A study of the riverine-estuarine reach of the Knik and Matanuska Rivers provided flow and hydraulic data for use in the design of additional bridges over the rivers. Hydraulic analysis is complicated because: (1) the lower reaches of the rivers merge in a complex system of interconnected channels; and (2) this reach is subject to unsteady flow conditions resulting from a semidiurnal tide wave propagated up the channel through Knik Arm from Cook Inlet, whose tidal range is among the largest in the world. Analysis of flows for the Knik River is further complicated by the historic formation and outburst flooding of glacier-dammed Lake George in the Upper Knik River basin. Peak flows on the Knik River due to breakout floods were as much as seven times greater than peak flows of non-breakout floods. The U.S. Geological Survey 's branch-network flow model was used to simulate flows within the study reach. For the Knik River, simulated flows were within 10% of measured values in most cases. The model was also used to simulate the flow, stage, and velocity that would be expected in the various channels under different bridge configurations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894064","usgsCitation":"Lipscomb, S.W., 1989, Flow and hydraulic characteristics of the Knik-Matanuska River estuary, Cook Inlet, southcentral Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4064, Report: v, 52 p.; 1 Plate: 16.06 x 11.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894064.","productDescription":"Report: v, 52 p.; 1 Plate: 16.06 x 11.01 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413827,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47178.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118928,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57206,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57205,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4064/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet, Knik-Matanuska River estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.2397,\n 61.5778\n ],\n [\n -149.2397,\n 61.4803\n ],\n [\n -149,\n 61.4803\n ],\n [\n -149,\n 61.5778\n ],\n [\n -149.2397,\n 61.5778\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df594","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipscomb, S. W.","contributorId":65083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipscomb","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015342,"text":"70015342 - 1989 - Compaction of basin sediments: Modeling based on time-temperature history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T16:01:16.524023","indexId":"70015342","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compaction of basin sediments: Modeling based on time-temperature history","docAbstract":"Porosity decrease of sandstones, carbonates, and shales during burial is modeled here in terms of time-temperature exposure rather than in terms of depth. Loss of porosity (ϕ) in the subsurface is represented by a power function, ϕ = A(M)B, where A and B are constants and M is a measure of integrated time-temperature history. Regression lines of carbonate and sandstone porosity upon Lopatin's time-temperature index of thermal maturity (TTI) generally fall within a rather narrow envelope whose axis is approximated by ϕ = 30(TTI)−0.33. This equation is useful for regional modeling of carbonate and sandstone compaction. Dependence of porosity upon integrated time-temperature history implies that basin sediments are not in equilibrium but compact through geologic time. Calculations show that subsidence resulting from the loss of porosity with increasing time-temperature exposure (as opposed to deeper burial) can produce a second-stage, passively formed basin containing many hundreds of meters of sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB06p07379","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Schmoker, J., and Gautier, D.L., 1989, Compaction of basin sediments: Modeling based on time-temperature history: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B6, p. 7379-7386, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB06p07379.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"7379","endPage":"7386","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224088,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f80de4b0c8380cd4ce5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoker, J. W.","contributorId":69964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gautier, D. L.","contributorId":69996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gautier","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015343,"text":"70015343 - 1989 - Retention and transport of nutrients in a third-order stream in northwestern California; hyporheic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:38:00","indexId":"70015343","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Retention and transport of nutrients in a third-order stream in northwestern California; hyporheic processes","docAbstract":"Chloride and nitrate were coinjected into the surface waters of a third—order stream for 20 d to examine solute retention, and the fate of nitrate during subsurface transport. A series of wells (shallow pits) 0.5—10 m from the adjacent channel were sampled to estimate the lateral interflow of water. Two subsurface return flows beneath the wetted channel were also examined. The conservative tracer (chloride) was hydrologically transported to all wells. Stream water was >88% of flow in wells <4 m from the wetted channel. The lowest percentage of stream water was 47% at a well 10 m perpendicular to the stream. Retention of solutes was greater in the hyporheic zone than in the channel under summer low—flow conditions. Nominal travel time (the interval required for chloride concentration to reach 50% of the plateau concentration) was variable by well location, indicating different flow paths and presumably permeability differences in subsurface gravels. Nominal travel time was M 24 h for wells <5 m from the wetted channel. Coinjected nitrate was not conservative. Two wells were significantly (P < .05) higher in nitrate—N than would be predicted from chloride, while four were significantly lower. Wells 2.0—4.0 m from the wetted channel tended to have higher nitrate concentration than predicted, whereas nitrate sink locations tended to have transport distances >4.3 m. The capacity of the hyporheic zone for transient solute storage and as potential biological habitat varies with channel morphology, bed roughness, and permeability. A conceptual model that considers the groundwater—stream water interface as the fluvial boundary is proposed. Emerging paradigms of the riverine network should consider the hyporheic zone and associated nutrient cycling as an integral component of fluvial structure and function.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1938120","issn":"00129658","usgsCitation":"Triska, F., Kennedy, V.C., Avanzino, R., Zellweger, G.W., and Bencala, K., 1989, Retention and transport of nutrients in a third-order stream in northwestern California; hyporheic processes: Ecology, v. 70, no. 6, p. 1893-1905, https://doi.org/10.2307/1938120.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1893","endPage":"1905","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aac04e4b0c8380cd86aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Triska, F.J.","contributorId":69560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triska","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, V. C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70015438,"text":"70015438 - 1989 - Comparison of seismic waveform inversion results for the rupture history of a finite fault: Application to the 1986 North Palm Springs, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T21:52:59.783421","indexId":"70015438","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of seismic waveform inversion results for the rupture history of a finite fault: Application to the 1986 North Palm Springs, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"The July 8, 1986, North Palm Springs earthquake is used as a basis for comparison of several different approaches to the solution for the rupture history of a finite fault. The inversion of different waveform data is considered; both teleseismic P waveforms and local strong ground motion records. Linear parametrizations for slip amplitude are compared with nonlinear parametrizations for both slip amplitude and rupture time. Inversions using both synthetic and empirical Green's functions are considered. In general, accurate Green's functions are more readily calculable for the teleseismic problem where simple ray theory and flat-layered velocity structures are usually sufficient. However, uncertainties in the variation in t* with frequency most limit the resolution of teleseismic inversions. A set of empirical Green's functions that are well recorded at teleseismic distances could avoid the uncertainties in attenuation. In the inversion of strong motion data, the accurate calculation of propagation path effects other than attenuation effects is the limiting factor in the resolution of source parameters. The assumption of a laterally homogeneous velocity structure is usually not a good one, and the use of empirical Green's functions is desirable. Considering the parametrization of the problem, any degree of fault rupture complexity can be described in terms of a linear parametrization for slip amplitudes. However, a nonlinear parametrization for rupture times and slip amplitudes can have a distinct advantage over a simple linear one by limiting the number of unknown parameters. Regardless of the choice of data or the type of parametrization, the model or solution will be affected by the choice of minimization norm and the type of stabilization used.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB06p07515","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S., 1989, Comparison of seismic waveform inversion results for the rupture history of a finite fault: Application to the 1986 North Palm Springs, California, earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B6, p. 7515-7534, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB06p07515.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"7515","endPage":"7534","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f88be4b0c8380cd4d193","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001624,"text":"1001624 - 1989 - Rice available to waterfowl in harvested fields in the Sacramento Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:49","indexId":"1001624","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1153,"text":"California Fish and Game","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rice available to waterfowl in harvested fields in the Sacramento Valley, California","docAbstract":"Rice fields in the Sacramento Valley, California were sampled in 1985 and 1986 to determine the weight of rice seed remaining in the fields immediately after harvest and again after the fields were burned. No significant differences were found between years (P>0.05). The pooled mean was 388 kg/ha in harvested fields and 276 kg/ha in burned fields. These values are less than estimates previously available. The values for harvested fields both years were no different (P>0.05) than values obtained by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Surveys of rice fields in December both years showed that most fields were left either harvested (26-32%) or burned (37-40%) through the winter. Fields flooded for duck hunting made up 15% of the total. The proportion of fields plowed by December increased from 14% in 1985 to 22% in 1986. Sixty-three percent of all fields that had been flooded for hunting were drained within two weeks after the end of the hunting season. Harvest yield field size levee type (contour, lasered), straw status (spread, windrowed), harvest date, and rice variety did not affect the quantity of seeds remaining after harvest (P>0.05). One harvester model, the Hardy Harvester, left more rice in fields than did others we tested (P<0.001). Specific management programs are recommended to mitigate annual variation in rice seed availability to waterfowl caused by differences in total hectares grown (15% less in 1986) and in the proportion of fields burned and plowed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Fish and Game","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., Sharp, D., Gilmer, D., and Mulvaney, W., 1989, Rice available to waterfowl in harvested fields in the Sacramento Valley, California: California Fish and Game, v. 75, no. 2, p. 113-123.","productDescription":"p. 113-123","startPage":"113","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699f0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M. R.","contributorId":19104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharp, D.E.","contributorId":34460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mulvaney, W.R.","contributorId":91811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulvaney","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015443,"text":"70015443 - 1989 - Large-scale magnetic field perturbation arising from the 18 May 1980 eruption from Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:14:47","indexId":"70015443","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale magnetic field perturbation arising from the 18 May 1980 eruption from Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"A traveling magnetic field disturbance generated by the 18 may 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens at 1532 UT was detected on an 800-km linear array of recording magnetometers installed along the San Andreas fault system in California, from San Francisco to the Salton Sea. Arrival times of the disturbance field, from the most northern of these 24 magnetometers (996 km south of the volcano) to the most southern (1493 km S23?? E), are consistent with the generation of a traveling ionospheric disturbance stimulated by the blast pressure wave in the atmosphere. The first arrivals at the north and the south ends of the array occurred at 26 and 48 min, respectively, after the initial eruption. Apparent average wave velocity through the array is 309 ?? 14 m s-1 but may have approached 600 m s-1 close to the volcano. The horizontal phase and the group velocity of ??? 300 m s-1 at periods of 70-80 min, and the attenuation with distance, strongly suggest that the magnetic field perturbations at distances of 1000-1500 km are caused by gravity mode acoustic-gravity waves propagating at F-region heights in the ionosphere. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(89)90209-4","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Mueller, R., and Johnston, M., 1989, Large-scale magnetic field perturbation arising from the 18 May 1980 eruption from Mount St. Helens, Washington: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 57, no. 1-2, p. 23-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90209-4.","startPage":"23","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267324,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90209-4"},{"id":224093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a449ae4b0c8380cd66c42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, R.J.","contributorId":77135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015521,"text":"70015521 - 1989 - Optimal-adaptive filters for modelling spectral shape, site amplification, and source scaling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T17:30:18.404487","indexId":"70015521","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3418,"text":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal-adaptive filters for modelling spectral shape, site amplification, and source scaling","docAbstract":"Optimal filtering techniques have been used successfully in various areas in science and engineering. They are based on statistical properties of the signal and the noise, and stochastic approximation theory. In addition to filtering, optimal filters can also be used for smoothing, prediction, and system identification. This paper introduces some applications of optimal filtering techniques to earthquake engineering by using the so-called ARMAX models. Three applications are presented: (a) spectral modelling of ground accelerations, (b) site amplification (i.e., the relationship between two records obtained at different sites during an earthquake), and (c) source scaling (i.e., the relationship between two records obtained at a site during two different earthquakes). A numerical example for each application is presented by using recorded ground motions. The results show that the optimal filtering techniques provide elegant solutions to above problems, and can be a useful tool in earthquake engineering.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0267-7261(89)80015-6","issn":"02617277","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 1989, Optimal-adaptive filters for modelling spectral shape, site amplification, and source scaling: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, v. 8, no. 2, p. 75-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(89)80015-6.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223666,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6eeee4b0c8380cd7588c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, Erdal","contributorId":73984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"Erdal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015493,"text":"70015493 - 1989 - An attempt to obtain a detailed declination chart from the United States magnetic anomaly map","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T00:01:59.034376","indexId":"70015493","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An attempt to obtain a detailed declination chart from the United States magnetic anomaly map","docAbstract":"Modern declination charts of the United States show almost no details. Greater detail may be of value to surveyors trying to follow old land deed descriptions, or to pilots of small planes or small pleasure boats operating in inland waterways. It would be extremely expensive to make adequate declination measurements needed for such a chart. It was hoped that declination details could be derived from the information contained in the existing magnetic anomaly map of the United States. This could be realized only if all of the survey data were corrected to a common epoch, at which time a main-field vector model was known, before the anomaly values were computed. Because this was not done, accurate declination values cannot be determined. In spite of this conclusion, declination values were computed using a common main-field model for the entire United States to see how well they compared with observed values. The provisional geomagnetic reference field for 1978.5 was used as the main-field model. The computed detailed declination values were found to compare less favorably with observed values of declination than declination values computed from the IGRF 1985 model itself. This result indicates that the computed anomaly elements or their combination with main-field values cannot be used as accurate anomaly values, but they may be used as an indication of where anomalies probably occur.
Prior to the formation of the Red Sea the northeastern Afro/Arabian continent had low relief and was largely below sea level from the Late Cretaceous to the early Oligocene. The events leading to the formation of the Red Sea followed the sequence (1) alkaline volcanism and rifting beginning about 30–32 Ma affecting a narrow linear zone in the continent, (2) rotational block faulting and detachment faulting, well underway by 25 Ma, (3) gabbro and diorite magmatism, andesite to rhyolite volcanism, and fine-grained nonmarine sedimentation in the rift between 20 and 25 Ma, (4) fine-grained marine sedimentation in the rift as the early shelves started to subside in the middle Miocene, and (5) uplift of the adjacent continents (about 3 km) and subsidence of the shelves (about 4 km) between 13.8 and 5 Ma. The youth of the uplift is suggested by 44 fission track dates on apatites from rocks of the Proterozoic Arabian Shield that range in age from 13.8 to 568 Ma. The youngest of these ages, coupled with the present high relief along the Arabian escarpment and published heat flow measurements, indicate that 2.5–4 km uplift has occurred in the last 13.8 m.y. The sequence volcanism/rifting followed by uplift leads to our adoption of a passive mantle model for rift origin. Models that require uplift to create the rift are rejected, because of the late uplift. We advocate a model of lithospheric extension caused by two-dimensional plate stress over those requiring tractional drag at the base of the lithosphere caused by vigorous flow in the asthenosphere. It is acknowledged that traction models could explain the observed data, but they imply a rigid, static lithosphere and seem to require a link between the direction of flow in the asthenosphere and plate motions. Neither requirement is necessary in the extension model. The rift starts with mechanical extension in a narrow zone of lithosphere between 25–32 Ma in our model. The thinned lithosphere is replaced by upwelling asthenosphere and by rocks from the adjacent deep continental lithosphere which flow into the rift. Ductile flow of the deep continental lithosphere is accelerated by partial melting as rocks flow upward toward the rift axis. Once partially melted, rocks formerly part of the continental lithosphere join the upwelling asthenosphere, resulting in a rapid erosion of the lithospheric mantle beneath the continent near the rift edge. The resulting density decrease explains the uplift. We think that the Red Sea began as a consequence of changing plate geometries resulting from the collision of India and Eurasia. After the collision, the segment of the Owens fracture zone north of the Carlsberg Ridge became locked, forcing the northeast corner of Afro/Arabia to rotate with the Indian plate away from the rest of Africa.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB02p01683","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bohannon, R.G., Naeser, C.W., Schmidt, D.L., and Zimmermann, R., 1989, The timing of uplift, volcanism, and rifting peripheral to the Red Sea: A case for passive rifting?: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B2, p. 1683-1701, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB02p01683.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1683","endPage":"1701","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223074,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb103e4b08c986b3251c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohannon, R. G.","contributorId":61808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohannon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, D. L.","contributorId":23934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmermann, R.A.","contributorId":106265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmermann","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015461,"text":"70015461 - 1989 - Manganese oxidation model for rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T14:24:46","indexId":"70015461","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Manganese oxidation model for rivers","docAbstract":"The presence of manganese in natural waters (>0.05 mg/L) degrades water-supply quality. A model was devised to predict the variation of manganese concentrations in river water released from an impoundment with the distance downstream. The model is one-dimensional and was calibrated using dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, manganese, and hydraulic data collected in the Duck River, Tennessee. The results indicated that the model can predict manganese levels under various conditions. The model was then applied to the Chattahoochee River, Georgia. Discrepancies between observed and predicted may be due to inadequate pH data, precipitation of sediment particles, unsteady flow conditions in the Chattahoochee River, inaccurate rate expressions for the low pH conditions, or their combinations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03072.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., Kim, B.R., and Roberts, P.J., 1989, Manganese oxidation model for rivers: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 25, no. 2, p. 359-365, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03072.x.","startPage":"359","endPage":"365","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267748,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03072.x"},{"id":224423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cc1e4b0c8380cd69e6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, Glen W.","contributorId":19136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kim, Byung R.","contributorId":10161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Byung","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, Philip J.W.","contributorId":43108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015359,"text":"70015359 - 1989 - Teleseismically recorded seismicity before and after the May 7, 1986, Andreanof Islands, Alaska, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T15:56:49.003345","indexId":"70015359","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Teleseismically recorded seismicity before and after the May 7, 1986, Andreanof Islands, Alaska, earthquake","docAbstract":"The May 7, 1986, Andreanof Islands earthquake (Mw 8.0) is the largest event to have occurred in that section of the Aleutian arc since the March 9, 1957, Aleutian Islands earthquake (Mw 8.6). Teleseismically well-recorded earthquakes in the region of the 1986 earthquake are relocated with a plate model and with careful attention to the focal depths. The data set is nearly complete for mb≥4.7 between longitudes 172°W and 179°W for the period 1964 through April 1987 and provides a detailed description of the space-time history of moderate-size earthquakes in the region for that period. Additional insight is provided by source parameters which have been systematically determined for Mw≥5 earthquakes that occurred in the region since 1977 and by a modeling study of the spatial distribution of moment release on the mainshock fault plane. A technically significant component of oblique convergence in the central Aleutian arc results in its breakup into clockwiserotating and westward translating blocks. The western part of the Andreanof block is distinct from and stronger than flanking regions. The greater strength of this block segment and strong coupling along the main thrust zone result in the accumulation of high levels of shear stress, which give rise to great earthquakes near its eastern boundary. The occurrence of the 1986 rupture only 29 years after the 1957 earthquake may indicate that in the central Aleutians M 7+ earthquakes ordinarily do represent the predominant mode of strain release. Segmentation of the main thrust zone into upper and lower planes is supported by spatial and temporal patterns of seismicity and by focal mechanism data. This and other lines of evidence indicate a downdip increase in fault strength and possibly in heterogeneity within the main thrust zone in subduction zone environments. Aftershocks of the 1986 earthquake were bounded to the west by the Andreanof block boundary (Adak Canyon) and to the east by an aseismic segment of the main thrust zone near the subducted extension of the Amlia fracture zone. The aftershock distribution was bounded to the south by a forearc shear zone and to the north by the base of the main thrust zone in the Hawley Ridge segment and by the downdip edge of the upper plane of the main thrust zone in the eastern segment. Aftershocks which occurred near the volcanic line at shallow crustal depths in the upper plate were triggered by the mainshock and manifest a partial decoupling of oblique slip in this region along a west-striking right-lateral fault with low shear strength. Aftershock clustering along the main thrust zone was very similar to the distribution of prior seismicity, suggesting a continuation of long-term processes and the existence of areas with distinct mechanical properties. Interconnecting regions of low seismicity during both the premainshock and aftershock periods coincided with areas of major moment release during the mainshock. Seismicity data prior to the 1986 mainshock gave few clues about the location of the mainshock nucleation point, the mainshock size, and its time of occurrence. However, a large part of the mainshock moment release did coincide with a zone of seismic quiescence monitored by the Adak local seismograph network.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15481","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Engdahl, E., Billington, S., and Kisslinger, C., 1989, Teleseismically recorded seismicity before and after the May 7, 1986, Andreanof Islands, Alaska, earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15481-15498, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15481.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"15481","endPage":"15498","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224365,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4a5e4b08c986b3204b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engdahl, E.R.","contributorId":22906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Billington, S.","contributorId":75925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billington","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kisslinger, C.","contributorId":40859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kisslinger","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015457,"text":"70015457 - 1989 - The role of catastrophic geomorphic events in central Appalachian landscape evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T01:02:43.884728","indexId":"70015457","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of catastrophic geomorphic events in central Appalachian landscape evolution","docAbstract":"Catastrophic geomorphic events are taken as those that are large, sudden, and rare on human timescales. In the nonglaciated, low-seismicity central Appalachians, these are dominantly floods and landslides. Evaluation of the role of catastrophic events in landscape evolution includes assessment of their contributions to denudation and formation of prominent landscape features, and how they vary through space and time.
Tropical storm paths and topographic barriers at the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Front create significant climatic variability across the Appalachians. For moderate floods, the influence of basin geology is apparent in modifying severity of flooding, but for the most extreme events, flood discharges relate mainly to rainfall characteristics such as intensity, duration, storm size, and location. Landslide susceptibility relates more directly to geologic controls that determine what intensity and duration of rainfall will trigger slope instability.
Large floods and landslides are not necessarily effective in producing prominent geomorphic features. Large historic floods in the Piedmont have been minimally effective in producing prominent and persistent geomorphic features. In contrast, smaller floods in the Valley and Ridge produced erosional and depositional features that probably will require thousands of years to efface. Scars and deposits of debris slide-avalanches triggered on sandstone ridges recover slowly and persist much longer than scars and deposits of smaller landslides triggered on finer-grained regolith, even though the smaller landslides may have eroded greater aggregate volume.
The surficial stratigraphic record can be used to extend the spatial and temporal limits of our knowledge of catastrophic events. Many prominent alluvial and colluvial landforms in the central Appalachians are composed of sediments that were deposited by processes similar to those observed in historic catastrophic events. Available stratigraphic evidence shows two scales of temporal variation: one related to Quaternary climate changes and a more-recent, higher-frequency variation due to rare events during the Holocene. In much of the central Appalachians, landforms related to Quaternary climate changes persist as the most prominent features, despite the modifying effects of late-Holocene catastrophic events.
This work gives a clear picture of the geometry of aftershock seismicity in a large thrust earthquake. Interpretation of hypocenters and fault plane solutions, from the 1983 Coalinga, Coast Range California, earthquake sequence, in combination with the three-dimensional velocity structure shows that the active faulting beneath the fold primarily consists of a set of southwest dipping thrusts uplifting blocks of higher-velocity material. Above the main listric blind thrust there is a conjugate fault, steeply northeast dipping, that provides the western limit of the aftershocks within the Coalinga Anticline and that corresponds in location and spatial extent with the adjacent Pleasant Valley syncline. The character of the seismicity varies with the degree of previous deformation on each section of the anticline. Where the previous uplift was largest, the shallow seismicity shows secondary faulting on either side of the fold with orientations that correspond to the preexisting geologic structure. Diffuse seismicity characterizes the area with the least previous deformation. The mainshock rupture terminated where the fold trend was no longer uniform but had competing north and west trending features. The upward extent of the mainshock rupture ended at the approximate boundary between Franciscan and Great Valley Sequence rocks. Above that depth the main thrust appears to splay into a steeper segment and a near-horizontal segment. Thus the extent of rupture area is limited by the area of uniform structural orientation and by the variation in the type of material. With the three-dimensional velocity model each individual hypocenter moved slightly (0–2 km) in accord with the details of the surrounding velocity structure, so that secondary features in the seismicity pattern are more detailed than with a local one-dimensional model and station corrections. The overall character of the fault plane solutions was not altered by the three-dimensional model, but the more accurate ray paths did result in distinct changes. In particular, the mainshock has a fault plane dipping 30° southwest instead of the 23° obtained with the one-dimensional model.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15565","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Eberhart-Phillips, D., 1989, Active faulting and deformation of the Coalinga anticline as interpreted from three-dimensional velocity structure and seismicity: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15565-15586, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15565.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"15565","endPage":"15586","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224424,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6aae4b0c8380cd4758a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, D.","contributorId":80428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015458,"text":"70015458 - 1989 - Assessment of the U-Th-Pb system in two Archean metabasalts: Deciphering the complex histories of sulphides and silicates using acid leaching methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-11T16:19:41.396412","indexId":"70015458","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of the U-Th-Pb system in two Archean metabasalts: Deciphering the complex histories of sulphides and silicates using acid leaching methods","docAbstract":"A U-Th-Pb study of Archean metabasalts from two greenstone belts in the eastern Wawa Subprovince of the Canadian shield indicated variable disturbances had occurred in both whole rock systems. Changes in the Pb content appear to predominate over loss of parent elements, and meaningful Pb isochron ages could not be obtained from either of the metabasalts. Detailed leaching experiments on the rocks and analysis of associated disseminated sulphides indicate that the Pb isotopic compositions of the whole rocks are dominated by updated, but for the most part cogenetic, sulphides. Model ages for Pb released by sulphides and metabasalt acid leaches suggest that the sulphide Pb has been updated or remobilized during discrete (thermal ?) episodes. The validity of the inferred events is supported by ages indicated by other isotopic systems for nearby rocks.
The silicate residues of the acid leached volcanics give well-defined Pb isochron ages. The Gamitagama belt metabasalt has a Pb isochron age of 2694 ± 54 Ma. Zircons from this rock unit have been dated by U-Pb at 2691 Ma, demonstrating that the acid leaching technique on whole rocks can isolate residues which give meaningful ages. Sulphides in this metabasalt appear to be affected by an event at 2.55 Ga. A similar rock from the Michipicoten belt has undergone a multistage history and yields a Pb isochron age of 2761 ± 36 Ma, consistent with a zircon U-Pb date for overlying felsic metavolcanic rocks. Later events affecting this basalt occurred at approximately 2.4, 2.2 and 1.6 Ga. The results show that through acid leaching, the primary ages of metabasalts and their later overprinting histories can be approximated.
Initial Pb ratios for these metabasalts have been estimated. It appears that both depleted and enriched mantle reservoirs contributed to volcanism in this area. Acid leaching, combined with measurement of U and Th contents, appears to be a useful tool for better understanding the Pb isotope systematics of Archean metabasalts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(89)90324-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.E., Farquhar, R., and Tatsumoto, M., 1989, Assessment of the U-Th-Pb system in two Archean metabasalts: Deciphering the complex histories of sulphides and silicates using acid leaching methods: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, no. 8, p. 2051-2068, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90324-4.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2051","endPage":"2068","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224371,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee60e4b0c8380cd49d1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, P. E.","contributorId":42951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farquhar, R.M.","contributorId":84917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farquhar","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015701,"text":"70015701 - 1989 - Back-arc with frontal-arc component origin of Triassic Karmutsen basalt, British Columbia, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T20:50:20","indexId":"70015701","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Back-arc with frontal-arc component origin of Triassic Karmutsen basalt, British Columbia, Canada","docAbstract":"The largely basaltic, ???4.5-6.2-km-thick, Middle to Upper Triassic Karmutsen Formation is a prominent part of the Wrangellian sequence. Twelve analyses of major and minor elements of representative samples of pillowed and massive basalt flows and sills from Queen Charlotte and Vancouver Islands are ferrotholeiites that show a range of 10.2-3.8% MgO (as normalized, H2O- and CO2-free) and related increases in TiO2 (1.0-2.5%), Zr (43-147 ppm) and Nb (5-16 ppm). Other elemental abundances are not related simply to MgO: distinct groupings are evident in Al2O3, Na2O and Cr, but considerable scatter is present in FeO* (FeO + 0.9Fe2O3) and CaO. Some of the variation is attributed to alteration during low-rank metamorphism or by seawater - including variation of Ba, Rb, Sr and Cu, but high-field-strength elements (Sc, Ti, Y, Zr and Nb) as well as Cr, Ni, Cu and rare-earth elements (REE's) were relatively immobile. REE's show chondrite-normalized patterns ranging from light-REE depleted to moderately light-REE enriched. On eleven discriminant plots these analyses fall largely into or across fields of within-plate basalt (WIP), normal or enriched mid-ocean-ridge tholeiite (MORB) and island-arc tholeiite (IAT). Karmutsen basalts are chemically identical to the stratigraphically equivalent Nikolai Greenstone of southern Alaska and Yukon Territory. These data and the fact that the Karmutsen rests on Sicker Group island-arc rocks of Paleozoic age suggest to us that: 1. (1) the basal arc, after minor carbonate-shale deposition, underwent near-axial back-arc rifting (as, e.g., the Mariana arc rifted at different times); 2. (2) the Karmutsen basalts were erupted along this rift or basin as \"arc-rift\" tholeiitite; and 3. (3) after subsequent deposition of carbonates and other rocks, and Jurassic magmatism, a large fragment of this basalt-sediment-covered island arc was accreted to North America as Wrangellia. The major- and minor-elemental abundances of Karmutsen basalt is modeled by first mixing primitive arc magma with enriched basaltic liquid derived either from garnet peridotite or metasomatized mantle, followed by fractionation of olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase and spinel. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(89)90022-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Barker, F., Sutherland, B.A., Budahn, J., and Plafker, G., 1989, Back-arc with frontal-arc component origin of Triassic Karmutsen basalt, British Columbia, Canada: Chemical Geology, v. 75, no. 1-2, p. 81-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90022-3.","startPage":"81","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266088,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90022-3"},{"id":224274,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef8ce4b0c8380cd4a2fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, F.","contributorId":101368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutherland, Brown A.","contributorId":66968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutherland","given":"Brown","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015412,"text":"70015412 - 1989 - Seismic velocities and attenuation from borehole measurements near the Parkfield prediction zone, Central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:54","indexId":"70015412","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic velocities and attenuation from borehole measurements near the Parkfield prediction zone, Central California","docAbstract":"Shear (S)- and compressional (P)- wave velocities were measured to a depth of 195 m in a borehole near the San Andreas fault where a recurrence of a moderate Parkfield earthquake is predicted. S-wave velocities determined from orthogonal directions of the S-wave source show velocity differences of approximately 20 percent. An average shear-wave Q of 4 was determined in relatively unconsolidated sands and gravels of the Paso Robles Formation in the depth interval 57.5-102.5 m.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1193/1.1585538","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, J., and Roth, E.F., 1989, Seismic velocities and attenuation from borehole measurements near the Parkfield prediction zone, Central California: Earthquake Spectra, v. 5, no. 3, p. 513-537, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585538.","startPage":"513","endPage":"537","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205473,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585538"},{"id":224368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b6fe4b08c986b317824","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, James F.","contributorId":95880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roth, Edward F.","contributorId":12481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015467,"text":"70015467 - 1989 - Oligocene caldera complex and calc-alkaline tuffs and lavas of the Indian Peak volcanic field, Nevada and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T13:12:49.247701","indexId":"70015467","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oligocene caldera complex and calc-alkaline tuffs and lavas of the Indian Peak volcanic field, Nevada and Utah","docAbstract":"The Indian Peak volcanic field is representative of the more than 50,000 km3 of ash-flow tuff and tens of calderas in the Great Basin that formed during the Oligocene-early Miocene \"ignimbrite flareup\" in southwestern North America. The field formed about 32 to 27 Ma in the southeastern Great Basin and consists of the centrally positioned Indian Peak caldera complex and a surrounding blanket of related ash-flow sheets distributed over an area of about 55,000 km2. The field has a volume on the order of 10,000 km3. A cluster of two obscure source areas and four calderas comprise the ∼80 x 120 km caldera complex. Only minor volumes of rhyolite and two pyroxene andesite lavas were extruded episodically throughout the lifetime of the magma system that formed the field, chiefly during its youth and old age.
Six ash-flow sequences alternate between rhyolite and dacite in a volume ratio of about 1:8, and a culminating seventh is trachytic. The first, fourth, and sixth tuff units are of rhyolite that contains sparse to modest amounts of phenocrysts, chiefly plagioclase and biotite, and abundant lithic and pumice lapilli; these deposits are confined within the caldera complex and form multiple and compound cooling units that are normally zoned with respect to bulk chemical composition and crystal type, content, and size. The second, third, and fifth tuff sequences are of crystal-rich dacite that forms extensive simple cooling-unit outflow sheets and partial caldera fillings of compound cooling units. Each dacite unit contains similar amounts of plagioclase, biotite, hornblende, quartz, two pyroxenes, and Fe-Ti oxides; trace amounts of sanidine and titanite also occur in the youngest. Cognate inclusions in the dacites show only slight intra- and inter-unit differences in bulk chemical composition. The seventh eruptive sequence consists of several cooling units of trachydacite tuff containing small to modest amounts of plagioclase and two pyroxenes.
These dominantly high-K calc-alkaline rocks are a record of the birth, maturation, and death of a large, open, continental magma system that was probably initiated and sustained by influx of mafic magma derived from a southward-migrating locus of magma production in the mantle. The small volumes of chemically diverse andesitic rocks were derived from separately evolving magma bodies but are modified representatives of the mantle power supply. Recurrent production of very large batches (some greater than 3,000 km3) of quite uniform dacite magmas appears to have required combination of andesite magma and crustal silicic material in vigorously convecting chambers. Compositional data indicate that rhyolites are polygenetic. As the main locus of mantle magma production shifted southward, trachydacite magma could have been produced by fractionation of andesitic magma within the crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1076:OCCACA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Best, M.G., Christiansen, E.H., and Blank, H.R., 1989, Oligocene caldera complex and calc-alkaline tuffs and lavas of the Indian Peak volcanic field, Nevada and Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, no. 8, p. 1076-1090, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1076:OCCACA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1076","endPage":"1090","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223664,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Indian Peak volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.79039741892227,\n 39.37687672625006\n ],\n [\n -114.79039741892227,\n 37.37899551262615\n ],\n [\n -113.1644208564224,\n 37.37899551262615\n ],\n [\n -113.1644208564224,\n 39.37687672625006\n ],\n [\n -114.79039741892227,\n 39.37687672625006\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6d62e4b0c8380cd750eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Best, M. G.","contributorId":57843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, E. H.","contributorId":65077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blank, H. R. Jr.","contributorId":94674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blank","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015518,"text":"70015518 - 1989 - Remarkable isotopic and trace element trends in potassic through sodic Cretaceous plutons of the Yukon-Koyukuk Basin, Alaska, and the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Koyukuk terrane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:45:45","indexId":"70015518","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remarkable isotopic and trace element trends in potassic through sodic Cretaceous plutons of the Yukon-Koyukuk Basin, Alaska, and the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Koyukuk terrane","docAbstract":"During the period from 110 to 80 m.y. ago, a 450-km-long magmatic belt was active along the northern margin of Yukon-Koyukuk basin and on eastern Seward Peninsula. The plutons intruded Upper Jurassic(?) and Lower Cretaceous volcanic arc rocks and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in Yukon-Koyukuk basin and Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic continental rocks in Seward Peninsula. Within Yukon-Koyukuk basin, the plutons vary in composition from calc-alkalic plutons on the east to potassic and ultrapotassic alkalic plutons on the west. Plutons within Yukon-Koyukuk basin were analyzed for trace element and isotopic compositions in order to discern their origin and the nature of the underling lithosphere. Farthest to the east, the calc-alkalic rocks of Indian Mountain pluton are largely tonalite and sodic granodiorite, and have low Rb (average 82 ppm), high Sr (>600 ppm), high chondrite-normalized (cn) Ce/Yb (16–37), low δ18O (+6.5 to +7.1), low initial 87Sr/86Sr (SIR) (0.704), and high initial 143Nd/144Nd (NIR) (0.5126). These rocks resemble those modelled elsewhere as partial melts and subsequent fractionates of basaltic or gabbroic metaigneous rocks, and may be products of melting in the deeper parts of the Late Jurassic(?) and Early Cretaceous volcanic arc. Farthest to the west, the two ultrapotassic bodies of Selawik and Inland Lake are high in Cs (up to 93 ppm), Rb (up to 997 ppm), Sr, Ba, Th, and light rare earth elements, have high (Ce/Yb)cn (30, 27), moderate to low δ18O (+8.4, +6.9), high SIR (0.712, 0.710), and moderate NIR (0.5121–0.5122). These rocks resemble rocks of Australia and elsewhere that were modelled as melts of continental mantle that had been previously enriched in large cations. This mantle may be Paleozoic or older. The farthest west alkalic pluton of Selawik Hills is largely monzonite, quartz monzonite, and granite; has moderate Rb (average 284 ppm), high Sr (>600 ppm), high (Ce/Yb)cn (15–25), moderate δ18O (+8.3 to +8.6), high SIR (0.708–0.712), and moderate NIR (0.5121–0.5122). These rocks may be the product of interaction of magma derived from old continental mantle and magma derived from old continental crust. Plutons between eastern and western extremes show completely gradational variations in the concentration of K and Rb and in the isotopic compositions of Sr, Nd, and O. These plutons probably originated either by melting in a mixed source composed of a Paleozoic or older continental section (mantle + crust) overlain by Mesozoic mafic arc rocks, or by mixing of ultrapotassic to potassic magmas from continental sources (mantle + crust), and tonalitic magmas from arc sources. We infer from these results that the northwest portion of Yukon-Koyukuk basin is underlain by a substantial continental basement of Paleozoic or greater age. This basement probably thins out to the east. There is no geochemical evidence for continental basement east of about longitude 157°, or along a belt of at least 50 km width flanking Ruby Geanticline as far to the southwest as about longitude 161°. These areas are probably underlain by oceanic and Mesozoic arc rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p15957","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Arth, J.G., Criss, R.E., Zmuda, C.C., Foley, N.K., Patton, W.W., and Miller, T.P., 1989, Remarkable isotopic and trace element trends in potassic through sodic Cretaceous plutons of the Yukon-Koyukuk Basin, Alaska, and the nature of the lithosphere beneath the Koyukuk terrane: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 15957-15968, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p15957.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"15957","endPage":"15968","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498891,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb094ib11p15957","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -163,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6c6e4b0c8380cd85042","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Criss, Robert E.","contributorId":39447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zmuda, Clara C.","contributorId":91991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zmuda","given":"Clara","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patton, W. W. Jr.","contributorId":11231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016106,"text":"70016106 - 1989 - Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1984-1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:18:22","indexId":"70016106","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1984-1987","docAbstract":"Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 426 moderate- to large-sized earthquakes occurring from 1984 to 1987. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(89)90114-3","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., and Needham, R., 1989, Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1984-1987: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 57, no. 3-4, p. 233-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90114-3.","startPage":"233","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267327,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(89)90114-3"},{"id":223095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d44e4b0c8380cd70287","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Needham, R.E.","contributorId":73613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015855,"text":"70015855 - 1989 - Assessing the validity of the channel model of fracture aperture under field conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T12:55:59","indexId":"70015855","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the validity of the channel model of fracture aperture under field conditions","docAbstract":"In recent investigations of fluid and solute movement in discrete fractures, spatial heterogeneity of the fracture aperture has been conceptualized as a series of noninterconnecting constant aperture flow paths, or channels. Two methods of estimating the distribution of the aperture sizes are presented using information from a single-hole pumping test and a radially converging tracer test. The first method uses the transmissivity of the fracture and mean arrival time of the tracer, while the second method uses the mean and variance of the solute arrival time. If the fracture can be conceptualized as a series of nonintersecting flow paths of constant aperture, the two methods should yield identical estimates for the parameters of the distribution. The validity of the channel model can be assessed by comparing the parameters of the distribution that are estimated by the two methods. This technique was demonstrated using hydraulic and tracer tests conducted in a discrete, areally extensive, horizontal fracture in the Silurian dolomite in the northeastern Illinois. A lognormal and a truncated gamma distribution were used to describe the distribution of constant aperture flow paths. The lognormal distribution could not reproduce the abrupt rising limb and maximum rate of mass arrival that characterized the tracer tests. The gamma distribution more accurately predicted the shape of the breakthrough curves; however, the two methods of estimating the parameters of the distribution provided significantly different estimates of the variances of the aperture sizes. The mean aperture as estimated by the two methods was similar. The difference in the variance of the aperture as estimated by the two methods indicates that alternative conceptual models of aperture heterogeneity are required to more accurately describe both fluid and solute movement in this field situation.
Shallow-water podocopic marine Ostracoda from Micronesian lagoons in the Marianas, Caroline, Marshall and Gilbert Islands in the western Pacific were analysed to establish their diversity and zoogeography within Micronesia and the taxonomic affinities with ostracodes from other tropical regions. Sixty-four bottom lagoonal sediment samples from twelve islands and atolls yielded more than seventy species representing over thirty-two ostracode genera.
Q-mode cluster analysis using Jaccard coefficients showed that, with few exceptions, all or most samples from a particular lagoon form distinct subgroups (Jaccard=0.45-0.50). At lower levels, five groups delineate faunal regions within Micronesia: the Gilbert Islands (Onotoa) in the southeast part of the region, the northern Marshall Islands (Enewetak, Rongelap, Bikini), the southestern Marshall Islands (Kwajalein, Jaluit, Majuro, Arno), the Marianas and Caroline Islands (Guam, Truk, Pohnpei) and Pingelap.
Patterns of species diversity show Guam, Truk, Pohnpei, Pingelap, Kwajalein and Onotoa have the highest species richness (S=32-42) and Shannon-Wiener diversity values (H(S)=2.62-3.02) in the study area. Enewetak, Jaluit, Majuro and Arno show lower values (S=23-27, H(S)=2.29-2.70). Of the ostracode species living in Micronesia, 64.3% have Indo-West Pacific affinities, 7.1% are circumtropical, 5.7% have East Pacific-Caribbean affinities, 11.4% are endemic to Micronesia, and 11.4% have unknown affinities.
If the southeast Asian region is a primary species-source, the results show that each Micronesian lagoon is equally likely to be colonized by dispersal from the source region, despite differences in distance from a hypothetical source. However, each lagoon has a distinct ostracode assemblage, probably the result of unique history of random colonization events, local extinctions and environmental disturbances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2845084","issn":"03050270","usgsCitation":"Weissleader, L., Gilinsky, N., Ross, R.M., and Cronin, T.M., 1989, Biogeography of marine podocopid Ostracodes in Micronesia: Journal of Biogeography, v. 16, no. 2, p. 103-114, https://doi.org/10.2307/2845084.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f15be4b0c8380cd4abfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weissleader, L.S.","contributorId":107432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weissleader","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilinsky, N.L.","contributorId":59561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilinsky","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ross, R. M.","contributorId":39311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70175062,"text":"70175062 - 1989 - A branched hydrodynamic model of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T16:06:27","indexId":"70175062","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A branched hydrodynamic model of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers in Hydraulic Engineering","usgsCitation":"Wong, F.N., and Cheng, R.T., 1989, A branched hydrodynamic model of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California, in Proceedings, National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New Orleans, LA, p. 493-498.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"493","endPage":"498","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799db2ee4b0589fa1c7e669","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wong, F. N.","contributorId":173212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wong","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015613,"text":"70015613 - 1989 - Influence of mineral weathering reactions on the chemical composition of soil water, springs, and ground water, Catoctin Mountains, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T00:16:18.768185","indexId":"70015613","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of mineral weathering reactions on the chemical composition of soil water, springs, and ground water, Catoctin Mountains, Maryland","docAbstract":"During 1983 and 1984, wet precipitation was primarily a solution of dilute sulphuric acid, whereas calcium and bicarbonate were the major ions in springs and ground water in two small watersheds with a deciduous forest cover in central Maryland. Dominant ions in soil water were calcium, magnesium, and sulphate. The relative importance of mineral weathering reactions on the chemical composition of these subsurface waters was compared to the contribution from wet precipitation, biological processes, and road deicing salts. Mineral reaction models, developed from geochemical mass-balance relationships, involved reactions of primary and secondary minerals in metabasalt and metarhyolite with hydrogen ion. Geochemical weathering reactions account for the majority of total ion equivalents in soil water (46 per cent), springs (51 per cent), and ground water (68 to 77 per cent). The net contribution of total ion equivalents from biological processes was 20 and 16 per cent for soil water and springs, respectively, but less than 10 per cent for ground water. The contribution of total ion equivalents from deicing salts (10 to 20 per cent) was related to proximity to roads. Strong acids in precipitation contributed 44 per cent of the total amount of hydrogen ions involved in mineral-weathering reactions for ground water in contact with metarhyolite compared to 25 per cent for ground water in contact with metabasalt, a less resistant rock type to weathering.
Injection of liquid waste into a highly transmissive, saltwater-bearing, fractured dolomite underlying the city of St. Petersburg, Florida, provided an opportunity to study density-dependent flow associated with two miscible and density-different liquids. The injection zone was 98 m thick with a radial hydraulic conductivity of 762 m/d and a vertical hydraulic conductivity of 152 m/d. Mean chloride concentrations of the injectant during two tests of 91 and 366 days duration were 180 and 170 mg/L, respectively, whereas chloride concentration of native salt water ranged from 19,000 to 20,000 mg/L. During the 366-day test, chloride concentration in water from a well open to the upper part of the injection zone 223 m from the injection well approximately stabilized at about 4000 mg/L. Relatively constant chloride concentrations in water from this observation well at a level significantly greater than the injectant concentration suggested the hypothesis that circular convection with saltwater flow added chloride ions to the injection zone flow sampled at the observation well. In order to assess the acceptability of the circular convection hypothesis, information was required about the velocity field during injection. Mass transport model simulations were used to provide this information, after determining that the fractured injection zone could be treated as an equivalent porous medium with a single porosity. The mass transport model was calibrated using the 91-day test data from two observation wells 223 m from the injection well. The model was then run without parameter changes to simulate the 366-day test. Mass fractions of injectant computed for four observation wells during the 366-day test compared favorably with observed mass fractions. Observed mass fractions were calculated as a function of chloride concentration and density. Comparisons between model-computed mass fraction and velocity fields in a radial section showed circular convection, with salt water flowing toward the injection well in the lower part of the injection zone. The salt water then mixed with the injectant, and the mixture flowed away from the injection well in the upper part of the injection zone. On the basis of the model results and the assumed reasonableness of treating the injection zone as an equivalent porous medium with a single porosity, the hypothesis of circular convection with saltwater flow during subsurface injection of liquid waste into a highly transmissive saltwater-bearing fractured dolomite was judged acceptable.
Fractal singularity analysis (FSA) is used to study a 22-year record of deep seismic tremor (30–60 km depth) for regions below Kilauea Volcano on the assumption that magma transport and fracture can be treated as a system of coupled nonlinear oscillators. Tremor episodes range from 1 to 100 min (cumulative duration = 1.60×104 min; yearly average = 727 min yr−1; mean gradient = 24.2 min yr−1 km−1). Partitioning of probabilities, pi, in the phase space of normalized durations, xi, are expressed in terms of a function f(α), where α is a variable exponent of a length scale, ℓ. Plots of f(α) vs. α are called multifractal singularity spectra. The spectrum for deep tremor durations is bounded by α values of about 0.4 and 1.9 at f = 0; fmax ≃ 1.0 for α ≃ 1. Results for tremor are similar to those found for systems transitional between complete mode locking and chaos.