We carried out experiments studying the hydrodynamics of bivalve siphonal currents in a laboratory flume. Rather than use living animals, we devised a simple, model siphon pair connected to a pump. Fluorescence-based flow visualization was used to characterize siphon-jet flows for several geometric configurations and flow speeds. These measurements show that the boundary-layer velocity profile, siphon height, siphon pair orientation, and size of siphon structure all affect the vertical distribution of the excurrent flow downstream of the siphon pair and the fraction of excurrent that is refiltered. The observed flows may effect both the clearance rate of an entire population of siphonate bivalves as well as the efficiency of feeding of any individual. Our results imply that field conditions are properly represented in laboratory flume studies of phytoplankton biomass losses to benthic bivalves when the shear velocity and bottom roughness are matched to values found in the field. Numerical models of feeding by a bivalve population should include an effective sink distribution which is created by the combined incurrent-excurrent flow field. Near-bed flows need to be accounted for to properly represent these benthic-pelagic exchanges. We also present velocity measurements made with a laser-Doppler anemometer (LDA) for a single configuration (siphons flush with bed, inlet downstream) that show that the siphonal currents have a significant local effect on the properties of a turbulent boundary layer.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASLO","doi":"10.4319/lo.1990.35.3.0680","usgsCitation":"Monismith, S., Koseff, J.R., Thompson, J.K., O’Riordan, C.A., and Nepf, H.M., 1990, A study of model bivalve siphonal currents: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 35, no. 3, p. 680-696, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1990.35.3.0680.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"680","endPage":"696","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1990.35.3.0680","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325924,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c42ce4b006cb45552be6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koseff, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":37915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koseff","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":644279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Riordan, Catherine A.","contributorId":173322,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Riordan","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nepf, Heidi M.","contributorId":173323,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nepf","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70016471,"text":"70016471 - 1990 - Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 particles formed by oxidation of pyrite heated in an anoxic atmosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T13:30:13.118769","indexId":"70016471","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 particles formed by oxidation of pyrite heated in an anoxic atmosphere","docAbstract":"As a follow-up to previous gas analysis experiments in which pyrite was heated to 681 K in an anoxic (oxygen starved) atmosphere, the first oxidation product, FeSO4, was studied as a bulk material. No decomposition of FeSO4 to Fe3O4 was observed in the temperature range studied. The lack of decomposition of bulk FeSO4 to Fe3O4 suggests that FeS2 oxidizes directly to Fe3O4, or that FeSO4, FeS2 and O2 react together to form Fe3O4. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements, along with magnetic hysteresis curves, show that small particles of Fe3O4 form on the pyrite surface, rather than a continuous layer of bulk Fe3O4. A working model describing the oxidation steps is presented.
Tabulation patterns for peridinialean dinoflagellate thecae and cysts have been traditionally expressed using a plate labelling system described by C.A. Kofoid in the early 1900's. This system can obscure dinoflagellate plate homologies and has not always been strictly applied. The plate-labelling system presented here introduces new series labels but incorporates key features and ideas from the more recently proposed systems of G.L. Eaton and F.J.R. Taylor, as modified by W.R. Evitt. Plate-series recognition begins with the cingulum (C-series) and proceeds from the cingulum toward the apex for the three series of the epitheca/epicyst and proceeds from the cingulum toward the antapex for the two series of the hypotheca/hypocyst. The epithecal/epicystal model consists of eight plates that touch the anterior margin of the cingulum (E-series: plates E1-E7, ES), seven plates toward the apex that touch the E-series plates (M-series: R, M1-M6), and up to seven plates near the apex that do not touch E-series plates (D-series: Dp-Dv). The hypothecal/hypocystal model consists of eight plates that touch the posterior margin of the cingulum (H-series: H1-H6,HR,HS) and three plates toward the antapex (T1-T3). Epithecal/epicystal tabulation patterns come in both 8- and 7- models, corresponding to eight and seven plates, respectively, in the E-series. Hypothecal/hypocystal tabulation patterns also come in both 8- and 7-models, corresponding to eight and seven plates, respectively, in the H-series. By convention, the 7-model epitheca/epicyst has no plates E1 and M1; the 7-model hypotheca/hypocyst has no plate H6. Within an 8-model or 7-model, the system emphasizes plates that are presumed to be homologous by giving them identical labels. I introduce the adjectives \"monothigmate\", \"dithigmate,\" and \"trithigmate\" to designate plates touching one, two, and three plates, respectively, of the adjacent series. The term \"thigmation\" applies to the analysis of plate contacts between plate series as a guide to interpretation. Application of the proposed plate labelling system involves: (1) locating the cingulum and identifying the plate series, (2) identifying the landmark plates within each series, (3) assigning appropriate plate numbers to plates in the E- and H-series, (4) assigning appropriate plate numbers to the remaining plates using thigmation and interactions of diagonally opposite pairs of plates (quartets) as guides to interpretation. A \"typical\" gonyaulacoid tabulation pattern combines a 7-model epitheca/epicyst and an 8-model hypotheca/hypocyst. A \"typical\" peridinioid tabulation pattern combines an 8-model epitheca/epicyst and a 7-model hypotheca/hypocyst. The group that is presently termed partiform gonyaulacoid (which includes the modern genus Cladopyxis Stein and the fossil Microdinium Cookson and Eisenack) has an 8-model epitheca/epicyst and an 8-model hypotheca/hypocyst.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(90)90079-X","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., 1990, Peridinialean dinoflagellate plate patterns, labels and homologies: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 65, no. 1-4, p. 293-303, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(90)90079-X.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"303","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7692e4b0c8380cd781b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016382,"text":"70016382 - 1990 - The flaminio obelisk in Rome: vibrational characteristics as part of preservation efforts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T15:19:49","indexId":"70016382","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1434,"text":"Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The flaminio obelisk in Rome: vibrational characteristics as part of preservation efforts","docAbstract":"The purpose of the paper is to study the vibrational characteristics of the Flaminio Obelisk in Rome as part of general studies being performed for preservation purposes. The state of preservation of the monument is described as well as the sonic method used to evaluate the integrity of the sections. The results of the sonic tests are used to determine reductions in the cross-sectional properties. A stick model including two rotational frequency independent soil springs at the basement level of the obelisk is developed. A response spectrum and stress analysis according to the Italian Seismic Code is performed considering and evaluating the degraded characteristics of sections. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4290190110","usgsCitation":"Bongiovanni, G., Çelebi, M., and Clemente, P., 1990, The flaminio obelisk in Rome: vibrational characteristics as part of preservation efforts: Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, v. 19, no. 1, p. 107-118, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290190110.","startPage":"107","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269242,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290190110"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac0de4b08c986b323237","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bongiovanni, G.","contributorId":56377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bongiovanni","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clemente, P.","contributorId":100536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clemente","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016218,"text":"70016218 - 1990 - The extraordinary radar echoes from Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto: A geological perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T23:29:39.970274","indexId":"70016218","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The extraordinary radar echoes from Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto: A geological perspective","docAbstract":"This outline of plausible geologic explanations for the icy Galilean satellites' radar properties takes into consideration electromagnetic scattering models for the echoes, available empirical and theoretical information about regolith formation, and ice physics. The strange radar signatures arise because (1) ice is electrically different from silicates and/or (2) icy regoliths contain bulk-density (and hence refractive-index) structures absent within silicate regoliths. Ice's relatively high radar-frequency transparency compared with that of silicates permits longer photon path lengths, deeper radar sounding, and a greater number of scattering events. Consequently, scattering mechanisms that cannot contribute significantly to lunar echoes can dominate icy-satellite echoes. Possible phenomena unique to icy regoliths include (1) smoothing out of discontinuities between solid ejecta fragments and more porous surroundings under the action of thermal annealing to form refraction-scattering (RS) “lenses” and (2) formation of density enhancements in the shape of crater floors that result in RS and/or total internal reflection (TIR). In either case, high-order multiple scattering is more likely to be responsible for the echoes than low-order scattering. Radar/radio observations can constrain the order of the scattering and the scale of the structures responsible for the echoes but might not determine whether TIR or RS dominates the scattering. Multiwavelength investigations of the degree of correlation between radar properties and geologic terrain type should prove most useful, because inter- and intrasatellite variations in radar properties probably correspond to variations in ice purity, regolith thickness, and regolith thermal history and age.
Organic geochemical investigations of peatified and coalified xylem from gymnosperms have provided useful information on the organic transformational processes collectively known as coalification. The combined use of solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py/gc/ms) has allowed us to examine the organic composition of peatified and coalified xylem on both a bulk (average) compositional basis and on a detailed molecular basis. We conclude from our studies that coalification of gymnospermous xylem involves the following processes1.
(1) early selective removal of cellulosic materials so that lignin, a primary constituent of xylem, is transformed to macromolecular aromatic components in coal;2.
(2) modification of gymnospermous lignin by demethylation to form catechol-like structures, and by condensation reactions to induce a high level of cross-linking at an early stage of coalification; and
(3) dehydroxylation during increasing coalification to subbituminous coal, the resultant xylem becomes more phenolic in character as the catechol-like structures decrease.
Bottom stress is calculated for several long-term time-series observations, made on the U.S. east coast continental shelf during winter, using the wave-current interaction and moveable bed models of Grant and Madsen (1979, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 1797-1808; 1982, Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 469-482). The wave and current measurements were obtained by means of a bottom tripod system which measured current using a Savonius rotor and vane and waves by means of a pressure sensor. The variables were burst sampled about 10% of the time. Wave energy was reasonably resolved, although aliased by wave groupiness, and wave period was accurate to 1-2 s during large storms. Errors in current speed and direction depend on the speed of the mean current relative to the wave current. In general, errors in bottom stress caused by uncertainties in measured current speed and wave characteristics were 10-20%.
During storms, the bottom stress calculated using the Grant-Madsen models exceeded stress computed from conventional drag laws by a factor of about 1.5 on average and 3 or more during storm peaks. Thus, even in water as deep as 80 m, oscillatory near-bottom currents associated with surface gravity waves of period 12 s or longer will contribute substantially to bottom stress. Given that the Grant-Madsen model is correct, parameterizations of bottom stress that do not incorporate wave effects will substantially underestimate stress and sediment transport in this region of the continental shelf.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(90)90048-Q","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Lyne, V., Butman, B., and Grant, W., 1990, Sediment movement along the U.S. east coast continental shelf-I. Estimates of bottom stress using the Grant-Madsen model and near-bottom wave and current measurements: Continental Shelf Research, v. 10, no. 5, p. 397-428, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(90)90048-Q.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"428","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223566,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank, Mid-Atlantic Bight","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -59.58984374999999,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -59.58984374999999,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b899ce4b08c986b316e40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyne, V.D.","contributorId":78473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyne","given":"V.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, B.","contributorId":85580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grant, W.D.","contributorId":11764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016369,"text":"70016369 - 1990 - Multi-model stereo restitution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:41","indexId":"70016369","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-model stereo restitution","docAbstract":"Methods are described that permit simultaneous orientation of many small-frame photogrammetric models in an analytical plotter. The multi-model software program enables the operator to move freely between the oriented models during interpretation and mapping. Models change automatically when the measuring mark is moved from one frame to another, moving to the same ground coordinates in the neighboring model. Thus, data collection and plotting can be performed continuously across model boundaries. The orientation of the models is accomplished by a bundle block adjustment. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dueholm, K., 1990, Multi-model stereo restitution: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 56, no. 2, p. 239-242.","startPage":"239","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fb9e4b0c8380cd710cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dueholm, K.S.","contributorId":98338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dueholm","given":"K.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016368,"text":"70016368 - 1990 - Simulation of rockfalls triggered by earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:41","indexId":"70016368","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3306,"text":"Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of rockfalls triggered by earthquakes","docAbstract":"A computer program to simulate the downslope movement of boulders in rolling or bouncing modes has been developed and applied to actual rockfalls triggered by the Mammoth Lakes, California, earthquake sequence in 1980 and the Central Idaho earthquake in 1983. In order to reproduce a movement mode where bouncing predominated, we introduced an artificial unevenness to the slope surface by adding a small random number to the interpolated value of the mid-points between the adjacent surveyed points. Three hundred simulations were computed for each site by changing the random number series, which determined distances and bouncing intervals. The movement of the boulders was, in general, rather erratic depending on the random numbers employed, and the results could not be seen as deterministic but stochastic. The closest agreement between calculated and actual movements was obtained at the site with the most detailed and accurate topographic measurements. ?? 1990 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01020418","issn":"07232632","usgsCitation":"Kobayashi, Y., Harp, E.L., and Kagawa, T., 1990, Simulation of rockfalls triggered by earthquakes: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, v. 23, no. 1, p. 1-20, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01020418.","startPage":"1","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205374,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020418"},{"id":223466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b907be4b08c986b31951b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kobayashi, Y.","contributorId":64811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kobayashi","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harp, E. L.","contributorId":59026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kagawa, T.","contributorId":88089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kagawa","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016317,"text":"70016317 - 1990 - Effect of anelastic and scattering structures of the lithosphere on the shape of local earthquake coda","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:41","indexId":"70016317","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of anelastic and scattering structures of the lithosphere on the shape of local earthquake coda","docAbstract":"A simple model of single acoustic scattering is used to study the dependence of the shape of local earthquake coda on the anelastic and scattering structures of the lithosphere. The model is applied to the coda of earthquakes located near Stone Canyon, central California, and provides an explanation for the features observed in the data, which include an interesting temporal variation in the coda shape. A surficial layer with a Q of 50 and thickness of 10 or 25 km underlain by a zone with a Q of 1000 extending to the bottom of the lithosphere, together with a scattering scale length, a, that varies with depth z according to the relation a=0.3 exp[-(z/45)2] are found to constitute the simplest structure of the medium compatible with the coda data and with body and surface wave attenuation data. The profile of heterogeneity sizes implies that the scattering strength increases strongly with depth, a constraint required by the necessity to boost the energy of the later coda without forcing the intrinsic Q to be excessively high in the uppermost mantle. This constraint is viewed as an artifact of the single scattering model which overstimates the scattering coefficient due to the neglect of multiple scattering. The observed temporal variation of the signal is difficult to explain by a simple change of the intrinsic Q at some depth. Rather, it is suggested that the scattering properties at depth changed with time through a variation of the fractional rms velocity fluctuation on the order of one percent. ?? 1990 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00874367","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B., 1990, Effect of anelastic and scattering structures of the lithosphere on the shape of local earthquake coda: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 132, no. 1-2, p. 289-310, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874367.","startPage":"289","endPage":"310","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205373,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874367"},{"id":223464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05bfe4b0c8380cd50f2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016289,"text":"70016289 - 1990 - Adsorption of selenium by amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and manganese dioxide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-01T09:57:13","indexId":"70016289","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adsorption of selenium by amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and manganese dioxide","docAbstract":"This work compares and models the adsorption of selenium and other anions on a neutral to alkaline surface (amorphous iron oxyhydroxide) and an acidic surface (manganese dioxide). Selenium adsorption on these oxides is examined as a function of pH, particle concentration, oxidation state, and competing anion concentration in order to assess how these factors might influence the mobility of selenium in the environment. The data indicate that 1. 1) amorphous iron oxyhydroxide has a greater affinity for selenium than manganese dioxide, 2. 2) selenite [Se(IV)] adsorption increases with decreasing pH and increasing particle concentration and is stronger than selenate [Se(VI)] adsorption on both oxides, and 3. 3) selenate does not adsorb on manganese dioxide. The relative affinity of selenate and selenite for the oxides and the lack of adsorption of selenate on a strongly acidic surface suggests that selenate forms outer-sphere complexes while selenite forms inner-sphere complexes with the surfaces. The data also indicate that the competition sequence of other anions with respect to selenite adsorption at pH 7.0 is phosphate > silicate > molybdate > fluoride > sulfate on amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and molybdate ??? phosphate > silicate > fluoride > sulfate on manganese dioxide. The adsorption of phosphate, molybdate, and silicate on these oxides as a function of pH indicates that the competition sequences reflect the relative affinities of these anions for the surfaces. The Triple Layer surface complexation model is used to provide a quantitative description of these observations and to assess the importance of surface site heterogeneity on anion adsorption. The modeling results suggest that selenite forms binuclear, innersphere complexes with amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and monodentate, inner-sphere complexes with manganese dioxide and that selenate forms outer-sphere, monodentate complexes with amorphous iron oxyhydroxide. The heterogeneity of the oxide surface sites is reflected in decreasing equilibrium constants for selenite with increasing adsorption density and both experimental observations and modeling results suggest that manganese dioxide has fewer sites of higher energy for selenite adsorption than amorphous iron oxyhydroxide. Modeling and interpreting the adsorption of phosphate, molybdate, and silicate on the oxides are made difficult by the lack of constraint in choosing surface species and the fact that equally good fits can be obtained with different surface species. Finally, predictions of anion competition using the model results from single adsorbate systems are not very successful because the model does not account for surface site heterogeneity. Selenite adsorption data from a multi-adsorbate system could be fit if the equilibrium constant for selenite is decreased with increasing anion adsorption density.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(90)90369-V","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Balistrieri, L.S., and Chao, T.T., 1990, Adsorption of selenium by amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and manganese dioxide: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, no. 3, p. 739-751, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90369-V.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"739","endPage":"751","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6fee4b0c8380cd4779c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balistrieri, Laurie S. 0000-0002-6359-3849 balistri@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-3849","contributorId":1406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balistrieri","given":"Laurie","email":"balistri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016232,"text":"70016232 - 1990 - Age and paleoclimatic significance of the Stansbury shoreline of Lake Bonneville, Northeastern Great Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-25T14:54:39","indexId":"70016232","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and paleoclimatic significance of the Stansbury shoreline of Lake Bonneville, Northeastern Great Basin","docAbstract":"The Stansbury shoreline, one of the conspicuous late Pleistocene shorelines of Lake Bonneville, consists of tufa-cemented gravel and barrier beaches within a vertical zone of about 45 m, the lower limit of which is 70 m above the modern average level of Great Salt Lake. Stratigraphic evidence at a number of localities, including new evidence from Crater Island on the west side of the Great Salt Lake Desert, shows that the Stansbury shoreline formed during the transgressive phase of late Pleistocene Lake bonneville (sometime between about 22,000 and 20,000 yr B.P.). Tufa-cemented gravel and barrier beaches were deposited in the Stansbury shorezone during one or more fluctuations in water level with a maximum total amplitude of 45 m. We refer to the fluctuations as the Stansbury oscillation. The Stansbury oscillation cannot have been caused by basin-hypsometric factors, such as stabilization of lake level at an external overflow threshold or by expansion into an interior subbasin, or by changes in drainage basin size. Therefore, changes in climate must have caused the lake level to reverse its general rise, to drop about 45 m in altitude (reducing its surface area by about 18%, 5000 km2), and later to resume its rise. If the sizes of Great Basin lakes are controlled by the mean position of storm tracks and the jetstream, which as recently postulated may be controlled by the size of the continental ice sheets, the Stansbury oscillation may have been caused by a shift in the jetstream during a major interstade of the Laurentide ice sheet. ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(90)90057-R","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Oviatt, C.G., Currey, D., and Miller, D., 1990, Age and paleoclimatic significance of the Stansbury shoreline of Lake Bonneville, Northeastern Great Basin: Quaternary Research, v. 33, no. 3, p. 291-305, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90057-R.","startPage":"291","endPage":"305","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266502,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90057-R"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e0e4b0c8380cd47f2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oviatt, Charles G.","contributorId":36580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oviatt","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Currey, D.R.","contributorId":60775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currey","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, D. M. 0000-0003-3711-0441","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":104422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000582,"text":"1000582 - 1990 - Toxicokinetics of PAHs in Hexagenia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T13:52:23","indexId":"1000582","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicokinetics of PAHs in Hexagenia","docAbstract":"The accumulation kinetics of two waterborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) and phenanthrene (PHE), were studied in the mayfly nymph (Hexagenia limbata).
\nThe uptake clearance decreased while the bioconcentration of BAP increased with an increase in weight of the H. limbata nymph. The relationship between uptake clearance and bioconcentration for PHE was variable, and bioconcentration was greater for the heavier animals.
\nTwo kinetic models were used to evaluate the effect of nymph weight on disposition of PAHs: (a) the amount-uptake clearance model, similar to models most frequently used in environmental toxicology; and (b) a clearance-volume model, similar to models used in clinical pharmacology. The two models gave similar predictive results but were different in a few cases. These differences in common parameter estimation probably resulted from methodologies used and high data variability rather than the models themselves, since they are mathematically equal. Some of the parameters are unique to each of the models and are defined and described.
\nThe clearance of oxygen from water is inversely and linearly related to the weight of the mayfly nymphs, but oxygen clearances were always much less than the uptake clearances of the PAHs. The high PAH uptake clearance compared to oxygen clearance implies a greater surface area or efficiency for PAH accumulation from water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620090206","usgsCitation":"Stehly, G.R., Landrum, P.F., Henry, M.G., and Klemm, C., 1990, Toxicokinetics of PAHs in Hexagenia: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 9, no. 2, p. 167-174, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090206.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"174","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db62802e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stehly, Guy R.","contributorId":11553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehly","given":"Guy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landrum, Peter F.","contributorId":20688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landrum","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henry, Mary G.","contributorId":38517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klemm, C.","contributorId":21917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemm","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015927,"text":"70015927 - 1990 - Seismic site effects and the spatial interpolation of earthquake seismograms: Results using aftershocks of the 1986 North Palm Springs, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-26T11:31:53.043904","indexId":"70015927","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic site effects and the spatial interpolation of earthquake seismograms: Results using aftershocks of the 1986 North Palm Springs, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"We address the following two questions. Can a microearthquake's ground motions be modeled by incident P and S waves that excite a site transfer-function that is a smooth function of incidence angle? Given recorded ground motions from a set of earthquakes having known locations and mechanisms, can we derive such a site transfer-function and use it to obtain the ground motions that would result from an earthquake source occurring somewhere in the same volume but having a location and mechanism that are different from the recorded events? Although many factors will cause two distinct microearthquake sources to have different seismograms at a common station, in this paper we concentrate only upon the differences caused by source mechanisms, P- and S-wave travel-time variations and by variations in the site transfer-function. We specifically exclude the effects of waves scattered from heterogeneities in the geologic structure away from the seismic site. We express the site transfer-function as a sum of several terms having simple dependences upon incidence angle and azimuth. Each term is an independent function of time. Given a set of seismograms observed at the site, we solve a linear system of equations for the time dependences of each term. These time series may be used to calculate the seismograms that would have resulted from an earthquake having arbitrary mechanism and location. This step is an interpolation. We have applied this technique to seismograms after aftershocks of the 1986 North Palm Springs earthquake. Our interpolation technique works fairly well within the volume occupied by the recorded events, but the method is not very successful at providing accurate seismograms for sources located outside the aftershock volume. The primary causes of the inaccuracy are the inadequacy of our chosen angular functions to model the site response fully and the likely scattering of seismic waves by geological heterogeneities (in this case, the Banning and Mission Creek faults) near the seismic stations. Our methods could be used to determine the effects of single scattering from lateral heterogeneities in geologic structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA08006A1504","usgsCitation":"Spudich, P., and Miller, D., 1990, Seismic site effects and the spatial interpolation of earthquake seismograms: Results using aftershocks of the 1986 North Palm Springs, California, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 80, no. 6 A, p. 1504-1532, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA08006A1504.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1504","endPage":"1532","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223392,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Palm Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.85940911716008,\n 34.031938366974515\n ],\n [\n -116.85940911716008,\n 33.677257937688395\n ],\n [\n -116.29773309176937,\n 33.677257937688395\n ],\n [\n -116.29773309176937,\n 34.031938366974515\n ],\n [\n -116.85940911716008,\n 34.031938366974515\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"6 A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b61e4b08c986b3177ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spudich, P.","contributorId":85700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, D.P.","contributorId":84908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016200,"text":"70016200 - 1990 - Relationships among macerals, minerals, miospores and paleoecology in a column of Redstone coal (Upper Pennsylvanian) from north-central West Virginia (U.S.A.)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T12:11:10.104738","indexId":"70016200","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships among macerals, minerals, miospores and paleoecology in a column of Redstone coal (Upper Pennsylvanian) from north-central West Virginia (U.S.A.)","docAbstract":"Two distinct paleoenvironments are represented in vertical succession in a column of Redstone coal in north-central West Virginia as indicated by a study of 37 consecutive 3-cm (0.1 ft) increments analyzed for ash yield, petrographic composition, low-temperature ash mineralogy and palynomorph abundances. Abundance profiles were constructed for ash, 12 petrographic components, 3 minerals and 5 miospore assemblages. The profiles and calculated correlation coefficients show close relationships between several constituents. Components that increased in abundance upward in the coal bed were a collinite type > 50 microns in thickness, cutinite, and miospores affiliated with calamites, herbaceous lycopods, cordaites and herbaceous ferns. Components that decreased in abundance upward were a collinite type < 50 microns in thickness, inertodetrinite, tree fern miospores, quartz, illite and ash yield. Components were correlated with ash yield to infer the swamp geochemical conditions that contributed to the low-ash (7%) upper one-third of the coal bed and the higher-ash (16%) lower two-thirds of the coal bed. Components that correlate positively with increased ash were the collinite type < 50 μm thickness, inertodetrinite, tree fern miospores, illite and quartz. Components that correlate negatively with increased ash were the collinite type > 50 μm in thickness, cutinite, calamite and cordaite miospores and kaolinite. Significant correlations occurred between ash yield and the collinite types > 50 and < 50 μm in thickness but no significant correlation was found between ash yield and total vitrinite-group content. This is interpreted to show that division of vitrinite macerals by size is important in petrographic paleoenvironmental studies. Paleoecologic interpretations based upon these correlations suggest that two distinct, planar, probably topogenous paleoecologic environments are represented in this column of the Redstone coal. The lower two-thirds of the coal bed was interpreted to have accumulated in a planar swamp in which significant introduction of detrital or dissolved mineral matter, and significant anaerobic and moderate oxidative degradation of the peat occurred. The flora of this paleoenvironment was dominated by tree ferns. The paleoenvironment during accumulation of the upper one-third of the coal bed was also interpreted to have been a planar swamp, but one in which moderate to low introduction of detrital or dissolved mineral matter, and minor anaerobic and oxidative degradation of the peat occurred. The dominant flora of this paleoenvironment consisted mainly of calamites with fewer cordaites and herbaceous ferns. This study shows that valuable paleoecologic information may be obtained by sampling closely spaced vertical increments. No mixing of detrital sediments with the peat was observed in coal layers immediately adjacent to the parting or the overlying sandstone unit.
Equations are presented describing equilibrium in binary solid-solution aqueous-solution (SSAS) systems after a dissolution, precipitation, or recrystallization process, as a function of the composition and relative proportion of the initial phases. Equilibrium phase diagrams incorporating the concept of stoichiometric saturation are used to interpret possible reaction paths and to demonstrate relations between stoichiometric saturation, primary saturation, and thermodynamic equilibrium states.
The concept of stoichiometric saturation is found useful in interpreting and putting limits on dissolution pathways, but there currently is no basis for possible application of this concept to the prediction and/ or understanding of precipitation processes.
Previously published dissolution experiments for (Ba, Sr)SO4 and (Sr, Ca)C̈O3orth. solids are interpreted using equilibrium phase diagrams. These studies show that stoichiometric saturation can control, or at least influence, initial congruent dissolution pathways. The results for (Sr, Ca)CO3orth. solids reveal that stoichiometric saturation can also control the initial stages of incongruent dissolution, despite the intrinsic instability of some of the initial solids. In contrast, recrystallisation experiments in the highly soluble KCl-KBr-H2O system demonstrate equilibrium. The excess free energy of mixing calculated for K(Cl, Br) solids is closely modeled by the relation GE = χKBrχKClRT[a0 + a1(2χKBr−1)], where a0 is 1.40 ± 0.02, a1, is −0.08 ± 0.03 at 25°C, and χKBr and χKCl are the mole fractions of KBr and KCl in the solids. The phase diagram constructed using this fit reveals an alyotropic maximum located at χKBr = 0.676 and at a total solubility product, ΣΠ = [K+]([Cl−] + [Br−]) = 15.35.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(90)90317-E","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Glynn, P.D., Reardon, E., Plummer, N., and Busenberg, E., 1990, Reaction paths and equilibrium end-points in solid-solution aqueous-solution systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, no. 2, p. 267-282, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90317-E.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"282","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a957ce4b0c8380cd81a42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reardon, E.J.","contributorId":47088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reardon","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016172,"text":"70016172 - 1990 - Magnetic forward models of Cement oil field, Oklahoma, based on rock magnetic, geochemical, and petrologic constraints","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T15:30:49.879271","indexId":"70016172","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic forward models of Cement oil field, Oklahoma, based on rock magnetic, geochemical, and petrologic constraints","docAbstract":"Magnetic forward models of the Cement oil field, Oklahoma, were generated to assess the possibility that ferrimagnetic pyrrhotite related to hydrocarbon seepage in the upper 1 km of Permian strata contributes to aeromagnetic anomalies at Cement. Six bodies having different magnetizations were constructed for the magnetic models, based on geology and on petrologic and geochemical results, supplemented by rock magnetic measurements of shallow-core and outcrop samples. The column of rock through which hydrocarbons have passed is divided into three sulfide zones on the basis of pyrrhotite content, and the column is capped by a 30 m thick zone that contains ferric oxide minerals formed mainly from oxidized pyrite. Red beds unaffected by sulfidization, as well as a zone of rock depleted in hematite but lacking sulfide, surround sulfidic zones.The synthetic magnetic profiles are controlled mainly by pyrrhotite-bearing strata at depths of 200-500 m. The magnetizations of these bodies are calculated from: (1) petrographic estimates of pyrrhotite content relative to pyrite; (2) content of sulfide sulfur determined from chemical analysis; and (3) values for the magnetic susceptibility of monoclinic pyrrhotite. Total magnetizations of the bodies of highest pyrrhotite content range from about 3 X 10 (super -3) to 56 X 10 (super -3) A/m in the present field direction and yield magnetic anomalies (at 120 m altitude) having amplitudes of less than 1 nT to approximately 6 to 7 nT, respectively. Such amplitudes are much lower than those (as high as 60 nT) reported from the original total-field survey over the Cement field.Numerous assumptions were made in the generation of the models, and thus the results neither prove nor disprove the existence of aeromagnetic anomalies related to hydrocarbon seepage at Cement. Nevertheless, the results suggest that pyrrhotite, formed via hydrocarbon reactions and within a range of concentrations estimated at Cement, is capable of causing magnetic anomalies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1442842","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R.L., Webring, M., Grauch, V.J., and Tuttle, M., 1990, Magnetic forward models of Cement oil field, Oklahoma, based on rock magnetic, geochemical, and petrologic constraints: Geophysics, v. 55, no. 3, p. 344-353, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442842.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"344","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223354,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b6ee4b0c8380cd69539","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, R. L. 0000-0002-4572-2942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":79885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webring, M.","contributorId":67662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webring","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":34125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tuttle, M.","contributorId":26397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016169,"text":"70016169 - 1990 - Radarclinometry of the Earth and Venus from space-shuttle and Venera-15 imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016169","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1429,"text":"Earth, Moon and Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radarclinometry of the Earth and Venus from space-shuttle and Venera-15 imagery","docAbstract":"The project to develop a line-integral approach to 2-dimensional radarclinometry and to bring it to the status of producing topographic maps from real radar images has been concluded. The final developments of the theory itself have involved a trial-and-error resolution of the curvature decision process at each integration step over range as follows: (1) Locally Indeterminate Azimuth-Azimuth Curvature is invoked if the range-directed path of integration is within 1 ??? in angle of the tangent to a local characteristic curve of the partial differential equation of radarclinometry (equivalent to a lapse in the necessity for an auxiliary curvature assumption); (2) Local Cylindricity is invoked if the local image isophote has a radius-of-curvature greater than 50 pixels; (3) Least-Squared Local Sphericity is invoked if the characteristic curve trends at greater than 70 ??? to the range direction (the auxiliary curvature assumption is becoming a sufficiently strong influence as to warrant the overconstraint), and (4) the default hypothesis, which is invoked most often, is the localization through the Euler/Lagrange equation from the calculus of variations of the global principle of minimization of the surface area of the terrain. The development of the set of line integrals into a 2-dimensional topographic surface is not practically achieved by branching the line integral at the range threshold, because the radarclinometry equations are too frequently coupled but weakly to the slope component in the direction of radar-azimuth, and under circumstances for which the powerfully influential auxiliary curvature assumption is too unrealistic. In other words, a line integration in radar-azimuth is far more frequently directed orthogonally to the local characteristic curve than is one carried out over range. Such orthogonality results in stepping the strike under the exclusive control of the curvature assumption. Instead, a quasi-surface-integration step is taken by modeling the dependence on initial strike of the gravitational potential energy of the vertical slab of terrain under the range-profile. The adopted starting strike for the range integral is the one which minimizes the gravitational potential energy. This radarclinometric method, in combination with my recently published method for determining an effective radar back-scattering function from one-dimensional slope statistics and image pixel-signal statistics, was applied to three images. First, to separate theoretical difficulties from experimental impediments, an artificial radar image was generated from a topographic map of the Lake Champlain West quadrangle in the Adirondack Mountains. Except for the regional trend in elevation, to which radarclinometry is insensitive by design, the agreement between the original and derived topography appears good. The morphologies agree and the range of relief is the same to within 4%. As an example of data of the highest quality available from space-borne radar at the present time, a SIR-B image of very rugged terrain in the coastal mountains of Oregon was similarly processed. The result, after filtering to redistribute photoclinometric errors about the two-dimensional spatial spectrum, agrees with ground truth almost as well. As an example of the worst possible data, in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and radar incidence angle (no detraction from the praise due the first high resolution space-borne radar-imaging of Venus intended), a Venera-15 image segment in Sedna Planitia just north-east of Sapho was processed, using Venera altimetry and Pioneer roughness data for slope statistics, in spite of the resolution mis-match. Considerably more trial-and-error filtering was required. The result appears plausible, but an error check is, of course, impossible. ?? 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Moon and Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00113857","issn":"01679295","usgsCitation":"Wildey, R., 1990, Radarclinometry of the Earth and Venus from space-shuttle and Venera-15 imagery: Earth, Moon and Planets, v. 48, no. 3, p. 197-231, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00113857.","startPage":"197","endPage":"231","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205360,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00113857"},{"id":223303,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a938ce4b0c8380cd80eba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildey, R.L.","contributorId":9700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildey","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016107,"text":"70016107 - 1990 - Geographic information system as country-level development and monitoring tool, Senegal example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016107","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geographic information system as country-level development and monitoring tool, Senegal example","docAbstract":"Geographic information systems (GIS) allow an investigator the capability to merge and analyze numerous types of country-level resource data. Hypothetical resource analysis applications in Senegal were conducted to illustrate the utility of a GIS for development planning and resource monitoring. Map and attribute data for soils, vegetation, population, infrastructure, and administrative units were merged to form a database within a GIS. Several models were implemented using a GIS to: analyze development potential for sustainable dryland agriculture; prioritize where agricultural development should occur based upon a regional food budget; and monitor dynamic events with remote sensing. The steps for implementing a GIS analysis are described and illustrated, and the use of a GIS for conducting an economic analysis is outlined. Using a GIS for analysis and display of results opens new methods of communication between resource scientists and decision makers. Analyses yielding country-wide map output and detailed statistical data for each level of administration provide the advantage of a single system that can serve a variety of users.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceDate":"18 April 1990 through 25 April 1990","conferenceLocation":"Bangkok, Thail","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI, United States","issn":"02755505","usgsCitation":"Moore, D.G., and Howard, S.M., 1990, Geographic information system as country-level development and monitoring tool, Senegal example, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 2, Bangkok, Thail, 18 April 1990 through 25 April 1990.","startPage":"683","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1769e4b0c8380cd554c9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536321,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Donald G.","contributorId":41146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Stephen M. 0000-0001-5255-5882 smhoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5255-5882","contributorId":3483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Stephen","email":"smhoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016100,"text":"70016100 - 1990 - A new tree-ring date for the \"floating island\" lava flow, Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:46","indexId":"70016100","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new tree-ring date for the \"floating island\" lava flow, Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"Anomalously narrow and missing rings in trees 12 m from Mount St. Helens' \"floating island\" lava flow, and synchronous growth increases in trees farther from the flow margin, are evidence that this andesitic flow was extruded between late summer 1799 and spring 1800 a.d., within a few months after the eruption of Mount St. Helens' dacitic layer T tephra. For ease of reference, we assign here an 1800 a.d. date to this flow. The new date shows that the start of Mount St. Helens' Goat Rocks eruptive period (1800-1857 a.d.) resembled the recent (1980-1986) activity in both petrochemical trends and timing. In both cases, an initial explosive eruption of dacite was quickly succeeded by the eruption of more mafic lavas; dacite lavas then reappeared during an extended concluding phase of activity. This behavior is consistent with a recently proposed fluid-dynamic model of magma withdrawal from a compositionally zoned magma chamber. ?? 1990 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00301535","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Yamaguchi, D., Hoblitt, R., and Lawrence, D., 1990, A new tree-ring date for the \"floating island\" lava flow, Mount St. Helens, Washington: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 52, no. 7, p. 545-550, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301535.","startPage":"545","endPage":"550","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205330,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301535"},{"id":223044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4bae4b0c8380cd468a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yamaguchi, D.K.","contributorId":26074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamaguchi","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, D.B.","contributorId":33061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016441,"text":"70016441 - 1990 - Channel-changing processes on the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona, 1936-86","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:44","indexId":"70016441","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Channel-changing processes on the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona, 1936-86","docAbstract":"Lateral channel change on the mainly ephemeral Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona, causes damage and has spawned costly efforts to control bank erosion. Aerial photographs, historical data, and field observations are used to document the history of channel change since 1936. Variability in the nature and degree of channel change over time and space is shown. Three major channel change processes are: (1) migration by bank erosion during meander migration or initiation; (2) avulsion by overbank flooding and flood plain incision; (3) widening by erosion of low, cohesionless banks during floods and arroyo widening by undercutting and mass wasting of deeply incised vertical walls. The first process generally is a product of low to moderate flows or waning high flows; the others result mainly from higher flows, though sensitive arroyo walls may erode during relatively low flows. Channel morphology, bank resistance, and hydrology are factors determining the dominant channel-changing process on a particular reach of the river. Present river morphology reflects high flows since the 1960's.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands and 1990 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"30 July 1990 through 2 August 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"0872627713","usgsCitation":"Parker, J.T., 1990, Channel-changing processes on the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona, 1936-86, in Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands, San Diego, CA, USA, 30 July 1990 through 2 August 1990, p. 441-446.","startPage":"441","endPage":"446","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f45de4b0c8380cd4bcb4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"French Richard H.","contributorId":128450,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"French Richard H.","id":536330,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Parker, John T.C.","contributorId":18766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70138193,"text":"70138193 - 1990 - Origin of Florida Canyon and the role of spring sapping on the formation of submarine box canyons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-28T10:35:58","indexId":"70138193","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of Florida Canyon and the role of spring sapping on the formation of submarine box canyons","docAbstract":"Florida Canyon, one of a series of major submarine canyons on the southwestern edge of the Florida Platform, was surveyed using GLORIA, SeaBeam, and Deep-Tow technologies, and it was directly observed during three DSRV Alvin dives. Florida Canyon exhibits two distinct morphologies: a broad V-shaped upper canyon and a deeply entrenched, flat-floored, U-shaped lower canyon. The flat- floored lower canyon extends 20 km into the Florida Platform from the abyssal Gulf. The lower canyon ends abruptly at an ∼3 km in diameter semicircular headwall that rises 750 m with a >60° slope angle to the foot of the upper canyon. The sides of the lower canyon are less steep than its headwall and are characterized by straight faces that occur along preferred orientations and indicate a strong joint control. The upper canyon is characterized by a gently sloping, straight V-shaped central valley cut into a broad terrace. The flat floor of the upper canyon continues as terraces along the upper walls of the lower canyon. On the flanks of the upper canyon, there are five >50-m-deep, >0.5-km-wide, closed sink-hole-like depressions which indicate subsurface dissolution within the platform. The origin of the lower canyon is difficult to explain with traditional models of submarine canyon formation by external physical processes. The movement of ground water, probably with high salinities and reduced compounds along regional joints, may have focused the corrosive force of submarine spring sapping at the head of the lower canyon to produce the canyon's present shape.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0502:OOFCAT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Paull, C.K., Spiess, F.N., Curray, J.R., and Twichell, D.C., 1990, Origin of Florida Canyon and the role of spring sapping on the formation of submarine box canyons: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, no. 4, p. 502-515, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0502:OOFCAT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"502","endPage":"515","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297286,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Florida Canyon","volume":"102","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c1fe4b08de9379b3641","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paull, Charles K. 0000-0001-5940-3443","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5940-3443","contributorId":55825,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7043,"text":"University of North Carolina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":538580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spiess, Fred N.","contributorId":16059,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spiess","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":6728,"text":"Scripps Inst Oceanography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Curray, Joseph R.","contributorId":92424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Curray","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6728,"text":"Scripps Inst Oceanography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Twichell, David C.","contributorId":37730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016431,"text":"70016431 - 1990 - Geophysical constraints on Washington convergent margin structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T15:28:32.02146","indexId":"70016431","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical constraints on Washington convergent margin structure","docAbstract":"Gravity and magnetic maps of western Washington reveal the lateral structure and fabric of the Washington Coast Range, Puget Basin, and southern Washington Cascade Range. The magnetic and gravity maps show large amplitude positive anomalies associated with the shallow but largely buried section of Washington Coast Range mafic rocks which are separated by negative anomalies over deep sedimentary basins. The positive anomalies indicate that the Coast Range mafic basement extends farther east than previously thought, at least as far east as the longitude of Seattle. Linear and steep gravity and magnetic gradients indicate many unmapped, often buried faults in the Washington Coast Range Province. Magnetic highs are also associated with mapped batholiths in the Cascade arc. Several magnetic highs observed east of the Coast Range rocks and west of these batholiths may be associated with buried Tertiary plutons or ophiolites. Two-dimensional gravity and magnetic modeling constrained with geological and other geophysical data indicate that the Coast Range Province rocks are about 1 km thick at the coast, thickening to as much as 30 km near their postulated eastern edge. A maximum boundary on the average density of the upper 15–20 km of the rocks that compose the Coast Range Province of 2920 kg/m3 was established by the modeling, suggesting a composition largely of basalt and gabbro with little interbedded sediments. Under these rocks may be mantle or a subduction complex composed of dense mafic, ultramafic, and sedimentary rocks like that proposed to underlie Vancouver Island. Previous gravity models of the Washington margin include lower densities for the proposed subduction complex than for Vancouver Island, suggesting a lower component of mafic and ultramafic rocks than the rocks underlying Vancouver Island. However, my Washington model requires that the proposed subduction complex be more dense than the trench sediments and, therefore, that material denser than sediments be incorporated within it. The absence of continental mantle and the modeled wedge shape of the Coast Range Province upper crust suggest that erosion of the bottom of the overriding plate by subduction processes may have occurred.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p19533","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., 1990, Geophysical constraints on Washington convergent margin structure: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B12, p. 19533-19546, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19533.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"19533","endPage":"19546","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222972,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.99289441326454,\n 48.94625600979734\n ],\n [\n -129.5979382121656,\n 48.94625600979734\n ],\n [\n -129.5979382121656,\n 45.56775656606118\n ],\n [\n -120.99289441326454,\n 45.56775656606118\n ],\n [\n -120.99289441326454,\n 48.94625600979734\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"95","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2814e4b0c8380cd59deb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015803,"text":"70015803 - 1990 - Source parameters and effects of bandwidth and local geology on high- frequency ground motions observed for aftershocks of the northeastern Ohio earthquake of 31 January 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T00:19:22.988007","indexId":"70015803","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source parameters and effects of bandwidth and local geology on high- frequency ground motions observed for aftershocks of the northeastern Ohio earthquake of 31 January 1986","docAbstract":"A 10-station array (GEOS) yielded recordings of exceptional bandwidth (400 sps) and resolution (up to 96 dB) for the aftershocks of the moderate (mb ≈ 4.9) earthquake that occurred on 31 January 1986 near Painesville, Ohio. Nine aftershocks were recorded with seismic moments ranging between 9 × 1016 and 3 × 1019 dyne-cm (Mw: 0.6 to 2.3). The two largest aftershocks (depth 5.3, 5.6 km; oblique right slip, rake ≈30°, strike ≈N25°E) yielded seismic signals above background noise at frequencies as high as 130 Hz at epicentral distances up to 17 km. The aftershock recordings at a site underlain by ≈8 m of lakeshore sediments show significant levels of high-frequency soil amplification of vertical motion at frequencies near 8, 20, and 70 Hz. Viscoelastic models for P and SV waves incident at the base of the sediments yield estimates of vertical P-wave response consistent with the observed high-frequency site resonances, but suggest additional detailed shear-wave logs are needed to account for observed S-wave response. Peak acceleration values obtained from the broadband recordings are about two and four times as large as those that would be recorded on strong-motion recorders or short-period networks with upper bandwidth limits of 30 and 15 Hz, respectively. Attenuation-corrected acceleration spectra are used to reduce the influence of high-frequency (up to 100 Hz) local site effects on corner frequency estimates. The moment versus source radius trend inferred for events with moments as small as 9 × 1016 dyne-cm, based on the Brune source model, extends previous relations inferred for the central United States, shows little evidence for a minimum source radius, and suggests that stress drops for the smaller events (M0 < 1019 dyne-cm) decrease with decreasing moment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0800040889","usgsCitation":"Glassmoyer, G., and Borcherdt, R., 1990, Source parameters and effects of bandwidth and local geology on high- frequency ground motions observed for aftershocks of the northeastern Ohio earthquake of 31 January 1986: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 80, no. 4, p. 889-912, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0800040889.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"889","endPage":"912","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223226,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404876,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/80/4/889/102414/Source-parameters-and-effects-of-bandwidth-and"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.859130859375,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -81.8536376953125,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -80.5517578125,\n 40.543026009955014\n ],\n [\n -80.52978515625,\n 42.004407212963585\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -81.859130859375,\n 41.51680395810118\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9334e4b08c986b31a36e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glassmoyer, G.","contributorId":62751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borcherdt, R. 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Unconsolidated basin-fill deposits on the valley floor and fractured volcanic rocks in northern and eastern uplands are the principal aquifers. In the study area, about 130,000 acre- ft of water recharges the aquifer system annually, about 40% by direct infiltration of precipitation and about 60% by infiltration of streamflow and irrigation water. Balancing this is an equal amount of groundwater discharge, of which about 65% evaporates from the water table or is transpired by phreatophytes, about 30 % is withdrawn from wells, and about 5% leaves the basin as subsurface outflow to the east. Results of a groundwater flow model of the eastern part of the basin, where withdrawals for public supply have been proposed, indicate that if 15,000 acre-ft of water were withdrawn annually, a new equilibrium would eventually be established by a reduction of about 60% in both evapotranspiration and subsurface outflow to the east. Hydrologic effects would be minimal at the western boundary of the flow-model area. Within the modeled area, the increased withdrawals cause an increase in the simulated net flow of groundwater eastward across the California-Nevada State line from about 670 acre-ft/yr to about 2,300 acre-ft/yr. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904050","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and the Nevada Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Handman, E.H., Londquist, C.J., and Maurer, D.K., 1990, Ground-water resources of Honey Lake Valley, Lassen County, California, and Washoe County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4050, Report: vii, 112 p.; 4 Plates: 16.03 x 21.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904050.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 112 p.; 4 Plates: 16.03 x 21.94 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400440,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4050/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400439,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4050/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400438,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4050/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400441,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4050/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56354,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4050/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","county":"Lassen County, Washoe County","otherGeospatial":"Honey Lake Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 39.592990390285024\n ],\n [\n -119.1302490234375,\n 39.592990390285024\n ],\n [\n -119.1302490234375,\n 40.67438908251788\n ],\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 40.67438908251788\n ],\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 39.592990390285024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Handman, Elinor H.","contributorId":31748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handman","given":"Elinor","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Londquist, Clark J.","contributorId":44149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Londquist","given":"Clark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":198230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}