{"pageNumber":"1415","pageRowStart":"35350","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46730,"records":[{"id":70016646,"text":"70016646 - 1991 - Generation of trondhjemite from partial melting of dacite under granulite facies conditions: An example from the New Jersey Highlands, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-27T13:18:07.377783","indexId":"70016646","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3112,"text":"Precambrian Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generation of trondhjemite from partial melting of dacite under granulite facies conditions: An example from the New Jersey Highlands, USA","docAbstract":"<p>New field and geochemical data place the Losee Metamorphic Suite (a tonalite/trondhjemite complex) of northern New Jersey into the context of a major Proterozoic continental are represented by a discontinuous belt of northern Appalachian metadacite. Samples of Losee rock range from extremely leucocratic trondhjemite locally associated with amphibolite, to banded biotite, hornblende, pyroxene, and garnet-bearing tonalites. The major element and REE composition of the tonalite closely resembles dacite from continental are settings and model melts extracted from an eclogite residue by partial melting at 15 kbar. The REE composition of most Losee trondhjemite is enriched in REE, particularly HREE, compared with Losee tonalite, and is interpreted as the product of local anatectic melting of Losee tonalite (metadacite) that occurred in a granulite facies environment during the Grenville orogeny.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0301-9268(91)90096-S","issn":"03019268","usgsCitation":"Puffer, J., and Volkert, R., 1991, Generation of trondhjemite from partial melting of dacite under granulite facies conditions: An example from the New Jersey Highlands, USA: Precambrian Research, v. 51, no. 1-4, p. 115-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(91)90096-S.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"125","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"northern New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.76337278232924,\n              41.33066313643303\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.76337278232924,\n              40.35319251497154\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.99308133757697,\n              40.35319251497154\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.99308133757697,\n              41.33066313643303\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.76337278232924,\n              41.33066313643303\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1555e4b0c8380cd54d77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puffer, J.H.","contributorId":6918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puffer","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Volkert, R.A.","contributorId":90799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volkert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015034,"text":"70015034 - 1991 - Remote estimation of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in a moderately turbid estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T15:25:06.941279","indexId":"70015034","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote estimation of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in a moderately turbid estuary","docAbstract":"<p><span>Solutions of the radiative transfer equation are used to derive relationships of water reflectance to the diffuse attenuation coefficient (K) in moderately turbid water (K &gt; 0.5 m</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). Data sets collected from the NOAA AVHRR and&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;observations from five different dates confirm the appropriateness of these relationships, in particular the logistic equation. Values of K calculated from the reflectance data agree to within 60% of the observed values, although the reflectance derived using a more comprehensive aerosol correction is sensitive to chlorophyll concentrations greater than 50 μg L</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. Agreement between&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;and remote observations improves as the time interval between samples is narrowed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(91)90088-N","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Stumpf, R.P., and Pennock, J., 1991, Remote estimation of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in a moderately turbid estuary: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 38, no. 3, p. 183-191, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(91)90088-N.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"191","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223799,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6eae4b0c8380cd850f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stumpf, R. P.","contributorId":30649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stumpf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pennock, J.R.","contributorId":92433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pennock","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016390,"text":"70016390 - 1991 - Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:46:31.681606","indexId":"70016390","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow","docAbstract":"<p><span>Changes in groundwater flow were observed near four Experimental Wetland Areas (EWAs) constructed along a reach of the Des Plaines River in northeastern Illinois. These changes were observed during monthly monitoring of groundwater elevation in nested piezometers and shallow observation wells before and after the wetlands were filled with water. A numerical model was calibrated with observed data and used to estimate seepage from the wetlands into the Des Plaines River.</span></p><p><span>After the wetlands became operational, groundwater levels in adjacent wells increased by about 0.5m, while water levels in wells distant from the wetlands decreased. The increase in groundwater levels near the wetlands is a result of seepage from the wetlands. Numerical predictions of seepage from the wetlands are 60–150 m<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;day<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;for two wetlands situated over sand and gravel and less than 1 m<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;day<sup>−1</sup>&nbsp;for two wetlands situated over clayey till. The difference in seepage rates is attributed to two factors. First, the hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel unit is greater than that of the till, and thus there is less mounding and a greater capacity for transmitting water beneath the wetlands overlying this deposit. Secondly, the wetlands located over till are groundwater flow-through ponds, whereas the wetlands over the sand and gravel are primarily groundwater recharge areas.</span></p><p><span>The model was used to estimate that seepage from the wetlands will double groundwater discharge into the Des Plaines River and a tributary relative to pre-operational discharge from the study area. Overall, the wetlands have acted as a constant head boundary, stabilizing groundwater flow patterns.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90161-A","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Hensel, B., and Miller, M., 1991, Effects of wetlands creation on groundwater flow: Journal of Hydrology, v. 126, no. 3-4, p. 293-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90161-A.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"314","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223009,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Des Plaines River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.40451297304003,\n              41.655774271771435\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.40451297304003,\n              41.286983415428296\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.03797076571307,\n              41.286983415428296\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.03797076571307,\n              41.655774271771435\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.40451297304003,\n              41.655774271771435\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0841e4b0c8380cd51a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hensel, B.R.","contributorId":83669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensel","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, M.V.","contributorId":78474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016830,"text":"70016830 - 1991 - Hydrogeologic inferences from drillers' logs and from gravity and resistivity surveys in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-28T17:25:38.892387","indexId":"70016830","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeologic inferences from drillers' logs and from gravity and resistivity surveys in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Amargosa Desert of southern Nevada, in the Basin and Range province, is hydraulically downgradient from Yucca Mountain, the potential site of a repository for high-level nuclear waste. Groundwater flow paths and flow rates beneath the Amargosa Desert are controlled in part by the total saturated thickness and the hydraulic properties of basin-fill alluvial sediments. Drillers' logs of water wells completed in alluvium were analyzed to help characterize the hydrogeologic framework underlying the Amargosa Desert. Fractions of coarse-grained sediments, calculated from each of these logs, were contoured using a universal-kriging routine to interpolate values. Results from a previous electrical sounding survey also were contoured, including the estimated depth to Paleozoic (?) basement rocks. The vertical electric sounding results were obtained from individual depth-to-resistivity profiles, from which the average resistivity of the total profile and the resistivity of the upper 75 m were calculated. The distribution and variations in average resistivity of the total depth correlated reasonably well with the distribution of variations in regional gravity. Patterns of contours of the resistivity of the upper 75 m of alluvium were similar to patterns of regional contours of the predominant cation (sodium) in ground water. Gravity lows correspond in some places to the presence of lacustrine, eolian, or marsh surface deposits, which may function as barriers to groundwater flow. Gravity lows also correspond to areas with thick basin-fill sediments, which was corroborated by depth-to-basement data determined from vertical electric soundings. Depths to Paleozoic (?) basement rocks may be as much as 1600 m based on data from the resistivity survey, which were corroborated in part by seismic-refraction survey data. Small variations exist in the percentage of the basin fill that is saturated. The unsaturated zone is always &lt; 15% of the alluvial column. Analysis of depth-to-water and hydrochemical data, in conjunction with average resistivity data for the upper 75 m of alluvium, suggest a hydrologic barrier near the center of the Amargosa Desert.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(91)90010-F","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Oatfield, W.J., and Czarnecki, J., 1991, Hydrogeologic inferences from drillers' logs and from gravity and resistivity surveys in the Amargosa Desert, southern Nevada: Journal of Hydrology, v. 124, no. 1-2, p. 131-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90010-F.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.66677406563883,\n              36.77913498918501\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.66677406563883,\n              36.35692916698059\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.19501460556401,\n              36.35692916698059\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.19501460556401,\n              36.77913498918501\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.66677406563883,\n              36.77913498918501\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"124","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a33e8e4b0c8380cd5f376","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oatfield, W. J.","contributorId":34531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oatfield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czarnecki, J.B.","contributorId":51768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czarnecki","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015016,"text":"70015016 - 1991 - Pliocene paleoclimatic reconstruction using dinoflagellate cysts: Comparison of methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:51:32.589164","indexId":"70015016","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene paleoclimatic reconstruction using dinoflagellate cysts: Comparison of methods","docAbstract":"<p><span>The application of quantitative and semiquantitative methods to assemblage data from dinoflagellate cysts shows potential for interpreting past environments, both in terms of paleotemperature estimates and in recognizing water masses and circulation patterns.</span></p><p><span>Estimates of winter sea-surface temperature (WSST) were produced by using the&nbsp;<i>Impagidinium</i>&nbsp;Index (II) method, and by applying a winter-temperature transfer function (TF<sub>w</sub>). Estimates of summer sea-surface temperature (SSST) were produced by using a summer-temperature transfer function (TF<sub>s</sub>), two methods based on a temperature-distribution chart (ACT and ACT<sub>po</sub>), and a method based on the ratio of gonyaulacoid:protoperidinioid specimens (G:P).</span></p><p><span>WSST estimates from the II and TF<sub>w</sub>&nbsp;methods are in close agreement except where&nbsp;<i>Impagidinium</i>&nbsp;species are sparse. SSST estimates from TF<sub>s</sub>&nbsp;are more variable. The value of the G:P ratio for the Pliocene data in this paper is limited by the apparent sparsity of protoperidinioids, which results in monotonous SSST estimates of 14–26°C. The ACT methods show two biases for the Pliocene data set: taxonomic substitution may force ‘matches’ yielding incorrect temperature estimates, and the method is highly sensitive to the end-points of species distributions.</span></p><p><span>Dinocyst assemblage data were applied to reconstruct Pliocene sea-surface temperatures between 3.5−2.5 Ma from DSDP Hole 552A, and ODP Holes 646B and 642B, which are presently located beneath cold and cool-temperate waters north of 56°N.</span></p><p><span>Our initial results suggest that at 3.0 Ma, WSSTs were a few degrees C warmer than the present and that there was a somewhat reduced north-south temperature gradient. For all three sites, it is likely that SSSTs were also warmer, but by an unknown, perhaps large, amount. Past oceanic circulation in the North Atlantic was probably different from the present.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(91)90024-O","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., Mudie, P., and de Vernal, A., 1991, Pliocene paleoclimatic reconstruction using dinoflagellate cysts: Comparison of methods: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, no. 2-3, p. 259-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90024-O.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"274","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223578,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c72e4b0c8380cd799b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mudie, P.J.","contributorId":101815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mudie","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Vernal, A.","contributorId":70116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Vernal","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":18560,"text":"ofr91239 - 1991 - Documented historical landslide dams from around the world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-18T17:16:41","indexId":"ofr91239","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-239","title":"Documented historical landslide dams from around the world","docAbstract":"This data compilation consists of dBase IV<sup>1</sup> data files of the location, date, triggering mechanism, kind, size, failure time and mechanism, breach dimensions, subsequent controls, materials, and references for 463 historical landslide dams and associated natural reservoirs that have been recorded throughout the World. The data base presented in this report is a compilation of information on the characteristics of 463 landslide dams from around the World. It forms a basis on which to assess potential threats from existing landslide dams, or newly-formed landslide dams. The data base includes only landslide dams that have formed in historical times - that is, those formed during times when humans were able to record their occurrence, and the information transferred through various means of written and/or oral documentation. There have been far more prehistoric landslide dams about which relatively little is known. None of these is included in this data base. The focus on historical landslide dams allows insights into this natural process that will aid in understanding their role as a significant geologic process in recent Earth history.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Vancouver, WA","doi":"10.3133/ofr91239","usgsCitation":"Costa, J.E., and Schuster, R.L., 1991, Documented historical landslide dams from around the world: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-239, iv, 486 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91239.","productDescription":"iv, 486 p.","numberOfPages":"494","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1080,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/DebrisDams/Publications/OFR91-239/framework.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":151605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_91_239.jpg"},{"id":261701,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180,-90 ], [ -180,90 ], [ 180,90 ], [ 180,-90 ], [ -180,-90 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63612a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Costa, John E.","contributorId":105743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, Robert L.","contributorId":19162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17821,"text":"ofr91320 - 1991 - Volcanologic investigations in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, September-October 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-14T16:45:13.564241","indexId":"ofr91320","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-320","title":"Volcanologic investigations in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, September-October 1990","docAbstract":"<p><span>U.S. Geological Survey volcanologists examined the ten volcanoes in the active Mariana Arc north of Saipan in May 1992, at the request of the Governor and the Disaster Control Office of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). A shallow earthquake swarm on Anatahan in March-April 1990 and reports of possible new fuming on Agrigan in August 1990 had prompted the evacuation of all CNMI islands north of Saipan. None of the volcanoes in the chain erupted during our visit. Five uninhabited islands (Farallon de Pajaros, Maug, Asuncion, Guguan, and Sarigan) were inspected only from the air, while the other four were studied in more detail. The previously installed seismic stations on Anatahan, Alamagan, and South Pagan were upgraded. A new station was established at the southwestern base of the intermittently active Mount Pagan, on the northern end of Pagan Island. Portable seismometers were operated on Anatahan, Alamagan, Pagan, and Agrigan. The seismometers on Anatahan, Alamagan, and Agrigan recorded no local shallow earthquake swarms nor volcanic tremor indicative of shallow magmatic movement. On Mount Pagan, intermittent low-amplitude tremor indicated the continuing possibility of occasional small ash eruptions, which prior to our visit had been witnessed in April 1992. Ash eruptions resumed in February 1993. Electronic distance measurement (EDM) lines were remeasured on Agrigan, Mount Pagan, and Anatahan. Line length changes were generally insignificant, in accord with the absence of significant shallow seismicity. Hot spring waters were collected on Agrigan, Pagan, and Anatahan, and fumarole temperatures were measured on Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, and Anatahan. The temperature data showed no indication of an impending significant change in the state of these volcanoes. We mapped the geology of Alamagan, collected charcoal to date eruptions of Alamagan and Mount Pagan, and collected rocks on Agrigan, Pagan, Alamagan, and Anatahan for petrographic and chemical studies. We conclude that the low shallow seismicity, lack of significant deformation, and low fumarole temperatures suggest that no eruption is likely soon on Agrigan, Alamagan, or Anatahan. The persistent low-level volcanic tremor on Mount Pagan suggests that intermittent small explosive eruptions may continue to occur.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr91320","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., Koyanagi, R.Y., Sako, M., Trusdell, F., Kojima, G., Ellorda, R.L., and Zane, S.K., 1991, Volcanologic investigations in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, September-October 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-320, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91320.","productDescription":"31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403773,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_44955.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":47059,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0320/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0320/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              144.833,\n              16.262\n            ],\n            [\n              146.783,\n              16.262\n            ],\n            [\n              146.783,\n              18.808\n            ],\n            [\n              144.833,\n              18.808\n            ],\n            [\n              144.833,\n              16.262\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd752","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Richard B. rmoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":1464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"rmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":177992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koyanagi, R. Y.","contributorId":35719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sako, M. K.","contributorId":50152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sako","given":"M. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trusdell, F. A.","contributorId":57471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kojima, George","contributorId":53819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kojima","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ellorda, R. 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,{"id":59311,"text":"mf2140D - 1991 - Map showing contours on top of the upper Cretaceous Mowry Shale, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T19:31:26.611978","indexId":"mf2140D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:30:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2140","chapter":"D","title":"Map showing contours on top of the upper Cretaceous Mowry Shale, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana","docAbstract":"<p>This map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies (MF) maps showing computer-generated structure contours, isopachs, and cross sections of selected formations in the Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana. The map and cross sections were constructed from information stored in a U.S. Geological Survey Evolution of Sedimentary Basins data base. This data base contains picks of geologic formation and (or) unit tops and bases determined from electric resistivity and gamma-ray logs of 8,592 wells penetrating Tertiary and older rocks in the Powder River basin. Well completion cards (scout tickets) were reviewed and compared with copies of all logs, and formation or unit contacts determined by N. M. Denson, D.L. Macke, R. R. Schumann and others. This isopach map is based on information from 4,926 of these wells that penetrate the Minnelusa Formation and equivalents.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2140D","usgsCitation":"Crysdale, B., 1991, Map showing contours on top of the upper Cretaceous Mowry Shale, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2140, 1 Plate: 41.56 × 36.00  inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2140D.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.56 × 36.00  inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2140d.jpg"},{"id":406715,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5757.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283684,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2140-D/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.417,\n              42.406\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.057,\n              42.406\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.057,\n              45.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.417,\n              45.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.417,\n              42.406\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6112bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crysdale, B.L.","contributorId":59118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crysdale","given":"B.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":59609,"text":"mf2125B - 1991 - Maps showing industrial mineral resources of the Joplin 1° x 2° quadrangle, Kansas and Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T19:52:09.228529","indexId":"mf2125B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2125","chapter":"B","title":"Maps showing industrial mineral resources of the Joplin 1° x 2° quadrangle, Kansas and Missouri","docAbstract":"<p>This map is part of a folio of maps of the Joplin 1° X 2° quadrangle, Kansas and Missouri prepared under the Conterminuous United States Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP). Other publications in this folio to date include U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2125-A (Erickson and others, 1990). Additional maps showing various geologic aspects of the Joplin quadrangle will be published as U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps bearing this same serial number with different letter suffixes (MF-2125-C, -D, and so on).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The industrial mineral resources of the Joplin 1° X 2° quadrangle are crushed stone, dimension stone, clay and shale, construction sand and gravel (including chat, or chert-rich tailings from metal mines), and asphaltic sandstone. At present only crushed stone, clay and shale, and construction sand and gravel are of economic importance; the remainder are considered hypothetical resources. The value of industrial mineral production during 1987, the most recent year of complete data as supplied by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, was nearly $25,600,000. In terms of finished products such as cement and brick, the value is several times that amount. Figure 1 shows the annual value of industrial mineral production within the quadrangle from 1960 through 1987.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2125B","usgsCitation":"Grisafe, D.A., and Rueff, A.W., 1991, Maps showing industrial mineral resources of the Joplin 1° x 2° quadrangle, Kansas and Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2125, 1 Plate: 28.87 x 39.19 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2125B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 28.87 x 39.19 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390904,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5726.htm"},{"id":283660,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2125-B/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":182324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2125b.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Kansas;Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Joplin 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.0,37.0 ], [ -96.0,38.0 ], [ -94.0,38.0 ], [ -94.0,37.0 ], [ -96.0,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605add","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grisafe, David A.","contributorId":60119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grisafe","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rueff, Ardel W.","contributorId":15109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rueff","given":"Ardel","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":59312,"text":"mf2140C - 1991 - Map showing structure contours on the top of the upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-10T13:37:59","indexId":"mf2140C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2140","chapter":"C","title":"Map showing structure contours on the top of the upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana","docAbstract":"<p>This map is one in a series of U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies (MF) maps showing computer-generated structure contours, isopachs, and cross sections of selected formations in the Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana. The map and cross sections were constructed from information stored in a U.S. Geological Survey Evolution of Sedimentary Basins data base. This data base contains picks of geologic formation and (or) unit tops and bases determined from electric resistivity and gamma-ray logs of 8,592 wells penetrating Tertiary and older rocks in the Powder River basin. Well completion cards (scout tickets) were reviewed and compared with copies of all logs, and formation or unit contacts determined by N. M. Denson, D.L. Macke, R. R. Schumann and others. This isopach map is based on information from 2,429 of these wells that penetrate the Minnelusa Formation and equivalents.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2140C","usgsCitation":"Crysdale, B., 1991, Map showing structure contours on the top of the upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2140, Map: 41.33 x 35.66 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2140C.","productDescription":"Map: 41.33 x 35.66 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2140c.jpg"},{"id":283683,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2140-C/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Montana;Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.0,43.0 ], [ -107.0,45.0 ], [ -104.0,45.0 ], [ -104.0,43.0 ], [ -107.0,43.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2748","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crysdale, B.L.","contributorId":59118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crysdale","given":"B.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":135,"text":"wsp2375 - 1991 - National water summary 1988–89 — Hydrologic events and floods and droughts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T21:39:54.300779","indexId":"wsp2375","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2375","title":"National water summary 1988–89 — Hydrologic events and floods and droughts","docAbstract":"<p>National Water Summary 1988-89 - Hydrologic Events and Floods and Droughts documents the occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands of two types of extreme hydrologic events floods and droughts on the basis of analysis of stream-discharge data. This report details, for the first time, the areal extent of the most notable floods and droughts in each State, portrays their severity in terms of annual peak discharge for floods and annual departure from long-term discharge for droughts for selected stream-gaging stations, and estimates how frequently floods and droughts of such severity can be expected to recur. These two types of extreme hydrologic events are very different in their duration, cause, areal extent, and effect on human activities. Floods are short-term phenomena that typically last only a few hours to a few days and are associated with weather systems that produce unusually large amounts of rain or that cause snow to melt quickly. The large amount of runoff produced causes rivers to overflow their banks and, thus, is highly dangerous to human life and property. In contrast, droughts are long-term phenomena that typically persist for months to a decade or more and are associated with the absence of precipitation producing weather. They affect large geographic areas that can be statewide, regional, or even nationwide in extent. Droughts can cause great economic hardship and even loss of life in developing countries, although the loss of life results almost wholly from diminished water supplies and catastrophic crop failures rather than from the direct and obvious peril to human life that is common to floods. The following discussion is an overview of the three parts of this 1988-89 National Water Summary \"Hydrologic Conditions and Water-Related Events, Water Years 1988-89,\" \"Hydrologic Perspectives on Water Issues,\" and \"State Summaries of Floods and Droughts.\" Background information on sources of atmospheric moisture to the States from a study sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey to enable related information to be presented in each of the State summaries also is given.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2375","usgsCitation":"1991, National water summary 1988–89 — Hydrologic events and floods and droughts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2375, x, 591 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2375.","productDescription":"x, 591 p.","numberOfPages":"604","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science 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W.","contributorId":84729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573845,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1787,"text":"wsp2355B - 1991 - Water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia— Analysis of available ground-water-quality data through 1987","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19206,"text":"ofr8934 - 1989 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia; analysis of available water-quality data through 1987","indexId":"ofr8934","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia; analysis of available water-quality data through 1987"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1787,"text":"wsp2355B - 1991 - Water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia— Analysis of available ground-water-quality data through 1987","indexId":"wsp2355B","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia— Analysis of available ground-water-quality data through 1987"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-30T21:58:23.431659","indexId":"wsp2355B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2355","chapter":"B","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia— Analysis of available ground-water-quality data through 1987","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National water quality assessment - Delmarva Peninsula","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2355B","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, P.A., Shedlock, R.J., and Phillips, P.J., 1991, Water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia— Analysis of available ground-water-quality data through 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2355, viii, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2355B.","productDescription":"viii, 65 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2355b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26924,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2355b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":388246,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25474.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Delmarva Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.4044189453125,\n              36.9806150652861\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.7674560546875,\n              36.9806150652861\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.7674560546875,\n              39.56758783088905\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.4044189453125,\n              39.56758783088905\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.4044189453125,\n              36.9806150652861\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680a2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, P. A.","contributorId":7247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shedlock, Robert J. rjshedlo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Robert","email":"rjshedlo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":144155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, P. J.","contributorId":31728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":4702,"text":"twri06A2 - 1991 - Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14618,"text":"ofr88482 - 1988 - Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","indexId":"ofr88482","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4702,"text":"twri06A2 - 1991 - Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","indexId":"twri06A2","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri06A2","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"06-A2","title":"Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","docAbstract":"Removal of ground water by pumping from aquifers may result in compaction of compressible fine-grained beds that are within or adjacent to the aquifers. Compaction of the sediments and resulting land subsidence may be permanent if the head declines result in vertical stresses beyond the previous maximum stress. The process of permanent compaction is not routinely included in simulations of ground-water flow. To simulate storage changes from both elastic and inelastic compaction, a computer program was written for use with the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground- water flow model. The new program, the Interbed-Storage Package, is designed to be incorporated into this model.\r\nIn the Interbed-Storage Package, elastic compaction or expansion is assumed to be proportional to change in head. The constant of proportionality is the product of the skeletal component of elastic specific storage and the thickness of the sediments. Similarly, inelastic compaction is assumed to be proportional to decline in head. The constant of proportionality is the product of the skeletal component of inelastic specific storage and the thickness of the sediments. Storage changes are incorporated into the ground-water flow model by adding an additional term to the right-hand side of the flow equation. Within a model time step, the package appropriately apportions storage changes between elastic and inelastic components on the basis of the relation of simulated head to the previous minimum (preconsolidation) head.\r\nTwo tests were performed to verify that the package works correctly. The first test compared model-calculated storage and compaction changes to hand-calculated values for a three-dimensional simulation. Model and hand-calculated values were essentially equal. The second test was performed to compare the results of the Interbed-Storage Package with results of the one-dimensional Helm compaction model. This test problem simulated compaction in doubly draining confining beds stressed by head changes in adjacent aquifers. The Interbed-Storage Package and the Helm model computed essentially equal values of compaction.\r\nDocumentation of the Interbed-Storage Package includes data input instructions, flow charts, narratives, and listings for each of the five modules included in the package. The documentation also includes an appendix describing input instructions and a listing of a computer program for time-variant specified-head boundaries. That package was developed to reduce the amount of data input and output associated with one of the Interbed-Storage Package test problems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center,","doi":"10.3133/twri06A2","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Leake, S.A., and Prudic, D.E., 1991, Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 06-A2, vii, 68 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri06A2.","productDescription":"vii, 68 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri6a2/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c08f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4283,"text":"cir1042 - 1991 - Economic effects of western Federal land-use restrictions on U.S. coal markets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:26","indexId":"cir1042","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1042","title":"Economic effects of western Federal land-use restrictions on U.S. coal markets","docAbstract":"Current regulations on land use in the Western United States affect access to surface minable coal resources. This U.S. Geological Survey study analyzes the long-term effects of Federal land-use restrictions on the national cost of meeting future coal demands. The analysis covers 45 years. \r\n\r\nThe U.S. Bureau of Land Management has determined the environmental, aesthetic, and economic values of western Federal coal lands and has set aside certain areas from surface coal mining to protect other valued land uses, including agricultural, environmental, and aesthetic uses. Although there are benefits to preserving natural areas and to developing areas for other land uses, these restrictions produce long-term national and regional costs that have not been estimated previously. \r\n\r\nThe Dynamic Coal Allocation Model integrates coal supply (coal resource tonnage and coal quality by mining cost for 60 coal supply regions) with coal demand (in 243 regions) for the entire United States. The model makes it possible to evaluate the regional economic impacts of coal supply restrictions wherever they might occur in the national coal market. The main factors that the economic methodology considers are (1) coal mining costs, (2) coal transportation costs, (3) coal flue gas desulfurization costs, (4) coal demand, (5) regulations to control sulfur dioxide discharges, and (6) specific reductions in coal availability occurring as a result of land-use restrictions. The modeling system combines these economic factors with coal deposit quantity and quality information--which is derived from the U.S. Geological Survey's National Coal Resources Data System and the U.S. Department of Energy's Demonstrated Reserve Base--to determine a balance between supply and demand so that coal is delivered at minimum cost.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/cir1042","usgsCitation":"Watson, W.D., Medlin, A., Krohn, K., Brookshire, D., and Bernknopf, R., 1991, Economic effects of western Federal land-use restrictions on U.S. coal markets: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1042, vi, 197 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1042.","productDescription":"vi, 197 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1991/1042/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31394,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1991/1042/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625b14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, William Downing","contributorId":90705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Downing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medlin, A.L.","contributorId":28226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medlin","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krohn, K.K.","contributorId":102465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brookshire, D.S.","contributorId":43335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brookshire","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bernknopf, R. L.","contributorId":46082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1815,"text":"wsp2374 - 1991 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19281,"text":"ofr89586 - 1990 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in Virginia","indexId":"ofr89586","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in Virginia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1815,"text":"wsp2374 - 1991 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in Virginia","indexId":"wsp2374","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in Virginia"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp2374","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2374","title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in Virginia","docAbstract":"Streamflow data were collected and low-flow characteristics computed for 715 gaged sites in Virginia Annual minimum average 7-consecutive-day flows range from 0 to 2,195 cubic feet per second for a 2-year recurrence interval and from 0 to 1,423 cubic feet per second for a 10-year recurrence interval. Drainage areas range from 0.17 to 7,320 square miles. Existing and discontinued gaged sites are separated into three types: long-term continuous-record sites, short-term continuous-record sites, and partial-record sites. Low-flow characteristics for long-term continuous-record sites are determined from frequency curves of annual minimum average 7-consecutive-day flows . Low-flow characteristics for short-term continuous-record sites are estimated by relating daily mean base-flow discharge values at a short-term site to concurrent daily mean discharge values at nearby long-term continuous-record sites having similar basin characteristics . Low-flow characteristics for partial-record sites are estimated by relating base-flow measurements to daily mean discharge values at long-term continuous-record sites. \r\n\r\nInformation from the continuous-record sites and partial-record sites in Virginia are used to develop two techniques for estimating low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites. A flow-routing method is developed to estimate low-flow values at ungaged sites on gaged streams. Regional regression equations are developed for estimating low-flow values at ungaged sites on ungaged streams. \r\n\r\nThe flow-routing method consists of transferring low-flow characteristics from a gaged site, either upstream or downstream, to a desired ungaged site. A simple drainage-area proration is used to transfer values when there are no major tributaries between the gaged and ungaged sites. Standard errors of estimate for108 test sites are 19 percent of the mean for estimates of low-flow characteristics having a 2-year recurrence interval and 52 percent of the mean for estimates of low-flow characteristics having a 10-year recurrence interval . A more complex transfer method must be used when major tributaries enter the stream between the gaged and ungaged sites. Twenty-four stream networks are analyzed, and predictions are made for 84 sites. Standard errors of estimate are 15 percent of the mean for estimates of low-flow characteristics having a 2-year recurrence interval and 22 percent of the mean for estimates of low-flow characteristics having a 10-year recurrence interval. \r\n\r\nRegional regression equations were developed for estimating low-flow values at ungaged sites on ungaged streams. The State was divided into eight regions on the basis of physiography and geographic grouping of the residuals computed in regression analyses . Basin characteristics that were significant in the regression analysis were drainage area, rock type, and strip-mined area. Standard errors of prediction range from 60 to139 percent for estimates of low-flow characteristics having a 2-year recurrence interval and 90 percent to 172 percent for estimates of low-flow characteristics having a 10-year recurrence interval.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2374","usgsCitation":"Hayes, D., 1991, Low-flow characteristics of streams in Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2374, v, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2374.","productDescription":"v, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":16,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2374/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137200,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":27010,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2374/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27011,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2374/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Donald C.","contributorId":52945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Donald C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4885,"text":"ds1 - 1991 - National Geochemical Data Base; National Uranium Resource Evaluation data for the conterminous Western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T09:52:48","indexId":"ds1","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1","title":"National Geochemical Data Base; National Uranium Resource Evaluation data for the conterminous Western United States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-file Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ds1","issn":"1088-1018","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, J.D., Gunnells, G.B., and McNeal, J.M., 1991, National Geochemical Data Base; National Uranium Resource Evaluation data for the conterminous Western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 1, 1 computer laser optical disc :col. ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc :col. ;4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,23 ], [ -122,49 ], [ -100,49 ], [ -100,23 ], [ -122,23 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698764","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, J. D.","contributorId":8419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gunnells, Gregory B.","contributorId":36544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunnells","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNeal, James M. jmcneal@usgs.gov","contributorId":2810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNeal","given":"James","email":"jmcneal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":150038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":56,"text":"wsp2380 - 1991 - Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17129,"text":"ofr90108 - 1991 - Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"ofr90108","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":56,"text":"wsp2380 - 1991 - Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2380","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp2380","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2380","title":"Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from 44 wells in the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California, between March and July 1985 to assess the geochemical relations and distribution of major ions and selected trace-element concentrations in ground water of the area. The ground-waterflow system consists of a semiconfined zone and a confined zone separated by a regionally extensive clay bed. \r\n\r\nThe data show that the areal and vertical distribution of ground-water chemistry in the ground-water-flow system has been affected by different agricultural and natural sources of recharge and the source and redox status of the sediments. Tritium and stable-isotope data indicate extensive infiltration of the semiconfined zone by post-1952 irrigation water originating as runoff from the Sierra Nevada. Tritium concentrations greater than 2 tritium units in most samples from the confined zone indicate that the post-1952 water also has infiltrated to wells completed in this zone. Stable-isotope data indicate that ground water from the semiconfined zone, characterized by the enriched oxygen-18 that is indicative of a Coast Ranges source, occurs in many wells in the confined zone. Movement of water from the semiconfined zone to the confined zone likely is taking place by downward flow through the many wells that perforate the confining clay bed. \r\n\r\nTrace-element concentrations in the semiconfined and confined zones generally are similar. In contrast, concentrations were significantly different between ground water from Coast Ranges sediments and ground water from Sierra Nevada sediments in both zones. Ground water from Coast Ranges sediments contains significantly higher concentrations of nitrate, boron, and selenium than water from Sierra Nevada sediments. Ground water from Sierra Nevada sediments was significantly higher in arsenic, molybdenum, and manganese than ground water from Coast Ranges sediments. These differences result from a combination of variable availability of the constituents and redox controls on mobility. \r\n\r\nSelenium, the only priority pollutant to exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's drinking-water standard, equaled or exceeded the standard of 10 micrograms per liter in water from two wells completed in the semiconfined zone and one well in the confined zone. The conservative nature of selenium behavior in the oxidized Coast Ranges deposits is shown by the high correlation (r=0.88) between selenium concentrations and specific conductance in water from these deposits in the semiconfined zone. High selenium concentrations in both zones are spatially related to the location of Coast Ranges streams that have high selenium concentrations and that were historical sources of recharge to the zones. \r\n\r\nPrincipal-component analysis confirmed the association of boron, chromium, lithium, and selenium, and the association of arsenic, iron, manganese, and molybdenum to sediments in the study area. The analysis indicated that the first group is associated with Coast Ranges sediments and the second with Sierra Nevada sediments.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wsp2380","usgsCitation":"Dubrovsky, N.M., Neil, J.M., Welker, M.C., and Evenson, K.D., 1991, Geochemical relations and distribution of selected trace elements in ground water of the northern part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2380, vii, 51 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2380.","productDescription":"vii, 51 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2380/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24691,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2380/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dubrovsky, Neil M. 0000-0001-7786-1149 nmdubrov@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-1149","contributorId":1799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"Neil","email":"nmdubrov@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":141886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neil, John M.","contributorId":13957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neil","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welker, Mary C.","contributorId":98703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welker","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evenson, Kristin D.","contributorId":42943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evenson","given":"Kristin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":4903,"text":"ds2 - 1991 - Geology of Nevada; a digital representation of the 1978 geologic map of Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:06","indexId":"ds2","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2","title":"Geology of Nevada; a digital representation of the 1978 geologic map of Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-file Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ds2","issn":"1088-1018","isbn":"0607624191","usgsCitation":"Turner, R.M., Bawiec, W., and Ambroziak, R.A., 1991, Geology of Nevada; a digital representation of the 1978 geologic map of Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 2, 1 computer laser optical disc ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds2.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc ;4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120,35 ], [ -120,42 ], [ -114.03416666666666,42 ], [ -114.03416666666666,35 ], [ -120,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683b71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, Robert M.","contributorId":96670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bawiec, W.J.","contributorId":71540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bawiec","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ambroziak, Russell A.","contributorId":73585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambroziak","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":60975,"text":"mf1857 - 1991 - Seismicity map of the state of Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":60974,"text":"mf1857_1986 - 1986 - Seismicity map of the state of Idaho","indexId":"mf1857_1986","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Seismicity map of the state of Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":60975,"text":"mf1857 - 1991 - Seismicity map of the state of Idaho","indexId":"mf1857","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Seismicity map of the state of Idaho"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-19T16:01:07","indexId":"mf1857","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1857","title":"Seismicity map of the state of Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>This map is one of a series of seismicity maps produced by the U.S. Geological Survey that show earthquake data of individual states or groups of states at the scale of 1:1,000,000. This map shows only those earthquakes with epicenters located within the boundaries of Idaho, even though earthquakes in nearby states or countries may have been felt or may have caused damage in Idaho.</p>\n<p>The data in table 1 were used to compile the seismicity map; these data are a corrected, expanded, and updated (through 1987) version of the data used by Algermissen (1969) for a study of seismic risk in the United States. The locations and intensities of some earthquakes were revised and intensities were assigned where none had been before. Many earthquakes were added to the original list from new data sources as well as from some old data sources that had not been previously used. The data in table 1 represent earthquake on the basis of historical and current information. Some of the aftershocks from large earthquake are listed, but not all, especially for earthquakes that occurred before seismic instruments were universally used.</p>\n<p>The latitude and longitude coordinates of each epicenter were rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree and sorted so that all identical locations were grouped and counted. These locations are represented on the map by a triangle. The number of earthquakes at each location is shown on the map by the Arabic number to the right of the triangle. A Roman numeral to the left of a triangle is the maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (Wood and Neumann, 1931) of all earthquakes at that geographic location. The absence of an intensity value indicates that no intensities have been assigned to earthquakes at that location. The year shown below each triangle is the latest year for which the maximum intensity was recorded.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1857","usgsCitation":"Stover, C.W., Reagor, B., and Algermissen, S.T., 1991, Seismicity map of the state of Idaho (Revision - 1991): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1857, Report: 25 p.; Plate: 30.29 x 39.23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1857.","productDescription":"Report: 25 p.; Plate: 30.29 x 39.23 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1857.jpg"},{"id":310086,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1857/report.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"10.03 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,{"id":59989,"text":"mf2165 - 1991 - Maps showing hydrostatic levels and general ground-water quality for an area near Conifer, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T19:21:52.551313","indexId":"mf2165","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2165","title":"Maps showing hydrostatic levels and general ground-water quality for an area near Conifer, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>Static water levels (SWL's) were measured in more than one hundred wells in the study area during April-May 1989.&nbsp; The water levels were monitored for 10-15 minutes to determine if they were static.&nbsp; If a given level was found not to be static, the measurement was repeated at a later data when the level was static.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2165","usgsCitation":"Lawrence, E., Wanty, R.B., and Briggs, P.H., 1991, Maps showing hydrostatic levels and general ground-water quality for an area near Conifer, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2165, 1 Plate: 31.31 x 25.92 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2165.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 31.31 x 25.92 inches","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489649,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5794.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":358724,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2165/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182517,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Conifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.36749999999999,39.5 ], [ -105.36749999999999,39.534166666666664 ], [ -105.33333333333333,39.534166666666664 ], [ -105.33333333333333,39.5 ], [ -105.36749999999999,39.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605ad7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawrence, E.P.","contributorId":65129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423 rwanty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","email":"rwanty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":262948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":30973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":55073,"text":"wdrWA901 - 1991 - Water resources data, Washington, water year 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-12T22:15:06.193151","indexId":"wdrWA901","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WA-90-1","title":"Water resources data, Washington, water year 1990","docAbstract":"<p>The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State, local, and other Federal agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Washington each water year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. 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,{"id":58784,"text":"mf1060 - 1991 - Seismicity map of the state of Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T11:15:44","indexId":"mf1060","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1060","title":"Seismicity map of the state of Georgia","docAbstract":"<p>This map is one of a series of seismicity maps produced by the U.S. Geological Survey that show earthquake data of individual states or groups of states at the scale of 1:1,000,000. This maps shows only those earthquakes with epicenters located within the boundaries of Georgia, even though earthquakes in nearby states or countries may have been felt or may have cause damage in Georgia.</p><p> The data in table 1 were used to compile the seismicity map; these data are a corrected, expanded, and updated (through 1987) version of the data used by Algermissen (1969) for a study of seismic risk in the United States. The locations and intensities of some earthquakes were revised and intensities were assigned where none had been before. Many earthquakes were added to the original list from new data sources as well as from some old data sources that has not been previously used. The data in table 1 represent best estimates of the location of the epicenter, magnitude, and intensity of each earthquake on the basis of historical and current information. Some of the aftershocks from large earthquakes are listed, but not all, especially for earthquakes that occurred before seismic instruments were universally used. </p><p>The latitude and longitude coordinates of each epicenter were rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree and sorted so that all identical locations were grouped and counted. These locations are represented on the map by a triangle. The number of earthquakes at each location is shown on the map by the Arabic number to the right of the triangle. A Roman numeral to the left of a triangle is the maximum Modified Mercoili intensity (Wood and Neumann, 1931) of all earthquakes at that geographic location, The absence of an intensity value indicates that no intensities have been assigned to earthquakes at that location. The year shown below each triangle is the latest year for which the maximum intensity was recorded.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1060","usgsCitation":"Reagor, B.G., Stover, C.W., Algermissen, S.T., and Long, L., 1991, Seismicity map of the state of Georgia (Revision - 1991): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1060, 36.03 X 28.23 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1060.","productDescription":"36.03 X 28.23 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1060/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278826,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1060/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"7.10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United 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,{"id":58807,"text":"mf2151 - 1991 - The Use of heavy-mineral concentrate data to show geochemical favorability for zinc-lead-silver and copper-(cobalt) mineral occurrences in the Baird Mountains Quadrangle, northwest Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:14","indexId":"mf2151","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2151","title":"The Use of heavy-mineral concentrate data to show geochemical favorability for zinc-lead-silver and copper-(cobalt) mineral occurrences in the Baird Mountains Quadrangle, northwest Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2151","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R., Bailey, E., Folger, P.F., and Schmidt, J., 1991, The Use of heavy-mineral concentrate data to show geochemical favorability for zinc-lead-silver and copper-(cobalt) mineral occurrences in the Baird Mountains Quadrangle, northwest Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2151, 2 maps on 1 sheet ;44 x 52 cm., sheet 84 x 130 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2151.","productDescription":"2 maps on 1 sheet ;44 x 52 cm., sheet 84 x 130 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105270,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5770.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5770"},{"id":183911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -162,67 ], [ -162,68 ], [ -159,68 ], [ -159,67 ], [ -162,67 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d643","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, E. A.","contributorId":100399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Folger, P. F.","contributorId":57862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmidt, J.M.","contributorId":97916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":61404,"text":"mf2147 - 1991 - Cores from marine geologic features in the western Gulf of Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T07:52:41","indexId":"mf2147","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2147","title":"Cores from marine geologic features in the western Gulf of Maine","docAbstract":"Submerged geologic features located in the western Gulf of Maine between Cape Ann, Massachusetts and New Hampshire (fig. 1), were identified from high-resolution seismic-reflection data collected between 1979 and 1980. The features include the following. (1) A pair of end morained formed during the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet from the Gulf of Maine (Oldale, 1985a). (2) A barrier spit and lagoon complex and (3) a paleodelta, both of which formed during a late Wisconsinan to early Holocene low relative sea-level stand (Oldale and others, 1983; Oldale, 1985b). (4) A wave-cut unconformity that was eroded as the sea transgressed to its present position. (5) A surficial sand depost that formed atop the unconformity in middle Holocene time. Vibracores (fig. 2) were taken in 1984 to corroborate the interpretations from the seismic data, to determine the sedimentary texture and structure of the features, to identify the nature of the unconformity, and to obtain material for <sup>14</sup>C dating,","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2147","usgsCitation":"Oldale, R.N., and Edwards, G.B., 1991, Cores from marine geologic features in the western Gulf of Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2147, 2 Plates: 43.0 x 31.79 inches and 38.47 x 36.90 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2147.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 43.0 x 31.79 inches and 38.47 x 36.90 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2147.jpg"},{"id":284439,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2147/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":284440,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2147/plate-2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Maine","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.815556,42.603333 ], [ -70.815556,42.896667 ], [ -70.356944,42.896667 ], [ -70.356944,42.603333 ], [ -70.815556,42.603333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5343e4b0b290850f50b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oldale, Robert N.","contributorId":38953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldale","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":265588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Gerald B.","contributorId":41733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":58898,"text":"mf1645H - 1991 - Map showing geologic interpretation of aeromagnetic data for the Chugach National Forest, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:37","indexId":"mf1645H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1645","chapter":"H","title":"Map showing geologic interpretation of aeromagnetic data for the Chugach National Forest, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf1645H","usgsCitation":"Barnes, D., 1991, Map showing geologic interpretation of aeromagnetic data for the Chugach National Forest, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1645, 1 map :col. ;sheet 91 x 142 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 pamphlet (8 p. ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1645H.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;sheet 91 x 142 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 pamphlet (8 p. ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106136,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_7571.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7571"},{"id":179821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1991/1645h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88566,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1991/1645h/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":88567,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1991/1645h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,60 ], [ -150,61 ], [ -144,61 ], [ -144,60 ], [ -150,60 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4be6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, D.F.","contributorId":48960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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