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The project was designed as a technique to: (1) Assign priorities for development of ground-water management and monitoring programs; (2) build support for, and public awareness of, vulnerability or ground water to contamination; (3) assist in the development of regulatory programs; and (4) provide access to technical data through the use of a GIS (geographic information system) (C. Grantha,, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, written commun., 1989). A digital representation of first-encountered water below land surface is an important element in evaluating vulnerability of ground water to contamination. Depth-to-water values were developed using existing data and computer software to construct a GIS data set to be combined with a sols data set developed by the SCS (Soil Conservation Service) and IDHW/WQB (Idaho Department of Health and Welfare/Water Quality Bureau), and a recharge data set developed by the IDWR/RSF (Idaho Department of Water Resources/Remote Sensing Facility). The USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) developed digital depth-to-water values for eleven 1:100,000-scale quadrangles on the eastern Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904193","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Maupin, M.A., 1991, Depth to water in the eastern Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys, southwestern Idaho, calculated using water levels from 1980 to 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4193, 1 Plate: 36.88 x 28.89 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904193.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.88 x 28.89 inches","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"1988-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423546,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49244.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4193/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":258702,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4193/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258701,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1990/4193/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.0,42.5 ], [ -115.0,44.5 ], [ -111.0,44.5 ], [ -111.0,42.5 ], [ -115.0,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66e756","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maupin, Molly A. 0000-0002-2695-5505 mamaupin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-5505","contributorId":951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maupin","given":"Molly","email":"mamaupin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44782,"text":"wri914020 - 1991 - Depth to water in the western Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys, southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon, calculated using water levels from 1980 to 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-14T19:52:58.572387","indexId":"wri914020","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4020","title":"Depth to water in the western Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys, southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon, calculated using water levels from 1980 to 1988","docAbstract":"The vulnerability of ground water to contamination in Idaho is being assessed by the ISHW/DEQ (Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality), using a modified version of the Environmental Protection Agency DRASTIC methods (Allers and others, 1985). The project was designed as a technique to: (1) Assign priorities for development of ground-water management and monitoring programs; (2) build support for, and public awareness of, vulnerability of ground water to contamination; (3) assist in the development of regulatory programs; and (4) provide access to technical data through the use of a GIS (geographic information system) (C. Grantham, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, written commun., 1989). Digital representation of first-encountered water below land surface is an important element in evaluating vulnerability of ground water to contamination. Depth-to-water values were developed using existing data and computer software to construct a GIS data set to be combined with a soils data set developed by the SCS (Soul Conservation Service) and the IDHW/WQB (Idaho Department of Health and Welfare/Water Quality Bureau), and a recharge data set developed by the IDWR/RSF (idaho Department of Water Resources/Remote Sensing Facility). The USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) has developed digital depth-to-water values for eleven 1:100,00-scale quadrangles on the eastern Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Maupin, M.A., 1991, Depth to water in the western Snake River Plain and surrounding tributary valleys, southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon, calculated using water levels from 1980 to 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4020, 1 Plate: 37.00 x 28.81 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914020.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.00 x 28.81 inches","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"1988-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430233,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47458.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":82113,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4020/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":169202,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4020/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.5,42.5 ], [ -117.5,45.0 ], [ -115.0,45.0 ], [ -115.0,42.5 ], [ -117.5,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66deeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maupin, Molly A. 0000-0002-2695-5505 mamaupin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-5505","contributorId":951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maupin","given":"Molly","email":"mamaupin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38447,"text":"pp1406C - 1991 - Geochemistry of ground water in alluvial basins of Arizona and adjacent parts of Nevada, New Mexico, and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:00","indexId":"pp1406C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1406","chapter":"C","title":"Geochemistry of ground water in alluvial basins of Arizona and adjacent parts of Nevada, New Mexico, and California","docAbstract":"Chemical and isotope analyses of ground water from 28 basins in the Basin and Range physiographic province of Arizona and parts of adjacent States were used to evaluate ground-water quality, determine processes that control ground-water chemistry, provide independent insight into the hydrologic flow system, and develop information transfer. The area is characterized by north- to northwest-trending mountains separated by alluvial basins that form a regional topography of alternating mountains and valleys. On the basis of ground-water divides or zones of minimal basin interconnection, the area was divided into 72 basins, each representing an individual aquifer system. These systems are joined in a dendritic pattern and collectively constitute the major water resource in the region. \r\n\r\nGeochemical models were developed to identify reactions and mass transfer responsible for the chemical evolution of the ground water. On the basis of mineralogy and chemistry of the two major rock associations of the area, a felsic model and a mafic model were developed to illustrate geologic, climatic, and physiographic effects on ground-water chemistry. Two distinct hydrochemical processes were identified: (1) reactions of meteoric water with minerals and gases in recharge areas and (2) reactions of ground water as it moves down the hydraulic gradient. Reactions occurring in recharge and downgradient areas can be described by a 13-component system. Major reactions are the dissolution and precipitation of calcite and dolomite, the weathering of feldspars and ferromagnesian minerals, the formation of montmorillonite, iron oxyhydroxides, and probably silica, and, in some basins, ion exchange. \r\n\r\nThe geochemical modeling demonstrated that relatively few phases are required to derive the ground-water chemistry; 14 phases-12 mineral and 2 gas-consistently account for the chemical evolution in each basin. The final phases were selected through analysis of X-ray diffraction and fluorescence data, aqueous speciation and saturation data, and mass-balance and isotopic constraints and through chemical models developed from mineral combinations among the 27 phases that were considered realistic in these geologically and mineralogically complex basins. X-ray diffraction of basin-fill sediments confirm the presence of the postulated minerals and their weathering sequences. \r\n\r\nHigh partial pressures of soil CO2 and large concentrations of dissolved CO2 in recharge areas, and the rapid depletion of CO2 downgradient, accompanied by high weathering rates of the silicates which also decrease downgradient, indicate that carbonic acid is the impetus in the weathering process. Reactions in the soil zone and the unsaturated zone are influential and, in some instances, are as important as the mineralogy of the source rock in determining ground-water compositions. \r\n\r\nThe basins can be divided geochemically into two general categories-closed systems, which evolve under closed hydrologic conditions, and open systems, which are open to CO2 and other constituents along the flow path. The ground-water chemistry of the unconfined aquifers in the eastern part of the study area and of the aquifers underlying the flood plain along the Colorado River generally evolves under open conditions. The ground-water chemistry of most basins in the central and western parts and of the confined aquifers in the eastern part evolves under closed conditions. The factors that determine whether a basin is an open or closed system are the amount of and the spatial and seasonal distribution of annual precipitation and the presence or absence of fine-grained confining units. \r\n\r\nThe basins along the Colorado River are unique among basins in the region. Virtually all ground water underlying the flood plain originated as seepage or overbank flow from the Colorado River. Initial deuterium content of about -120 per mil is indicative of precipitation from the central part of Colorado. Using chemical m","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1406C","usgsCitation":"Robertson, F.N., 1991, Geochemistry of ground water in alluvial basins of Arizona and adjacent parts of Nevada, New Mexico, and California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1406, p. C1-C90, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1406C.","productDescription":"p. C1-C90","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1406c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64922,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1406c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6aad69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Frederick N.","contributorId":108160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":43224,"text":"ofr91265 - 1991 - Geophysical, lithologic, and water quality data from Ivanpah Valley, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:26","indexId":"ofr91265","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-265","title":"Geophysical, lithologic, and water quality data from Ivanpah Valley, San Bernardino County, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr91265","usgsCitation":"Calzia, J., 1991, Geophysical, lithologic, and water quality data from Ivanpah Valley, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-265, 1 diagram :photocopy ;on sheet 92 x 106 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91265.","productDescription":"1 diagram :photocopy ;on sheet 92 x 106 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":80968,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0265/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b3c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calzia, J.P.","contributorId":58614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calzia","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38144,"text":"ofr91578 - 1991 - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Summary 90 part I. Seismic data, January to December 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T17:55:30.547135","indexId":"ofr91578","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-578","title":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Summary 90 part I. Seismic data, January to December 1990","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91578","usgsCitation":"Tomori, A.H., Nakata, J.S., Okubo, P.G., Tanigawa, W.R., Tokuuke, J., and Wright, T., 1991, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Summary 90 part I. Seismic data, January to December 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-578, iii, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91578.","productDescription":"iii, 79 p.","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":64406,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0578/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0578/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":405313,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18172.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.1102294921875,\n 19.05173366503917\n ],\n [\n -155.7806396484375,\n 19.05173366503917\n ],\n [\n -155.7806396484375,\n 20.3034175184893\n ],\n [\n -156.1102294921875,\n 20.3034175184893\n ],\n [\n -156.1102294921875,\n 19.05173366503917\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696c89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tomori, Alvin H.","contributorId":54614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomori","given":"Alvin","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nakata, J. S.","contributorId":23940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okubo, P. G. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":95899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tanigawa, W. R.","contributorId":12849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanigawa","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tokuuke, J. P.","contributorId":83546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tokuuke","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":38136,"text":"ofr9170 - 1991 - Data for gross alpha, gross beta, gross radium as radium-226, and uranium in ground and surface waters in the United States, mid-1954 through 1965","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:53","indexId":"ofr9170","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-70","title":"Data for gross alpha, gross beta, gross radium as radium-226, and uranium in ground and surface waters in the United States, mid-1954 through 1965","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9170","usgsCitation":"Janzer, V.J., Stanley, G., Long, H., Farrar, J., and Brezina, K., 1991, Data for gross alpha, gross beta, gross radium as radium-226, and uranium in ground and surface waters in the United States, mid-1954 through 1965: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-70, iii, 153 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9170.","productDescription":"iii, 153 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0070/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64399,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0070/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c92e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Janzer, Victor J.","contributorId":36119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janzer","given":"Victor","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanley, G.W.","contributorId":9318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, H.K.","contributorId":50547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farrar, J.W.","contributorId":26715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brezina, K.A.","contributorId":61875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brezina","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":38504,"text":"pp1391 - 1991 - Cenozoic giant pectinids from California and the Tertiary Caribbean Province: Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten, and Nodipecten species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-31T13:12:09.244355","indexId":"pp1391","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1391","displayTitle":"Cenozoic giant pectinids from California and the Tertiary Caribbean Province: Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten, and Nodipecten species","title":"Cenozoic giant pectinids from California and the Tertiary Caribbean Province: Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten, and Nodipecten species","docAbstract":"

Tertiary pectinids recognized for more than 125 years by field geologists can now be used to date and correlate 3-4 m.y. increments of the geologic record and to determine faunal distributions in relation to tectonic terranes. Fossil pectinids are commonly preserved in shallowmarine clastic deposits that mostly lack microfossils. The stratigraphic ranges of Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten, and Nodipecten can be used to subdivide provincial megafaunal stages in California and to correlate chronostratigraphic units in the Pacific Northwest and Atlantic Coastal Plain. One New World taxon, \"Macrochlamis\" magnolia ojaiensis, n. subsp., supports a direct correlation between the middle \"Vaqueros\" Stage of California (interpolated as 27-23 m.y. B.P.) and an Upper Chattian-Lower Aquitanian Stage section in southwestern Switzerland. Two lithologic units widespread in California, the Vaqueros Formation (spanning 12 m.y., from the late Oligocene into the early Miocene) and Temblor Formation (deposited over a period of 26 m.y., from the late Eocene or early Oligocene to the middle Miocene), transgress much longer periods of time than have been generally recognized.

Certain species pairs are identified as cognates, close relatives descended from a common ancestor. Close similarities are found between widely separated assemblages from the Salton Trough of California and the Caribbean, the Gulf Coastal Plain of eastern Mexico and the Sinu Valley of western Colombia, the Santa Rosalia area in Baja California Sur, Mexico, and the Paraguana Peninsula of Venezuela. Distribution patterns for relatively recently dispersed taxa have important implications for middle to late Cenozoic paleogeography and tectonic history, especially in west Mexico and the Caribbean. Speciation was concurrent with the closure of the Isthmus of Panama, the opening of the Gulf of California, and possibly with the northward translation of segments of the California Continental Borderland. Tertiary Caribbean and PacificPanamic Lyropectens and Nodipectens are plotted on a simplified tectonic map as an early step in considering Cenozoic molluscan distributions in relation to major plate boundaries. Taxa having unusual distributions are tabulated with the tectonic events that may have modified their observed geographic ranges. Southern California and the Baja California peninsula include tectonostratigraphic terranes and tectonic slivers that may have moved on the order of hundreds or thousands of kilometers in the Paleogene. Relations between recently dispersed faunas and tectonic terrane boundaries are further complicated by short-term variations in oceanographic phenomena such as currents, El Nino events, and shifts in areas of upwelling.

Lyropecten evolved in the late Oligocene or early Miocene, Nodipecten by the late middle Miocene. According to the classification used here, Lyropecten still lives in the Galapagos. Holocene Nodipectens divide the Pacific-Panamic and Caribbean provinces into two subprovinces each. Habitat, life history, dispersal, and growth data are summarized for living Nodipectens, whose distinctive shell features include ledges and hollow nodes. Phylogenetic lineages are based on progressive trends in node formation and rib schemes, some of which have biostratigraphic significance.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1391","usgsCitation":"Smith, J.T., 1991, Cenozoic giant pectinids from California and the Tertiary Caribbean Province: Lyropecten, \"Macrochlamis,\" Vertipecten, and Nodipecten species: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1391, v, 155 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1391.","productDescription":"v, 155 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":65220,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1391/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1391/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Judith Terry","contributorId":264994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"Terry","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":219952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31066,"text":"wsp2370B - 1991 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12080,"text":"ofr88715 - 1989 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","indexId":"ofr88715","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":31066,"text":"wsp2370B - 1991 - Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2370B","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:08","indexId":"wsp2370B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2370","chapter":"B","title":"Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California","docAbstract":"Owens Valley, a long, narrow valley located along the east flank of the Sierra Nevada in east-central California, is the main source of water for the city of Los Angeles. The city diverts most of the surface water in the valley into the Owens River-Los Angeles Aqueduct system, which transports the water more than 200 miles south to areas of distribution and use. Additionally, ground water is pumped or flows from wells to supplement the surface-water diversions to the river-aqueduct system. Pumpage from wells needed to supplement water export has increased since 1970, when a second aqueduct was put into service, and local concerns have been expressed that the increased pumpage may have had a detrimental effect on the environment and the indigenous alkaline scrub and meadow plant communities in the valley. The scrub and meadow communities depend on soil moisture derived from precipitation and the unconfined part of a multilayered aquifer system. This report, which describes the hydrogeology of the aquifer system and the water resources of the valley, is one in a series designed to (1) evaluate the effects that groundwater pumping has on scrub and meadow communities and (2) appraise alternative strategies to mitigate any adverse effects caused by, pumping. \r\n\r\nTwo principal topographic features are the surface expression of the geologic framework--the high, prominent mountains on the east and west sides of the valley and the long, narrow intermountain valley floor. The mountains are composed of sedimentary, granitic, and metamorphic rocks, mantled in part by volcanic rocks as well as by glacial, talus, and fluvial deposits. The valley floor is underlain by valley fill that consists of unconsolidated to moderately consolidated alluvial fan, transition-zone, glacial and talus, and fluvial and lacustrine deposits. The valley fill also includes interlayered recent volcanic flows and pyroclastic rocks. The bedrock surface beneath the valley fill is a narrow, steep-sided graben that is structurally separated into the Bishop Basin to the north and the Owens Lake Basin to the south. These two structural basins are separated by (1) a bedrock high that is the upper bedrock block of an east-west normal fault, (2) a horst block of bedrock (the Poverty Hills), and (3) Quaternary basalt flows and cinder cones that intercalate and intrude the sedimentary deposits of the valley fill. The resulting structural separation of the basins allowed separate development of fluvial and lacustrine depositional systems in each basin. \r\n\r\nNearly all the ground water in Owens Valley flows through and is stored in the saturated valley fill. The bedrock, which surrounds and underlies the valley fill, is virtually impermeable. Three hydrogeologic units compose the valley-fill aquifer system, a defined subdivision of the ground-water system, and a fourth represents the valley fill below the aquifer system and above the bedrock. The aquifer system is divided into horizontal hydrogeologic units on the basis of either (1) uniform hydrologic characteristics of a specific lithologic layer or (2) distribution of the vertical hydraulic head. Hydrogeologic unit 1 is the upper unit and represents the unconfined part of the system, hydrogeologic unit 2 represents the confining unit (or units), and hydrogeologic unit 3 represents the confined part of the aquifer system. Hydrogeologic unit 4 represents the deep part of the ground-water system and lies below the aquifer system. Hydrogeologic unit 4 transmits or stores much less water than hydrogeologic unit 3 and represents either a moderately consolidated valley fill or a geologic unit in the valley fill defined on the basis of geophysical data. \r\n\r\nNearly all the recharge to the aquifer system is from infiltration of runoff from snowmelt and rainfall on the Sierra Nevada. In contrast, little recharge occurs to the system by runoff from the White and Inyo Mountains or from direct precipitation on the valley floor. Ground wat","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2370B","usgsCitation":"Hollett, K.J., Danskin, W.R., McCaffrey, W.F., and Walti, C.L., 1991, Geology and water resources of Owens Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2370, 77 p. 2 plates n pocket. Supercedes Open-file report 88-715., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2370B.","productDescription":"77 p. 2 plates n pocket. Supercedes Open-file report 88-715.","numberOfPages":"77","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2370b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247342,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2370b/plate-1.pdf","size":"3064","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247343,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2370b/plate-2.pdf","size":"3753","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59626,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2370b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollett, Kenneth J.","contributorId":40580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollett","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Danskin, Wesley R. 0000-0001-8672-5501 wdanskin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8672-5501","contributorId":1034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danskin","given":"Wesley","email":"wdanskin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCaffrey, William F.","contributorId":99155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCaffrey","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walti, Caryl L.","contributorId":64698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walti","given":"Caryl","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":35299,"text":"b1986 - 1991 - Marion Peak quadrangle, Fresno County, California— Analytic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-27T20:07:14.797415","indexId":"b1986","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1986","title":"Marion Peak quadrangle, Fresno County, California— Analytic data","docAbstract":"

The Marion Peak 15-minute quadrangle includes about 620 km2 on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada in Fresno County, California, between 36°45' and 37°00' N. latitude and 118°30' and 118°45 W. longitude. This report supplements the geologic map of the Marion Peak quadrangle by providing modal and chemical analyses of the granitic and volcanic rock samples.

\n

Granitic rocks of the batholith underlie 95 percent of the quadrangle area. Most of the remaining area is underlain by septa of pre-batholithic metamorphosed sediments and volcanic rocks which occur between the individual granitic masses. Cenozoic volcanic rocks underlie a small area, and they include an eroded dacitic volcanic center and scattered erosional remnants of basaltic lava flows.

\n

About 300 samples of typical plutonic and volcanic rocks were collected during the course of geologic mapping; of these, 30 granitic, 2 metavolcanic, and 9 Cenozoic volcanic rocks were chemically analyzed for their major elements, and most were also analyzed for selected trace elements. In addition, 178 samples of granitic rocks were analyzed modally for the volume percent of their constituent minerals. Measurements of specific gravity and magnetic susceptibility are also included.

\n

The average chemical composition of the granitic rocks in the quadrangle, estimated from the analyzed samples, is a silicic granodiorite that contains 69.2 weight percent SiO2.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1986","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., 1991, Marion Peak quadrangle, Fresno County, California— Analytic data: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1986, iii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1986.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391034,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22206.htm"},{"id":63161,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1986/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1986/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Fresno County","otherGeospatial":"Marion Peak quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.75,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -118.75,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -118.75,\n 36.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605731","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James Gregory","contributorId":73622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James Gregory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38458,"text":"pp1411C - 1991 - Geohydrology of Mesozoic rocks in the upper Colorado River basin in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, excluding the San Juan Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T17:42:11.330586","indexId":"pp1411C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1411","chapter":"C","title":"Geohydrology of Mesozoic rocks in the upper Colorado River basin in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, excluding the San Juan Basin","docAbstract":"

The purpose of this report is to provide a quantitative analysis of the occurrence, movement, and quality of water and the hydrologic characteristics of aquifers and confining units in the Mesozoic rocks of the Upper Colorado River Basin. The analysis is regional in scope and, hence, does not address site-specific problems caused by intricate localized quality, lithologic, or structural discontinuities. The report is intended to answer questions about the lateral flow of ground water from recharge to discharge areas, its vertical movement between aquifer systems, and the general water-yielding properties of aquifers.

Because the investigation was regional in scope, analyses of recharge, ground-water movement, discharge, and storage were based on data and interpretations from the results of previous investigations and existing files from government and private sources. Analyses of hydrologic properties and water quality were based largely on the same sources but were supplemented with a small quantity of newly collected data for areas for which this type of information was lacking.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1411C","usgsCitation":"Freethey, G.W., and Cordy, G.E., 1991, Geohydrology of Mesozoic rocks in the upper Colorado River basin in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, excluding the San Juan Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1411, Report: x, 118 p.; 6 Plates: 41.96 in. x 40.00 in. or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1411C.","productDescription":"Report: x, 118 p.; 6 Plates: 41.96 in. x 40.00 in. or smaller","startPage":"C1","endPage":"C118","numberOfPages":"130","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438941,"rank":701,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HPE08L","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Digital subsurface data of Mesozoic rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico from USGS Regional Aquifer System Analysis"},{"id":104642,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4867.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4867"},{"id":64963,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1411c/plate-6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map showing place names of the Upper Colorado River Basin"},{"id":64962,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1411c/plate-5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Maps showing generalized potentiometric surface, recharge and discharge areas, and direction of water movement in teh Mesozoic rocks of the Upper Colorado River Basin"},{"id":64961,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1411c/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Fence diagram showing relative thickness and extent of Mesozoic aquifers and confining units in the Upper Colorado River Basin"},{"id":64960,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1411c/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Maps showing areal extent and thickness of the Mesozoic aquifers of the Upper Colorado River Basin"},{"id":64959,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1411c/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Maps showing areal extent and thickness of the Mesozoic confining units of the Upper Colorado River Basin"},{"id":64958,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1411c/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Generalized stratigraphic and hydrologic correlation chart of Mesozoic rocks, Upper Colorado River Basin"},{"id":126451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1411c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64964,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1411c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Colorado River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.2802734375,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -111.97265625,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -111.4453125,\n 36.35052700542763\n ],\n [\n -110.61035156249999,\n 35.567980458012094\n ],\n [\n -110.654296875,\n 34.63320791137959\n ],\n [\n -109.2041015625,\n 34.59704151614417\n ],\n [\n -109.248046875,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -108.19335937499999,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -104.94140625,\n 38.34165619279595\n ],\n [\n -104.67773437499999,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -105.99609375,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -108.10546875,\n 43.67581809328341\n ],\n [\n -109.248046875,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -109.7314453125,\n 44.276671273775186\n ],\n [\n -110.74218749999999,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -112.19238281249999,\n 38.75408327579141\n ],\n [\n -112.2802734375,\n 37.33522435930639\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"Regional Aquifer-System Analysis - Upper Colorado River Basin, Excluding San Juan Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8ac6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freethey, Geoffrey W.","contributorId":25570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cordy, Gail E.","contributorId":94296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordy","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":43220,"text":"ofr91263 - 1991 - Geophysical, lithologic, and water quality data from Bristol Dry Lake, San Bernardino, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:26","indexId":"ofr91263","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-263","title":"Geophysical, lithologic, and water quality data from Bristol Dry Lake, San Bernardino, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr91263","usgsCitation":"Calzia, J., 1991, Geophysical, lithologic, and water quality data from Bristol Dry Lake, San Bernardino, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-263, 1 diagram :photocopy ;on sheet 105 x 125 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91263.","productDescription":"1 diagram :photocopy ;on sheet 105 x 125 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169580,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":21418,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0263/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":21419,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0263/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a82b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calzia, J.P.","contributorId":58614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calzia","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33803,"text":"b1947 - 1991 - Factors affecting the recognition of faults exposed in exploratory trenches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-21T13:53:09","indexId":"b1947","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1947","title":"Factors affecting the recognition of faults exposed in exploratory trenches","docAbstract":"

Trenching-a widely used method for evaluating fault activity-has limitations that can mislead investigators. Some segments of fault strands in trench walls may not be visible, and this nonvisibility can lead to incorrect interpretations of time of most recent displacement and recurrence intervals on a fault.

We examined the logs of 163 trench exposures and tabulated data on more than 1,200 fault strands to investigate three categories of nonvisibility: (1) strands with obscure (invisible or poorly visible) segments, (2) strands that die out upward, and (3) strands that die out downward. About 14 percent of all the strands have obscure segments. Of the 143 strands on which it is possible to recognize dieout up (limited to strands for which position of ground surface at time of faulting is known), 45 percent do die out upward, and the fraction exceeds 70 percent for strike-slip and reverse faults. Thus a fault strand overlain by an apparently undisturbed deposit is not necessarily older than the deposit. More than 30 percent of all the strands die out downward, providing more evidence that fault strands can end for reasons other than being covered by deposits younger than the fault.

Analysis of trench-log data revealed various relations between geologic factors and nonvisibility of fault strands. For example, fault type affects the incidence of nonvisibility, which is generally most common on strike-slip faults, less common on reverse faults, and least common on normal fau Its. The type of material penetrated by the fault also influences nonvisibility, which tends to be more common in soil horizons and sand, and less common in gravel. Dieout down is weakly influenced by fault displacement, decreasing in frequency with increase in displacement; the frequencies of obscure segments and dieout up do not vary consistently with fault displacement. Frequency of obscure segments generally decreases with increase in length of obscure segments, and frequency of dieout up generally decreases with depth of dieout up. Length of obscure segments and depth of dieout up are typically less than the effective thickness of associated beds. On the basis of few data, obscure segments seem to be more common on faults with younger, rather than older, ages of latest displacement. 

Our study revealed additional relations not directly related to nonvisibility. For example, the median widths of faults crossed by the trenches vary by fault type, strike-slip faults being narrower than dip-slip faults. In the shallow and mostly unconsolidated materials cut by the trenches, fault widths show only an erratic and, at best, weak relationship to fault displacements. Hanging walls are deformed more frequently than footwalls in dip-slip faults, but both walls are deformed at more than 30 percent of the exposures.

We tabulated several phenomena that may indicate faulting or provide evidence of prehistorical earthquakes. Rotation of pebbles was identified in 41 percent of the exposures having gravel in the fault zone; type of fault has no strong influence on the incidence of pebble rotation. Fissures were recorded at 52 percent of the exposures and were more common in strike-slip and normal faults than in reverse fau Its. Gouge was reported at 1 5 percent of the exposures; fault type has no significant influence on its frequency. Slickensides were noted at 10 percent of the exposures, and fault type has an unknown influence on their incidence. Slickensides in unconsolidated materials were restricted to clay, silt, and gouge. Other mechanical or hydrologic effects related to faulting or earthquakesrubble, breccia, mixing, crushing, polishing, water barriers, c;ind probable liquefaction effects-were reported at fewer than 1 0 percent of the exposures.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1947","usgsCitation":"Bonilla, M.G., and Lienkaemper, J.J., 1991, Factors affecting the recognition of faults exposed in exploratory trenches: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1947, Report: v, 54 p.; Appendix: 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1947.","productDescription":"Report: v, 54 p.; Appendix: 71 p.","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":61708,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1947/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":342144,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1947/appendix.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1947/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f879e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonilla, Manuel G.","contributorId":74384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonilla","given":"Manuel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lienkaemper, James J. 0000-0002-7578-7042 jlienk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7578-7042","contributorId":1941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"James","email":"jlienk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":211960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":43221,"text":"ofr91267 - 1991 - Geophysical, lithologic, and water quality data from Broadwell Dry Lake, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:26","indexId":"ofr91267","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-267","title":"Geophysical, lithologic, and water quality data from Broadwell Dry Lake, San Bernardino County, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr91267","usgsCitation":"Calzia, J., 1991, Geophysical, lithologic, and water quality data from Broadwell Dry Lake, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-267, 1 diagram :photocopy ;on sheet 91 x 120 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91267.","productDescription":"1 diagram :photocopy ;on sheet 91 x 120 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":80965,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0267/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a82c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calzia, J.P.","contributorId":58614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calzia","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41745,"text":"ofr9195 - 1991 - Approximate water-level changes in wells completed in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, 1990-91, in Fort Bend County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-15T16:25:12","indexId":"ofr9195","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-95","title":"Approximate water-level changes in wells completed in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, 1990-91, in Fort Bend County, Texas","docAbstract":"

This report presents data on water-level changes during 1990-90 in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers (figs. 1-2) in Fort Bend County.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9195","usgsCitation":"Locke, G.L., and Barbie, D.L., 1991, Approximate water-level changes in wells completed in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers, 1990-91, in Fort Bend County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-95, 2 Plates: 18.05 x 15.29 inches and 17.88 x 15.26 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9195.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 18.05 x 15.29 inches and 17.88 x 15.26 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science 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