The mapped active traces of the San Andreas fault are separated by a 1-km-wide right-stepping offset in Cholame Valley. The geometry of this offset, defined in other strike-slip systems as a releasing bend or a dilational jog, has resulted in the formation of a pullapart basin. Various researchers have inferred that this offset served as a rupture terminus for earthquakes on both strands of the San Andreas fault (1966 Parkfield and 1857 Fort Tejon); thus, this en echelon offset may represent a barrier to the propagation of rupture between two segments of the San Andreas fault. We collected 18 km of high-resolution seismic reflection data specifically designed to image the San Andreas fault zone in the shallow crust surrounding this offset. Four short profiles (≤ 3.3 km long) of Mini-Sosie reflection data (1 s of two-way travel time ≈ 1.5 km deep) were collected perpendicular to the San Andreas fault; three of these profiles were tied by a 7-km-long profile that trended northwest through Cholame Valley, subparallel to the San Andreas fault. A zone of incoherent energy, narrow at the surface but widening with depth, underlies the mapped active traces of the San Andreas fault and abruptly terminates shallow reflections on both sides. The reflection profiles and available well data indicate that west of the mapped active traces of the San Andreas fault the shallow subsurface structure of the crust consists of thin (≤400 m thick), offset packages of reflections, laterally coherent on the scale of tens of meters, overlying deformed clastic sedimentary rocks. East of the San Andreas fault, the structure of the shallow crust in southern Cholame Valley is characterized by thick packages of reflections, laterally coherent on the scale of kilometers, overlying the Franciscan complex. All of the strata east of the fault (within Cholame Valley) dip toward the San Andreas fault and the offset, into an approximately 1-km-deep sedimentary basin abutting the south strand of San Andreas fault. The offset in Cholame Valley is characterized by a gentle downwarping of sediments into the offset, the presence of many small faults and discontinuous reflections (consistent with areally distributed shear) between the traces of the main fault, localized subsidence abutting the main strike-slip fault, the formation of a basin, near the offset, that is about as deep as the jog is wide, and the southward propagation of the deformation associated with the offset. Strain field modeling based on simple geometries of the San Andreas and associated faults successfully predicts the general features of the observed topography and subsurface structure of southern Cholame Valley, including subsidence and basin formation near the offset, a discontinuous San Andreas fault plane, and at least one fault in southeastern Cholame Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB04p05003","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Shedlock, K.M., Brocher, T., and Harding, S., 1990, Shallow structure and deformation along the San Andreas Fault in Cholame Valley, California, based on high-resolution reflection profiling: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B4, p. 5003-5020, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB04p05003.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"5003","endPage":"5020","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e3de4b08c986b3187ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedlock, K. M.","contributorId":72805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harding, S.T.","contributorId":99565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harding","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016168,"text":"70016168 - 1990 - Kinetically influenced terms for solute transport affected by heterogeneous and homogeneous classical reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-04T14:41:39","indexId":"70016168","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinetically influenced terms for solute transport affected by heterogeneous and homogeneous classical reactions","docAbstract":"Simulation of transport affected by heterogeneous or homogeneous reversible reactions requires a choice between local equilibrium-based and kinetics-based models. The error associated with the use of equilibrium-based models is equivalent to the error of neglecting certain mathematical terms in the governing kinetics-based transport equations. Identification and evaluation of these kinetically influenced terms can therefore aid in the development of criteria for applicability of local equilibrium- based transport models. This paper extends a four-step derivation procedure, previously presented for cases of transport affected by surface reactions, to transport problems involving homogeneous reactions (solution phase complex formation or oxidation-reduction) and/or precipitation-dissolution reactions. Derivations for these classes of reactions are used to illustrate the manner in which mathematical differences between reaction classes are reflected in the mathematical derivation procedures required to identify kinetically influenced terms. Simulation results for a case of transport affected by a single solution phase complexation reaction and for a case of transport affected by a precipitation-dissolution reaction are used to demonstrate the nature of departures from equilibrium-controlled transport as well as the use of kinetically influenced terms in determining criteria for the applicability of the local equilibrium assumption. A final derivation for a multireaction problem demonstrates the application of the generalized procedure to a case of transport affected by reactions of several classes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR026i001p00021","usgsCitation":"Bahr, J.M., 1990, Kinetically influenced terms for solute transport affected by heterogeneous and homogeneous classical reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 26, no. 1, p. 21-34, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i001p00021.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a8e4b0c8380cd64f37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bahr, Jean M.","contributorId":69716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016229,"text":"70016229 - 1990 - Variations in fault slip and strain accumulation at Parkfield, California: Initial results using two-color geodimeter measurements 1984-1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:23:28.635268","indexId":"70016229","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in fault slip and strain accumulation at Parkfield, California: Initial results using two-color geodimeter measurements 1984-1988","docAbstract":"Repeated length measurements of several geodetic baselines near Parkfield, California, have revealed significant variations in the local rates of shallow fault slip and strain. This network of baselines, surveyed several times each week, straddles the San Andreas fault in the transition zone between the creeping section to the northwest and the locked section to the southeast. The length measurements, characterized by a precision approaching 0.1 ppm, reveal large fluctuations in the rates of baseline extension. Principal mode analysis of the length change data indicates that the two largest components of the signal are (1) secular extensions and contractions consistent with surface slip on the main strand of the San Andreas fault, and (2) a large seasonal oscillation with no obvious spatial coherence. On most of these baselines, the second component appears to be in phase with seasonal rainfall. When data from the baselines with the largest amplitude of the seasonal signal are excluded, the remaining data can be modeled in terms of both spatial and temporal variations in surface slip, variations in the components of the changes in uniform strain, and the possible displacement of the central monument in this radial network. In parameterizing this model, the spatial variation of slip beneath the near surface is reflected by changes in shear strain. Although the computed secular shear is highly dependent upon the specified parameterization of surface slip, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that slip at intermediate depths lags behind the surface slip rate. However, the range in models that fit the data does not necessarily imply that there is a deficit in slip at depth relative to the surface. Comparison of the inferred values of surface slip from the model with the observed fault slip measured by very short baseline creep meters indicates close agreement in secular rates, but the short-term variations observed with the creep meters are either highly attenuated or nonexistent in the modeled slip since the modeled slip is a spatial average which smooths out possible short-wavelength variations in the surface slip for which the creep instruments are most sensitive. An interesting conclusion from the two-color data is that surface slip on the San Andreas fault appears to be spread over a 2-km-wide zone on the south flank of Middle Mountain but is confined to a very narrow zone to the south as the fault passes through the center of the network. This conclusion is dependent upon the assumption that a few critical monuments are stable and track tectonic displacements in the long term. Finally, the largest observed strain change is an extensional strain coincident with the Kettleman Hills earthquake M5.5 in August 1985.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB03p02533","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J.O., Burford, R.O., and Slater, L., 1990, Variations in fault slip and strain accumulation at Parkfield, California: Initial results using two-color geodimeter measurements 1984-1988: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B3, p. 2533-2552, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB03p02533.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2533","endPage":"2552","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc17de4b08c986b32a5d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, J. O.","contributorId":39404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burford, Robert O.","contributorId":52560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burford","given":"Robert","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slater, L.E.","contributorId":35063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slater","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016083,"text":"70016083 - 1990 - An investigation of spectral change as influenced by irrigation and evapotranspiration volume estimation in western Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:26:43","indexId":"70016083","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An investigation of spectral change as influenced by irrigation and evapotranspiration volume estimation in western Nebraska","docAbstract":"Retrospective satellite image data were evaluated for their ability to demonstrate the influence of center-pivot irrigation development in western Nebraska on spectral change and climate-related factors for the region. Periodic images of an albedo index and a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were generated from calibrated Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data and used to monitor spectral changes associated with irrigation development from 1972 through 1986. The albedo index was not useful for monitoring irrigation development. For the NDVI, it was found that proportions of counties in irrigated agriculture, as discriminated by a threshold, were more highly correlated with reported ground estimates of irrigated agriculture than were county mean greenness values. A similar result was achieved when using coarse resolution Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) image data for estimating irrigated agriculture. The NDVI images were used to evaluate a procedure for making areal estimates of actual evapotranspiration (ET) volumes. Estimates of ET volumes for test counties, using reported ground acreages and corresponding standard crop coefficients, were correlated with the estimates of ET volume using crop coefficients scaled to NDVI values and pixel counts of crop areas. These county estimates were made under the assumption that soil water availability was unlimited. For nonirrigated vegetation, this may result in over-estimation of ET volumes. Ground information regarding crop types and acreages are required to derive the NDVI scaling factor. Potential ET, estimated with the Jensen-Haise model, is common to both methods. These results, achieved with both MSS and AVHRR data, show promise for providing climatologically important land surface information for regional and global climate models. ?? 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers.","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00138371","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Seevers, P., Sadowski, F., and Lauer, D.T., 1990, An investigation of spectral change as influenced by irrigation and evapotranspiration volume estimation in western Nebraska: Climatic Change, v. 17, no. 2-3, p. 265-285, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00138371.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"285","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205297,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138371"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea91e4b0c8380cd4894a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seevers, P. M.","contributorId":94325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seevers","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sadowski, F.C.","contributorId":40734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadowski","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lauer, D. T.","contributorId":47907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015830,"text":"70015830 - 1990 - Effect of ten quaternary ammonium cations on tetrachloromethane sorption to clay from water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T19:44:24","indexId":"70015830","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of ten quaternary ammonium cations on tetrachloromethane sorption to clay from water","docAbstract":"The mineral surface of Wyoming bentonite (clay) was modified by replacing inorganic ions by each of 10 quaternary ammonium compounds, and tetrachloromethane sorption to the modified sorbents from water was studied. Tetrachloromethane sorption from solution to clay modified with tetramethyl-, tetraethyl-, benzyltrimethyl-, or benzyltriethylammonium cations generally is characterized by relatively high solute uptake, isotherm nonlinearity, and competitive sorption (with trichloroethene as the competing sorbate). For these sorbents, the ethyl functional groups yield reduced sorptive capacity relative to methyl groups, whereas the benzyl group appears to have a similar effect on sorbent capacity as the methyl group. Sorption of tetrachloromethane to clay modified with dodecyldimethyl(2-phenoxyethyl)-, dodecyltrimethyl-, tetradecyltrimethyl-, hexadecyltrimethyl-, or benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium bromide is characterized by relatively low solute uptake, isotherm linearity, and noncompetitive sorption. For these sorbents, an increase in the size of the nonpolar functional group(s) causes an increase in the organic carbon normalized sorption coefficient (Koc). No measurable uptake of tetrachloromethane sorption by the unmodified clay or clay modified by ammonium bromide was observed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00078a003","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Smith, J.A., 1990, Effect of ten quaternary ammonium cations on tetrachloromethane sorption to clay from water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1167-1172, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00078a003.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1167","endPage":"1172","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0613e4b0c8380cd510f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, J. A.","contributorId":101646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016204,"text":"70016204 - 1990 - Climatic change and permafrost. Record from surficial deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-19T19:17:29.790706","indexId":"70016204","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2221,"text":"Journal of Cold Regions Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic change and permafrost. Record from surficial deposits","docAbstract":"The physical and chemical characteristics of surficial deposits and the floral and faunal remains they contain provide information that is useful for interpreting both paleoclimate and past permafrost conditions. Surficial deposits thus provide a record of climatic change and permafrost history. This record suggests that initiation of permafrost in lowland areas of the Southern Arctic Archipelago and continents of the northern hemisphere may have occurred about 2,400,000 years ago during the pronounced cooling that led to the first major glaciation of late Cenozoic time. Since then, climate has been relatively cold but cyclically variable, characterized by the growth and shrinkage of large, continental ice sheets. Permafrost has expanded and contracted in response to these climatic changes, and we can expect the present permafrost conditions to change in response to future climatic changes. To predict the response of permafrost and the landscape to future climatic change we should: (1) Define relations between climate and the modern landscape; (2) establish long‐term records of past climatic change and landscape response; and (3) determine the paleoenvironments of past warm periods as possible analogs for future global warming.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(1990)4:1(43)","issn":"0887381X","usgsCitation":"Carter, L.D., 1990, Climatic change and permafrost. Record from surficial deposits: Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, v. 4, no. 1, p. 43-53, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(1990)4:1(43).","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223100,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f65de4b0c8380cd4c70c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, L. David","contributorId":16827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016148,"text":"70016148 - 1990 - Multivariate statistical analysis of stream-sediment geochemistry in the Grazer Paläozoikum, Austria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T15:21:08","indexId":"70016148","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multivariate statistical analysis of stream-sediment geochemistry in the Grazer Paläozoikum, Austria","docAbstract":"The Austrian reconnaissance study of stream-sediment composition — more than 30000 clay-fraction samples collected over an area of 40000 km2 — is summarized in an atlas of regional maps that show the distributions of 35 elements. These maps, rich in information, reveal complicated patterns of element abundance that are difficult to compare on more than a small number of maps at one time. In such a study, multivariate procedures such as simultaneous R-Q mode components analysis may be helpful. They can compress a large number of variables into a much smaller number of independent linear combinations. These composite variables may be mapped and relationships sought between them and geological properties. As an example, R-Q mode components analysis is applied here to the Grazer Paläozoikum, a tectonic unit northeast of the city of Graz, which is composed of diverse lithologies and contains many mineral deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00190384","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Weber, L., and Davis, J., 1990, Multivariate statistical analysis of stream-sediment geochemistry in the Grazer Paläozoikum, Austria: Mineralium Deposita, v. 25, no. 3, p. 213-220, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00190384.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"220","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205312,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190384"},{"id":222891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60bbe4b0c8380cd7164b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weber, L.","contributorId":64808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016163,"text":"70016163 - 1990 - Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T09:52:24","indexId":"70016163","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment","docAbstract":"Remotely sensed surface temperature and reflectance in the visible and near infrared wavebands along with ancilliary meteorological data provide the capability of computing three of the four surface energy balance components (i.e., net radiation, soil heat flux, and sensible heat flux) at different spatial and temporal scales. As a result, under nonadvective conditions, this enables the estimation of the remaining term (i.e., the latent heat flux). One of the practical applications with this approach is to produce evapotranspiration (ET) maps for agricultural regions which consist of an array of fields containing different crops at varying stages of growth and soil moisture conditions. Such a situation exists in the semiarid southwest at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center, south of Phoenix. For one day (14 June 1987), surface temperature and reflectance measurements from an aircraft 150 m above ground level (agl) were acquired over fields from zero to nearly full cover at four times between 1000 MST and 1130 MST. The diurnal pattern of the surface energy balance was measured over four fields, which included alfalfa at 60% cover, furrowed cotton at 20% and 30% cover, and partially plowed what stubble. Instantaneous and daily values of ET were estimated for a representative area around each flux site with an energy balance model that relies on a reference ET. This reference value was determined with remotely sensed data and several meteorological inputs. The reference ET was adjusted to account for the different surface conditions in the other fields using only remotely sensed variables. A comparison with the flux measurements suggests the model has difficulties with partial canopy conditions, especially related to the estimation of the sensible heat flux. The resulting errors for instantaneous ET were on the order of 100 W m−2 and for daily values of order 2 mm day−1. These findings suggest future research should involve development of methods to account for the variability of meteorological parameters brought about by changes in surface conditions and improvements in the modeling of sensible heat transfer across the surface—atmosphere interface for partial canopy conditions using remote sensing information.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(90)90013-C","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Kustas, W.P., Moran, M.S., Jackson, R.D., Gay, L.W., Duell, L., Kunkel, K.E., and Matthias, A., 1990, Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 32, no. 2-3, p. 125-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(90)90013-C.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c28e4b0c8380cd62b09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, R. D.","contributorId":30758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gay, L. W.","contributorId":53526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gay","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duell, L.F.W.","contributorId":11765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L.F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunkel, K. E.","contributorId":83626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunkel","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Matthias, A.D.","contributorId":36296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthias","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70015929,"text":"70015929 - 1990 - Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:23:10.162313","indexId":"70015929","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer","docAbstract":"Theory, laboratory experiments, and empirical observation suggest that many aqueous fluid inclusions in calcite reequilibrate during overheating, and therefore some homogenization temperatures (Th) record a temperature close to the maximum reached by the rock. This characteristic suggests that aqueous fluid inclusions in calcite can be used to establish maximum temperature (Tpeak). To test this hypothesis, we have compiled fluid inclusion Tpeak, mean random vitrinite reflectance (Rm), and present-day Tpeak from 46 diverse geologic systems that have been at Tpeak from 104 to 106 yr. Present Tpeak ranged from 65 to 345 °C, Th modes and means ranged from 59 to 350 °C, and Rm data ranged from 0.4% to 4.6%, spanning the temperature and thermal maturity range associated with burial diagenesis, hydrothermal alteration, and low-grade metamorphism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1003:FITFDM>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., and Goldstein, R., 1990, Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer: Geology, v. 18, no. 10, p. 1003-1006, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1003:FITFDM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1003","endPage":"1006","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223439,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a127be4b0c8380cd54317","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldstein, R.H.","contributorId":18908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016170,"text":"70016170 - 1990 - Equivalent strike-slip earthquake cycles in half-space and lithosphere-asthenosphere earth models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:27:51.109446","indexId":"70016170","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Equivalent strike-slip earthquake cycles in half-space and lithosphere-asthenosphere earth models","docAbstract":"By virtue of the images used in the dislocation solution, the deformation at the free surface produced throughout the earthquake cycle by slippage on a long strike-slip fault in an Earth model consisting of an elastic plate (lithosphere) overlying a viscoelastic half-space (asthenosphere) can be duplicated by prescribed slip on a vertical fault embedded in an elastic half-space. For the case in which each earthquake ruptures the entire lithosphere (thickness H), the half-space equivalent slip rate is as follows: Depth interval 0-H, slip identical to that in lithosphere-asthenosphere model (i.e., abrupt coseismic slip and no subsequent slip); depth interval (2n−1)H to (2n+1)H (n = 1,2,…), slip rate uniform in space and dependent upon time as Fn(t) exp (−t/τa) where Fn is a (n - 1) degree polynomial in t, τa is twice the asthenosphere relaxation time (η/μ), and t is measured from the instant after the preceding earthquake. The slip rate averaged over the seismic cycle in each depth interval equals the secular rate of relative plate motion. For reasonable values of τa, slip rates below 5H do not vary much from that mean value and can be treated as constant. Thus the surface deformation due to the earthquake cycle in the lithosphere-asthenosphere model can be calculated very simply from the half-space model with time-dependent slip in the two depth intervals H−3H and 3H−5H, and uniform slip at a rate equal to the secular relative plate velocity below depth 5H. Inversion of 1973–1988 geodetic measurements of deformation across the segment of the San Andreas fault in the Transverse Ranges north of Los Angeles for the half-space equivalent slip distribution suggests no significant slip on the fault above 30 km and a uniform slip rate of 36 mm/yr below 30 km. One equivalent lithosphere-asthenosphere model would have a 30-km thick lithosphere and an asthenosphere relaxation time greater than 33 years, but other models are possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB04p04873","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., 1990, Equivalent strike-slip earthquake cycles in half-space and lithosphere-asthenosphere earth models: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B4, p. 4873-4879, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB04p04873.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4873","endPage":"4879","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a2de4b0c8380cd52227","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015928,"text":"70015928 - 1990 - Radium distribution and indoor radon in the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T01:13:17.237124","indexId":"70015928","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radium distribution and indoor radon in the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"Aerial gamma-ray data were compiled to produce a map showing the distribution of radium (226Ra) in near-surface materials in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and parts of Montana, Wyoming, California, Nevada, and Utah). A comparison of measurements of indoor concentration levels of radon (222Rn) in homes with the apparent surface concentration of radium shows that aerial gamma-ray data provide a first order estimate of the relative amounts of indoor radon for township-sized areas where soils have low to moderate permeability. Townships with average indoor radon levels above the general trend of the data are almost all characterized by soils that have higher intrinsic permeabilities.
Organic geochemical investigations were conducted on a series of cores that systematically sampled the uppermost Jurassic strata from the northern Newark Basin. Each sedimentary unit consists of fluvial red sandstones and siltstones with cyclic deposits of interbedded black lacustrine shales and gray deltaic siltstones. In a suite of organic-rich shales from the Boonton, Towaco and Feltville Formations, organic maturation parameters were used to determine aspects of the thermal history of the Newark Basin. Comparisons of model calculations and measured maturities support39 Ar/40 Ar-geochronometer studies that indicate a hydrothermal event occurred ∼175 Ma ago. An increase in the regional geothermal gradient to ∼7.5°C/100 m for ∼5 Ma best conforms to the organic geochemical observations. Biomarker compounds in Boonton and Towaco strata should have been relatively unaltered by this regional event, but anomalous molecular distributions in the organic-rich rocks may have resulted from localized heating by hydrothermal fluids. The effects of this interaction would be very subtle and may be indistinguishable from variations caused by differences in organic facies. Within this uncertainty, sterane and hopane isomerization and steroid aromatization reactions advanced in the Boonton and Towaco Formation strata primarily because of burial and normal geothermal heating that followed the hydrothermal event. Biomarker kinetic models indicate that ∼2400 m of Boonton and post-Boonton strata were eroded after basinal uplift commenced ∼50 Ma ago.
In 1982 and 1984 the U.S. Geological Survey used several seismic networks, totaling over 90 stations, to record teleseismic P waves and measure travel time residuals in an area centered on the Long Valley caldera. We inverted the travel time residuals to obtain a three-dimensional image of the velocity structure with resolution of 5–6 km to depths of 70 km beneath the array. Direct inversion of these data indicates that the 2- to 4-km-thick low-velocity caldera fill contaminates the signal from any midcrustal velocity anomalies beneath the caldera. Thus two methods were used to strip the effects of the upper crust from the travel time residuals: (1) ray tracing through upper crustal velocity models provided by seismic refraction experiments and gravity surveys, and (2) an iterative stripping scheme using the inversion itself. The methods produce essentially identical results and adequately remove the effects of the shallowest crustal structures, including the caldera fill and hydrothermal alteration effects. The resulting “stripped” models show two well-resolved midcrustal low-velocity bodies in the Long Valley region. The first body is centered between 7 and 20 km depth beneath the resurgent dome of the Long Valley caldera and has a volume of 150–600 km3. The second, with a similar volume, is centered between 10 and 20 km depth beneath the Mono Craters, about 10 km north of Long Valley. Velocity contrasts in both of these bodies are about 6–10%, and the features are interpreted as silicic magma chambers. This experiment does not preclude the presence of additional pockets of magma smaller than 5 km across in the upper crust, particularly beneath the resurgent dome of the caldera (which would be removed with the stripping methods). It is likely that the midcrust anomaly beneath the resurgent dome is a remnant of the caldera forming magma chamber. Upper mantle velocities are lower than average beneath Mono Craters and higher than average beneath Long Valley. We tentatively interpret these anomalies as mantle partial melt beneath the Mono Craters and refractory upper mantle residuum beneath Long Valley. The high eruptive rate of the Mono Craters and these upper mantle structures suggest that the focus of volcanism is shifting north from Long Valley to the Mono Craters.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB07p11021","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dawson, P., Evans, J., and Iyer, H.M., 1990, Teleseismic tomography of the compressional wave velocity structure beneath the Long Valley region, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B7, p. 11021-11050, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB07p11021.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"11021","endPage":"11050","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4a5e4b08c986b3204aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iyer, H. M.","contributorId":17997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyer","given":"H.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016215,"text":"70016215 - 1990 - Metal and nutrient behavior in the Raritan estuary, New Jersey, U.S.A.: The effect of multiple freshwater and industrial waste inputs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:42:15","indexId":"70016215","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal and nutrient behavior in the Raritan estuary, New Jersey, U.S.A.: The effect of multiple freshwater and industrial waste inputs","docAbstract":"A geochemical analysis of the Raritan estuary during high and low river flow is presented. Several statistical and graphical approaches, in addition to a hydrodynamic model of the Raritan estuary, are used to demonstrate the effects of lateral inputs on trace-element distribution in a complicated fluvial-marine system. Results from factor and cluster analysis show that nutrient-salinity distributions on both sampling dates are controlled primarily by freshwater-saltwater mixing. Industrial and municipal waste sources within the estuary are important in controlling dissolved organic carbon (at low flow) and dissolved and bottom sediment trace metals. Biological and physico-chemical reactions have a significant, but secondary effect on nutrient and trace-metal distributions with salinity. Apparent flux calculations and property-property plots show that for dissolved phosphate, nitrate and inorganic carbon, the Raritan estuary can be divided into two mixing zones, with the Raritan River controlling nutrient concentrations in the lower-salinity stretches and the South River controlling their distributions at intermediate and higher salinities. High enrichment factors of most metals in estuary bottom sediment reveal that this is an important and semi-permanent sink for trace metals in the Raritan system. Previous work on suspended sediment in the estuary and river substantiates that this load is also an important sink for trace metals; however, many of these metals are in leachable modes which are more susceptible to release and incorporation into the food chain. ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(90)90043-7","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Maest, A., Crerar, D., Stallard, R., and Ryan, J.N., 1990, Metal and nutrient behavior in the Raritan estuary, New Jersey, U.S.A.: The effect of multiple freshwater and industrial waste inputs: Chemical Geology, v. 81, no. 1-2, p. 133-149, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90043-7.","startPage":"133","endPage":"149","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266081,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90043-7"},{"id":223356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a546ee4b0c8380cd6cf98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maest, A.S.","contributorId":86364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maest","given":"A.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crerar, D.A.","contributorId":92802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crerar","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stallard, R.F.","contributorId":30247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ryan, J. N.","contributorId":102649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015938,"text":"70015938 - 1990 - Stratigraphic, lithologic, and major element geochemical constraints on magmatic evolution at Lassen volcanic center, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:53:26.689232","indexId":"70015938","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic, lithologic, and major element geochemical constraints on magmatic evolution at Lassen volcanic center, California","docAbstract":"The Lassen volcanic center is the most recent of several long-lived volcanic centers in the southernmost Cascade Range. These centers have erupted products ranging from basaltic andesite to rhyolite and are superimposed on a background of regional basaltic to andesitic volcanism. The evolution of the Lassen volcanic center is described in three stages. Stages I and II comprise the Brokeoff volcano, and 80 km3 andesitic stratocone, active from 600 to 400 ka. Brokeoff volcano is compositionally equivalent to the regional basaltic andesite to andesite volcanism in the Lassen region and is the result of structurally controlled focusing of the diffuse regional mafic magmatism. Stage III comprises a silicic dome field and adjacent area of hybrid andesites and has a total volume of about 100 km3. Volcanism during stage III was episodic and is subdivided into four sequences of lithologically and temporally distinct lavas. Stage III began at 400 ka with a rhyolitic, caldera-forming pyroclastic eruption and chemically related lavas. Additional sequences of dacite erupted between 250–200 ka and 100–0 ka. Hybrid andesites erupted adjacent to the silicic dome field between 300 and 0 ka. Porphyritic andesite and dacite with high Al2O3, low TiO2, medium K2O and FeO/MgO ratios of 1.5–2.0 are the most abundant rock types in the Lassen volcanic center. However, the single most voluminous unit is sparsely phyric rhyolite pumice. In general, the lavas of Lassen volcanic center form a single coherent trend on major element variation diagrams and in pseudo-quaternary phase space, consistant with an origin either by fractional crystallization or magma mixing. In detail, however, the lack of systematic temporal change in silica and subtly crossing trends indicate a complex origin. A variety of statistically successful fractional crystallization models can be constructed that derive Brokeoff andesites from regional magmas. An important conclusion of the modeling is that if fractional crystallization is the process responsible for generation of Brokeoff andesite, then the parent magma must be low to medium K in geochemical affinity in order to explain the variation in K2O. However, although major element variation can be modeled by fractional crystallization, petrographic and stratigraphic evidence indicates that magma mixing is an important but subtle process in Brokeoff lavas and suggests that lavas evolved in small independent batches. Lavas erupted during stage III, while predominantly silicic, range from 53 to 75% SiO2. Disequilibrium mineral assemblages in the stage III lavas indicate that they are not directly derived from Brokeoff andesite by fractional crystallization. Mixing of silicic magma with regional mafic magma and disaggregation of andesitic quenched magmatic inclusions play dominant roles in the compositional diversity of stage III lavas.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p19651","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Clynne, M., 1990, Stratigraphic, lithologic, and major element geochemical constraints on magmatic evolution at Lassen volcanic center, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B12, p. 19651-19669, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19651.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"19651","endPage":"19669","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9970e4b08c986b31c411","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015834,"text":"70015834 - 1990 - High temperature annealing of fission tracks in fluorapatite, Santa Fe Springs oil field, Los Angeles Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T20:08:40","indexId":"70015834","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2067,"text":"International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High temperature annealing of fission tracks in fluorapatite, Santa Fe Springs oil field, Los Angeles Basin, California","docAbstract":"Annealing of fission tracks is a kinetic process dependent primarily on temperature and to a laser extent on time. Several kinetic models of apatite annealing have been proposed. The predictive capabilities of these models for long-term geologic annealing have been limited to qualitative or semiquantitative at best, because of uncertainties associated with (1) the extrapolation of laboratory observations to geologic conditions, (2) the thermal histories of field samples, and (3) to some extent, the effect of apatite composition on reported annealing temperatures. Thermal history in the Santa Fe Springs oil field, Los Angeles Basin, California, is constrained by an exceptionally well known burial history and present-day temperature gradient. Sediment burial histories are continuous and tightly constrained from about 9 Ma to present, with an important tie at 3.4 Ma. No surface erosion and virtually no uplift were recorded during or since deposition of these sediments, so the burial history is simple and uniquely defined. Temperature gradient (???40??C km-1) is well established from oil-field operations. Fission-track data from the Santa Fe Springs area should thus provide one critical field test of kinetic annealing models for apatite. Fission-track analysis has been performed on apatites from sandstones of Pliocene to Miocene age from a deep drill hole at Santa Fe Springs. Apatite composition, determined by electron microprobe, is fluorapatite [average composition (F1.78Cl0.01OH0.21)] with very low chlorine content [less than Durango apatite; sample means range from 0.0 to 0.04 Cl atoms, calculated on the basis of 26(O, F, Cl, OH)], suggesting that the apatite is not unusually resistant to annealing. Fission tracks are preserved in these apatites at exceptionally high present-day temperatures. Track loss is not complete until temperatures reach the extreme of 167-178??C (at 3795-4090 m depth). The temperature-time annealing relationships indicated by the new data from Santa Fe Springs conflict with predictions based on previously published, commonly used, kinetic annealing models for apatite. Work is proceeding on samples from another area of the basin that may resolve this discrepancy.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 6th International Fission Track Dating Workshop","conferenceLocation":"Besancon, Fr","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1359-0189(90)90097-H","issn":"0191278X","usgsCitation":"Naeser, N.D., Crowley, K.D., McCulloh, T.H., and Reaves, C.M., 1990, High temperature annealing of fission tracks in fluorapatite, Santa Fe Springs oil field, Los Angeles Basin, California: International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, v. 17, no. 3, https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(90)90097-H.","startPage":"424","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268865,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(90)90097-H"},{"id":222869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30d5e4b0c8380cd5d9ae","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Couchot PierreFromm M.Chambaudet A.Rebetez M.Van den haute Peteret al","contributorId":128349,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Couchot PierreFromm M.Chambaudet A.Rebetez M.Van den haute Peteret al","id":536309,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Naeser, Nancy D.","contributorId":82753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowley, Kevin D.","contributorId":63536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCulloh, Thane H.","contributorId":100450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloh","given":"Thane","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reaves, Chris M.","contributorId":10554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reaves","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016303,"text":"70016303 - 1990 - Recent crustal subsidence at Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:41","indexId":"70016303","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recent crustal subsidence at Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Following a period of net uplift at an average rate of 15??1 mm/year from 1923 to 1984, the east-central floor of Yellowstone Caldera stopped rising during 1984-1985 and then subsided 25??7 mm during 1985-1986 and an additional 35??7 mm during 1986-1987. The average horizontal strain rates in the northeast part of the caldera for the period from 1984 to 1987 were: {Mathematical expression}1 = 0.10 ?? 0.09 ??strain/year oriented N33?? E??9?? and {Mathematical expression}2 = 0.20 ?? 0.09 ??strain/year oriented N57?? W??9?? (extension reckoned positive). A best-fit elastic model of the 1985-1987 vertical and horizontal displacements in the eastern part of the caldera suggests deflation of a horizontal tabular body located 10??5 km beneath Le Hardys Rapids, i.e., within a deep hydrothermal system or within an underlying body of partly molten rhyolite. Two end-member models each explain most aspects of historical unrest at Yellowstone, including the recent reversal from uplift to subsidence. Both involve crystallization of an amount of rhyolitic magma that is compatible with the thermal energy requirements of Yellowstone's vigorous hydrothermal system. In the first model, injection of basalt near the base of the rhyolitic system is the primary cause of uplift. Higher in the magmatic system, rhyolite crystallizes and releases all of its magmatic volatiles into the shallow hydrothermal system. Uplift stops and subsidence starts whenever the supply rate of basalt is less than the subsidence rate produced by crystallization of rhyolite and associated fluid loss. In the second model, uplift is caused primarily by pressurization of the deep hydrothermal system by magmatic gas and brine that are released during crystallization of rhyolite and them trapped at lithostatic pressure beneath an impermeable self-sealed zone. Subsidence occurs during episodic hydrofracturing and injection of pore fluid from the deep lithostatic-pressure zone into a shallow hydrostatic-pressure zone. Heat input from basaltic intrusions is required to maintain Yellowstone's silicic magmatic system and shallow hydrothermal system over time scales longer than about 105 years, but for the historical time period crystallization of rhyolite can account for most aspects of unrest at Yellowstone, including seismicity, uplift, subsidence, and hydrothermal activity. ?? 1990 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00304098","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Savage, J., and Fournier, R., 1990, Recent crustal subsidence at Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 52, no. 4, p. 247-270, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00304098.","startPage":"247","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205350,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304098"},{"id":223207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95f3e4b0c8380cd81d1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016308,"text":"70016308 - 1990 - Formation of anorthosite-Gabbro rhythmic phase layering: an example at North Arm Mountain, Bay of Isands ophiolite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T21:12:38.257063","indexId":"70016308","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of anorthosite-Gabbro rhythmic phase layering: an example at North Arm Mountain, Bay of Isands ophiolite","docAbstract":"Rhythmically layered anorthosite and gabbro are exposed in a 4–10-m thick interval at the base of the layered gabbro unit on North Arm Mountain, one of four massifs that compose the Bay of Islands ophiolite, Newfoundland. Within the rhythmically layered interval, up to 37 anorthosite layers 1–2 cm thick alternate with gabbroic layers 7–10 cm thick. Anorthosites are adcumulates (most contain <6ppm Zr) with 98–99% plagioclase (Plag) and 1–2% intergranular clinopyroxene (Cpx), whereas gabbros are adcumulates to mesocumulates (<6–20ppm Zr) with 35–55% Plag, and the balance olivine (Ol) + Cpx ± orthopyroxene (Opx). Average mineral compositions are: Ol mg-number [100 ×Mg/(Mg + Fe)]=84·9, NiO=0·13wt. % Plag An = 87·9; Cpx mg-number = 88·3, TiO2=0·20 wt %; and Opx mg-number = 85·7. Rare earth element (REE) concentrations in clinopyroxene and plagioclase are low throughout the rhythmically layered interval (<5 times chondrites). The rhythmically layered interval is sandwiched between thick layers of adcumulate to orthocumulate uniform gabbro with average modal proportions of 54% Plag-39% Cpx-3% Ol-4% Opx. Average mineral compositions are: Ol mg-number = 75·5, NiO = 0·08 wt. %; Plag An=69%6; Cpx mg-number = 81·2, TiO2 =0·53 wt. %, and Opx mg-number = 77·5. Clinopyroxene and plagioclase REE abundances are systematically higher in the uniform gabbro interval than in the rhythmically layered interval. Calculated fractional crystallization paths and correlated cryptic variation patterns suggest that uniform and rhythmically layered gabbros represent 20–30% in situ crystallization of two distinct magma batches, one more evolved and the other more primitive. When the more primitive magma entered the crystallization site of the NA300–301 gabbros, it is estimated to have been ∼40°C hotter than the resident evolved magma, and may have been chilled by contact with a magma chamber margin composed of uniform gabbro. In this model, chilling caused the liquid to become supercooled with respect to plagioclase nucleation temperatures, resulting in crystallization of gabbro deficient in plagioclase relative to equilibrium cotectic proportions. Subtraction of a plagioclase-poor melagabbro enriched the liquid in normative plagioclase, which in turn led to crystallization of an anorthosite layer. Alternating anorthosite and gabbro layers in the rhythmically layered interval built up by coupled and sustained variations in crystal nucleation and growth rates, and associated variations in liquid compositions at the crystallization front. Relatively stagnant magma-flow conditions may be required to accumulate substantial thicknesses of rhythmically layered cumulates by sustained oscillatory crystallization. The rarity of anorthosite-gabbro rhythmic phase layering on North Arm Mountain may indicate that convective magma currents in the Bay of Islands magma chamber were too vigorous for oscillatory crystallization to commonly occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/31.1.1","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., and Elthon, D., 1990, Formation of anorthosite-Gabbro rhythmic phase layering: an example at North Arm Mountain, Bay of Isands ophiolite: Journal of Petrology, v. 31, no. 1, p. 1-50, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/31.1.1.","productDescription":"50 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223312,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a134ee4b0c8380cd545dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komor, S.C.","contributorId":21182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elthon, D.","contributorId":107434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elthon","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015873,"text":"70015873 - 1990 - The occurrence and distribution of trace metals in the Mississippi River and its tributaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T13:05:49","indexId":"70015873","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The occurrence and distribution of trace metals in the Mississippi River and its tributaries","docAbstract":"Quantitative and semiquantitative analyses of dissolved trace metals are reported for designated sampling sites on the Mississippi River and its main tributaries utilizing depth-integrated and width-integrated sampling technology to collect statistically representative samples. Data are reported for three sampling periods, including: July-August 1987, November-December 1987, and May-June 1988. Concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sr, Tl, U, V, and Zn are reported quantitatively, with the remainder of the stable metals in the periodic table reported semiquantitatively. Correlations between As and V, Ba and U, Cu and Zn, Li and Ba, and Li and U are significant at the 99% confidence level for each of the sampling trips. Comparison of the results of this study for selected metals with other published data show generally good agreement for Cr, Cu, Fe, and Zn, moderate agreement for Mo, and poor agreement for Cd and V.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(90)90251-O","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Taylor, H.E., Garbarino, J., and Brinton, T., 1990, The occurrence and distribution of trace metals in the Mississippi River and its tributaries: Science of Total Environment, v. 97-98, p. 369-384, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(90)90251-O.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"384","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205368,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(90)90251-O"},{"id":223437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97-98","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae35e4b08c986b323f54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbarino, J.R.","contributorId":76326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brinton, T.I.","contributorId":93922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinton","given":"T.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015866,"text":"70015866 - 1990 - Slip partitioning of the Calaveras Fault, California, and prospects for future earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T15:59:25.284556","indexId":"70015866","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip partitioning of the Calaveras Fault, California, and prospects for future earthquakes","docAbstract":"Examination of main shock and microearthquake data from the Calaveras Fault during the last 20 years reveals that main shock hypocenters occur at depths of 8-9 km near the base of the zone of microearthquakes. Microseismicity extends between depths of 4 and 10 km and defines zones of concentrated microseismicity and aseismic zones. Estimates of the fault regions which slipped during the Coyote Lake and Morgan Hill earthquakes as derived from seismic radiation coincide with zones which are otherwise aseismic. We propose that these persistent aseismic zones represent stuck patches which slip only during moderate earthquakes. From the pattern of microearthquake locations we recognize six aseismic zones where we expect future main shocks will rupture the Calaveras Fault. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB06p08483","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Oppenheimer, D.H., Bakun, W.H., and Lindh, A., 1990, Slip partitioning of the Calaveras Fault, California, and prospects for future earthquakes: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B6, p. 8483-8498, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB06p08483.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"8483","endPage":"8498","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b914ce4b08c986b319817","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oppenheimer, D. H.","contributorId":18395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lindh, A.G.","contributorId":24784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindh","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016310,"text":"70016310 - 1990 - Return to ranger submarine slide, Baja California, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:41","indexId":"70016310","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1742,"text":"Geo-Marine Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Return to ranger submarine slide, Baja California, Mexico","docAbstract":"Ranger Slide is a modest (12 km3) slide deposit of Pliocene and younger sediment on the continental slope in northern Sebastian Vizcaino Bay, Mexico. A limited survey using a deeply-towed instrument shows that hummocky terrain immediately downslope from the slide scar consists of large blocks of semiconsolidated sediment, some exceeding a kilometer in length and 107 m3 in volume. Most blocks have rotated, fallen apart, and/or deformed during movement. The form, structure, and processes related to emplacement of the blocks within the hummocky topographic zone of Ranger Slide may be common to many submarine slides on slopes involving semiconsolidated, terrigenous sediment. ?? 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geo-Marine Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02431025","issn":"02760460","usgsCitation":"Normark, W.R., 1990, Return to ranger submarine slide, Baja California, Mexico: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 10, no. 2, p. 81-91, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02431025.","startPage":"81","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205361,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02431025"},{"id":223314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac2ce4b0c8380cd86bca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016318,"text":"70016318 - 1990 - Crustal strain near the Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault: Analysis of the Los Padres-Tehachapi Trilateration Networks, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:19:44.526723","indexId":"70016318","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal strain near the Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault: Analysis of the Los Padres-Tehachapi Trilateration Networks, California","docAbstract":"In the region of the Los Padres-Tehachapi geodetic network, the San Andreas fault (SAF) changes its orientation by over 30° from N40°W, close to that predicted by plate motion for a transform boundary, to N73°W. The strain orientation near the SAF is consistent with right-lateral shear along the fault, with maximum shear rate of 0.38±0.01 μrad/yr at N63°W. In contrast, away from the SAF the strain orientations on both sides of the fault are consistent with the plate motion direction, with maximum shear rate of 0.19±0.01 μrad/yr at N44°W. The strain rate does not drop off rapidly away from the fault, and thus the area is fit by either a broad shear zone below the SAF or a single fault with a relatively deep locking depth. The fit to the line length data is poor for locking depth d less than 25 km. For d of 25 km a buried slip rate of 30 ± 6 mm/yr is estimated. We also estimated buried slip for models that included the Garlock and Big Pine faults, in addition to the SAF. Slip rates on other faults are poorly constrained by the Los Padres-Tehachapi network. The best fitting Garlock fault model had computed left-lateral slip rate of 11±2 mm/yr below 10 km. Buried left-lateral slip of 15±6 mm/yr on the Big Pine fault, within the Western Transverse Ranges, provides significant reduction in line length residuals; however, deformation there may be more complicated than a single vertical fault. A subhorizontal detachment on the southern side of the SAF cannot be well constrained by these data. We investigated the location of the SAF and found that a vertical fault below the surface trace fits the data much better than either a dipping fault or a fault zone located south of the surface trace.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB02p01139","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Eberhart-Phillips, D., Lisowski, M., and Zoback, M.D., 1990, Crustal strain near the Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault: Analysis of the Los Padres-Tehachapi Trilateration Networks, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B2, p. 1139-1153, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB02p01139.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1139","endPage":"1153","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce3e4b0c8380cd4e4ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, D.","contributorId":80428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":29431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":901429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015858,"text":"70015858 - 1990 - Relationship between strong-motion array parameters and the accuracy of source inversion and physical waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T00:00:18.429957","indexId":"70015858","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship between strong-motion array parameters and the accuracy of source inversion and physical waves","docAbstract":"We develop general rules for a strong-motion array layout on the basis of our method of applying a prediction analysis to a source inversion scheme. A systematic analysis is done to obtain a relationship between fault-array parameters and the accuracy of a source inversion. An overdetermined least-squares inversion scheme is used, where the spatial resolution is predetermined by the subfault size and the model variance is used as the accuracy of the source inversion. The accuracy of source inversion is efficiently estimated by using Wolberg's prediction analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA08006A1533","usgsCitation":"Iida, M., Miyatake, T., and Shimazaki, K., 1990, Relationship between strong-motion array parameters and the accuracy of source inversion and physical waves: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 80, no. 6 A, p. 1533-1552, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA08006A1533.","startPage":"1533","endPage":"1552","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422167,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/80/6A/1533/119379/Relationship-between-strong-motion-array"},{"id":223231,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"6 A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a760e4b0e8fec6cdc424","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iida, M.","contributorId":59563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iida","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miyatake, T.","contributorId":72133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miyatake","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shimazaki, K.","contributorId":96833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shimazaki","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}