Simulation of transport affected by heterogeneous or homogeneous reversible reactions requires a choice between local equilibrium-based and kinetics-based models. The error associated with the use of equilibrium-based models is equivalent to the error of neglecting certain mathematical terms in the governing kinetics-based transport equations. Identification and evaluation of these kinetically influenced terms can therefore aid in the development of criteria for applicability of local equilibrium- based transport models. This paper extends a four-step derivation procedure, previously presented for cases of transport affected by surface reactions, to transport problems involving homogeneous reactions (solution phase complex formation or oxidation-reduction) and/or precipitation-dissolution reactions. Derivations for these classes of reactions are used to illustrate the manner in which mathematical differences between reaction classes are reflected in the mathematical derivation procedures required to identify kinetically influenced terms. Simulation results for a case of transport affected by a single solution phase complexation reaction and for a case of transport affected by a precipitation-dissolution reaction are used to demonstrate the nature of departures from equilibrium-controlled transport as well as the use of kinetically influenced terms in determining criteria for the applicability of the local equilibrium assumption. A final derivation for a multireaction problem demonstrates the application of the generalized procedure to a case of transport affected by reactions of several classes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i001p00021","usgsCitation":"Bahr, J.M., 1990, Kinetically influenced terms for solute transport affected by heterogeneous and homogeneous classical reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 1, p. 21-34, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i001p00021.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a8e4b0c8380cd64f37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bahr, Jean M.","contributorId":69716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016163,"text":"70016163 - 1990 - Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T09:52:24","indexId":"70016163","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment","docAbstract":"Remotely sensed surface temperature and reflectance in the visible and near infrared wavebands along with ancilliary meteorological data provide the capability of computing three of the four surface energy balance components (i.e., net radiation, soil heat flux, and sensible heat flux) at different spatial and temporal scales. As a result, under nonadvective conditions, this enables the estimation of the remaining term (i.e., the latent heat flux). One of the practical applications with this approach is to produce evapotranspiration (ET) maps for agricultural regions which consist of an array of fields containing different crops at varying stages of growth and soil moisture conditions. Such a situation exists in the semiarid southwest at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center, south of Phoenix. For one day (14 June 1987), surface temperature and reflectance measurements from an aircraft 150 m above ground level (agl) were acquired over fields from zero to nearly full cover at four times between 1000 MST and 1130 MST. The diurnal pattern of the surface energy balance was measured over four fields, which included alfalfa at 60% cover, furrowed cotton at 20% and 30% cover, and partially plowed what stubble. Instantaneous and daily values of ET were estimated for a representative area around each flux site with an energy balance model that relies on a reference ET. This reference value was determined with remotely sensed data and several meteorological inputs. The reference ET was adjusted to account for the different surface conditions in the other fields using only remotely sensed variables. A comparison with the flux measurements suggests the model has difficulties with partial canopy conditions, especially related to the estimation of the sensible heat flux. The resulting errors for instantaneous ET were on the order of 100 W m−2 and for daily values of order 2 mm day−1. These findings suggest future research should involve development of methods to account for the variability of meteorological parameters brought about by changes in surface conditions and improvements in the modeling of sensible heat transfer across the surface—atmosphere interface for partial canopy conditions using remote sensing information.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(90)90013-C","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Kustas, W.P., Moran, M.S., Jackson, R.D., Gay, L.W., Duell, L., Kunkel, K.E., and Matthias, A., 1990, Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 32, no. 2-3, p. 125-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(90)90013-C.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c28e4b0c8380cd62b09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, R. D.","contributorId":30758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gay, L. W.","contributorId":53526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gay","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duell, L.F.W.","contributorId":11765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L.F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunkel, K. E.","contributorId":83626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunkel","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Matthias, A.D.","contributorId":36296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthias","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70016160,"text":"70016160 - 1990 - Organic matter in hydrothermal metal ores and hydrothermal fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-01T12:14:55.558732","indexId":"70016160","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic matter in hydrothermal metal ores and hydrothermal fluids","docAbstract":"Massive polymetallic sulfides are currently being deposited around active submarine hydrothermal vents associated with spreading centers. Chemoautolithotrophic bacteria are responsible for the high production of organic matter also associated with modern submarine hydrothermal activity. Thus, there is a significant potential for organic matter/metal interactions in these systems. We have studied modern and ancient hydrothermal metal ores and modern hydrothermal fluids in order to establish the amounts and origin of the organic matter associated with the metal ores. Twenty-six samples from modern and ancient hydrothermal systems were surveyed for their total organic C contents. Organic C values ranged from 0.01% to nearly 4.0% in these samples. Metal ores from modern and ancient sediment-covered hydrothermal systems had higher organic C values than those from modern and ancient hydrothermal systems lacking appreciable sedimentary cover. One massive pyrite sample from the Galapagos spreading center (3% organic C) had stable isotope values of −27.4% (δ13C) and 2.1% (δ15N), similar to those in benthic siphonophors from active vents and distinct from seep sea sedimentary organic matter. This result coupled with other analyses (e.g. 13C NMR, pyrolysis/GC, SEM) of this and other samples suggests that much of the organic matter may originate from chemoautolithotrophic bacteria at the vents. However, the organic matter in hydrothermal metal ores from sediment covered vents probably arises from complex sedimentary organic matter by hydrothermal pyrolysis. The dissolved organic C concentrations of hydrothermal fluids from one site (Juan de Fuca Ridge) were found to be the same as that of background seawater. This result may indicate that dissolved organic C is effectively scavenged from hydrothermal fluids by biological activity or by co-precipitation with metal ores.
The Austrian reconnaissance study of stream-sediment composition — more than 30000 clay-fraction samples collected over an area of 40000 km2 — is summarized in an atlas of regional maps that show the distributions of 35 elements. These maps, rich in information, reveal complicated patterns of element abundance that are difficult to compare on more than a small number of maps at one time. In such a study, multivariate procedures such as simultaneous R-Q mode components analysis may be helpful. They can compress a large number of variables into a much smaller number of independent linear combinations. These composite variables may be mapped and relationships sought between them and geological properties. As an example, R-Q mode components analysis is applied here to the Grazer Paläozoikum, a tectonic unit northeast of the city of Graz, which is composed of diverse lithologies and contains many mineral deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00190384","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Weber, L., and Davis, J., 1990, Multivariate statistical analysis of stream-sediment geochemistry in the Grazer Paläozoikum, Austria: Mineralium Deposita, v. 25, no. 3, p. 213-220, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00190384.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"220","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205312,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190384"},{"id":222891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60bbe4b0c8380cd7164b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, L.","contributorId":64808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016144,"text":"70016144 - 1990 - Disseminated flake graphite and amorphous graphite deposit types. An analysis using grade and tonnage models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016144","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1147,"text":"CIM Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disseminated flake graphite and amorphous graphite deposit types. An analysis using grade and tonnage models","docAbstract":"On the basis of differences derived from genetic, descriptive, and grade-tonnage data, graphite deposits are classified here into three deposit types: disseminated flake, amorphous (microcrystalline), or graphite veins. Descriptive models have been constructed for each of these deposit types, and grade-tonnage models are constructed for disseminated flake and amorphous deposit types. Grade and tonnage data are used also to construct grade-tonnage models that assist in predicting the size and grade of undiscovered graphite deposits. The median tonnage and carbon grade of disseminated flake deposits are 240 000 tonnes and 9% carbon and for amorphous deposits, 130 000 tonnes and 40% carbon. The differences in grade between disseminated flake and amorphous deposit types are statistically significant, whereas the differences in amount of contained carbon are not.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"CIM Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03170926","usgsCitation":"Sutphin, D., and Bliss, J.D., 1990, Disseminated flake graphite and amorphous graphite deposit types. An analysis using grade and tonnage models: CIM Bulletin, v. 83, no. 940, p. 85-89.","startPage":"85","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"940","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0227e4b0c8380cd4fef0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sutphin, David M.","contributorId":53769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016138,"text":"70016138 - 1990 - Determination of total tin in silicate rocks by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70016138","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of total tin in silicate rocks by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry","docAbstract":"A method is described for the determination of total tin in silicate rocks utilizing a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer with a stabilized-temperature platform furnace and Zeeman-effect background correction. The sample is decomposed by lithium metaborate fusion (3 + 1) in graphite crucibles with the melt being dissolved in 7.5% hydrochloric acid. Tin extractions (4 + 1 or 8 + 1) are executed on portions of the acid solutions using a 4% solution of tricotylphosphine oxide in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). Ascorbic acid is added as a reducing agent prior to extraction. A solution of diammonium hydrogenphosphate and magnesium nitrate is used as a matrix modifier in the graphite furnace determination. The limit of detection is > 10 pg, equivalent to > 1 ??g l-1 of tin in the MIBK solution or 0.2-0.3 ??g g-61 in the rock. The concentration range is linear between 2.5 and 500 ??g l-1 tin in solution. The precision, measured as relative standard deviation, is < 20% at the 2.5 ??g l-1 level and < 7% at the 10-30 ??g l-1 level of tin. Excellent agreement with recommended literature values was found when the method was applied to the international silicate rock standards BCR-1, PCC-1, GSP-1, AGV-1, STM-1, JGb-1 and Mica-Fe. Application was made to the determination of tin in geological core samples with total tin concentrations of the order of 1 ??g g-1 or less.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytica Chimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(00)83845-3","issn":"00032670","usgsCitation":"Elsheimer, H., and Fries, T.L., 1990, Determination of total tin in silicate rocks by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 239, no. 1, p. 145-149, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)83845-3.","startPage":"145","endPage":"149","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205298,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)83845-3"},{"id":222780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"239","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffe0e4b0c8380cd4f447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elsheimer, H.N.","contributorId":77523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elsheimer","given":"H.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fries, T. L.","contributorId":12053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fries","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016120,"text":"70016120 - 1990 - Fast algorithm for automatically computing Strahler stream order","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T11:54:33","indexId":"70016120","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fast algorithm for automatically computing Strahler stream order","docAbstract":"An efficient algorithm was developed to determine Strahler stream order for segments of stream networks represented in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The algorithm correctly assigns Strahler stream order in topologically complex situations such as braided streams and multiple drainage outlets. Execution time varies nearly linearly with the number of stream segments in the network. This technique is expected to be particularly useful for studying the topology of dense stream networks derived from digital elevation model data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01432.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Lanfear, K.J., 1990, Fast algorithm for automatically computing Strahler stream order: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 26, no. 6, p. 977-981, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01432.x.","startPage":"977","endPage":"981","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267709,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01432.x"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0efbe4b0c8380cd536e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanfear, Kenneth J.","contributorId":20738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanfear","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016100,"text":"70016100 - 1990 - A new tree-ring date for the \"floating island\" lava flow, Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70016100","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new tree-ring date for the \"floating island\" lava flow, Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"Anomalously narrow and missing rings in trees 12 m from Mount St. Helens' \"floating island\" lava flow, and synchronous growth increases in trees farther from the flow margin, are evidence that this andesitic flow was extruded between late summer 1799 and spring 1800 a.d., within a few months after the eruption of Mount St. Helens' dacitic layer T tephra. For ease of reference, we assign here an 1800 a.d. date to this flow. The new date shows that the start of Mount St. Helens' Goat Rocks eruptive period (1800-1857 a.d.) resembled the recent (1980-1986) activity in both petrochemical trends and timing. In both cases, an initial explosive eruption of dacite was quickly succeeded by the eruption of more mafic lavas; dacite lavas then reappeared during an extended concluding phase of activity. This behavior is consistent with a recently proposed fluid-dynamic model of magma withdrawal from a compositionally zoned magma chamber. ?? 1990 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00301535","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Yamaguchi, D., Hoblitt, R., and Lawrence, D., 1990, A new tree-ring date for the \"floating island\" lava flow, Mount St. Helens, Washington: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 52, no. 7, p. 545-550, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301535.","startPage":"545","endPage":"550","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205330,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301535"},{"id":223044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4bae4b0c8380cd468a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yamaguchi, D.K.","contributorId":26074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamaguchi","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, D.B.","contributorId":33061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016095,"text":"70016095 - 1990 - Thermodynamics of open networks: Ordering and entropy in NaAlSiO4 glass, liquid, and polymorphs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70016095","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3066,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermodynamics of open networks: Ordering and entropy in NaAlSiO4 glass, liquid, and polymorphs","docAbstract":"The thermodynamic properties of carnegieite and NaAlSiO4 glass and liquid have been investigated through Cp determinations from 10 to 1800 K and solution-calorimetry measurements. The relative entropies S298-S0 of carnegieite and NaAlSiO4 glass are 118.7 and 124.8 J/mol K, respectively. The low-high carnegieite transition has been observed at 966 K with an enthalpy of transition of 8.1??0.3 kJ/mol, and the enthalpy of fusion of carnegieite at the congruent melting point of 1799 K is 21.7??3 kJ/mol. These results are consistent with the reported temperature of the nepheline-carnegieite transition and available thermodynamic data for nepheline. The entropy of quenched NaAlSiO4 glass at 0 K is 9.7??2 J/mol K and indicates considerable ordering among AlO4 and SiO4 tetrahedra. In the liquid state, progressive, temperature-induced Si, Al disordering could account for the high configurational heat capacity. Finally, the differences between the entropies and heat capacities of nepheline and carnegieite do not seem to conform to current polyhedral modeling of these properties ?? 1990 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00212206","issn":"03421791","usgsCitation":"Richet, P., Robie, R.A., Rogez, J., Hemingway, B.S., Courtial, P., and Tequi, C., 1990, Thermodynamics of open networks: Ordering and entropy in NaAlSiO4 glass, liquid, and polymorphs: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, v. 17, no. 5, p. 385-394, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00212206.","startPage":"385","endPage":"394","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205324,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212206"},{"id":222990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb282e4b08c986b325851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richet, P.","contributorId":42356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richet","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogez, J.","contributorId":26073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogez","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Courtial, P.","contributorId":82850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courtial","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tequi, C.","contributorId":66852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tequi","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016377,"text":"70016377 - 1990 - Teleseismic tomography of the compressional wave velocity structure beneath the Long Valley region, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T15:42:10.237864","indexId":"70016377","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Teleseismic tomography of the compressional wave velocity structure beneath the Long Valley region, California","docAbstract":"In 1982 and 1984 the U.S. Geological Survey used several seismic networks, totaling over 90 stations, to record teleseismic P waves and measure travel time residuals in an area centered on the Long Valley caldera. We inverted the travel time residuals to obtain a three-dimensional image of the velocity structure with resolution of 5–6 km to depths of 70 km beneath the array. Direct inversion of these data indicates that the 2- to 4-km-thick low-velocity caldera fill contaminates the signal from any midcrustal velocity anomalies beneath the caldera. Thus two methods were used to strip the effects of the upper crust from the travel time residuals: (1) ray tracing through upper crustal velocity models provided by seismic refraction experiments and gravity surveys, and (2) an iterative stripping scheme using the inversion itself. The methods produce essentially identical results and adequately remove the effects of the shallowest crustal structures, including the caldera fill and hydrothermal alteration effects. The resulting “stripped” models show two well-resolved midcrustal low-velocity bodies in the Long Valley region. The first body is centered between 7 and 20 km depth beneath the resurgent dome of the Long Valley caldera and has a volume of 150–600 km3. The second, with a similar volume, is centered between 10 and 20 km depth beneath the Mono Craters, about 10 km north of Long Valley. Velocity contrasts in both of these bodies are about 6–10%, and the features are interpreted as silicic magma chambers. This experiment does not preclude the presence of additional pockets of magma smaller than 5 km across in the upper crust, particularly beneath the resurgent dome of the caldera (which would be removed with the stripping methods). It is likely that the midcrust anomaly beneath the resurgent dome is a remnant of the caldera forming magma chamber. Upper mantle velocities are lower than average beneath Mono Craters and higher than average beneath Long Valley. We tentatively interpret these anomalies as mantle partial melt beneath the Mono Craters and refractory upper mantle residuum beneath Long Valley. The high eruptive rate of the Mono Craters and these upper mantle structures suggest that the focus of volcanism is shifting north from Long Valley to the Mono Craters.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB07p11021","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dawson, P., Evans, J., and Iyer, H.M., 1990, Teleseismic tomography of the compressional wave velocity structure beneath the Long Valley region, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B7, p. 11021-11050, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB07p11021.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"11021","endPage":"11050","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4a5e4b08c986b3204aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iyer, H. M.","contributorId":17997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyer","given":"H.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016083,"text":"70016083 - 1990 - An investigation of spectral change as influenced by irrigation and evapotranspiration volume estimation in western Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:26:43","indexId":"70016083","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An investigation of spectral change as influenced by irrigation and evapotranspiration volume estimation in western Nebraska","docAbstract":"Retrospective satellite image data were evaluated for their ability to demonstrate the influence of center-pivot irrigation development in western Nebraska on spectral change and climate-related factors for the region. Periodic images of an albedo index and a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were generated from calibrated Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data and used to monitor spectral changes associated with irrigation development from 1972 through 1986. The albedo index was not useful for monitoring irrigation development. For the NDVI, it was found that proportions of counties in irrigated agriculture, as discriminated by a threshold, were more highly correlated with reported ground estimates of irrigated agriculture than were county mean greenness values. A similar result was achieved when using coarse resolution Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) image data for estimating irrigated agriculture. The NDVI images were used to evaluate a procedure for making areal estimates of actual evapotranspiration (ET) volumes. Estimates of ET volumes for test counties, using reported ground acreages and corresponding standard crop coefficients, were correlated with the estimates of ET volume using crop coefficients scaled to NDVI values and pixel counts of crop areas. These county estimates were made under the assumption that soil water availability was unlimited. For nonirrigated vegetation, this may result in over-estimation of ET volumes. Ground information regarding crop types and acreages are required to derive the NDVI scaling factor. Potential ET, estimated with the Jensen-Haise model, is common to both methods. These results, achieved with both MSS and AVHRR data, show promise for providing climatologically important land surface information for regional and global climate models. ?? 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00138371","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Seevers, P., Sadowski, F., and Lauer, D.T., 1990, An investigation of spectral change as influenced by irrigation and evapotranspiration volume estimation in western Nebraska: Climatic Change, v. 17, no. 2-3, p. 265-285, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00138371.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"285","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205297,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138371"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea91e4b0c8380cd4894a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seevers, P. M.","contributorId":94325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seevers","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sadowski, F.C.","contributorId":40734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadowski","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lauer, D. T.","contributorId":47907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016081,"text":"70016081 - 1990 - A tomographic glimpse of the upper mantle source of magmas of the Jemez lineament, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:37:00.686039","indexId":"70016081","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A tomographic glimpse of the upper mantle source of magmas of the Jemez lineament, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The 800-km-long Jemez lineament is the most active volcanic feature in the southwestern United States. It is the southeastern tectonic boundary of the Colorado Plateau and crosses the Rio Grande rift at the Jemez Mountains. The primary volcanism of the lineament is basaltic and has occurred in the last 4.5 m.y. To infer spatial distributions of partial melt in the upper mantle source zones for the Rio Grande rift and the Jemez lineament, we investigated the lateral variations of P wave velocity in the upper mantle beneath these features. We used teleseismic P wave delays recorded at a 22-station network to perform a damped least squares, three-dimensional inversion for these lateral variations. Our technique employed velocity interpolation within a three-dimensional grid of points, rather than using blocks of constant P wave velocity. This method allows highly realistic computation of seismic ray paths as well as accurate computation of the matrix elements in our system of equations. Determinations of resolution of results were done in two independent ways, both of which gave consistent estimates of resolution. In our best resolved volume the inversion showed no significant concentration of relative low velocity for P waves beneath the Rio Grande rift. However, directly beneath the Jemez lineament there is a ∼100-km-wide, 1–2% low-velocity feature in the depth range of 50–160 km. Because of the association of the low P wave velocity with the Jemez volcanic lineament but not with the Rio Grande rift, because lowered P wave velocity can be associated with increased partial melt, and because the volume of recent volcanism at the lineament greatly exceeds that at the rift, we infer that a large magmatic source zone exists beneath the Jemez lineament but not beneath the Rio Grande rift. This implies that the volcanic potential of the Jemez lineaments continues to greatly exceed that of the Rio Grande rift. The mantle source zones for volcanics of the Jemez lineament are not overridden by, but rather track, the motion of the North American plate; this implies that these sources are within the lithospheric plate, as is clarified in the discussion. The magmatic source zones of the Jemez lineament are modeled as due to clockwise rotation of the Colorado Plateau about a pole in northeastern Colorado. This rotation caused extension of the lithosphere beneath the Jemez lineament, permitting concentration there of partially melted rock in the upper mantle.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB07p10829","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Spence, W., and Gross, R., 1990, A tomographic glimpse of the upper mantle source of magmas of the Jemez lineament, New Mexico: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B7, p. 10829-10849, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB07p10829.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"10829","endPage":"10849","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222777,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5ffe4b0c8380cd470b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spence, W.","contributorId":7721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gross, R.S.","contributorId":59181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016080,"text":"70016080 - 1990 - Natural sources of greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide emissions from volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:59","indexId":"70016080","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Natural sources of greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide emissions from volcanoes","docAbstract":"Volcanic degassing of carbon dioxide plays an important role in keeping the atmosphere-ocean portion of the carbon geochemical cycle in balance. The atmosphere-ocean carbon deficit requires replenishment of 6??1012 mol CO2/yr, and places an upper limit on the output of carbon dioxide from volcanoes. The CO2 output of the global mid-oceanic ridge system is ca. 0.7??1012 mol/yr, thus supplying only a fraction of the amount needed to balance the carbon deficit. The carbon dioxide flux from subaerial volcanoes is poorly known, but it appears to be at least as large as the mid-oceanic ridge flux. Much (perhaps most) of the CO2 emitted from volcanoes is degassed noneruptively. This mode of degassing may lead to impacts on the environment and biosphere that are fundamentally different in character from those envisioned in published scenarios, which are based on the assumption that CO2 degassing occurs predominantly by eruptive processes. Although the flux of carbon dioxide from volcanoes is poorly constrained at present, it is clearly two orders of magnitude lower than the anthropogenic output of CO2.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"1990 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy","conferenceDate":"20 August 1990 through 24 August 1990","conferenceLocation":"Kailua-Kona, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412677","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., 1990, Natural sources of greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide emissions from volcanoes, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 14, no. pt 1, Kailua-Kona, HI, USA, 20 August 1990 through 24 August 1990, p. 639-641.","startPage":"639","endPage":"641","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a635de4b0c8380cd72467","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, Terrence","contributorId":97252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"Terrence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016071,"text":"70016071 - 1990 - Recent uplift and hydrothermal activity at Tangkuban Parahu volcano, west Java, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70016071","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent uplift and hydrothermal activity at Tangkuban Parahu volcano, west Java, Indonesia","docAbstract":"Tangkuban Parahu is an active stratovolcano located 17 km north of the city of Bandung in the province west Java, Indonesia. All historical eruptive activity at this volcano has been confined to a complex of explosive summit craters. About a dozen eruptions-mostly phreatic events- and 15 other periods of unrest, indicated by earthquakes or increased thermal activity, have been noted since 1829. The last magmatic eruption occurred in 1910. In late 1983, several small phreatic explosions originated from one of the summit craters. More recently, increased hydrothermal and earthquake activity occurred from late 1985 through 1986. Tilt measurements, using a spirit-level technique, have been made every few months since February 1981 in the summit region and along the south and east flanks of the volcano. Measurements made in the summit region indicated uplift since the start of these measurements through at least 1986. From 1981 to 1983, the average tilt rate at the edges of the summit craters was 40-50 microradians per year. After the 1983 phreatic activity, the tilt rate decreased by about a factor of five. Trilateration surveys across the summit craters and on the east flank of the volcano were conducted in 1983 and 1986. Most line length changes measured during this three-year period did not exceed the expected uncertainty of the technique (4 ppm). The lack of measurable horizontal strain across the summit craters seems to contradict the several years of tilt measurements. Using a point source of dilation in an elastic half-space to model tilt measurements, the pressure center at Tangkuban Parahu is located about 1.5 km beneath the southern part of the summit craters. This is beneath the epicentral area of an earthquake swarm that occurred in late 1983. The average rate in the volume of uplift from 1981 to 1983 was 3 million m3 per year; from 1983 to 1986 it averaged about 0.4 million m3 per year. Possible causes for this uplift are increased pressure within a very shallow magma body or heating and expansion of a confined aquifier. ?? 1990 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00680317","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Dvorak, J., Matahelumual, J., Okamura, A., Said, H., Casadevall, T.J., and Mulyadi, D., 1990, Recent uplift and hydrothermal activity at Tangkuban Parahu volcano, west Java, Indonesia: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 53, no. 1, p. 20-28, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00680317.","startPage":"20","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205370,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00680317"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9656e4b0c8380cd81f2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dvorak, J.","contributorId":94042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dvorak","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matahelumual, J.","contributorId":21285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matahelumual","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okamura, A.T.","contributorId":70400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okamura","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Said, H.","contributorId":9775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Said","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mulyadi, D.","contributorId":88495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulyadi","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016070,"text":"70016070 - 1990 - Comparison of Darcian flow in corresponding flat and folded surfaces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-27T11:38:05","indexId":"70016070","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of Darcian flow in corresponding flat and folded surfaces","docAbstract":"Folds of aquifers are rarely accounted for in models of groundwater flow. To account for aquifer folds in groundwater flow models, the equation describing Darcian flow in a general surface is derived. The equation is used to calculate steady state hydraulic head distributions for corresponding folded and flat surfaces. Each flat surface has the same hydraulic conductivity distribution and boundary condition as the corresponding folded surface. The folded surfaces have folds similar to the folds of selected aquifers and have folds that have much larger changes in slope. The largest difference in hydraulic head caused by all folding is only about 0.5% of the largest difference in hydraulic head across each surface. Because of the smaller areal extent and the fact that the effect of a sequence of folds is not cumulative, the minor folds do not generate substantially larger hydraulic head differences than the major folds.
Paleomagnetic results from Cenozoic (62–12 Ma) volcanic rocks of the Cascade arc and adjacent areas indicate that moderate to large clockwise rotations are an important component of the tectonic history of the arc. Two mechanisms of rotation are suggested by the regional pattern of paleomagnetic rotations. The progressive increase in rotation toward the coast in arc and forearc rocks results from distributed dextral shear, which is likely driven by oblique subduction of oceanic plates to the west. Simple shear rotation is accommodated in the upper crust by strike-slip faulting. The right-lateral Mount St. Helens seismic zone may be an active manifestation of this process. Dextral shear probably obscures a subequal contribution to arc and forearc rotation that is driven by intraarc or backarc extension. This rotation is suggested by the average southward increase in continental margin rotations into the region outboard of the Basin and Range. The southward increase in rotation parallels a change in the arc tectonic regime from largely compressional in northern Washington to extensional in Oregon. Concomitant with this change is a southward increase in the volume of eruptive rocks and the number of basaltic vents in the arc. A progressive eastward shift of the arc volcanic front with time in the rotated arc terrane is the result of the westward pivoting of the arc block in front of a zone of extension since Eocene time. Westward migration of bimodal Basin and Range volcanism since at least 16 Ma is tracking westward rotation of the frontal arc block and growth of the Basin and Range in its wake.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p19409","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wells, R., 1990, Paleomagnetic rotations and the Cenozoic tectonics of the Cascade Arc, Washington, Oregon, and California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B12, p. 19409-19417, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19409.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"19409","endPage":"19417","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223446,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7417e4b0c8380cd77428","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, R.E. 0000-0002-7796-0160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":67537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016066,"text":"70016066 - 1990 - Modeling electrostatic and heterogeneity effects on proton dissociation from humic substances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T01:44:16.722603","indexId":"70016066","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling electrostatic and heterogeneity effects on proton dissociation from humic substances","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00081a012","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Tipping, E., Reddy, M., and Hurley, M., 1990, Modeling electrostatic and heterogeneity effects on proton dissociation from humic substances: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 24, no. 11, p. 1700-1705, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00081a012.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1700","endPage":"1705","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bf5e4b0c8380cd6f922","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tipping, E.","contributorId":90880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tipping","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hurley, M.A.","contributorId":7845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurley","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016061,"text":"70016061 - 1990 - Actinide abundances in ordinary chondrites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T14:21:42.373808","indexId":"70016061","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Actinide abundances in ordinary chondrites","docAbstract":"Measurements of 244Pu fission Xe, U, Th, and light REE (LREE) abundances, along with modal petrographic determinations of phosphate abundances, were carried out on equilibrated ordinary chondrites in order to define better the solar system Pu abundance and to determine the degree of variation of actinide and LREE abundances. Our data permit comparison of the directly measured Pu/ U ratio with that determined indirectly as (Pu/Nd) × (Nd/U) assuming that Pu behaves chemically as a LREE. Except for Guareña, and perhaps H chondrites in general, Pu concentrations are similar to that determined previously for St. Séverin, although less precise because of higher trapped Xe contents. Trapped
The Late Cretaceous Chocolate Mountains thrust of southeastern California and southwestern Arizona places a block of Proterozoic and Mesozoic continental crust over the late Mesozoic continental margin oceanic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the regionally distinctive Orocopia Schist. The Chocolate Mountains thrust is interpreted as a thrust (burial, subduction) fault rather than a low-angle normal (exhumation, unroofing, uplift) fault. An important parameter required to understand the tectonic significance of the Chocolate Mountains and related thrusts is their sense of movement. The Chocolate Mountains thrust zone contains sparse to locally abundant mesoscopic asymmetric folds. Fabric relations, supported by regional geologic evidence, indicate that these folds are an integral part of and coeval with the thrust zone. On a lower hemisphere equal-area plot representing the orientation and sense of asymmetry of 80 thrust zone folds from 36 localities, spread over an area 60 by 10 km, Z folds plot northwest of and S folds plot southeast of a northeast-southwest striking vertical plane of overall monoclinic symmetry. The only sense of movement consistent with the collective asymmetry of the thrust zone folds is top to the northeast. Asymmetric microstructures studied at several localities also indicate top to the northeast movement. Paleomagnetic data suggest that the original sense of thrusting, prior to Neogene vertical axis tectonic rotation related to the San Andreas fault system, was northward. The essential point is that movement of the upper plate of the Chocolate Mountains thrust evidently was continentward. Continentward thrusting suggests a tectonic scenario in which an insular or peninsular microcontinental fragment collided with mainland southern California. The suture predicted by this model is elusive; but the Chocolate Mountains thrust and underlying Orocopia Schist themselves may represent the suture, at the present level of exposure. Alternative tectonic models involving subduction of the Orocopia Schist eastward beneath continental southern California circumvent the suture problem but are presently not supported by any direct structural evidence.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p19953","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dillon, J.T., Haxel, G.B., and Tosdal, R., 1990, Structural evidence for northeastward movement on the Chocolate Mountains Thrust, southeasternmost California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B12, p. 19953-19971, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19953.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"19953","endPage":"19971","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223245,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9be4e4b08c986b31d15d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, J. T.","contributorId":72382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haxel, G. B.","contributorId":71503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haxel","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016054,"text":"70016054 - 1990 - An operational earth mapping and monitoring satellite system: a proposal for Landsat 7","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016054","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An operational earth mapping and monitoring satellite system: a proposal for Landsat 7","docAbstract":"The system proposed will monitor the Earth in a systematic and multispectral mode with a resolution of 10 m or better. In addition, it will acquire stereoscopic coverage in a form that permits the automated compilation of topographic data and digital elevation models. Image maps of 1:50 000 or even 1:24 000 scale are expected products, and the topographic data can support contours of 20-m intervals. The system builds on the successful Landsat and SPOT modes of remote sensing. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Colvocoresses, A., 1990, An operational earth mapping and monitoring satellite system: a proposal for Landsat 7: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 56, no. 5, p. 569-571.","startPage":"569","endPage":"571","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eaa3e4b0c8380cd489b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colvocoresses, A. P.","contributorId":82703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvocoresses","given":"A. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016047,"text":"70016047 - 1990 - Peridinialean dinoflagellate plate patterns, labels and homologies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:06:23","indexId":"70016047","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Peridinialean dinoflagellate plate patterns, labels and homologies","docAbstract":"Tabulation patterns for peridinialean dinoflagellate thecae and cysts have been traditionally expressed using a plate labelling system described by C.A. Kofoid in the early 1900's. This system can obscure dinoflagellate plate homologies and has not always been strictly applied. The plate-labelling system presented here introduces new series labels but incorporates key features and ideas from the more recently proposed systems of G.L. Eaton and F.J.R. Taylor, as modified by W.R. Evitt. Plate-series recognition begins with the cingulum (C-series) and proceeds from the cingulum toward the apex for the three series of the epitheca/epicyst and proceeds from the cingulum toward the antapex for the two series of the hypotheca/hypocyst. The epithecal/epicystal model consists of eight plates that touch the anterior margin of the cingulum (E-series: plates E1-E7, ES), seven plates toward the apex that touch the E-series plates (M-series: R, M1-M6), and up to seven plates near the apex that do not touch E-series plates (D-series: Dp-Dv). The hypothecal/hypocystal model consists of eight plates that touch the posterior margin of the cingulum (H-series: H1-H6,HR,HS) and three plates toward the antapex (T1-T3). Epithecal/epicystal tabulation patterns come in both 8- and 7- models, corresponding to eight and seven plates, respectively, in the E-series. Hypothecal/hypocystal tabulation patterns also come in both 8- and 7-models, corresponding to eight and seven plates, respectively, in the H-series. By convention, the 7-model epitheca/epicyst has no plates E1 and M1; the 7-model hypotheca/hypocyst has no plate H6. Within an 8-model or 7-model, the system emphasizes plates that are presumed to be homologous by giving them identical labels. I introduce the adjectives \"monothigmate\", \"dithigmate,\" and \"trithigmate\" to designate plates touching one, two, and three plates, respectively, of the adjacent series. The term \"thigmation\" applies to the analysis of plate contacts between plate series as a guide to interpretation. Application of the proposed plate labelling system involves: (1) locating the cingulum and identifying the plate series, (2) identifying the landmark plates within each series, (3) assigning appropriate plate numbers to plates in the E- and H-series, (4) assigning appropriate plate numbers to the remaining plates using thigmation and interactions of diagonally opposite pairs of plates (quartets) as guides to interpretation. A \"typical\" gonyaulacoid tabulation pattern combines a 7-model epitheca/epicyst and an 8-model hypotheca/hypocyst. A \"typical\" peridinioid tabulation pattern combines an 8-model epitheca/epicyst and a 7-model hypotheca/hypocyst. The group that is presently termed partiform gonyaulacoid (which includes the modern genus Cladopyxis Stein and the fossil Microdinium Cookson and Eisenack) has an 8-model epitheca/epicyst and an 8-model hypotheca/hypocyst.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(90)90079-X","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., 1990, Peridinialean dinoflagellate plate patterns, labels and homologies: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 65, no. 1-4, p. 293-303, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(90)90079-X.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"303","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7692e4b0c8380cd781b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016040,"text":"70016040 - 1990 - Climate factor for small-basin flood frequency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T14:18:18","indexId":"70016040","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate factor for small-basin flood frequency","docAbstract":"A climate factor, CT, (T = 2-, 25-, and 100-year recurrence intervals) that delineates regional trends in small-basin flood frequency was derived using data from 71 long-term rainfall record sites. Values of CT at these sites were developed by a regression analysis that related rainfall-runoff model estimates of T-year floods to a sample set of 50 model calibrations. CT was regionalized via kriging to develop maps depicting its geographic variation for a large part of the United States east of the 105th meridian. Kriged estimates of CT and basin-runoff characteristics were used to compute regionalized T-year floods for 200 small drainage basins. Observed T-year flood estimates also were developed for these sites. Regionalized floods are shown to account for a large percentage of the variability in observed flood estimates with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.89 for 2-year floods to 0.82 for 100-year floods. The relative importance of the factors comprising regionalized flood estimates is evaluated in terms of scale (size of drainage area), basin-runoff characteristics (rainfall-runoff model parameters), and climate (CT).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01395.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Lichty, R., and Karlinger, M., 1990, Climate factor for small-basin flood frequency: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 26, no. 4, p. 577-586, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01395.x.","startPage":"577","endPage":"586","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267740,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01395.x"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f651e4b0c8380cd4c6b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichty, R.W.","contributorId":46987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichty","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, M.R.","contributorId":95039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016034,"text":"70016034 - 1990 - Modern configuration of the southwest Florida carbonate slope: Development by shelf margin progradation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-23T12:25:42.733368","indexId":"70016034","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern configuration of the southwest Florida carbonate slope: Development by shelf margin progradation","docAbstract":"