A series of samples taken from the cross section of a 3-m-diameter fossilized gymnospermous log (Araucariaceae) in the Yallourn Seam of the Australian brown coals was examined by solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance to delineate chemical changes related to the combined processes of peatification and coalification. The results show that cellulosic materials were degraded and lost on the periphery of the log, however, the degree of such degradation in the central core is substantially less. The lignin is uniformly altered by coalification reactions to a macromolecular substance displaying decreased aryl ether linkages but significantly greater amounts of carbon linkages compared to modern lignin. Changes in the methoxyl carbon contents of lignin in cross section reveal demethylation reactions, but these do not appear to be related to degree of carbon linking. Both the degredation of cellulosic materials and demethylation of lignin appear to be early diagenetic processes occurring during peatification independently of the coalification reactions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(89)90040-5","usgsCitation":"Bates, A.L., and Hatcher, P.G., 1989, Solid-state 13C NMR studies of a large fossil gymnosperm from the Yallourn Open Cut, Latrobe Valley, Australia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 14, no. 6, p. 609-617, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(89)90040-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"617","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223930,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","otherGeospatial":"Latrobe Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 146.35800040207124,\n -41.17652071282228\n ],\n [\n 146.35800040207124,\n -41.27583612701346\n ],\n [\n 146.57857131173444,\n -41.27583612701346\n ],\n [\n 146.57857131173444,\n -41.17652071282228\n ],\n [\n 146.35800040207124,\n -41.17652071282228\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b923be4b08c986b319d90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bates, Anne L. 0000-0002-4875-4675 abates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-4675","contributorId":2789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"Anne","email":"abates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015317,"text":"70015317 - 1989 - Plans for national flood frequency by microcomputer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:57","indexId":"70015317","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Plans for national flood frequency by microcomputer","docAbstract":"Work is underway on a planned microcomputer program that will include about 1500 prediction equations for 214 flood regions of the United States and Puerto Rico. The program will include calculation routines for rural and urban flood frequency and hydrograph characteristics and will have links to a detention-pond routing model.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627195","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M., and Cookmeyer, E., 1989, Plans for national flood frequency by microcomputer, Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 386-391.","startPage":"386","endPage":"391","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7be4e4b0c8380cd796a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, M.E.","contributorId":76775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cookmeyer, E.N.","contributorId":101393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cookmeyer","given":"E.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015303,"text":"70015303 - 1989 - Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T17:36:41.115494","indexId":"70015303","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri","docAbstract":"Measurements on fluid inclusions in hydrothermal dolomite cements place constraints on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and on the thermal-hydrologic processes which formed the Viburnum Trend Mississippi Valley-type lead district. Homogenization temperatures and freezing point depressions were determined for fluid inclusions in Bonneterre Dolomite-hosted dolomite cements in mine samples, as well as drill core from up to 13 km outside of the district. A well-defined cathodoluminescent zonation distinguishes dolomite growth zones in the Vi-burnurn Trend as older or younger than main-stage mineralization (octahedral galena) and facilitates correlation with other dolomites outside the Viburnum Trend.Homogenization temperatures and salinities in samples from mines are not systematically different from those of samples outside of the district. Medians of homogenization temperature distributions differ by not more than 25 degrees C, so that a temperature gradient, if present, should not have exceeded approximately 25 degrees C within the study area. These observations are interpreted to indicate that the Viburnum Trend was not strongly thermally anomalous with respect to surrounding country rock and that fluid flow occurred on a broad scale through not only the Lamotte Sandstone but through the overlying Cambrian carbonates as well.The absence of a significant, recognizable decrease in temperature either vertically within the section or east-west across the district, coupled with the minor amount of silica in the district, argues against cooling as a primary cause of sulfide precipitation. Fluids whose primary aquifer was the Lamotte Sandstone, predominantly a quartz arenite, should have been in equilibrium with quartz. Quartz in the Viburnum Trend occurs as a minor, drusy, vug-lining phase, but the district lacks the intense silicification found in other Mississippi Valley-type districts such as Tri-State (Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri). Quartz solubility is strongly temperature dependent and, under equilibrium conditions, a decrease of 10 degrees C or more should have precipitated at least as many moles of silica as galena (assuming a galena solubility of between 1 and 10 ppm). Clearly this is not the case, as galena is far more abundant than quartz in the Viburnum Trend.Ice final-melting temperatures (T m ) in fluid inclusions generally range from -14 degrees to -27 degrees C for primary dolomite-hosted inclusions. Using these T m values and cation ratios for the inclusion fluids, absolute concentrations for the individual cations and chloride were calculated using the thermochemical model of Spencer et al. (1990). The corresponding high but variable salinities, 3.9 to 5.9 chloride molality, are evidence for the presence of more than one distinct fluid during mineralization.In a reduced sulfur mineralization model with Pb carried as chloride complexes, dilution is also a possible sulfide precipitation mechanism. The difference in Pb solubility (for an equal quantity of reduced sulfur) in the extremes of the chloride concentration range, 3.9 vs. 5.9 molal, reaches 1 ppm only for pH values below approximately 4.5. Accepting 1 ppm as a minimum metal concentration for a viable ore-forming fluid, dilution only appears capable of precipitating sulfides in a fluid with pH near the lower limit of values considered geologically reasonable or attainable.Dolomite cements hosting warm (approximately 105 degrees -125 degrees C) saline fluid inclusions are ubiquitous in the porous dolomitic facies of the Bonneterre Dolomite. Based on stratigraphic reconstructions, however, it is unlikely that the Bonneterre was buried deeper than 1.5 km. The distribution of warm inclusions beyond the Viburnum Trend district implies that fluid migration was regional in scale. Fluid inclusion temperatures inconsistent with typical basement heat-flow-controlled geothermal gradients (25 degrees -35 degrees C/km) may be explained by long-distance migration of warm, basin-derived brines. Elevated temperatures observed in fluid inclusions at shallow stratigraphic depths are consistent with a gravity flow hydrologic system characterized by rapid flow rates and the capacity for advective heat transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1948","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Rowan, E., and Leach, D.L., 1989, Constraints from fluid inclusions on sulfide precipitation mechanisms and ore fluid migration in the Viburnum Trend lead district, Missouri: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 7, p. 1948-1965, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.7.1948.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1948","endPage":"1965","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa09e4b0c8380cd4d8bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015291,"text":"70015291 - 1989 - The prediction of aquatic sediment-associated trace element concentration using selected geochemical factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T00:23:36.602859","indexId":"70015291","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The prediction of aquatic sediment-associated trace element concentration using selected geochemical factors","docAbstract":"Multiple linear regression models calculated from readily obtainable chemical and physical parameters can explain a high percentage (70 per cent or greater) of observed sediment-trace element variance for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, As, Sb, Se, and Hg in a widely divergent suite of 61 sediment samples. The independent variables used in the models may be single parameters, principal component scores, or principal component scores combined with their cross-products. The most useful type of variable must be determined on a case-by-case basis.
The independent variables (geochemical parameters) incorporated in the models calculated during this study probably are applicable to many aquatic sediments; albeit, use of a larger data set (>61) could alter the magnitude of the calculated coefficients. The geochemical parameters included in the models were of a physical (e.g. grain size, surface area) and a chemical (e.g. organic matter, amorphous iron oxides) nature. Comparison between actual and predicted trace element concentrations obtained from the models may provide a means of defining ‘average’ sediment-trace element concentrations. In this context, the models may also help identify either naturally or anthropogenically impacted sites for additional study.
Eocene volcanic flow and dike rocks from the Beringian margin have arc characteristics, implying a convergent history for this region during the early Tertiary. The extrusive rocks are basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, and minor dacite and rhyolite. The intrusive sample is from a quartz diorite dike intruding serpentinized peridotite. Major-element oxide contents, particularly FeO*/MgO versus SiO2, identify both tholeiitic and calc-alkalic basalt; more silicic lavas have calc-alkalic affinities. Consistent with volcanic-arc compositions, spidergrams show pronounced Nb–Ta depletion and alkali enrichment relative to light-rare-earth-element (LREE) abundance. Chondrite-normalized REE plots show relatively flat patterns, with only slight LREE enrichment for tholeiitic compositions and greater LREE enrichment and lower heavy-rare-earth-element (HREE) abundance for calc-alkalic compositions. The samples, particularly those with calc-alkalic compositions, are rich in plagioclase that is strongly zoned; the more silicic samples contain orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and primary amphibole. The quartz diorite dike contains iron-rich almandine phenocrysts that appear to be magmatic, suggesting emplacement at great depth near the base of the crust or upper mantle.Chemical and mineralogical compositions are similar to those of modern Aleutian-arc lavas. They also resemble volcanic-arc compositions from western mainland Alaska, although greater chemical diversity and a stronger continental influence are observed in the Alaskan mainland rocks.Early Eocene ages of 54.4–50.2 Ma for the Beringian samples are well constrained by conventional K–Ar ages of nine plagioclase separates and by concordant 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating and total-fusion experiments. A concordant U–Pb zircon age of 53 Ma for the quartz-diorite dike is in good agreement with the K–Ar data.Plate motion studies of the North Pacific Ocean indicate more northerly directed subduction prior to the Tertiary and a continuous belt of arc-type volcanism extending from Siberia, along the Beringian margin, into mainland Alaska. Around 56 Ma (chron 25–24), subduction changed to a more westerly direction and subduction-related volcanism ceased for most of mainland Alaska. The increasingly oblique angle of convergence should have ended subduction along the Beringian margin as well. However, consistent ages of 54–50 Ma indicate a final pulse in arc-type magmatism during this period of plate adjustment, which may be explained by three different models: (1) The northern and central part of the Beringian margin maintained a higher angle of convergence, allowing a final pulse of arc-type magmatism. (2) The rocks erupted in an early, or proto, Aleutian arc and were rafted against the continental margin along transform faults. (3) The rocks erupted along a leaky transform fault, analogous to calc-alkalic volcanism in the southern California borderland.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e89-125","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Davis, A.S., Pickthorn, L., Vallier, T., and Marlow, M.S., 1989, Petrology and age of volcanic-arc rocks from the continental margin of the Bering Sea: Implications for Early Eocene relocation of plate boundaries: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 26, no. 7, p. 1474-1490, https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-125.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1474","endPage":"1490","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -197.4659960695814,\n 50.52803134071158\n ],\n [\n -150.82047128460496,\n 50.52803134071158\n ],\n [\n -150.82047128460496,\n 66.48242987205629\n ],\n [\n -197.4659960695814,\n 66.48242987205629\n ],\n [\n -197.4659960695814,\n 50.52803134071158\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7818e4b0c8380cd7862a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pickthorn, L.-B.G.","contributorId":83276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickthorn","given":"L.-B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vallier, T.L.","contributorId":69526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marlow, M. S.","contributorId":76743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015149,"text":"70015149 - 1989 - Eustatic and tectonic controls on deposition of hybrid siliciclastic/carbonate basinal cycles: Discussion with examples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-17T16:40:37.972361","indexId":"70015149","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eustatic and tectonic controls on deposition of hybrid siliciclastic/carbonate basinal cycles: Discussion with examples","docAbstract":"Changes in sea level represent one of the dominant controls on basinal sedimentation adjacent to mixed carbonate siliciclastic sediment-source areas. Sedimentary responses to sea level change of the siliciclastic and carbonate components of these hybrid systems commonly result in deposition of alternating siliciclastic and shelf-derived carbonate basinal deposits. Such deposition is particularly pronounced adjacent to carbonate platforms, where alternate immersion/exposure of the flat platform top results in carbonate highstand deposition and siliciclastic lowstand deposition. In contrast, small to moderate-amplitude sea level drops in distally steepened ramp settings may expose only the inner part of the gently sloping shelf, resulting in lowstand deposition of mixed sil ciclastic/allodapic (FOOTNOTE 3) carbonate sediments.
Along active margins, tectonic uplift and subsidence of sediment-source areas act as additional major controls on deposition of siliciclastic/carbonate basinal cycles. Two of the most important tectonic effects are (1) uplift of siliciclastic sediment-source areas, resulting in increased erosion and swamping of carbonate shelf sources and (2) exposure or immersion of shelf-carbonate sediment-source areas due to vertical tectonic movements.
Most published seismic-stratigraphic studies of sea level control on deep-sea sedimentation focus on lowstand deposition of siliciclastic sediment and commonly neglect the contribution of allodapic carbonate sediment deposited during sea level highstands. However, the examples discussed in this paper indicate that highstand carbonate deposits may make up a significant proportion of many hybrid carbonate/siliciclastic basinal sequences.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/44B4AA0F-170A-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Dolan, J., 1989, Eustatic and tectonic controls on deposition of hybrid siliciclastic/carbonate basinal cycles: Discussion with examples: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 73, no. 10, p. 1233-1246, https://doi.org/10.1306/44B4AA0F-170A-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1233","endPage":"1246","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223803,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bcfe4b0c8380cd528ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dolan, James F.","contributorId":39506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015132,"text":"70015132 - 1989 - Effect of climate change on watershed runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:56","indexId":"70015132","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effect of climate change on watershed runoff","docAbstract":"This paper examines forecasts of changes in watershed runoff in the Delaware River basin that result from a range of predicted effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) on future precipitation, temperature, and stomatal resistance of plants. A deterministic hydrologic model, TOPMODEL, was driven with stochastic inputs of temperature and precipitation to derive the forecasts. Results indicate that the direction and magnitude of the changes in watershed runoff are dependent on the relative magnitudes of the induced changes in precipitation, temperature, and stomatal resistance. Natural variability in temperature and precipitation obscured the changes in watershed runoff even when the simulated changes in precipitation, temperature, and stomatal resistance were substantial.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627195","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D., Ayers, M.A., Hay, L., and McCabe, G.J., 1989, Effect of climate change on watershed runoff, Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 673-678.","startPage":"673","endPage":"678","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05cae4b0c8380cd50f6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayers, M. A.","contributorId":41417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015112,"text":"70015112 - 1989 - Recent progress on hydrodynamic modeling of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:59:39","indexId":"70015112","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Recent progress on hydrodynamic modeling of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"A hydrodynamic modeling study of the effects of freshwater inflow on circulation and mixing in San Francisco Bay has been underway since 1985. This paper describes the multidimensional hydrodynamic models being used on the study and review recent progress with their applications. Particular modeling considerations for San Francisco Bay and future modeling plans are discussed.
","conferenceTitle":"Estuarine and Coastal Modeling - Proceedings of the Conference","conferenceDate":"15 November 1989 through 17 November 1989","conferenceLocation":"Newport, RI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"0872627586","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.E., and Cheng, R.T., 1989, Recent progress on hydrodynamic modeling of San Francisco Bay, California, Estuarine and Coastal Modeling - Proceedings of the Conference, Newport, RI, USA, 15 November 1989 through 17 November 1989, p. 502-510.","startPage":"502","endPage":"510","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9634e4b0c8380cd81e78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, P. E.","contributorId":42951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015111,"text":"70015111 - 1989 - Interpretation of oscillatory water levels in observation wells during aquifer tests in fractured rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T11:03:58","indexId":"70015111","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation of oscillatory water levels in observation wells during aquifer tests in fractured rock","docAbstract":"Oscillatory water levels in observation wells have commonly been recorded at the beginning of aquifer tests in highly transmissive fractured formations. In this paper, oscillatory water levels are predicted by the equations coupling the fluid movement in the observation well and the fluid movement in the surrounding formation. The equivalent-porous medium and dual-porosity models of fractured rock are two models considered in this analysis; however, other conceptual models of fractured media can also be coupled with the model presented here for fluid movement in the observation well. Type curves for the response of water levels in observation wells due to pumping in another well are generated by numerical inversion of the Laplace transform solution to the governing equations. Overdamped conditions, where inertial effects are insignificant, and underdamped conditions, where oscillations arise, are predicted by the solution to the governing equations. By matching water level measurements with the appropriate type curve, a conceptual model of the formation can be identified, and aquifer properties can be estimated. This analysis is applied in the interpretation of an aquifer test conducted in a fractured dolomite in northeastern Illinois. If the early time oscillations are ignored, the measured water levels can be explained by an equivalent-porous medium model. By analyzing the early time oscillations, however, the formation is shown to respond as a dual-porosity medium with a storativity of the fracture porosity that is an order of magnitude smaller than the storativity estimated from the equivalent-porous medium model.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i010p02129","usgsCitation":"Shapiro, A.M., 1989, Interpretation of oscillatory water levels in observation wells during aquifer tests in fractured rock: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 10, p. 2129-2137, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i010p02129.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2129","endPage":"2137","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d7ae4b0c8380cd635e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015101,"text":"70015101 - 1989 - A comparison of two finite element models of tidal hydrodynamics using a North Sea data set","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:30:44.536153","indexId":"70015101","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of two finite element models of tidal hydrodynamics using a North Sea data set","docAbstract":"Using the region of the English Channel and the southern bight of the North Sea, we systematically compare the results of two independent finite element models of tidal hydrodynamics. The model intercomparison provides a means for increasing our understanding of the relevant physical processes in the region in question as well as a means for the evaluation of certain algorithmic procedures of the two models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(89)90022-5","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., and Werner, F., 1989, A comparison of two finite element models of tidal hydrodynamics using a North Sea data set: Advances in Water Resources, v. 12, no. 4, p. 184-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(89)90022-5.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"184","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223966,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"English Channel, North Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -4.238806932442344,\n 50.3556778594193\n ],\n [\n -3.9245012541310302,\n 48.66277868215653\n ],\n [\n -2.5055163001223946,\n 48.574893516299596\n ],\n [\n -1.4847440767553621,\n 48.6715886582364\n ],\n [\n -1.8533138209136837,\n 49.60324666326741\n ],\n [\n -1.4026293805001444,\n 49.72763916601804\n ],\n [\n -1.0403923729954272,\n 49.361900650268126\n ],\n [\n 0.0760210104153316,\n 49.44574669262283\n ],\n [\n 1.635796455450702,\n 50.222298286305914\n ],\n [\n 1.6665015413279889,\n 50.81452541862126\n ],\n [\n 3.5093411208896157,\n 51.37983407219363\n ],\n [\n 4.804229577841227,\n 53.015076989967184\n ],\n [\n 1.6199525098326717,\n 52.97597192513564\n ],\n [\n 1.684066477339286,\n 52.08219845138507\n ],\n [\n 0.7492061298781039,\n 51.370324917871756\n ],\n [\n 1.353208831024574,\n 51.37760627718626\n ],\n [\n 1.196391279270017,\n 50.86401998692878\n ],\n [\n -1.0133227594474192,\n 50.68434713349774\n ],\n [\n -1.8189956791787267,\n 50.60383129051692\n ],\n [\n -2.584590994819706,\n 50.546533664650156\n ],\n [\n -3.067986178446631,\n 50.633245929843326\n ],\n [\n -3.7034293402499543,\n 50.22220283072102\n ],\n [\n -4.238806932442344,\n 50.3556778594193\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e37ae4b0c8380cd4605b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, Roy A.","contributorId":74877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Werner, Francisco","contributorId":236916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Werner","given":"Francisco","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7223,"text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":370074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015100,"text":"70015100 - 1989 - Recorded seismic response of a base-isolated steel bridge carrying a steel water pipe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:01","indexId":"70015100","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Recorded seismic response of a base-isolated steel bridge carrying a steel water pipe","docAbstract":"A set of strong motion records was obtained from the base-isolated Santa Ana River Pipeline Bridge during the magnitude 5.9 Whittier Narrows, California, earthquake of October 1, 1987. The analysis of the records show that the level of excitation was not strong enough to fully activate the base isolators. The dominant modes of the response are the translations of the abutment-bridge-pipe system in the longitudinal and transverse directions, and the bending of the steel truss between supports in the vertical direction.","largerWorkTitle":"American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels and Piping Division (Publication) PVP","conferenceTitle":"Seismic Engineering - 1989: Design, Analysis, Testing, and Qualification Methods","conferenceDate":"23 July 1989 through 27 July 1989","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASME","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"0277027X","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., and Brady, A., 1989, Recorded seismic response of a base-isolated steel bridge carrying a steel water pipe, in American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels and Piping Division (Publication) PVP, v. 162, Honolulu, HI, USA, 23 July 1989 through 27 July 1989, p. 137-144.","startPage":"137","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"162","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a286e4b0e8fec6cdb635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, E.","contributorId":104070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brady, A. G.","contributorId":61794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015099,"text":"70015099 - 1989 - A satellite-based digital data system for low-frequency geophysical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T23:33:15.685231","indexId":"70015099","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A satellite-based digital data system for low-frequency geophysical data","docAbstract":"A reliable method for collection, display, and analysis of low-frequency geophysical data from isolated sites, which can be throughout North and South America and the Pacific Rim, has been developed for use with the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) system. Geophysical data primarily intended for earthquake hazard and crustal deformation monitoring are digitized with either 12-bit or 16-bit resolution and transmitted every 10 min through a satellite link to a bank of UNIX-based computers in Menlo Park, California. There the data are available for analysis and display within a few seconds of their transmit time. This system provides real-time monitoring of crustal deformation parameters such as tilt, strain, fault displacement, local magnetic field, crustal geochemistry, and water levels, as well as meteorological and other parameters, along faults in California and Alaska, and in volcanic regions in the western United States, Rabaul, and other locations in the New Britain region of the South Pacific. Various mathematical, statistical, and graphical algorithms process the incoming data to detect changes in crustal deformation and fault slip that may indicate the first stages of catastrophic fault failure. Alert trigger levels based on physical models, signal resolution, and previous history have been defined for particular instrument types. Computer-driven remote paging and mail systems are used to notify appropriate personnel when alarm status is reached. The system supports continuous historical records of low-frequency geophysical data, software for extensive analysis of these data, and programs for modeling fault rupture with and without seismic radiation, as well as providing an environment for real-time attempts at earthquake prediction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0790010189","usgsCitation":"Silverman, S., Mortensen, C., and Johnston, M., 1989, A satellite-based digital data system for low-frequency geophysical data: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 79, no. 1, p. 189-198, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0790010189.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223964,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e579e4b0c8380cd46d55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silverman, S.","contributorId":17231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silverman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mortensen, C.","contributorId":67938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mortensen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, M.","contributorId":88091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015085,"text":"70015085 - 1989 - Aqueous chlorination of resorcinol","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-13T16:55:51.354435","indexId":"70015085","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aqueous chlorination of resorcinol","docAbstract":"An investigation of the aqueous chlorination (NaOCl) of resorcinol is reported. The following intermediates were detected in moderate to high yield at different pH values and varying percentages of chlorination: 2-chloro-, 4-chloro-, 2,4-dichloro-, 4,6-dichloro- and 2,4,6-trichlororesorcinol. Only trace amounts of the intermediates were detected when the chlorination was conducted in the presence of phosphate buffer. This result has significant implications since resorcinol in phosphate buffer has been used as a model compound in several recent studies on the formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons during chlorination of drinking water. Relative rates of chlorination were determined for resorcinol and several of the chlorinated resorcinols. Resorcinol was found to chlorinate only three times faster than 2,4,6-trichlororesorcinol. The structure 2,4,6-trichlororesorcinol was established as a monohydrate even after sublimation. A tetrachloro or pentachloro intermediate was not detected, suggesting that the ring-opening step of such an intermediate must be rapid.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620081208","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Heasley, V., Burns, M., Kemalyan, N., Mckee, T., Schroeter, H., Teegarden, B., Whitney, S., and Wershaw, R., 1989, Aqueous chlorination of resorcinol: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 8, no. 12, p. 1159-1163, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620081208.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1159","endPage":"1163","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223696,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed15e4b0c8380cd49600","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heasley, V.L.","contributorId":10556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heasley","given":"V.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, M.D.","contributorId":88883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kemalyan, N.A.","contributorId":39942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemalyan","given":"N.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mckee, T.C.","contributorId":47089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mckee","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schroeter, H.","contributorId":39528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeter","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Teegarden, B.R.","contributorId":94440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teegarden","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Whitney, S.E.","contributorId":83671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70015060,"text":"70015060 - 1989 - Horizontal anisotropy of the principal ground-water flow zone in the Salinas alluvial fan, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T15:27:45","indexId":"70015060","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Horizontal anisotropy of the principal ground-water flow zone in the Salinas alluvial fan, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Well drawdown data from an anisotropic aquifer in the Salinas alluvial fan were collected and analyzed with a computer program called TENSOR2D. The program uses ordinary and weighted least-squares optimization procedures to solve the system of simultaneous equations needed to define the theoretical transmissivity ellipse. Prediction of drawdown data was made by coupling the anisotropy ellipse with the Hantush modified leaky-confined or Theis model. Drawdown data predicted by using the theoretical directional diffusivity obtained with the weighted least-squared fit gave a more accurate representation of the actual drawdown data than when using the test-data directional diffusivity. -from Author
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb01969.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Quinones-Aponte, V., 1989, Horizontal anisotropy of the principal ground-water flow zone in the Salinas alluvial fan, Puerto Rico: Ground Water, v. 27, no. 4, p. 491-500, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb01969.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"500","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a321ae4b0c8380cd5e514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, V.","contributorId":89285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015042,"text":"70015042 - 1989 - Graphical method for determining the coefficient of consolidation c from a flow-pump permeability test","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T17:46:47.958628","indexId":"70015042","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1824,"text":"Geotechnical Testing Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Graphical method for determining the coefficient of consolidation c from a flow-pump permeability test","docAbstract":"A graphical method has been developed for determining the coefficient of consolidation from the transient phases of a flow-pump permeability test. The flow pump can be used to infuse fluid into or withdraw fluid from a laboratory sediment specimen at a constant volumetric rate in order to obtain data that can be used to calculate permeability using Darcy's law. When the initial transient-response curve (hydraulic head as a function of time) generated by this test is examined analytically in terms of a one-dimensional consolidation process, representative type-curve solutions to the associated forced-flow and pressure-decay models are derived. These curves provide the basis for graphically evaluating the permeability k, the coefficient of consolidation cv, and the coefficient of volume change mv. The curve-matching technique is easy and rapid, and it can be applied to results of forced-flow tests, both infusion and withdrawal, as well as to subsequent pressure-decay records. Values of k, cv, and mv for a laterally confined kaolinite specimen were determined by this graphical method and appear to be in reasonably good agreement with numerically derived estimates (within 20%). Discrepancies between the two sets of results seem to be largely a function of data quality rather than of method of analysis. Where responses of hydraulic head as a function of time are apparently unaffected by experimental sources of error, agreement is excellent (within 4%). Application of this graphical method to triaxial testing has inherent uncertainties, because the solution curves that describe one-dimensional deformation are used to analyze a three-dimensional process.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","doi":"10.1520/GTJ10989J","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., Olsen, H.W., Nelson, K.R., and Gill, J.D., 1989, Graphical method for determining the coefficient of consolidation c from a flow-pump permeability test: Geotechnical Testing Journal, v. 12, no. 4, p. 302-307, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10989J.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"302","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29d3e4b0c8380cd5ac84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, Harold W.","contributorId":28985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Karl R.","contributorId":63538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gill, James D.","contributorId":52729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015012,"text":"70015012 - 1989 - Behaviour of abandoned room and pillar mines in Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70015012","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2058,"text":"International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behaviour of abandoned room and pillar mines in Illinois","docAbstract":"Little comprehensive information has been reported on the behaviour of room-and-pillar mines. The objective of this paper is to present case data on mine failures in the Illinois basin for use in practice. Presented are results of an ongoing study and details on the site characteristics of cases where sags have developed on the surface. Site data are reported to show the geologic, mining, and sag conditions that existed. Sags mainly develop from pillar, floor, or pillar-floor failure. The character of the sags depends upon the type of mine failure as well as the overburden response. Preliminary results show that the statistical no-risk tributary pressure decreases over 300% as the mine age increases from about 2 to 100 years at a long-term value of approximately 300 psi (2070 kPa). As more information is collected and more analysis is done, the allowable tributary pressure can be determined for different site conditions. A plot is also reported that depicts the relationship of the maximum subsidence to site conditions. It was found that the modified subsidence factor was heavily dependent upon the overburden rock thickness. ?? 1989 Chapman & Hall Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00896592","issn":"02690136","usgsCitation":"Marino, G., and Bauer, R., 1989, Behaviour of abandoned room and pillar mines in Illinois: International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering, v. 7, no. 4, p. 271-281, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00896592.","startPage":"271","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205481,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00896592"},{"id":224451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0abe4b0c8380cd4a84a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marino, G.G.","contributorId":24929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marino","given":"G.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bauer, R.A.","contributorId":102599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015011,"text":"70015011 - 1989 - Estimating urban flood-frequency characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70015011","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimating urban flood-frequency characteristics","docAbstract":"Methods in use by the U.S. Geological Survey to estimate flood-frequency characteristics for urban watersheds are compared with estimates based on the Soil Conservation Service TR-55 model. Data from four small urban watersheds in Georgia are used in the flood-peak and hydrograph comparisons.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627195","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M., Atkins, J., and Inman, E.J., 1989, Estimating urban flood-frequency characteristics, Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 516-521.","startPage":"516","endPage":"521","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b6be4b0c8380cd526fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, M.E.","contributorId":76775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atkins, J.B.","contributorId":63842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Inman, E. J.","contributorId":44193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014998,"text":"70014998 - 1989 - Air permeability and trapped-air content in two soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T12:46:00","indexId":"70014998","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Air permeability and trapped-air content in two soils","docAbstract":"To improve understanding of hysteretic air permeability relations, a need exists for data on the water content dependence of air permeability, matric pressure, and air trapping (especially for wetting-drying cycles). To obtain these data, a special instrument was designed. The instrument is a combination of a gas permeameter (for air permeability determination), a suction plate apparatus (for retentivity curve determination), and an air pycnometer (for trapped-air-volume determination). This design allowed values of air permeability, matric pressure, and air trapping to be codetermined, i.e., determined at the same values of water content using the same sample and the same inflow-outflow boundaries. Such data were obtained for two nonswelling soils. The validity of the air permeability determinations was repeatedly confirmed by rigorous tests of Darcy's law. During initial drying from complete water saturation, supplementary measurements were made to assess the magnitude of gas slip. The extended Darcy equation accurately described the measured flux gradient relations for each condition of absolute gas pressure tested. Air permeability functions exhibited zero-permeability regions at high water contents as well as an abruptly appearing hysteresis at low water contents. Measurements in the zero-permeability regions revealed that the total amount of air in general exceeded the amount of trapped air. This indicates that the medium' s air space is partitioned into three measurable domains: through-flowing air, locally accessible air (i.e., air accessible from only one flow boundary), and trapped air. During repeated wetting and drying, the disappearance and reappearance of air permeability coincided closely with the reappearance and disappearance, respectively, of trapped air. The observed relation between critical features of the air permeability functions and those of the air-trapping functions suggest that water-based blockages play a significant role in the disruption of gas-phase connectivity and in preventing air flow, and must be considered in any effectual model of air permeability relations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i009p01959","usgsCitation":"Stonestrom, D.A., and Rubin, J., 1989, Air permeability and trapped-air content in two soils: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 9, p. 1959-1969, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i009p01959.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1959","endPage":"1969","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e918e4b0c8380cd480bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, Jacob","contributorId":23918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014992,"text":"70014992 - 1989 - Extraction of terrain features from digital elevation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:59","indexId":"70014992","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Extraction of terrain features from digital elevation models","docAbstract":"Digital elevation models (DEMs) are being used to determine variable inputs for hydrologic models in the Delaware River basin. Recently developed software for analysis of DEMs has been applied to watershed and streamline delineation. The results compare favorably with similar delineations taken from topographic maps. Additionally, output from this software has been used to extract other hydrologic information from the DEM, including flow direction, channel location, and an index describing the slope and shape of a watershed.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627195","usgsCitation":"Price, C.V., Wolock, D.M., and Ayers, M.A., 1989, Extraction of terrain features from digital elevation models, Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 845-850.","startPage":"845","endPage":"850","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e60e4b0c8380cd5340f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ayers, Mark A.","contributorId":84730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014984,"text":"70014984 - 1989 - Geographic information system/watershed model interface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70014984","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geographic information system/watershed model interface","docAbstract":"Geographic information systems allow for the interactive analysis of spatial data related to water-resources investigations. A conceptual design for an interface between a geographic information system and a watershed model includes functions for the estimation of model parameter values. Design criteria include ease of use, minimal equipment requirements, a generic data-base management system, and use of a macro language. An application is demonstrated for a 90.1-square-kilometer subbasin of the Patuxent River near Unity, Maryland, that performs automated derivation of watershed parameters for hydrologic modeling.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627195","usgsCitation":"Fisher, G.T., 1989, Geographic information system/watershed model interface, Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 851-856.","startPage":"851","endPage":"856","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a176de4b0c8380cd554d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Gary T. gtfisher@usgs.gov","contributorId":4931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Gary","email":"gtfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014954,"text":"70014954 - 1989 - On the use of volumetric strain meters to infer additional characteristics of short-period seismic radiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T15:07:14.672976","indexId":"70014954","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the use of volumetric strain meters to infer additional characteristics of short-period seismic radiation","docAbstract":"Volumetric strain meters (Sacks-Evertson design) are installed at 15 sites along the San Andreas fault system, to monitor long-term strain changes for earthquake prediction. Deployment of portable broadband, high-resolution digital recorders (GEOS) at several of the sites extends the detection band for volumetric strain to periods shorter than 5 × 10−2 sec and permits the simultaneous observation of seismic radiation fields using conventional short-period pendulum seismometers. Simultaneous observations establish that the strain detection bandwidth extends from periods greater than 107 seconds to periods near 5 × 10−2 sec with a dynamic range exceeding 140 dB. Measurements of earth-strain noise for the period band, 107 to 10−2 sec, show that ground noise, not instrument noise, currently limits the measurement of strain over a bandwidth of more than eight orders of magnitude in period. Comparison of the short-period portion of earth-strain, noise spectra (20 to 5 × 10−2 sec) with average spectra determined from pendulum seismometers, suggest that observed noise is predominantly dilatational energy. Recordings of local and regional earthquakes indicate that dilatometers respond to P energy but not direct shear energy and that straingrams can be used to resolve superimposed reflected P and S waves for inference of wave characteristics not permitted by either sensor alone. Simultaneous measurements of incident P- and S-wave amplitudes are used to introduce a technique for single-station estimates of wave field inhomogeneity, free-surface reflection coefficients and local material P velocity. Estimates of these parameters derived for the North Palm Springs earthquake (Mw 5.9) respectively for an incident P wave of 29° are −85°, 1.71, 2.9 km/sec, and for an incident S wave of 17° are 79°, 0.85, 2.9 km/sec. The empirical estimates of reflection coefficients are consistent with model estimates derived using an anelastic half-space model with incident inhomogeneous wave fields.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0790041006","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R., Johnston, M., and Glassmoyer, G., 1989, On the use of volumetric strain meters to infer additional characteristics of short-period seismic radiation: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 79, no. 4, p. 1006-1023, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0790041006.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1006","endPage":"1023","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224446,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410996,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/79/4/1006/102376/On-the-use-of-volumetric-strain-meters-to-infer","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.05929446468849,\n 32.60376997299447\n ],\n [\n -114.86587892400937,\n 32.77098244040806\n ],\n [\n -116.16046371102377,\n 34.63186225719362\n ],\n [\n -117.60145794225531,\n 35.163038725559716\n ],\n [\n -119.38853702152267,\n 34.612206558141224\n ],\n [\n -118.64197397327223,\n 33.93831308358432\n ],\n [\n -117.9806490922254,\n 33.59100806529304\n ],\n [\n -117.38448066981135,\n 33.010339896929906\n ],\n [\n -117.05929446468849,\n 32.60376997299447\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e12e4b0c8380cd75491","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, R. D. 0000-0002-8668-0849","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":32165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glassmoyer, G.","contributorId":62751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014940,"text":"70014940 - 1989 - On numerical modeling of one-dimensional geothermal histories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:29:01","indexId":"70014940","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On numerical modeling of one-dimensional geothermal histories","docAbstract":"Numerical models of one-dimensional geothermal histories are one way of understanding the relations between tectonics and transient thermal structure in the crust. Such models can be powerful tools for interpreting geochronologic and thermobarometric data. A flexible program to calculate these models on a microcomputer is available and examples of its use are presented. Potential problems with this approach include the simplifying assumptions that are made, limitations of the numerical techniques, and the neglect of convective heat transfer. ?? 1989.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(89)90084-8","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Haugerud, R., 1989, On numerical modeling of one-dimensional geothermal histories: Computers & Geosciences, v. 15, no. 5, p. 825-836, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(89)90084-8.","startPage":"825","endPage":"836","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266175,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(89)90084-8"},{"id":224279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6da1e4b0c8380cd75233","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haugerud, R. A. 0000-0001-7302-4351","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7302-4351","contributorId":42953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugerud","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014939,"text":"70014939 - 1989 - Shaded relief map of US topography from digital elevations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T00:29:31.581879","indexId":"70014939","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shaded relief map of US topography from digital elevations","docAbstract":"Much geologic and geophysical information that lies encoded within land surface form can be revealed by image processing large files of digitized elevations in fast machines and mapping the results. This convergence of computers, analytic software, data, and output devices has created exciting opportunities for automating the numerical and spatial study of topography. One recent result is the accompanying shaded relief map of the conterminous 48 states.
A shaded relief image of topography mimics a cloud-free monochrome aerial photograph taken at low Sun. Gray tones represent different terrain slopes and azimuths calculated from adjacent elevations stored in a uniform grid, or digital elevation model (DEM). Sun elevation and direction can be varied to generate complementary views of the same area. The synoptic coverage of these computer images is a major advantage; unlike a photograph, image extent is limited only by size of the elevation array. Shaded relief maps also are free of the distortion found in radar images and of the vegetation and cultural features that mask topographic form on Landsat and SPOT images.