Between 1091 and 1098 Ma, most of a 15- to 20-km thickness of dominantly tholeiitic basalt erupted in the Midcontinent Rift System of the Lake Superior region, North America. The Portage Lake Volcanics in Michigan, which are the youngest MRS flood basalts, fall into distinctly high- and low-TiO2 types having different liquid lines of descent. Incompatible trace elements in both types of tholeiites are enriched compared to depleted or primitive mantle (La/Yb = 4.3–5.3; Th/Ta = 2.12–2.16; Zr/Y = 4.3–4.4), and both basalt types are isotopically indistinguishable. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions of the Portage Lake tholeiites have 87Sr/86Sri ≈ 0.7038, εNd (1095 Ma) ≈ 0±2, and μ1 ≈ 8.2. Model ages with respect to a depleted mantle source (TDM) average about 1950–2100 Ma. Portage Lake rhyolites fall into two groups. Type I rhyolites have Nd and Pb isotopic characteristics (εNd (1095 Ma) ≈ 0 to −4.7; μ1 ≈ 8.2–7.8) consistent with contamination of tholeiitic rocks by 5–10% Archean crust. The one type II rhyolite analyzed has Nd and Pb isotopic compositions (εNd (1095 Ma) ≈ −13 to −16; μ1 ≈ 7.6–7.7) which are consistent with partial melting of Archean crust. Early Proterozoic crust was not a major contaminant of MRS rocks in the Lake Superior region. Most reported Nd and Pb isotopic compositions of MRS tholeiites from the main stage of volcanism in the Lake Superior region and of the Duluth Complex are comparable to the Nd and Pb isotopic data for Portage Lake tholeiites. The isotopic enrichment of the MRS source compared to depleted mantle is striking and must have occurred at least 700 m.y. before 1100 Ma. There are two likely sources for such enriched MRS tholeiitic magmatism: subcontinental lithospheric mantle enriched during the early Proterozoic or enriched mantle derived from an upwelling plume. Subcontinental lithospheric mantle alone as a source cannot be ruled out strictly on isotopic grounds, but melting of enriched lithosphere potentially ranging in age from 3.6 to 1.8 Ga would have been less likely to generate either the homogeneity or the volume of MRS tholeiites. Decompression melting of an upwelling enriched mantle plume in a region of lithosphere thinned by extension could have successfully generated the enormous volume (850×103 km3) of relatively homogeneous magma in a restricted time interval.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB07p10851","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, S.W., and Shirey, S., 1990, Midcontinent rift volcanism in the Lake Superior region: Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic evidence for a mantle plume origin: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B7, p. 10851-10868, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB07p10851.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"10851","endPage":"10868","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222868,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56cae4b0c8380cd6d815","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, S. W.","contributorId":79504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shirey, S.B.","contributorId":69712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shirey","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000614,"text":"1000614 - 1990 - Changes in Wisconsin's Lake Michigan salmonid sport fishery, 1969-1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-04T09:40:25","indexId":"1000614","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in Wisconsin's Lake Michigan salmonid sport fishery, 1969-1985","docAbstract":"The modern sport fishery for salmonids in Wisconsin waters of Lake Michigan was begun during 1963-1969 with the stocking of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), brook trout (S. fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), coho salmon (O. kisutch), and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). The fishery grew rapidly during 1969-1985 as angler effort increased 10-fold, catch rate doubled, and catch increased 20-fold. The stocking and catch became increasingly dominated by chinook salmon, with coho salmon and lake trout of secondary importance and brown, rainbow, and brook trout of least importance. Trolling dominated the fishery, particularly by launched-boat anglers and, more recently, by moored-boat anglers. Charter boat trolling grew the most continuously and had the highest catch rates. The catch by trollers was dominated by chinook and coho salmon and lake trout. Pier, stream, and shore anglers fished less overall, but had catch rates that were similar to launched-boat anglers. The catch by pier and shore anglers was spread among chinook and coho salmon, and lake, brown and rainbow trout. The catch by stream anglers was dominated by chinook salmon. The percentage of stocked fish that were subsequently caught (catch ratio) was highest for fingerling chinook salmon (12.9%). Yearling brook trout, brown trout, coho salmon, lake trout, and rainbow trout had intermediate catch ratios (5.1-9.8%). Fingerling brook trout, brown trout, and lake trout had the lowest catch ratios (2.5-3.5%). The catch ratio for rainbow trout dropped from 9.8 to 5.1% after stocking with a different strain (the Shasta strain). Fingerling rainbow trout produced the lowest returns (<0.5%). We derived stocking recommendations for each species and life stage based on these catch ratios, and catch objectives based on maintaining catch levels recorded during 1983-1985.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1990)010<0442:CIWSLM>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hansen, M.J., Schultz, P.T., and Lasee, B.A., 1990, Changes in Wisconsin's Lake Michigan salmonid sport fishery, 1969-1985: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 10, no. 4, p. 442-457, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1990)010<0442:CIWSLM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"442","endPage":"457","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268701,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1990)010<0442:CIWSLM>2.3.CO;2"}],"otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.1873,41.3809 ], [ -88.1873,46.1266 ], [ -84.5178,46.1266 ], [ -84.5178,41.3809 ], [ -88.1873,41.3809 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db54560b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Michael J. 0000-0001-8522-3876 michaelhansen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8522-3876","contributorId":5006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"michaelhansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schultz, Paul T.","contributorId":71518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lasee, Becky A.","contributorId":30586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasee","given":"Becky","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70168945,"text":"70168945 - 1990 - Volcano hazard mitigation program in Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-08T16:49:08","indexId":"70168945","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcano hazard mitigation program in Indonesia","docAbstract":"Volcanological investigations in Indonesia were started in the 18th century, when Valentijn in 1726 prepared a chronological report of the eruption of Banda Api volcno, Maluku. Modern and intensive volcanological studies did not begin until the catastrophic eruption of Kelut volcano, East Java, in 1919. The eruption took 5,011 lives and destroyed thousands of acres of coffee plantation. An eruption lahar generated by the crater lake water mixed with volcanic eruptions products was the cause of death for a high number of victims. An effort to mitigate the danger from volcanic eruption was first initiated in 1921 by constructing a tunnel to drain the crater lake water of Kelut volcano. At the same time a Volcanological Survey was established by the government with the responsibility of seeking every means for minimizing the hazard caused by volcanic eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Sudradjat, A., 1990, Volcano hazard mitigation program in Indonesia: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 22, no. 5, p. 227-229.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"229","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Indonesia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 94.130859375,\n 12.597454504832017\n ],\n [\n 100.2392578125,\n 3.2063329870791444\n ],\n [\n 104.58984375,\n 0.26367094433665017\n ],\n [\n 107.4462890625,\n -0.26367094433665017\n ],\n [\n 109.2919921875,\n 1.9771465537125645\n ],\n [\n 110.12695312499999,\n 1.2743089918452106\n ],\n [\n 111.09374999999999,\n 0.7909904981540058\n ],\n [\n 112.67578124999999,\n 1.537901237431487\n ],\n [\n 113.6865234375,\n 1.3621763466641585\n ],\n [\n 114.697265625,\n 1.537901237431487\n ],\n [\n 115.13671875,\n 2.591888984149953\n ],\n [\n 115.4443359375,\n 3.250208561653181\n ],\n [\n 115.7080078125,\n 4.3464112753331925\n ],\n [\n 117.20214843749999,\n 4.302591077119676\n ],\n [\n 117.861328125,\n 4.214943141390651\n ],\n [\n 125.41992187499999,\n 2.5479878714713706\n ],\n [\n 123.57421875,\n 4.039617826768437\n ],\n [\n 126.298828125,\n 4.565473550710278\n ],\n [\n 130.2099609375,\n 3.425691524418075\n ],\n [\n 136.80175781249997,\n 0.7031073524364783\n ],\n [\n 140.9765625,\n -2.2406396093827206\n ],\n [\n 141.0205078125,\n -6.227933930268672\n ],\n [\n 140.80078125,\n -6.795535025719518\n ],\n [\n 141.064453125,\n -7.972197714386866\n ],\n [\n 140.9326171875,\n -9.015302333420586\n ],\n [\n 128.1005859375,\n -8.5918844057982\n ],\n [\n 126.83715820312499,\n -8.167993177231883\n ],\n [\n 124.93652343749999,\n -8.613609852175756\n ],\n [\n 124.91455078125,\n -9.015302333420586\n ],\n [\n 125.1123046875,\n -9.026152779146141\n ],\n [\n 125.15625000000001,\n -9.091248585779363\n ],\n [\n 125.00244140625,\n -9.210560107629679\n ],\n [\n 125.09033203124999,\n -9.384032109601689\n ],\n [\n 125.068359375,\n -9.74154239811809\n ],\n [\n 123.98071289062499,\n -10.692996347925073\n ],\n [\n 122.607421875,\n -11.350796722383672\n ],\n [\n 119.17968749999999,\n -10.141931686131018\n ],\n [\n 111.4013671875,\n -8.320212289522944\n ],\n [\n 101.337890625,\n -5.922044619883293\n ],\n [\n 97.119140625,\n 0.08789059053083693\n ],\n [\n 93.91113281249999,\n 5.222246513227389\n ],\n [\n 91.669921875,\n 10.01212955790814\n ],\n [\n 92.296142578125,\n 12.97244201057838\n ],\n [\n 92.6531982421875,\n 13.694024844701644\n ],\n [\n 92.88940429687499,\n 13.907408048156961\n ],\n [\n 93.27941894531249,\n 13.752724664397\n ],\n [\n 94.075927734375,\n 12.838581915230757\n ],\n [\n 94.130859375,\n 12.597454504832017\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e005f9e4b015c306fd0fea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sudradjat, A.","contributorId":167407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sudradjat","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70197266,"text":"70197266 - 1990 - Program to prepare standard figures for grade-tonnage models on a Macintosh","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-24T13:24:00","indexId":"70197266","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Program to prepare standard figures for grade-tonnage models on a Macintosh","docAbstract":"Grade-tonnage models are frequency distributions of deposit tonnage and grades of mineral deposits of a specific type. The program described here allows users to prepare standard figures of grade and tonnage distributions and display the deposit name associated with any of the data points. Titles and scales appropriate for most deposit types are plotted automatically for tonnage, Cu, Ni, Sn, Nb, W, Au, Hg, Mo, Zn, Pb, Ag, Co, Pt, Pd, Sb, Fe, Cr, Mn, and Ba.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Microcomputer applications in geology 2","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-08-040261-1.50026-X","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., and Bliss, J.D., 1990, Program to prepare standard figures for grade-tonnage models on a Macintosh, chap. of Microcomputer applications in geology 2, p. 241-250, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-040261-1.50026-X.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"250","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354467,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15aa88e4b092d9651e2309","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":736469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016056,"text":"70016056 - 1990 - Structural evidence for northeastward movement on the Chocolate Mountains Thrust, southeasternmost California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:41:17.578949","indexId":"70016056","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural evidence for northeastward movement on the Chocolate Mountains Thrust, southeasternmost California","docAbstract":"The Late Cretaceous Chocolate Mountains thrust of southeastern California and southwestern Arizona places a block of Proterozoic and Mesozoic continental crust over the late Mesozoic continental margin oceanic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the regionally distinctive Orocopia Schist. The Chocolate Mountains thrust is interpreted as a thrust (burial, subduction) fault rather than a low-angle normal (exhumation, unroofing, uplift) fault. An important parameter required to understand the tectonic significance of the Chocolate Mountains and related thrusts is their sense of movement. The Chocolate Mountains thrust zone contains sparse to locally abundant mesoscopic asymmetric folds. Fabric relations, supported by regional geologic evidence, indicate that these folds are an integral part of and coeval with the thrust zone. On a lower hemisphere equal-area plot representing the orientation and sense of asymmetry of 80 thrust zone folds from 36 localities, spread over an area 60 by 10 km, Z folds plot northwest of and S folds plot southeast of a northeast-southwest striking vertical plane of overall monoclinic symmetry. The only sense of movement consistent with the collective asymmetry of the thrust zone folds is top to the northeast. Asymmetric microstructures studied at several localities also indicate top to the northeast movement. Paleomagnetic data suggest that the original sense of thrusting, prior to Neogene vertical axis tectonic rotation related to the San Andreas fault system, was northward. The essential point is that movement of the upper plate of the Chocolate Mountains thrust evidently was continentward. Continentward thrusting suggests a tectonic scenario in which an insular or peninsular microcontinental fragment collided with mainland southern California. The suture predicted by this model is elusive; but the Chocolate Mountains thrust and underlying Orocopia Schist themselves may represent the suture, at the present level of exposure. Alternative tectonic models involving subduction of the Orocopia Schist eastward beneath continental southern California circumvent the suture problem but are presently not supported by any direct structural evidence.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB12p19953","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dillon, J.T., Haxel, G.B., and Tosdal, R., 1990, Structural evidence for northeastward movement on the Chocolate Mountains Thrust, southeasternmost California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, no. B12, p. 19953-19971, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB12p19953.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"19953","endPage":"19971","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223245,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9be4e4b08c986b31d15d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, J. T.","contributorId":72382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haxel, G. B.","contributorId":71503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haxel","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016040,"text":"70016040 - 1990 - Climate factor for small-basin flood frequency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T14:18:18","indexId":"70016040","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate factor for small-basin flood frequency","docAbstract":"A climate factor, CT, (T = 2-, 25-, and 100-year recurrence intervals) that delineates regional trends in small-basin flood frequency was derived using data from 71 long-term rainfall record sites. Values of CT at these sites were developed by a regression analysis that related rainfall-runoff model estimates of T-year floods to a sample set of 50 model calibrations. CT was regionalized via kriging to develop maps depicting its geographic variation for a large part of the United States east of the 105th meridian. Kriged estimates of CT and basin-runoff characteristics were used to compute regionalized T-year floods for 200 small drainage basins. Observed T-year flood estimates also were developed for these sites. Regionalized floods are shown to account for a large percentage of the variability in observed flood estimates with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.89 for 2-year floods to 0.82 for 100-year floods. The relative importance of the factors comprising regionalized flood estimates is evaluated in terms of scale (size of drainage area), basin-runoff characteristics (rainfall-runoff model parameters), and climate (CT).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01395.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Lichty, R., and Karlinger, M., 1990, Climate factor for small-basin flood frequency: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 26, no. 4, p. 577-586, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01395.x.","startPage":"577","endPage":"586","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267740,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01395.x"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f651e4b0c8380cd4c6b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichty, R.W.","contributorId":46987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichty","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, M.R.","contributorId":95039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015803,"text":"70015803 - 1990 - Source parameters and effects of bandwidth and local geology on high- frequency ground motions observed for aftershocks of the northeastern Ohio earthquake of 31 January 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T00:19:22.988007","indexId":"70015803","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source parameters and effects of bandwidth and local geology on high- frequency ground motions observed for aftershocks of the northeastern Ohio earthquake of 31 January 1986","docAbstract":"A 10-station array (GEOS) yielded recordings of exceptional bandwidth (400 sps) and resolution (up to 96 dB) for the aftershocks of the moderate (mb ≈ 4.9) earthquake that occurred on 31 January 1986 near Painesville, Ohio. Nine aftershocks were recorded with seismic moments ranging between 9 × 1016 and 3 × 1019 dyne-cm (Mw: 0.6 to 2.3). The two largest aftershocks (depth 5.3, 5.6 km; oblique right slip, rake ≈30°, strike ≈N25°E) yielded seismic signals above background noise at frequencies as high as 130 Hz at epicentral distances up to 17 km. The aftershock recordings at a site underlain by ≈8 m of lakeshore sediments show significant levels of high-frequency soil amplification of vertical motion at frequencies near 8, 20, and 70 Hz. Viscoelastic models for P and SV waves incident at the base of the sediments yield estimates of vertical P-wave response consistent with the observed high-frequency site resonances, but suggest additional detailed shear-wave logs are needed to account for observed S-wave response. Peak acceleration values obtained from the broadband recordings are about two and four times as large as those that would be recorded on strong-motion recorders or short-period networks with upper bandwidth limits of 30 and 15 Hz, respectively. Attenuation-corrected acceleration spectra are used to reduce the influence of high-frequency (up to 100 Hz) local site effects on corner frequency estimates. The moment versus source radius trend inferred for events with moments as small as 9 × 1016 dyne-cm, based on the Brune source model, extends previous relations inferred for the central United States, shows little evidence for a minimum source radius, and suggests that stress drops for the smaller events (M0 < 1019 dyne-cm) decrease with decreasing moment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0800040889","usgsCitation":"Glassmoyer, G., and Borcherdt, R., 1990, Source parameters and effects of bandwidth and local geology on high- frequency ground motions observed for aftershocks of the northeastern Ohio earthquake of 31 January 1986: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 80, no. 4, p. 889-912, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0800040889.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"889","endPage":"912","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223226,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404876,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/80/4/889/102414/Source-parameters-and-effects-of-bandwidth-and"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.859130859375,\n 41.51680395810118\n ],\n [\n -81.8536376953125,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -80.5517578125,\n 40.543026009955014\n ],\n [\n -80.52978515625,\n 42.004407212963585\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -81.859130859375,\n 41.51680395810118\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9334e4b08c986b31a36e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glassmoyer, G.","contributorId":62751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borcherdt, R. D. 0000-0002-8668-0849","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":32165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007566,"text":"1007566 - 1990 - Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T16:16:22.270247","indexId":"1007566","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2158,"text":"Journal of Animal Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations","docAbstract":"(1) Counts through time were compiled for five sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in the north-east Pacific Ocean that were below equilibrium density: Attu Island, south-east Alaska, British Columbia, Washington State, and central California. Similar data were obtained from the equilibrium density population at Amchitka Island in 1971 and 1986.
(2) Shorelines of Attu and Amchitka islands each were divided into forty-five segments, within which lineal (length of shore at mean higher high water) and areal (mean higher high water to the 10-fathom (18.3-m) depth contour) measures were made of the amount of habitat.
(3) Rate of increase for the four northern populations was 17-20% year-1. Density- or size-dependent changes in rate of increase could not be demonstrated for any of these populations. The California population, in contrast, has undergone three apparent growth phases: the early 1900s to the mid-1970s when it increased about 5% year-1; the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s when it declined about 5% year-1; and the mid-1980s to 1988 when it increased about 7% year-1. An exponential growth model accounted for 92-98% of the variation in counts through time in all cases.
(4) Population increase at Attu Island was achieved largely by range expansion as opposed to increased density. Range expansion in lineal and areal habitat occurred at 11% and 13% year-1, respectively; neither rate was lower (P > 0.25) than the observed rate of increase in numbers of animals counted.
(5) Despite similarities in island size and physical environment, the most conservative estimates of population density at Amchitka Island were > 3 X greater than maximum density estimates for Attu Island.
(6) Surveys of Amchitka Island from the mid-1930s through the mid-1980s indicate that the population increased to a peak in the 1940s; declined abruptly thereafter; and subsequently increased to a new and higher equilibrium in the 1960s, where it has since remained.
(7) These population data, together with information on sea otter foraging and benthic community structure at Attu and Amchitka islands, suggest that multiple population equilibria exist in this system, emanating from complex trophic interactions low in the food web. I hypothesize that the lower population equilibrium is achieved largely or exclusively on an invertebrate diet consisting principally of herbivorous sea urchins. When unregulated by sea otter predation, the rocky benthos is deforested by sea urchin grazing. As growing otter populations compete increasingly for food, grazing intensity declines and the system shifts to one dominated by kelp beds, in turn leading to increased production, a shift in habitat structure, and population increases of kelp bed fishes. Apparently this new food resource elevates the sea otter population to a higher and more stable equilibrium.
","language":"English","publisher":"British Ecological Society","doi":"10.2307/4870","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., 1990, Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 59, p. 385-400, https://doi.org/10.2307/4870.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"400","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129970,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db654b75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180759,"text":"70180759 - 1990 - Management implications of a model of predation by a resident fish on juvenile salmonids migrating through a Columbia River reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-02T12:20:13","indexId":"70180759","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Management implications of a model of predation by a resident fish on juvenile salmonids migrating through a Columbia River reservoir","docAbstract":"We constructed a model ofpredation by northern squawfish Ptychocheilus oregonensis on juvenile salmonids migrating through John Day Reservoir. The model predicts salmonid survival as a function of number and distribution of northern squawfish, number and timing of juvenile salmonids entering the reservoir, salmonid residence time, water temperature, and flow. The model predicted survival similar to independent estimates for 1983–1986 and also approximated differences among areas and months. Uncertainty analyses showed that the number of salmonids surviving predation may vary ±5% with normal annual variation in predator number, temperature, and flow. Survival in 1983–1986 was near the average predicted from 30 years of historic environmental data. Sensitivity analyses implied that the best avenues ofreducing predation are to reduce the number of northern squawfish, pass salmonids earlier in the year, and maintain sizes of runs of juvenile salmonids at or above present levels. Survival of salmonids, as simulated by the model, is weakly affected by changes in predator distribution, changes in predator consumption rate near the upstream dam, residence time, or flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1990)010<0290:MIOAMO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Beamesderfer, R.C., Rieman, B.E., Bledsoe, L.J., and Vigg, S., 1990, Management implications of a model of predation by a resident fish on juvenile salmonids migrating through a Columbia River reservoir: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 10, no. 3, p. 290-304, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1990)010<0290:MIOAMO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"290","endPage":"304","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334607,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58945339e4b0fa1e59b86835","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beamesderfer, Raymond C.","contributorId":179031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beamesderfer","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rieman, Bruce E.","contributorId":107420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieman","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bledsoe, Lewis J.","contributorId":179044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bledsoe","given":"Lewis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vigg, Steven","contributorId":179032,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vigg","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70231716,"text":"70231716 - 1990 - A hierarchy of soil databases for calibrating models of global climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-24T15:51:51.613303","indexId":"70231716","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T10:46:20","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A hierarchy of soil databases for calibrating models of global climate change","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Papers from the international conference on soils and the greenhouse effect","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Conference on Soils and the Greenhouse Effect","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Bliss, N.B., 1990, A hierarchy of soil databases for calibrating models of global climate change, in Papers from the international conference on soils and the greenhouse effect, p. 529-533.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"533","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400987,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, Norman B. 0000-0003-2409-5211 bliss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5211","contributorId":1921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"Norman","email":"bliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70202988,"text":"70202988 - 1990 - Coastal barrier resources system mapping process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-04T17:48:34.424838","indexId":"70202988","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T08:47:10","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1022,"text":"Biological Report - US Fish & Wildlife Service","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coastal barrier resources system mapping process","docAbstract":"The Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982 (P.L. 97-348) established the Coastal Barrier Resources System (system), a 452,834 acre system of undeveloped, unprotected coastal barriers along 666 shoreline miles of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico coasts. Within the 186 unites of the Coastal Barrier Resources System, most Federal expenditures that encourage development are prohibited. Section 10 of the act directed the Department of the Interior (DOI) to conduct a study and prepare a report to Congress on the Coastal Barrier Resources System. The report, delivered to Congress in December 1988, recommended additions to, or deletions from, the Coastal Barrier Resources System, and listed modifications to the boundaries of system units. The DOI's recommendations, if passed by Congress, would add about 790,884 acres and 423 miles of shoreline to the Coastal Barrier Resources System. The coastal barriers included in the Coastal Barrier Resources System by Congress in 1982 were designated based on definitions and delineation criteria development by the DOI in 1981-82. The criteria used by the DOI to delineate barriers included in the 1988 recommendations to Congress differed from those used in 1981 in several respects, reflecting advances in the scientific understanding of coastal barriers, and the functional requirements of a good definition. I outline the mapping criteria used in 1981-82 and in 1984-87 during the Section 10 study. I also discuss some of the problems encountered in consistently identifying and delineating features across a heterogeneous national coastline, and I comment on future reinventories of coastal barriers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Watzin, M.C., 1990, Coastal barrier resources system mapping process: Biological Report - US Fish & Wildlife Service, v. 90, no. 18, p. 21-26.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watzin, Mary C.","contributorId":214534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watzin","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":760717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199884,"text":"70199884 - 1989 - Robustness of disaggregate oil and gas discovery forecasting models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T12:33:25","indexId":"70199884","displayToPublicDate":"2018-10-02T12:33:10","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Robustness of disaggregate oil and gas discovery forecasting models","title":"Robustness of disaggregate oil and gas discovery forecasting models","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(89)90006-8","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Schuenemeyer, J., 1989, Robustness of disaggregate oil and gas discovery forecasting models: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 6, no. 3, p. 270-276, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(89)90006-8.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"270","endPage":"276","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112906e4b034bf6a8209a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuenemeyer, J.H.","contributorId":106094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198905,"text":"70198905 - 1989 - The structural geometry and evolution of foreland thrust systems, northern Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-24T13:55:42","indexId":"70198905","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-01T13:52:12","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The structural geometry and evolution of foreland thrust systems, northern Virginia","docAbstract":"Seismic reflection data reveal that the structural geometry of the central Appalachians of northern Virginia consists of three distinct thrust systems. Each thrust system is characterized by a unique internal geometry.The Blue Ridge thrust sheet is a composite thrust sheet composed primarily of imbricated Precambrian crystalline rocks. It over-rode Cambrian-Ordovician carbonates and formed a sheared, basement-cored fault-bend fold. Thrusts within the sheet may be Taconic and earliest Alleghanian, whereas final thrusting and emplacement of the sheet were probably slightly younger but still early Alleghanian.
The North Mountain thrust sheet is characterized by imbricated Cambrian-Ordovician carbonates that are deformed into large-amplitude mode II fault-bend folds and fault-propagation folds. Rocks of this sheet were transported more than 60 km across a similar section of carbonates. The leading edge of the North Mountain thrust sheet was deformed into a fold with a mode II fault-bend fold geometry and was juxtaposed against middle Paleozoic rocks. The middle Paleozoic rocks occur in a ramp across which displacement along the North Mountain thrust was transferred to a higher detachment. More than 60 km of cover rocks displaced during the emplacement of the North Mountain thrust sheet either were transported across this ramp and thrust over a similar section in the western Valley and Ridge province or were backthrust above the sheet. The timing for imbrication and emplacement of the North Mountain thrust sheet is probably Main Phase Alleghanian.
The Lower Carbonate duplex extends from beneath the Blue Ridge and North Mountain thrust sheets, westward across the western Valley and Ridge province. The Lower Carbonate duplex is characterized by imbricated Cambrian-Ordovician carbonates that form low-amplitude fault-bend folds. This thrust system also probably formed during Main Phase Alleghanian deformation.
","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0339:TSGAEO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Evans, M.A., 1989, The structural geometry and evolution of foreland thrust systems, northern Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, no. 3, p. 339-354, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0339:TSGAEO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"354","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356735,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachians","volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112906e4b034bf6a8209a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, Mark A.","contributorId":197411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179265,"text":"70179265 - 1989 - Use of experimental ecosystems in regulatory decision making","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-27T11:48:25","indexId":"70179265","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of experimental ecosystems in regulatory decision making","docAbstract":"Tiered testing for the effects of chemicals on aquatic ecosystems has begun to include tests at the ecosystem level as a component in pesticide regristration. Because such tests are expensive, regulators and industry need to know what additional information they can gain from such tests relative to the costs of the simpler single-species toxicity bioassays. Requirements for ecosystem-level testing have developed because resource managers have not fully understood the implications of potential damage to resources without having evaluations of the predicted impacts under field conditions. We review approaches taken in the use of experimental ecosystems, discuss benefits and limitations of small- and large-scale ecosystem tests, and point to correlative approaches between laboratory and field toxicity testing.
Laboratory experimental ecosystems (microcosms) have been successfully used to measure contaminant bioavailability, to determine routes of uptake in moderately complex aquatic systems, and to isolate factors modifying contaminant uptake into the biota. Such factors cannot be as readily studied in outdoor experimental ecosystems because direct cause-and-effect relations are often confounded and difficult to isolate. However, laboratory tests can be designed to quantify the relations among three variables: known concentrations of Stressors; specific sublethal behavioral, biochemical, and physiological effects displayed by organisms; and responses that have been observed in ecosystem-level analyses. For regulatory purposes, the specificity of test results determines how widely they can be applied. Ecotoxicological research should be directed at attempts to identify instances where single-species testing would be the appropriate level of analysis for identifying critical ecological endpoints and for clarifying relationships between ecosystem structure and function, and where it would be inadequate for a given level of analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01874959","usgsCitation":"La Point, T.W., and Perry, J.A., 1989, Use of experimental ecosystems in regulatory decision making: Environmental Management, v. 13, no. 5, p. 539-544, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01874959.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"539","endPage":"544","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332532,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585e45e0e4b01224f329bf19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"La Point, Thomas W.","contributorId":114142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Point","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, James A.","contributorId":57144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178052,"text":"70178052 - 1989 - A mechanical model for lava domes that includes a mechanism for eruptive growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-01T12:52:12","indexId":"70178052","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A mechanical model for lava domes that includes a mechanism for eruptive growth","publisher":"New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources","publisherLocation":"Socorro, NM","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., and Denlinger, R.P., 1989, A mechanical model for lava domes that includes a mechanism for eruptive growth, p. 141-141.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"141","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330606,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5819a9c5e4b0bb36a4c91037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178058,"text":"70178058 - 1989 - Dynamic pore-pressure fluctuations in rapidly shearing granular materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T22:26:48.2075","indexId":"70178058","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic pore-pressure fluctuations in rapidly shearing granular materials","docAbstract":"Infectious diseases remain one of the most important limitations to the successful propagation of aquatic animals. Most of the losses caused by pathogens in aquaculture could be prevented by health inspection, adequate environment and sound management practices. Effective control measures, mainly based upon 1) avoidance of pathogens 2) modification of the environment 3) improvement of host resistance 4) vaccination and 5) chemoprophylaxis are described.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Verlag","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0450.1989.tb00646.x","usgsCitation":"Ahne, W., Winton, J., and Kimura, T., 1989, Prevention of infectious diseases in aquaculture: Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B, v. 36, p. 561-567, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1989.tb00646.x.","productDescription":"7","startPage":"561","endPage":"567","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314096,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e038e4b039675d005dd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahne, W.","contributorId":28554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahne","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimura, T.","contributorId":89586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimura","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161971,"text":"70161971 - 1989 - Interaction assessment: Rationale and a test using plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T12:35:12","indexId":"70161971","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1603,"text":"Evolutionary Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction assessment: Rationale and a test using plants","docAbstract":"A non-manipulative method for deriving empirical expressions of population growth parameters from simple field data is presented. The derived expressions can be used to assess the intensity and form of density dependence and interspecies interactions, and have potential for parameterizing more mechanistic models of population dynamics and for use in applied ecology, e.g. land management or environmental risk assessment. The method is based on an assertion of invariant expected fitness across occupied microhabitats. Hence, its success depends upon the degree to which that assertion holds. The assertion, as used here, is broadly applicable. Thus, the method can be expected to yield reliable results even in nonequilibrium communities. Here, we apply the method to data on six desert plant species. Expressions generated from data in one stand, in one year, successfully predict plant cover values in other stands and years. The predicted patterns of plant species interactions are discussed in the light of current knowledge and theorics of desert succession.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02270916","usgsCitation":"Emlen, J., Freeman, D., and Wagstaff, F., 1989, Interaction assessment: Rationale and a test using plants: Evolutionary Ecology, v. 3, no. 2, p. 115-149, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02270916.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"149","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314131,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314130,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02270916"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e048e4b039675d005e2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emlen, J.M.","contributorId":63979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, D.C.","contributorId":21309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wagstaff, F.","contributorId":152151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagstaff","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162017,"text":"70162017 - 1989 - Electrofishing mark-recapture and depletion methodologies evoke behavioral and physiological changes in cutthroat trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T15:31:34","indexId":"70162017","displayToPublicDate":"2015-10-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electrofishing mark-recapture and depletion methodologies evoke behavioral and physiological changes in cutthroat trout","docAbstract":"We examined the behavioral and physiological responses of wild and hatchery-reared cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki subjected to a single electroshock, electroshock plus marking, and multiple electroshocks in natural and artificial streams. In a natural stream, cutthroat trout released after capture by electrofishing and marking showed distinct behavioral changes: fish immediately sought cover, remained relatively inactive, did not feed, and were easily approached by a diver. An average of 3–4 h was required for 50% of the fish to return to a seemingly normal mode of behavior, although responses varied widely among collection sites. Using the depletion method, we observed little change in normal behavior offish remaining in the stream section (i.e., uncaptured fish) after successive passes with electrofishing gear. In an artificial stream, hatchery-reared and wild cutthroat trout immediately decreased their rates of feeding and aggression after they were electroshocked and marked. Hatchery fish generally recovered in 2–3 h; wild fish required at least 24 h to recover. Analysis of feeding and aggression data by hierarchical rank revealed no distinct recovery trends among hatchery fish of different ranks; among wild cutthroat trout, however, socially dominant fish seemed to recover faster than intermediate and subordinate fish. Physiological indicators of stress (plasma cortisol and blood lactic acid) increased significantly in cutthroat trout subjected to electroshock plus marking or single or multiple electroshocks. As judged by the magnitude of the greatest change in cortisol and lactate, multiple electroshocks elicited the most severe stress response; however, plasma concentrations of both substances had returned to unstressed control levels by 6 h after treatment. It was evident that electrofishing and the procedures involved with estimating fish population size elicited a general stress response that was manifested not only physiologically but also behaviorally. These responses may affect the accuracy of population size estimates by violating key assumptions of the methods, especially the assumption of equal catchability offish.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1989)118<0644:EMADME>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M.G., and Schreck, C., 1989, Electrofishing mark-recapture and depletion methodologies evoke behavioral and physiological changes in cutthroat trout: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 118, no. 6, p. 644-658, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1989)118<0644:EMADME>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"644","endPage":"658","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314191,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e042e4b039675d005e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, M. G.","contributorId":117330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70161975,"text":"70161975 - 1989 - Animal population dynamics: Identification of critical components","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T12:39:56","indexId":"70161975","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Animal population dynamics: Identification of critical components","docAbstract":"There is a growing interest in the use of population dynamics models in environmental risk assessment and the promulgation of environmental regulatory policies. Unfortunately, because of species and areal differences in the physical and biotic influences on population dynamics, such models must almost inevitably be both complex and species- or site-specific. Given the emormous variety of species and sites of potential concern, this fact presents a problem; it simply is not possible to construct models for all species and circumstances. Therefore, it is useful, before building predictive population models, to discover what input parameters are of critical importance to the desired output. This information should enable the construction of simpler and more generalizable models. As a first step, it is useful to consider population models as composed to two, partly separable classes, one comprising the purely mechanical descriptors of dynamics from given demographic parameter values, and the other describing the modulation of the demographic parameters by environmental factors (changes in physical environment, species interactions, pathogens, xenobiotic chemicals). This division permits sensitivity analyses to be run on the first of these classes, providing guidance for subsequent model simplification. We here apply such a sensitivity analysis to network models of mammalian and avian population dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elselvier ","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(89)90033-1","usgsCitation":"Emlen, J., and Pikitch, E., 1989, Animal population dynamics: Identification of critical components: Ecological Modelling, v. 44, no. 3-4, p. 253-273, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(89)90033-1.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"273","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e03be4b039675d005de5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emlen, J.M.","contributorId":63979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pikitch, E.K.","contributorId":152152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pikitch","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70161970,"text":"70161970 - 1989 - Terrestrial population models for ecological risk assessment: A state-of-the-art review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T12:28:55","indexId":"70161970","displayToPublicDate":"2015-09-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrestrial population models for ecological risk assessment: A state-of-the-art review","docAbstract":"Few attempts have been made to formulate models for predicting impacts of xenobiotic chemicals on wildlife populations. However, considerable effort has been invested in wildlife optimal exploitation models. Because death from intoxication has a similar effect on population dynamics as death by harvesting, these management models are applicable to ecological risk assessment. An underlying Leslie-matrix bookkeeping formulation is widely applicable to vertebrate wildlife populations. Unfortunately, however, the various submodels that track birth, death, and dispersal rates as functions of the physical, chemical, and biotic environment are by their nature almost inevitably highly species- and locale-specific. Short-term prediction of one-time chemical applications requires only information on mortality before and after contamination. In such cases a simple matrix formulation may be adequate for risk assessment. But generally, risk must be projected over periods of a generation or more. This precludes generic protocols for risk assessment and also the ready and inexpensive predictions of a chemical's influence on a given population. When designing and applying models for ecological risk assessment at the population level, the endpoints (output) of concern must be carefully and rigorously defined. The most easily accessible and appropriate endpoints are (1) pseudoextinction (the frequency or probability of a population falling below a prespecified density), and (2) temporal mean population density. Spatial and temporal extent of predicted changes must be clearly specified a priori to avoid apparent contradictions and confusion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620080912","usgsCitation":"Emlen, J., 1989, Terrestrial population models for ecological risk assessment: A state-of-the-art review: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 8, no. 9, p. 831-842, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080912.","productDescription":"12","startPage":"831","endPage":"842","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479861,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080912","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314129,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314128,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620080912/abstract"}],"volume":"8","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e065e4b039675d005e96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emlen, J.M.","contributorId":63979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70161969,"text":"70161969 - 1989 - A method to directly measure maximum volume of fish stomachs or digestive tracts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T12:16:28","indexId":"70161969","displayToPublicDate":"2015-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" A method to directly measure maximum volume of fish stomachs or digestive tracts","docAbstract":"A new method for measuring maximum stomach or digestive tract volume of fish incorporates air injection at constant pressure with water displacement to measure directly the internal volume of a stomach or analogous structure. The method was tested with coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), which has a true stomach, and northern squawfish, Ptychocheilus oregonensis(Richardson), which has a modified foregut as a functional analogue. Both species were collected during July-October 1987 from the Columbia River, U.S.A. Relationships between fish weight (= volume) and maximum volume of the digestive organ were best fitted for coho salmon by an allometric model and for northern squawfish by an exponential model. Least squares regression analysis of individual measurements showed less variability in the volume of coho salmon stomachs (R2= 0.85) than in the total digestive tracts (R2= 0.55) and foreguts (R2= 0.61) of northern squawfish, relative to fish size. Compared to previous methods, the new technique has the advantage of accurately measuring the internal volume of a wide range of digestive organ shapes and sizes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03351.x","usgsCitation":"Burley, C., and Vigg, S., 1989, A method to directly measure maximum volume of fish stomachs or digestive tracts: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 34, no. 5, p. 707-714, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03351.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"707","endPage":"714","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314126,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e038e4b039675d005dce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burley, C.C.","contributorId":152149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burley","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vigg, S.","contributorId":152150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vigg","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015026,"text":"70015026 - 1989 - A parabolic function to modify Thornthwaite estimates of potential evapotranspiration for the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-17T16:59:45.299851","indexId":"70015026","displayToPublicDate":"2013-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3059,"text":"Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A parabolic function to modify Thornthwaite estimates of potential evapotranspiration for the eastern United States","docAbstract":"The Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration model is well known and widely used, but has received some criticism as it is primarily based on air temperature to estimate potential evapotranspiration. Errors of the Thornthwaite model can be analyzed using adjusted pan evaporation as an index of potential evapotranspiration. An examination of ratios of adjusted pan evaporation to Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration indicates that the ratios are highest in the winter and lowest during summer months. This trend suggests a parabolic pattern. In this study a parabolic function is used to adjust Thornthwaite estimates of potential evapotranspiration. Forty locations east of the Rocky Mountains are analyzed and indicate that a parabolic adjustment of Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration estimates generally increases correlation with adjusted pan evaporation and decreases error by 20 to 70 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02723646.1989.10642376","issn":"02723646","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G.J., 1989, A parabolic function to modify Thornthwaite estimates of potential evapotranspiration for the eastern United States: Physical Geography, v. 10, no. 2, p. 176-189, https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1989.10642376.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"176","endPage":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223743,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4d1e4b0c8380cd46951","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044341,"text":"70044341 - 1989 - Relationship of clay-mineral diagenesis to temperature, age, and hydrocarbon generation–an example from the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-03T19:16:11","indexId":"70044341","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"90","title":"Relationship of clay-mineral diagenesis to temperature, age, and hydrocarbon generation–an example from the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Randomly interstratified illite/smectite (I/S) is present in Springeran and Morrowan rocks (Late Mississippian and Early Pennsylvanian) of the Anadarko basin, Oklahoma, at present-day depths <2,750 m, but disappears at depths of 2,750-3,050 m. Only ordered I/S is found in samples below 3,050 m. The work reported here relates the diagenesis of I/S to burial history and oil generation in the Anadarko basin and tests the dependence of the smectite-to-illite reaction on temperature and time. Published temperature models of clay diagenesis suggest that, for Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks, the transition from randomly interstratified I/S to ordered I/S occurs at 100-110°C. Burial reconstructions for the Anadarko basin indicate that maximum temperatures of 100-110°C correspond to present-day burial depths between 2,700 and 3,100 m. These independently calculated depths for the 100-110°C isotherm match the depths at which randomly interstratified I/S is observed to disappear in Morrowan-Springeran rocks. Thus, random I/S disappears at the same temperature in rocks that differ in age by some 300 m.y. Although the extent of the smectite-to-illite reaction is controlled by kinetics, and effects of time are apparent in laboratory experiments and short-lived geologic systems, the results of this study suggest that time plays a secondary role in long-term diagenetic settings.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Anadarko Basin symposium, 1988 (Circular 90)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oklahoma Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Norman, OK","collaboration":"Proceedings of a symposium held April 5-6, 1988, at Norman, Oklahoma; cosponsored by the Oklahoma Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Pollastro, R.M., and Schmoker, J.W., 1989, Relationship of clay-mineral diagenesis to temperature, age, and hydrocarbon generation–an example from the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma, chap. of Anadarko Basin symposium, 1988 (Circular 90), p. 257-261.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"261","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268695,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268694,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/Circulars/Circular90.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Anadarko Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.0,33.62 ], [ -103.0,37.0 ], [ -94.43,37.0 ], [ -94.43,33.62 ], [ -103.0,33.62 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51347f0be4b0e1603e4fec6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollastro, Richard M.","contributorId":25100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollastro","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmoker, James W.","contributorId":52171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044325,"text":"70044325 - 1989 - Thermal maturity of the Anadarko Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-03T09:35:17","indexId":"70044325","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"90","title":"Thermal maturity of the Anadarko Basin","docAbstract":"Levels of thermal maturity are estimated for Paleozoic strata in five areas of the central Anadarko basin for times between the Paleozoic and the present, and depths of the oil window are plotted as a function of geologic time. Mean surface temperature assumed here for calculating Lopatin's time-temperature index of thermal maturity (TTl) in the central Anadarko basin declines from 80°F (27°C) to 60°F (16°C) from early Paleozoic time to the present. Shallow-water carbonates and lower paleolatitudes suggest warmer climates in the Paleozoic for this area. The geothermal gradient is assumed to equal 4.0°F/100 ft (7.3°C/100 m) in the Late Cambrian and to decay over a 100-m.y. period to the present regional gradient of 1.3°F/100 ft (2.4°C/100 m). Initial\nbasin formation was caused by crustal thinning. Accumulation of thick Pennsylvanian sediments in a foreland-style basin dominated by vertical lithospheric flexure represents a second major period of subsidence. An elevated geothermal gradient during this time is not assumed for TTl calculations, because mathematical models suggest time-invariant heat flows in such basins. TTl computations based on these assumptions indicate that oil could have been generated in the ancestral Anadarko basin >350 m.y. ago. By the end of the Pennsylvanian, significant volumes of kerogen were in the oil window (and perhaps beyond), and significant volumes have remained in the oil window up to the present day. These circumstances may partially explain the unusual richness of the Anadarko basin as a Paleozoic hydrocarbon province.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Anadarko Basin symposium, 1988 (Circular 90)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oklahoma Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Norman, OK","collaboration":"Proceedings of a symposium held April 5-6, 1988, at Norman, Oklahoma; cosponsored by the Oklahoma Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Schmoker, J.W., 1989, Thermal maturity of the Anadarko Basin, chap. of Anadarko Basin symposium, 1988 (Circular 90), p. 25-31.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268665,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268664,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/Circulars/Circular90.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Anadarko Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.0,33.62 ], [ -103.0,37.0 ], [ -94.43,37.0 ], [ -94.43,33.62 ], [ -103.0,33.62 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51347f0ee4b0e1603e4fec7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoker, James W.","contributorId":52171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}