstone and igneous hosts can detect concealed mineralized rock on both a regional and local scale, even though there are contributions from: (1) metals from the main-stage molybdenite ore deposit; (2) metals from the phyllic alteration zone which has a more radiogenic Pb isotope signature reflecting hydrothermal leaching of Pb from the Mancos Shale; (3) Pb-rich base metal veins with a highly variable Pb isotope signature; and (4) sedimentary country rocks which have a more radiogenic Pb isotope signature. An investigation of within-stream variation shows that the Pb isotope signature of the molybdenite ore zone is retained in the Fe/Mn oxide coatings and is not camouflaged by contributions from Pb-rich base-metal veins that crop out upstream. In another traverse, the Pb isotope data from Fe/Mn oxide coatings reflect a complex mixing of Pb from the molybdenite ore zone and its hornfels margin, Pb-rich base-metal veins, and sedimentary country rocks.
Stream-sediment anomalies detected using oxalic acid leaches can be evaluated using Pb isotope analysesof selected geochemical anomalies. Such an evaluation procedure, given regional target Pb isotope signatures for concealed mineralization, can greatly reduce the cost of exploration for undiscovered ore deposits concealed beneath barren overburden.
Lead isotope measurements on aliquots of the same solutions showed that ICP-MS determinations are of low precision and vary non-systematically when compared with the Pb isotope values of the higher precision thermal ionization method. These variations and lower precision of the ICP-MS measurements are attributed to matrix effects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(92)90067-D","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Gulson, B., Church, S.E., Mizon, K., and Meier, A.L., 1992, Lead isotopes in iron and manganese oxide coatings and their use as an exploration guide for concealed mineralization: Applied Geochemistry, v. 7, no. 6, p. 495-511, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(92)90067-D.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"495","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413043,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.71820604596799,\n 37.2040459957462\n ],\n [\n -106.34616652938556,\n 37.2040459957462\n ],\n [\n -106.34616652938556,\n 38.62482155880576\n ],\n [\n -108.71820604596799,\n 38.62482155880576\n ],\n [\n -108.71820604596799,\n 37.2040459957462\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45c4e4b0c8380cd674b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gulson, B.L.","contributorId":89668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulson","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mizon, K.J.","contributorId":34658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mizon","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meier, A. L.","contributorId":81480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017142,"text":"70017142 - 1992 - Study of salt transport processes in Delaware Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70017142","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Study of salt transport processes in Delaware Bay","docAbstract":"The study described here is a subset of a broader climate-related study, and is focused primarily on salinity intrusion into Delaware Bay and River. Given changes in freshwater discharge into the Delaware River as determined from the larger study, and given probable sea level rise estimates, the purpose here is to calculate the distribution of salinity within Delaware Bay and River. The approach adopted for this study is composed of two parts: an analysis of existing physical data in order to derive a basic understanding of the salt dynamics, and numerical simulation of future conditions based on this analysis. There are two important constraints in the model used: it must resolve the spatial scales important to the salt dynamics, and it must be sufficiently efficient to allow extensive sensitivity studies. This has led to the development of a 3D model that uses harmonic decomposition in time and irregular finite elements in space. All nonlinear terms are retained in the governing equations, including quadratic bottom stress, advection, and wave transport (continuity nonlinearity). These equations are coupled to the advection-diffusion equation for salt so that density gradient forcing is included in the momentum equations. Although this study is still in progress, the model has reproduced sea level variations and the 3D structure of tidal and residual currents very well. In addition, the study has addressed the effects of a 1-meter rise in mean sea level on hydrodynamics of the study area. Current work is focused on salt dynamics.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling","conferenceDate":"13 November 1992 through 15 November 1992","conferenceLocation":"Tampa, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872628612","usgsCitation":"Walters, R., 1992, Study of salt transport processes in Delaware Bay, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling, Tampa, FL, USA, 13 November 1992 through 15 November 1992, p. 240-251.","startPage":"240","endPage":"251","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cdbe4b08c986b31d4e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, Roy","contributorId":42364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Roy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017150,"text":"70017150 - 1992 - Energy budgets and resistances to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T16:53:42.972072","indexId":"70017150","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":681,"text":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energy budgets and resistances to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland","docAbstract":"Partitioning available energy between plants and bare soil in sparsely vegetated rangelands will allow hydrologists and others to gain a greater understanding of water use by native vegetation, especially phreatophytes. Standard methods of conducting energy budget studies result in measurements of latent and sensible heat fluxes above the plant canopy which therefore include the energy fluxes from both the canopy and the soil. One-dimensional theoretical numerical models have been proposed recently for the partitioning of energy in sparse crops. Bowen ratio and other micrometeorological data collected over phreatophytes growing in areas of shallow ground water in central Nevada were used to evaluate the feasibility of using these models, which are based on surface and within-canopy aerodynamic resistances, to determine heat and water vapor transport in sparsely vegetated rangelands. The models appear to provide reasonably good estimates of sensible heat flux from the soil and latent heat flux from the canopy. Estimates of latent heat flux from the soil were less satisfactory. Sensible heat flux from the canopy was not well predicted by the present resistance formulations. Also, estimates of total above-canopy fluxes were not satisfactory when using a single value for above-canopy bulk aerodynamic resistance.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0168-1923(92)90039-7","usgsCitation":"Nichols, W., 1992, Energy budgets and resistances to energy transport in sparsely vegetated rangeland: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 60, no. 3-4, p. 221-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)90039-7.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"247","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0946e4b0c8380cd51e53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, William D.","contributorId":98296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017165,"text":"70017165 - 1992 - Electromagnetic methods for mapping freshwater lenses on Micronesian atoll islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T16:44:34.998388","indexId":"70017165","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electromagnetic methods for mapping freshwater lenses on Micronesian atoll islands","docAbstract":"Chemical and isotopic analyses of thermal and nonthermal waters and of gases from springs and fumaroles are used to evaluate the geothermal potential of the Tecuamburro Volcano region, Guatemala. Chemically distinct geothermal surface manifestations generally occur in separate hydrogeologic areas within this 400 km2 region: low-pressure fumaroles with temperatures near local boiling occur at 1470 m elevation in a sulfur mine near the summit of Tecuamburro Volcano; non-boiling acid-sulfate hot springs and mud pots are restricted to the Laguna Ixpaco area, about 5 km NNW of the sulfur mine and 350–400 m lower in elevation; steam-heated and thermal-meteoric waters are found on the flanks of Tecuamburro Volcano and several kilometers to the north in the andesitic highland, where the Infernitos fumarole (97°C at 1180 m) is the primary feature; neutral-chloride hot springs discharge along Rio Los Esclavos, principally near Colmenares at 490 m elevation, about 8–10 km SE of Infernitos. Maximum geothermometer temperatures calculated from Colmenares neutral-chloride spring compositions are ~
Mineral assemblage solubilities were measured in cold-seal pressure vessels as a function of pressure, temperature, and potassium chloride concentration in order to determine the nature and thermodynamic properties of iron-chloride complexes under hydrothermal conditions. The assemblage pyritepyrrhotite-magnetite was used to buffer
Changes in iron concentrations as a function of KCl concentration, in conjunction with charge balance, mass action, and mass balance constraints on the system, place constraints on the stoichiometry of the important iron-chloride complexes under each of the experimental conditions. Using least-squared linear regression fits to determine these slopes, the calculations yield values for the average ligand numbers that are in the range 1.2-1.9, with uncertainties ranging from ±0.1-0.6 at the several PT conditions considered. The slopes of the regressed fits to the data suggest that both FeCl+ and FeCl20 are important in the experimental fluids, with FeCl20 becoming dominant at the higher temperatures. Theoretical calculations, however, indicate that FeCl+ does not contribute significantly to the solubility. Because of the large uncertainties associated with some of the calculated average ligand numbers, we base our data analysis on the theoretical calculations. A statistical analysis is applied to the solubility data in order to determine the values and uncertainties of the dissociation constant for FeCl20 that best fit the data at each of the experimental pressures and temperatures. The calculated stability of FeCl20 increases with increasing temperature and total chloride concentration, and with decreasing pressure. The values of the dissociation constant of FeCl20that are calculated in this study are in moderately good agreement with FeCl20dissociation constants from other studies of iron-chloride complexing in supercritical fluids. Differences are likely due to different assumptions made concerning activity coefficients of aqueous species. Log kd values for full dissociation of FeCl20 at 0.5 kbar—300°C—and at 1 kbar—400, 500, and 600°C, respectively—are −3.75 ± 0.40, −6.25 ± 0.10, −9.19 ± 0.44, and −13.29 ± 0.09.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(92)90296-U","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Fein, J., Hemley, J., d’Angelo, W.M., Komninou, A., and Sverjensky, D., 1992, Experimental study of iron-chloride complexing in hydrothermal fluids: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, no. 8, p. 3179-3190, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90296-U.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"3179","endPage":"3190","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224584,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0de6e4b0c8380cd53242","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fein, J.B.","contributorId":97257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fein","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemley, J.J.","contributorId":59556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemley","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"d’Angelo, W. M.","contributorId":55027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"d’Angelo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Komninou, A.","contributorId":59959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komninou","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sverjensky, D.A.","contributorId":84913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sverjensky","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017229,"text":"70017229 - 1992 - A model for the assessment of aquifer contamination potential based on regional geologic framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:49","indexId":"70017229","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for the assessment of aquifer contamination potential based on regional geologic framework","docAbstract":"The texture and three-dimensional framework of geologic materials should be considered in assessments of groundwater's vulnerability to contamination because geology controls the movement of contaminants and groundwater and influences groundwater quality. Contaminants are introduced into, transmitted through, and stored by geologic materials. We present a model that identifies aquifers and ranks sequences of geologic materials by their relative potential for transmitting water and contaminants from land surface. With this basis, the model can be used to assess the potential for contamination of aquifers by surface activities such as landfitling of wastes or application of agricultural chemicals. A regional map of aquifer contamination potential can be generated from the model; it retains the geologic map information intact and available for reinterpretation or other uses. The model was developed using broad, regional map information and is intended to be a general tool for assessing the regional vulnerability of aquifers to contamination. It is not intended for local, site-specific use, but for prioritizing local areas where contamination potential and/or land-use history warrant more detailed assessment or monitoring. Because it provides a regional view of contamination potential, regional patterns or trends of map units should be evaluated, rather than using the map information literally to assess local areas. Methods of applying this model and contamination potential map to groundwater protection and management are currently being studied; research includes an attempt to statistically validate the model with water-quality data, and to identify natural groupings of the ranked contamination potential map units. ?? 1992 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01704087","issn":"01775146","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., and Berg, R.C., 1992, A model for the assessment of aquifer contamination potential based on regional geologic framework: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 19, no. 3, p. 205-213, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01704087.","startPage":"205","endPage":"213","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205520,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01704087"},{"id":224638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e47ce4b0c8380cd46663","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, D. R.","contributorId":25923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berg, R. C.","contributorId":11673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017230,"text":"70017230 - 1992 - Interference fringes on GLORIA side-scan sonar images from the Bering Sea and their implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70017230","displayToPublicDate":"1992-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2668,"text":"Marine Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interference fringes on GLORIA side-scan sonar images from the Bering Sea and their implications","docAbstract":"GLORIA side-scan sonographs from the Bering Sea Basin show a complex pattern of interference fringes sub-parallel to the ship's track. Surveys along the same trackline made in 1986 and 1987 show nearly identical patterns. It is concluded from this that the interference patterns are caused by features in the shallow subsurface rather than in the water column. The fringes are interpreted as a thin-layer interference effect that occurs when some of the sound reaching the seafloor passes through it and is reflected off a subsurface layer. The backscattered sound interferes (constructively or desctructively) with the reflected sound. Constructive/destructive interference occurs when the difference in the length of the two soundpaths is a whole/half multiple of GLORIA's 25 cm wavelength. Thus as range from the ship increases, sound moves in and out of phase causing bands of greater and lesser intensity on the GLORIA sonograph. Fluctuations (or 'wiggles') of the fringes on the GLORIA sonographs relate to changes in layer thickness. In principle, a simple three dimensional image of the subsurface layer may be obtained using GLORIA and bathymetric data from adjacent (parallel) ship's tracks. These patterns have also been identified in images from two other systems; SeaMARC II (12 kHz) long-range sonar, and TOBI (30 kHz) deep-towed sonar. In these, and other cases world-wide, the fringes do not appear with the same persistence as those seen in the Bering Sea. ?? 1992 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geophysical Researches","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01674065","issn":"00253235","usgsCitation":"Huggett, Q., Cooper, A.K., Somers, M.L., and Stubbs, A., 1992, Interference fringes on GLORIA side-scan sonar images from the Bering Sea and their implications: Marine Geophysical Research, v. 14, no. 1, p. 47-63, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01674065.","startPage":"47","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205528,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01674065"},{"id":224685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cfae4b0c8380cd631d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huggett, Q.J.","contributorId":89155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huggett","given":"Q.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, A. K.","contributorId":50149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Somers, M. L.","contributorId":79108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Somers","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stubbs, A.R.","contributorId":103802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stubbs","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}