The increasing use of natural unsaturated zones as repositories for landfills and disposal sites for hazardous wastes (chemical and radioactive) requires a greater understanding of transport processes in the unsaturated zone. For volatile constituents an important potential transport mechanism is gaseous diffusion. Diffusion, however, cannot be treated as an independent isolated transport mechanism. A complete understanding of multicomponent gas transport in porous media (unsaturated zones) requires a knowledge of Knudsen transport, the molecular and nonequimolar components of diffusive flux, and viscous (pressure driven) flux. The constitutive equations relating these flux components are available from the “dusty gas” model of Mason et al. (1967). This review presents a brief discussion of the underlying principles and interrelationships among each of the above flux mechanisms. Some aspects of these transport mechanisms are, to our knowledge, generally unrecognized in the Earth science literature. The principles underlying the transport mechanisms are illustrated with binary systems; the constitutive equations are then cast in forms thought to be most useful for the study of natural unsaturated zones. The viscous and diffusive fluxes are coupled in the constitutive equations through the Knudsen diffusivities; a knowledge of Knudsen diffusivities is necessary to calculate the viscous component of flux and pressure gradients. The Knudsen diffusivities can be calculated from measurements of the Klinkenberg effect. Two examples are presented showing that in natural systems, very small pressure gradients (1 Pa/m or less) can produce viscous fluxes greater than or equal to diffusive fluxes and that, conversely, pressure gradients of this magnitude can be generated by diffusive processes. The example calculations show that major concentration gradients can be developed for stagnant (zero flux, nonreactive) gases. A method is presented for approximating the viscous and diffusive flux components of gases in a multicomponent system from a knowledge of the concentration profiles of stagnant gases. In subsoil environments, argon and nitrogen are considered to be stagnant gases. Fick's laws are essentially, by definition, inadequate to deal with stagnant gases. In the examples presented, the error associated with estimating the total fluxes of nonstagnant gases by Fick's law, relative to stationary coordinates, ranges from a few percent to orders of magnitude.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/RG027i001p00061","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Thorstenson, D., and Pollock, D., 1989, Gas transport in unsaturated porous media: The adequacy of Fick's law: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 27, no. 1, p. 61-78, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG027i001p00061.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14d8e4b0c8380cd54bc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorstenson, D.C.","contributorId":47377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorstenson","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollock, D.W.","contributorId":30967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015466,"text":"70015466 - 1989 - Volcanic hazards and their mitigation: progress and problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T16:33:26.483032","indexId":"70015466","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic hazards and their mitigation: progress and problems","docAbstract":"At the beginning of the twentieth century, volcanology began to emerge as a modern science as a result of increased interest in eruptive phenomena following some of the worst volcanic disasters in recorded history: Krakatau (Indonesia) in 1883 and Mont Pelée (Martinique), Soufrière (St. Vincent), and Santa María (Guatemala) in 1902. Volcanology is again experiencing a period of heightened public awareness and scientific growth in the 1980s, the worst period since 1902 in terms of volcanic disasters and crises. A review of hazards mitigation approaches and techniques indicates that significant advances have been made in hazards assessment, volcano monitoring, and eruption forecasting. For example, the remarkable accuracy of the predictions of dome-building events at Mount St. Helens since June 1980 is unprecedented. Yet a predictive capability for more voluminous and explosive eruptions still has not been achieved. Studies of magma-induced seismicity and ground deformation continue to provide the most systematic and reliable data for early detection of precursors to eruptions and shallow intrusions. In addition, some other geophysical monitoring techniques and geochemical methods have been refined and are being more widely applied and tested. Comparison of the four major volcanic disasters of the 1980s (Mount St. Helens, U.S.A. (1980), El Chichón, Mexico (1982); Galunggung, Indonesia (1982); and Nevado del Ruíz, Colombia (1985) illustrates the importance of predisaster geoscience studies, volcanic hazards assessments, volcano monitoring, contingency planning, and effective communications between scientists and authorities. The death toll (>22,000) from the Ruíz catastrophe probably could have been greatly reduced; the reasons for the tragically ineffective implementation of evacuation measures are still unclear and puzzling in view of the fact that sufficient warnings were given. The most pressing problem in the mitigation of volcanic and associated hazards on a global scale is that most of the world's dangerous volcanoes are in densely populated countries that lack the economic and scientific resources or the political will to adequately study and monitor them. This problem afflicts both developed and developing countries, but it is especially acute for the latter. The greatest advances in volcanic hazards mitigation in the near future are most likely to be achieved by wider application of existing technology to poorly understood and studied volcanoes, rather than by refinements or new discoveries in technology alone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/RG027i002p00237","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R., 1989, Volcanic hazards and their mitigation: progress and problems: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 27, no. 2, p. 237-269, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG027i002p00237.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"269","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223663,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2efe4b08c986b32ae6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, R.I. 0000-0003-4263-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":98311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"R.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5230197,"text":"5230197 - 1989 - Procedures for the Analysis of Band-recovery Data and User Instructions for Program MULT","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-16T15:33:09","indexId":"5230197","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T11:33:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"175","title":"Procedures for the Analysis of Band-recovery Data and User Instructions for Program MULT","docAbstract":"We briefly review methods for inference from band-recovery data and introduce a new, flexible procedure (MULT) for analysis of data from bird-banding studies. We compare our computing method to program SURIV and discuss the relative advanatages of each. We present several basic model structures that can be analyzed using program MULT and for each model structure describe estimation and hypothesis testing and give a data example. We provide a complete description of porgram MULT, which is IBM-PC compatible and may be run as either an interactive or a batch-mode program.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Conroy, M., Hines, J., and Williams, B.K., 1989, Procedures for the Analysis of Band-recovery Data and User Instructions for Program MULT: Resource Publication 175, iii, 61 p.","productDescription":"iii, 61 p.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":343711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, B. Kenneth","contributorId":107798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5200076,"text":"5200076 - 1989 - Molybdenum Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-13T09:40:29","indexId":"5200076","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":167,"text":"Contaminant Hazard Reviews","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"Report 19 ; Biological Report 85(1.19)","title":"Molybdenum Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review","docAbstract":"Ecological and toxicological aspects of molybdenum (Mo) in the environment are briefly reviewed, with emphasis on fish and wildlife. Subtopics include sources and uses, chemical properties, mode of action, background concentrations in biological and nonbiological samples, and lethal and sublethal effects on terrestrial plants and invertebrates, aquatic organisms, birds, and mammals. Current recommendations for Mo and the protection of sensitive living resources are presented.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Laurel, MD","usgsCitation":"Eisler, R., 1989, Molybdenum Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review: Contaminant Hazard Reviews Report 19 ; Biological Report 85(1.19), vii, 61.","productDescription":"vii, 61","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91911,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/eisler/CHR_19_Molybdenum.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae150","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eisler, R.","contributorId":51869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eisler","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211400,"text":"5211400 - 1989 - Evaluation of the pileated woodpecker HSI model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5211400","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:20","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Evaluation of the pileated woodpecker HSI model","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Nongame Migratory Bird Workshop, Atlanta, Georgia, 14-16 November 1989, Region 4, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serice","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Information Transfer","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","collaboration":"Region 8 (Research and Development) Office of Information Transfer -- cover. OCLC: 22104156.","usgsCitation":"Keller, C., 1989, Evaluation of the pileated woodpecker HSI model, chap. of Proceedings of the Nongame Migratory Bird Workshop, Atlanta, Georgia, 14-16 November 1989, Region 4, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serice.","productDescription":"xii, 310","startPage":"83","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa0d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, C.E.","contributorId":19273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210644,"text":"5210644 - 1989 - Status and conservation of North American raptors migrating to the neotropics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:15","indexId":"5210644","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Status and conservation of North American raptors migrating to the neotropics","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Raptors in the Modern World: Proceedings of the III World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls","publisherLocation":"Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany","collaboration":" PDF on file: 3814_Senner.pdf","usgsCitation":"Senner, S., and Fuller, M., 1989, Status and conservation of North American raptors migrating to the neotropics, chap. of Raptors in the Modern World: Proceedings of the III World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, p. 53-58.","productDescription":"611","startPage":"53","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"611","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e1165","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Meyburg, B-U.","contributorId":111505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyburg","given":"B-U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506844,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chancellor, R.D.","contributorId":113487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chancellor","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506845,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Senner, S.E.","contributorId":46638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senner","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210406,"text":"5210406 - 1989 - Considerations for monitoring raptor population trends based on counts of migrants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5210406","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Considerations for monitoring raptor population trends based on counts of migrants","docAbstract":"Various problems were identified with standardized hawk count data as annually collected at six sites. Some of the hawk lookouts increased their hours of observation from 1979-1985, thereby confounding the total counts. Data recording and missing data hamper coding of data and their use with modern analytical techniques. Coefficients of variation among years in counts averaged about 40%. The advantages and disadvantages of various analytical techniques are discussed including regression, non-parametric rank correlation trend analysis, and moving averages.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Raptors in the Modern World: Proceedings of the III World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls","publisherLocation":"Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany","collaboration":" PDF on file: 3834_Titus.pdf","usgsCitation":"Titus, K., Fuller, M., and Ruos, J., 1989, Considerations for monitoring raptor population trends based on counts of migrants, chap. of Raptors in the Modern World: Proceedings of the III World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, p. 19-32.","productDescription":"611","startPage":"19","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"611","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2f3e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Meyburg, B-U.","contributorId":111505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyburg","given":"B-U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506416,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chancellor, R.D.","contributorId":113487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chancellor","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506417,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Titus, K.","contributorId":93865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, M.R.","contributorId":71278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruos, J.L.","contributorId":51878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruos","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210405,"text":"5210405 - 1989 - Lead contamination of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos within the range of the California condor Gymnogyps californianus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:16","indexId":"5210405","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Lead contamination of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos within the range of the California condor Gymnogyps californianus","docAbstract":"Blood samples were taken from 66 golden eagles from June 1985 to January 1986 and analyzed for their lead content. Thirty-nine percent had blood lead levels greater than 0.2 ppm, indicating exposure to environmental lead. Within the exposed group, 3 had blood levels exceeding 0.6 ppm and one exceeded 1.0 ppm. These data suggest that lead, probably in the form of shot, bullets, or bullet fragments, poses a hazard to scavenging birds within the range of the California condor.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Raptors in the Modern World: Proceedings of the III World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls","publisherLocation":"Berlin","collaboration":" PDF on file: 3694_Bloom.pdf","usgsCitation":"Bloom, P., Scott, J.M., Pattee, O.H., and Smith, M.R., 1989, Lead contamination of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos within the range of the California condor Gymnogyps californianus, chap. of Raptors in the Modern World: Proceedings of the III World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, p. 481-482.","productDescription":"611","startPage":"481","endPage":"482","numberOfPages":"611","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8863","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Meyburg, B-U.","contributorId":111505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyburg","given":"B-U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506414,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chancellor, R.D.","contributorId":113487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chancellor","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506415,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bloom, P.H.","contributorId":23515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloom","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pattee, O. H.","contributorId":46459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattee","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, M. R.","contributorId":40551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210407,"text":"5210407 - 1989 - The impact of eastern equine encephalitis virus on efforts to recover the endangered whooping crane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-12T10:30:06","indexId":"5210407","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"10","title":"The impact of eastern equine encephalitis virus on efforts to recover the endangered whooping crane","docAbstract":"The whooping crane (Grus americana), although never abundant in North America, became endangered primarily because of habitat modification and destruction. To help recovery, a captive propagation and reintroduction program was initiated at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC) in 1966. However, in 1984, 7 of 39 whooping cranes at PWRC died from infection by eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus, an arbovirus that infects a wide variety of indigenous bird species, although mortality is generally restricted to introduced birds. Following identification of the aetiological agent, surveillance and control measures were implemented, including serological monitoring of both wild and captive birds for EEE viral antibody and assay of locally-trapped mosquitoes for virus. In addition, an inactivated EEE virus vaccine developed for use in humans was evaluated in captive whooping cranes. Results so far suggest that the vaccine will afford protection to susceptible birds.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Disease and Threatened Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Council for Bird Preservation","publisherLocation":"Cambridge, England","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, J.W., Clark, G., and Watts, D., 1989, The impact of eastern equine encephalitis virus on efforts to recover the endangered whooping crane, chap. of Disease and Threatened Birds, p. 115-120.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"120","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d7a2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cooper, J.E.","contributorId":112218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506418,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, J. W.","contributorId":81854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, G.G.","contributorId":68275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watts, D.M.","contributorId":72886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015449,"text":"70015449 - 1989 - Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Pliocene Bianco section, Calabria, southern Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-06T17:22:41.445244","indexId":"70015449","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Pliocene Bianco section, Calabria, southern Italy","docAbstract":"An integrated micropaleontological and geochemical study was carried out on the Pliocene-age Bianco section located in Calabria, southern Italy. This section is somewhat unique for the Pliocene of the Mediterranean region in that it contains abundant calcareous and siliceous microfossils. Based on the biostratigraphic findings, it ranges in age from approximately 3.7-3.0 Ma.
The Bianco section is composed of marly mudstones intercalated with diatomites, with the diatomites being particularly common in the upper 50 m of the section (above 3.1 Ma). The diatomites contain an abundant benthic foraminiferal assemblage and have a low organic carbon content indicating that bottom waters were fairly well-oxygenated during their deposition. Faunal and floral indicators suggest a cooling of surface waters in this region at 3.1 Ma. The diatom assemblages within the Bianco diatomites are very similar to those living in the Gulf of California, suggesting an upwelling origin for these silica-rich units. A model is proposed which attributes diatomite formation to upwelling induced by climatically controlled changes in local hydrography.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(89)90105-3","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Rio, D., Thunell, R., Sprovieri, R., Bukry, D., Destefano, E., Howell, M., Raffi, I., Sancetta, C., and Sanfilippo, A., 1989, Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Pliocene Bianco section, Calabria, southern Italy: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 76, no. 1-2, p. 85-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90105-3.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"105","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224205,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Italy","otherGeospatial":"Pliocene Bianco section, Calabria","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 15.26398570727963,\n 39.650814957442066\n ],\n [\n 15.26398570727963,\n 37.816546402962274\n ],\n [\n 17.306222762393958,\n 37.816546402962274\n ],\n [\n 17.306222762393958,\n 39.650814957442066\n ],\n [\n 15.26398570727963,\n 39.650814957442066\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b998de4b08c986b31c4ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rio, D.","contributorId":47092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rio","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thunell, R.","contributorId":96836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thunell","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sprovieri, R.","contributorId":84910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprovieri","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bukry, D.","contributorId":15338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Destefano, E.","contributorId":59957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Destefano","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howell, M.","contributorId":98885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Raffi, I.","contributorId":49935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raffi","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sancetta, C.","contributorId":14951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sancetta","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sanfilippo, A.","contributorId":79631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanfilippo","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70015721,"text":"70015721 - 1989 - The Richter scale: its development and use for determining earthquake source parameters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-20T15:53:26.653803","indexId":"70015721","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Richter scale: its development and use for determining earthquake source parameters","docAbstract":"The ML scale, introduced by Richter in 1935, is the antecedent of every magnitude scale in use today. The scale is defined such that a magnitude-3 earthquake recorded on a Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer at a distance of 100 km would write a record with a peak excursion of 1 mm. To be useful, some means are needed to correct recordings to the standard distance of 100 km. Richter provides a table of correction values, which he terms -log Ao, the latest of which is contained in his 1958 textbook. A new analysis of over 9000 readings from almost 1000 earthquakes in the southern California region was recently completed to redetermine the -log Ao values. Although some systematic differences were found between this analysis and Richter's values (such that using Richter's values would lead to under and overestimates of ML at distances less than 40 km and greater than 200 km, respectively), the accuracy of his values is remarkable in view of the small number of data used in their determination. Richter's corrections for the distance attenuation of the peak amplitudes on Wood-Anderson seismographs apply only to the southern California region, of course, and should not be used in other areas without first checking to make sure that they are applicable. Often in the past this has not been done, but recently a number of papers have been published determining the corrections for other areas. If there are significant differences in the attenuation within 100 km between regions, then the definition of the magnitude at 100 km could lead to difficulty in comparing the sizes of earthquakes in various parts of the world. To alleviate this, it is proposed that the scale be defined such that a magnitude 3 corresponds to 10 mm of motion at 17 km. This is consistent both with Richter's definition of ML at 100 km and with the newly determined distance corrections in the southern California region.
Aside from the obvious (and original) use as a means of cataloguing earthquakes according to size, ML has been used in predictions of ground shaking as a function of distance and magnitude; it has also been used in estimating energy and seismic moment. There is a good correlation of peak ground velocity and the peak motion on a Wood-Anderson instrument at the same location, as well as an observationally defined (and theoretically predicted) nonlinear relation between ML and seismic moment.
An important byproduct of the establishment of the ML scale is the continuous operation of the network of Wood-Anderson seismographs on which the scale is based. The records from these instruments can be used to make relative comparisons of amplitudes and waveforms of recent and historic earthquakes; furthermore, because of the moderate gain, the instruments can write onscale records from great earthquakes at teleseismic distances and thus can provide important information about the energy radiated from such earthquakes at frequencies where many instruments have saturated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(89)90200-X","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Boore, D.M., 1989, The Richter scale: its development and use for determining earthquake source parameters: Tectonophysics, v. 166, no. 1-3, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90200-X.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223681,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.78399235916243,\n 37.77777783193474\n ],\n [\n -122.26692506535409,\n 36.22817563330109\n ],\n [\n -119.11573190288057,\n 32.255171979035204\n ],\n [\n -117.7023273217704,\n 32.524675531749864\n ],\n [\n -117.61377928853187,\n 32.55748997339755\n ],\n [\n -114.38857685419589,\n 32.70344051085594\n ],\n [\n -114.56880482085866,\n 33.680911505844996\n ],\n [\n -114.17560393937529,\n 34.41202538022594\n ],\n [\n -114.71259736943877,\n 35.121952229464235\n ],\n [\n -119.67217087344548,\n 38.83606500728993\n ],\n [\n -122.78399235916243,\n 37.77777783193474\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"166","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba8b9e4b08c986b321ded","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015356,"text":"70015356 - 1989 - Geology of the Zambales ophiolite, Luzon, Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-20T16:48:39.59571","indexId":"70015356","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the Zambales ophiolite, Luzon, Philippines","docAbstract":"The Zambales ophiolite of western Luzon, Philippines, exposes a typical succession of basalt flows, diabasic dikes, gabbro and tectonized harzburgite. The age established by limiting strata is late Eocene. Lack of evidence of thrust faulting and the general domal disposition of the lithologie units indicate that the ophiolitic rocks are exposed by uplift. Highly complex internal layered structures within the complex are related to processes developed during formation of the ophiolite and the Zambales ophiolite may be one of the least disturbed (by emplacement) ophiolitic masses known.
The exposed mass trends north and the upper surface plunges at low angles (a few degrees) to the north and south. The chemistry and composition of the rocks in the northwest part of the Zambales area (Acoje block) is distinct from that in the southeastern segment (Coto block). The Acoje block, according to Evans (1983) and Hawkins and Evans (1983), resembles (on a chemical basis) arc-tholeiite series rocks from intra-island arcs and the rocks in the Coto block are typical back-arc basin rock series. The present writer believes that the ophiolite composes a single genetic unit and that the changes in composition are the result of changes that took place during the initial formation. The gabbro probably formed below a spreading center in an elongate, in cross section, V-shaped, magma chamber. The gabbro is estimated by the writer to be less than 2 km thick and may be less than 1 km in places. Numerous erosional windows through the gabbro in the northern and eastern side of the Zambales area show that the gabbro remaining in those areas is likely to be only a few hundred meters thick. Harzburgite is exposed to a depth of about 800 m in the Bagsit River area and this may be the deepest part of the ophiolite accessible for study on which there is any control on depth. A transitional zone, about 200 m thick lying between the gabbro and harzburgite, is composed of serpentinized dunite. Commonly the dunite contains disseminated sulfide minerals and at the Acoje Mines, platinum-group elements.
A compositional layering within the gabbro is in places cumulate in the lower part of the unit but may have formed by nucleation higher up on the relatively steep sides of the magma chamber. A widespread gneissic banding in the gabbro forms large mappable structures which are many times more complex than is the disposition of the major rock units. These structures are believed to be the result of extensive slumping in the magma chamber. The structure produced by the cumulate layering merges with the gneissic banding, commonly without discernible change in attitude. This tectonic layered structure crosses the gabbro-peridotite boundary at any angle without seeming to disturb the original rock distribution. At greater depths below the boundary (ca. 800 m), the harzburgite contains low dipping banding, which probably reflects the result of differential movement within the mantle.
Chromite occurs almost exclusively in a zone that generally lies no more than 200–300 m below the gabbro-peridotite boundary. Refractory-grade chromite is found in this zone below the olivine gabbro in the Goto block and as low-grade metallurgical grade chromite below norite in the Acoje block. At Acoje Mines the chromite is present in layers in dunite, which the writer interprets as being distributed in a zone along the gently dipping (ca. 25°) gabbro-peridotite boundary. The steeply dipping (ca. 60–80 ° ) individual layers lie en echelon along the boundary at an angle (ca. 50 ° ) to the contact. At Coto the chromite forms large discontinuous masses in the lowest dunite and in the uppermost harzburgite. Except for the chromite present as layers at Acoje, the regional tectonic layering crosses the chromite deposits without structural deviation. The chromite deposits and associated peridotite may be cumulate in origin, but have been modified to such an extent that cumulate textures are generally obliterated. The angle of repose of cumulate layers in the Acoje area and in the Coto block dip towards each other raising the possibility that the Zambales area may contain the relics of a spreading center.
Initial emplacement of the Zambales ophiolite took place by uplift and the ultramafic portion was exposed to erosion in the earliest Miocene or late Oligocene. Submergence of some of the ophiolite followed the previous uplift and on the west side of the Zambales Range submergence of several kilometers is indicated. Final emergence appears to have taken place in Pliocene or Pleistocene time by block uplift and areas of greatest uplift closely conform to the present topographic surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(89)90366-1","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Rossman, D.L., Castanada, G., and Bacuta, G., 1989, Geology of the Zambales ophiolite, Luzon, Philippines: Tectonophysics, v. 168, no. 1-3, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90366-1.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224306,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Philippines","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 120.01436353828899,\n 16.379018641910505\n ],\n [\n 120.01436353828899,\n 14.71257942771895\n ],\n [\n 120.64963935647586,\n 14.71257942771895\n ],\n [\n 120.64963935647586,\n 16.379018641910505\n ],\n [\n 120.01436353828899,\n 16.379018641910505\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"168","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a26d5e4b0c8380cd593bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rossman, Darwin L.","contributorId":94663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rossman","given":"Darwin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Castanada, G.C.","contributorId":49115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castanada","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bacuta, G.C.","contributorId":26817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacuta","given":"G.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015681,"text":"70015681 - 1989 - Variations in fluvial style in the Westwater Canyon Member, Morrison formation (Jurassic), San Juan basin, Colorado plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T14:54:27.612823","indexId":"70015681","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in fluvial style in the Westwater Canyon Member, Morrison formation (Jurassic), San Juan basin, Colorado plateau","docAbstract":"Techniques of architectural element analysis and lateral profiling have been applied to the fluvial Westwater Canyon Member of the Morrison Formation (Jurassic) in southern San Juan Basin. On a large scale, the sandstone-body architecture consists mainly of a series of tabular sandstone sheets 5–15 m thick and hundreds of meters wide, separated by thin fine-grained units. Internally these sheets contain lateral accretion surfaces and are cut by channels 10–20 m deep and at least 250 m wide.
On a more detailed scale, interpretations made from large-scale photomosaics show a complex of architectural elements and bounding surfaces. Typical indicators of moderate- to high-sinuosity channels (lateral accretion deposits) coexist in the same outcrop with downstream-accreted macroform deposits that are typical of sand flats of low-sinuosity, multiple-channel rivers. Broad, deep channels with gently to steeply dipping margins were mapped in several of the outcrops by carefully tracing major bounding surfaces. Locally thick accumulations of plane-laminated and low-angle cross-laminated sandstone lithofacies suggest rapid flow, probably transitional to upper flow regime conditions. Such a depositional style is most typical of ephemeral rivers or those periodically undergoing major seasonal (or more erratic) stage fluctuations, an interpretation consistent with independent mineralogical evidence of aridity.
Fining-upward sequences are rare in the project area, contrary to the descriptions of Campbell (1976). The humid alluvial fan model of Galloway (1978) cannot be substantiated and, similarly, the architectural model of Campbell (1976) requires major revision. Comparisons with the depositional architecture of the large Indian rivers, such as the Ganges and Brahmaputra, still seem reasonable, as originally proposed by Campbell (1976), although there is now convincing evidence for aridity and for major stage fluctuations, which differs both from those modern rivers and Campbell's interpretation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(89)90070-5","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Miall, A., and Turner-Peterson, C.E., 1989, Variations in fluvial style in the Westwater Canyon Member, Morrison formation (Jurassic), San Juan basin, Colorado plateau: Sedimentary Geology, v. 63, no. 1-2, p. 21-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(89)90070-5.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223834,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"San Juan basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.34773878542157,\n 39.00342263812402\n ],\n [\n -111.34773878542157,\n 35.28734981483113\n ],\n [\n -106.73828172972128,\n 35.28734981483113\n ],\n [\n -106.73828172972128,\n 39.00342263812402\n ],\n [\n -111.34773878542157,\n 39.00342263812402\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc17fe4b08c986b32a5e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miall, A.D.","contributorId":35879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miall","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner-Peterson, Christine E.","contributorId":97071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner-Peterson","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015679,"text":"70015679 - 1989 - Geochemistry and diagenesis of Miocene lacustrine siliceous sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks, Mytilinii basin, Samos Island, Greece","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:02:30.861083","indexId":"70015679","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and diagenesis of Miocene lacustrine siliceous sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks, Mytilinii basin, Samos Island, Greece","docAbstract":"A Late Miocene non-marine stratigraphic sequence composed of limestone, opal-CT-bearing limestone, porcelanite, marlstone, diatomaceous marlstone, dolomite, and tuffite crops out on eastern Samos Island. This lacustrine sequence is subdivided into the Hora Beds and the underlying Pythagorion Formation. The Hora Beds is overlain by the clastic Mytilinii series which contains Turolian (Late Miocene) mammalian fossils. The lacustrine sequence contains volcanic glass and the silica polymorphs opal-A, opal-CT, and quartz. Volcanic glass predominantly occurs in tuffaceous rocks from the lower and upper parts of the lacustrine sequence. Opal-A (diatom frustules) is confined to layers in the upper part of the Hora Beds. Beds rich in opal-CT underlie those containing opal-A. The occurrence of opal-CT is extensive, encompassing the lower Hora Beds and the sedimentary rocks and tuffs of the Pythagorion Formation. A transition zone between the opal-A and opal-CT zones is identified by X-ray diffraction patterns that are intermediate between those of opal-CT and opal-A, perhaps due to a mixture of the two polymorphs. Diagenesis was not advanced enough for opal-CT to transform to quartz or for volcanic glass to transform to opal-C.
Based on geochemical and mineralogical data, we suggest that the rate of diagenetic transformation of opal-A to opal-CT was mainly controlled by the chemistry of pore fluids. Pore fluids were characterized by high salinity, moderately high alkalinity, and high magnesium ion activity. These pore fluid characteristics are indicated by the presence of evaporitic salts (halite, sylvite, niter), high boron content in biogenic silica, and by dolomite in both the opal-A and opal-CT-bearing beds. The absence of authigenic K-feldspar, borosilicates, and zeolites also support these pore fluid characteristics. Additional factors that influenced the rate of silica diagenesis were host rock lithology and the relatively high heat flow in the Aegean region from Miocene to Holocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(89)90084-5","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Stamatakis, M., Hein, J., and Magganas, A., 1989, Geochemistry and diagenesis of Miocene lacustrine siliceous sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks, Mytilinii basin, Samos Island, Greece: Sedimentary Geology, v. 64, no. 1-3, p. 65-78, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(89)90084-5.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223782,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greece","otherGeospatial":"Samos Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 26.538242313522346,\n 37.79368025462446\n ],\n [\n 26.56629058186502,\n 37.640653122163556\n ],\n [\n 26.89138973334667,\n 37.625118847399236\n ],\n [\n 27.094949968235014,\n 37.70824965883785\n ],\n [\n 27.07951447568766,\n 37.78252142220876\n ],\n [\n 26.902578949608824,\n 37.837966700105994\n ],\n [\n 26.538242313522346,\n 37.79368025462446\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16d0e4b0c8380cd55286","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamatakis, M.G.","contributorId":67222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamatakis","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, James R. jhein@usgs.gov","contributorId":140283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James R.","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Magganas, A.C.","contributorId":107032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magganas","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015537,"text":"70015537 - 1989 - Origin of the oceanic basalt basement of the Solomon Islands arc and its relationship to the Ontong Java Plateau-insights from Cenozoic plate motion models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-20T16:21:18.10437","indexId":"70015537","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the oceanic basalt basement of the Solomon Islands arc and its relationship to the Ontong Java Plateau-insights from Cenozoic plate motion models","docAbstract":"Cenozoic global plate motion models based on a hotspot reference frame may provide a useful framework for analyzing the tectonic evolution of the Solomon Islands convergent margin. A postulated late Miocene collision of the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) with a NE-facing arc is consistent with the predicted path of the OJP across the Pacific Basin and its Miocene arrival at the trench. Late-stage igneous activity (65-30 Ma) predicted for the OJP as it rode over the Samoan hotspot occurred in correlative stratigraphic sections on Malaita, the supposed accreted flake of OJP in the Solomon Islands arc. Convergence similar to the present velocities between Australia and the Pacific plates was characteristic of the last 43 million years. Prior to 43 Ma Pacific-Australia plate motions were divergent, seemingly at odds with geologic evidence for early Tertiary convergence, particularly in Papua New Guinea. A postulated South Pacific plate may have existed between Australia and the Pacific plate and would have allowed implied northward subduction along the northeastern Australia plate boundary that lasted into the early Eocene. Subsequent reorganization of plate motions in the middle Eocene correlates with middle Eocene marginal basin formation along ridges oblique to the main plate boundary. Cessation of spreading on the Pacific-South Pacific Ridge and its subsequent subduction beneath Asia followed the change in Pacific plate motion at 43 Ma. A trapped remnant of the extinct, NW-trending ridge may still lie beneath the western Philippine Sea. The terminal deformation, metamorphism and ophiolite obduction in the Eocene orogen of the southwest Pacific also correlates with the major change in Pacific plate motion at 43 Ma and the subsequent compression of the dying Eocene arc against outlying continental and oceanic crustal blocks of the Australian plate. The Solomon Islands oceanic basement may represent juxtaposition of oceanic plateaus of the Australian plate beneath overthrust, dismembered ophiolite derived from adjacent marginal basin crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(89)90048-6","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Wells, R., 1989, Origin of the oceanic basalt basement of the Solomon Islands arc and its relationship to the Ontong Java Plateau-insights from Cenozoic plate motion models: Tectonophysics, v. 165, no. 1-4, p. 219-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90048-6.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"235","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223942,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Solomon Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 141.92498553803,\n -2.582277284413962\n ],\n [\n 141.92498553803,\n -16.49759533806825\n ],\n [\n 163.5425240447994,\n -16.49759533806825\n ],\n [\n 163.5425240447994,\n -2.582277284413962\n ],\n [\n 141.92498553803,\n -2.582277284413962\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"165","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7105e4b0c8380cd763ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wells, R.E. 0000-0002-7796-0160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":67537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015437,"text":"70015437 - 1989 - An analysis of trichloroethylene movement in groundwater at Castle Air Force Base, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T16:45:01.148712","indexId":"70015437","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An analysis of trichloroethylene movement in groundwater at Castle Air Force Base, California","docAbstract":"A trichloroethylene (TCE) plume has been identified in the groundwater under a U.S. Air Force Base in the Central Valley of California. An areal, two-dimensional numerical solute transport model indicates that the movement of TCE due to advection, dispersion, and linear sorption is simulated over a 25-year historic period. The model is used in several ways: (1) to estimate the extent of the plume; (2) to confirm the likely sources of contamination as suggested by a soil organic vapor survey of the site; and (3) to make predictions about future movement of the plume. Despite the noisy and incomplete data set, the model reproduces the general trends in contamination at a number of observation wells. The analysis indicates that soil organic vapor monitoring is an effective tool for identifying contaminant source locations. Leaky sewer pipes and underground tanks are the indicated pathways for TCE to have entered the groundwater system. The chemical mass balance indicates that a total of about 100 gallons of TCE - a relatively small amount of organic solvent - has created the observed groundwater plume.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(89)90235-7","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Avon, L., and Bredehoeft, J., 1989, An analysis of trichloroethylene movement in groundwater at Castle Air Force Base, California: Journal of Hydrology, v. 110, no. 1-2, p. 23-50, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90235-7.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223986,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Castle Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.58292229232788,\n 37.40967525409492\n ],\n [\n -120.58292229232788,\n 37.366857979781145\n ],\n [\n -120.53481147660648,\n 37.366857979781145\n ],\n [\n -120.53481147660648,\n 37.40967525409492\n ],\n [\n -120.58292229232788,\n 37.40967525409492\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9f6e4b0c8380cd4855a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Avon, L.","contributorId":39944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avon","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bredehoeft, J.D.","contributorId":12836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015690,"text":"70015690 - 1989 - Analysis of the shallow groundwater flow system near Connetqout Brook, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T16:28:04.334166","indexId":"70015690","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of the shallow groundwater flow system near Connetqout Brook, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Streamflow on Long Island is derived principally from shallow groundwater that flows above the deeper regional flow system. The movement of shallow groundwater was studied during 1975-1982 at Connetquot Brook - an undisturbed stream in Connetquot River State Park - in south-central Long Island. The investigation encompassed: (1) field studies of streamflow, groundwater levels, and age of water as indicated by tritium concentrations, and (2) numerical simulation of the shallow flow system to evaluate the hydraulic factors that influence groundwater flow near and beneath the stream.
Analysis of water-level data indicates that groundwater flow is essentially horizontal throughout the drainage basin except near and beneath the stream, where it moves upward diagonally and discharges into the streambank at three sites were 1-2 ft higher than stream stage in the and in wells driven into the streambank at three sites were 1-2 ft higher than stream stage in the first 5 ft of penetration. Increases in head, which were detected to depths of 30 ft beneath the streambed, indicate upward movement of water above that depth.
Water samples from selected wells were analyzed for tritium concentration to determine the relative age of water to locate the bottom boundary of the shallow flow system. Tritium concentrations indicate that the lower boundary is from 45 to 100 ft below the water table.
A two-dimensional cross-sectional flow model of the shallow flow system indicated that: (1) stream width and streambed hydraulic conductivity influence heads mostly within about 50 ft of the stream; (2) the thickness of the shallow flow system influences heads more distant from the stream but has a negligible effect near the stream; and (3) the quantity of water entering the system as recharge from precipitation influences the heads throughout the area.
Field measurements of hydraulic head indicate the shallow flow system to extend to about 30 ft below the stream channel. Results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that the thickness of the shallow system has a negligible effect on head distribution beneath the stream.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(89)90059-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Prince, K.R., Reilly, T.E., and Franke, O., 1989, Analysis of the shallow groundwater flow system near Connetqout Brook, Long Island, New York: Journal of Hydrology, v. 107, no. 1-4, p. 223-250, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90059-0.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"250","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Connetqout Brook, Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.19411787759238,\n 40.80361542962291\n ],\n [\n -73.19411787759238,\n 40.73509468849525\n ],\n [\n -73.1022342051635,\n 40.73509468849525\n ],\n [\n -73.1022342051635,\n 40.80361542962291\n ],\n [\n -73.19411787759238,\n 40.80361542962291\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb40e4b0c8380cd48cf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prince, K. R.","contributorId":7328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prince","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, T. E.","contributorId":79460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Franke, O.L.","contributorId":57082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franke","given":"O.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016145,"text":"70016145 - 1989 - Diffusion and consumption of methane in an unsaturated zone in north-central Illinois, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T17:02:59.482645","indexId":"70016145","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diffusion and consumption of methane in an unsaturated zone in north-central Illinois, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The distribution of CH4 in unsaturated glacial and eolian deposits adjacent to buried low-level radioactive waste was measured, and movement of the gas from the waste source was simulated using a two-dimensional finite-difference model for gas diffusion in the unsaturated zone. Mean PCH4 was greatest (1.56 Pa) in a pebbly-sand deposit 11.6 m below the land surface and 12 m from the waste, and generally decreased with increased horizontal distance from the waste. Mean PCH4 was least (0.07 Pa) at depth of 1.8 m below land surface, regardless of distance from the waste. PCH4 at the land surface averaged 0.17 Pa. Depth versus PCH4 profiles suggest consumption of both waste-produced and atmospheric CH4 in the upper unsaturated zone, presumably by methanotrophic microorganisms. Numerical simulations of methane movement support the consumption observation; inclusion of a term in the model for consumption of CH4 in the upper 2 m of the unsaturated zone resulted in simulated PCH4 within 30% of mean PCH4 at eleven of thirteen sampling locations. A similar fit of the data was obtained for only four locations when consumption was not considered.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(89)90256-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Striegl, R.G., and Ishii, A.L., 1989, Diffusion and consumption of methane in an unsaturated zone in north-central Illinois, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 111, no. 1-4, p. 133-143, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90256-4.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"143","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222836,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Bureau County","city":"Sheffield","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-89.6309,41.5867],[-89.6266,41.5862],[-89.5179,41.5867],[-89.5124,41.5867],[-89.4025,41.5862],[-89.3945,41.5862],[-89.338,41.5866],[-89.335,41.5866],[-89.3337,41.5866],[-89.2859,41.5856],[-89.2766,41.5856],[-89.168,41.5845],[-89.1676,41.5418],[-89.1672,41.4964],[-89.1668,41.4542],[-89.1664,41.4079],[-89.1654,41.3661],[-89.1649,41.3221],[-89.165,41.3099],[-89.1803,41.309],[-89.1962,41.3113],[-89.2078,41.3127],[-89.2249,41.3137],[-89.25,41.3205],[-89.2646,41.3219],[-89.2677,41.3219],[-89.2732,41.3206],[-89.275,41.3192],[-89.2824,41.3138],[-89.3124,41.3047],[-89.3344,41.3007],[-89.3387,41.298],[-89.3405,41.2957],[-89.3405,41.2934],[-89.3406,41.2889],[-89.3387,41.2853],[-89.3375,41.2816],[-89.3381,41.2775],[-89.3449,41.263],[-89.3479,41.2567],[-89.351,41.249],[-89.3553,41.2336],[-89.3926,41.2336],[-89.4665,41.2336],[-89.4659,41.1488],[-89.6392,41.1487],[-89.6394,41.2331],[-89.7414,41.2339],[-89.7554,41.2338],[-89.8568,41.2345],[-89.8572,41.3207],[-89.8559,41.4088],[-89.8555,41.4523],[-89.8563,41.4973],[-89.8564,41.5191],[-89.8601,41.519],[-89.861,41.5858],[-89.7481,41.586],[-89.7444,41.586],[-89.6309,41.5867]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bureau\",\"state\":\"IL\"}}]}","volume":"111","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010fe4b0c8380cd4faa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ishii, A. L.","contributorId":61464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishii","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015186,"text":"70015186 - 1989 - An operational GLS model for hydrologic regression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T16:48:04.47287","indexId":"70015186","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An operational GLS model for hydrologic regression","docAbstract":"Recent Monte Carlo studies have documented the value of generalized least squares (GLS) procedures to estimate empirical relationships between streamflow statistics and physiographic basin characteristics. This paper presents a number of extensions of the GLS method that deal with realities and complexities of regional hydrologic data sets that were not addressed in the simulation studies. These extensions include: (1) a more realistic model of the underlying model errors; (2) smoothed estimates of cross correlation of flows; (3) procedures for including historical flow data; (4) diagnostic statistics describing leverage and influence for GLS regression; and (5) the formulation of a mathematical program for evaluating future gaging activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(89)90268-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., and Stedinger, J., 1989, An operational GLS model for hydrologic regression: Journal of Hydrology, v. 111, no. 1-4, p. 361-375, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90268-0.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"375","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224293,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eaa3e4b0c8380cd489ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":83097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stedinger, J.R.","contributorId":90733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stedinger","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015117,"text":"70015117 - 1989 - Sediment concentration versus water discharge during single hydrologic events in rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T17:06:38.471714","indexId":"70015117","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment concentration versus water discharge during single hydrologic events in rivers","docAbstract":"Relations between sediment concentration (C) and water discharge (Q) for a hydrologic event, such as a flood, are studied qualitatively by analyzing \"smoothed\" temporal graphs (discharge and concentration vs. time) in terms of mode, spread, and skewness. Comparing C Q ratios at a given discharge on the rising and falling limbs of the discharge hydrograph provides a consistent, reliable method for categorizing C-Q relations. Five common classes of such relations are single-valued (straight or curved), clockwise loop, counterclockwise loop, single-valued plus a loop, and figure eight. Temporal-graph mode and skewness influence the type of relation, whereas temporal-graph spread affects the details of the particular C-Q relation (its graphical breadth, shape, orientation, and plotted location). Field examples of the various types of relations are given, including varieties that heretofore have received little attention, such as the figure eight. Explanations for each type of C-Q relation are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(89)90254-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Williams, G.P., 1989, Sediment concentration versus water discharge during single hydrologic events in rivers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 111, no. 1-4, p. 89-106, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90254-0.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224187,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8963e4b08c986b316dc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, G. P.","contributorId":97472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20286,"text":"ofr88317 - 1989 - Geohydrology of the regional aquifer system, western Snake River plain, southwestern Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20286,"text":"ofr88317 - 1989 - Geohydrology of the regional aquifer system, western Snake River plain, southwestern Idaho","indexId":"ofr88317","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology of the regional aquifer system, western Snake River plain, southwestern Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38452,"text":"pp1408G - 1991 - Geohydrology of the regional aquifer system, western Snake River plain, southwestern Idaho","indexId":"pp1408G","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"chapter":"G","title":"Geohydrology of the regional aquifer system, western Snake River plain, southwestern Idaho"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38452,"text":"pp1408G - 1991 - Geohydrology of the regional aquifer system, western Snake River plain, southwestern Idaho","indexId":"pp1408G","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Geohydrology of the regional aquifer system, western Snake River plain, southwestern Idaho"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:37","indexId":"ofr88317","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-317","title":"Geohydrology of the regional aquifer system, western Snake River plain, southwestern Idaho","docAbstract":"A three dimensional groundwater flow model was developed to simulate steady state and nonsteady-state hydrologic conditions of the regional aquifer system in the western Snake River Plain of Idaho. Water budget analysis showed that groundwater recharge was about 1,400,000 acre-ft in 1980; groundwater pumpage was estimated to be 300,000 acre-ft. Two mass water level measurements were made in March and August 1980 to define the water table in the regional system. The model was discretized into 25 rows, 72 columns, and 3 layers. Each cell represented 4 sq mi. The model was calibrated to 1980 hydrologic conditions. Calibrated transmissivity of layer 1 (500 ft thick) ranged from 1,500 to 21,500 sq ft/day. Calibrated specific yield of unconfined aquifers was 0.10 and calibrated storage coefficient of confined aquifers ranged from 0.0004 to 0.007. The calibrated model was verified by simulating monthly water-level fluctuations for 1980. Simulated water levels matched measured levels in the Boise River Valley, but the match in other areas was poor. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr88317","usgsCitation":"Newton, G.D., 1989, Geohydrology of the regional aquifer system, western Snake River plain, southwestern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-317, viii, 82 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88317.","productDescription":"viii, 82 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152294,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newton, G. D.","contributorId":43374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}