{"pageNumber":"1440","pageRowStart":"35975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40845,"records":[{"id":29785,"text":"wri864055 - 1988 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the lower sand unit of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-12T13:40:09","indexId":"wri864055","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4055","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the lower sand unit of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Ground-water flow in the lower sand unit of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in Philadelphia was simulated with a two-dimensional finite- difference ground-water model. The modeled 133-square-mile area also included parts of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, and Camden and Gloucester Counties, New Jersey. The lower sand unit is Cretaceous in age and consists of well- sorted coarse sand and fine gravel that grades upward into medium to fine sand containing a few thin beds of clay. The modeled aquifer consists of the lower sand unit in Philadelphia and the lowermost sand unit of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in New Jersey. Throughout most of the area, the lower sand unit is overlain by a clay confining unit. Where the clay is absent, the lower sand unit is unconfined. A hydraulic conductivity of 1.6 x 10-3 foot per second and a storage coefficient of 3.0 x 10-4 was assigned to the lower sand unit based on 15 aquifer tests, and a hydraulic conductivity of 4.0 x 10-8 foot per second was assigned to the upper confining unit based on transient-flow sensitivity analysis. Water levels were not sensitive to changes in the value for specific storage of the upper confining unit, indicating that most vertical leakage occurs as steady leakage. Changes in the potentiometric surface of the lower sand unit for 1904-78 simulated. Differences between simulated and observed head generally were less than 10 feet.\r\n\r\n      Simulations were made to determine the effects on hydraulic head of increases in industrial pumpage of 5 and 10 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) and of an emergency 60 Mgal/d municipal water supply in Philadelphia. A 5- and 10-Mgal/d increase in industrial pumpage would lower heads in the lower sand unit by as much as 33 and 66 feet, respectively. Pumping 60 Mgal/d for 30 days for an emergency municipal supply would lower heads in the lower sand unit by as much as 121 feet.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864055","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R., 1988, Simulation of ground-water flow in the lower sand unit of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4055, vi, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864055.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4055/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58586,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499ee4b07f02db5bc81e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, R. A.","contributorId":36155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29379,"text":"wri874152 - 1988 - Simulated water-level and water-quality changes in the bolson-fill aquifer, Post Headquarters area, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri874152","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4152","title":"Simulated water-level and water-quality changes in the bolson-fill aquifer, Post Headquarters area, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The quantity of freshwater available in the Post Headquarters well field, White Sand Missile Range, New Mexico, is limited and its quality is threatened by saltwater enroachment. A three-dimensional, finite-difference, groundwater flow model and a cross-sectional, density-dependent solute-transport model were constructed to simulate possible future water level declines and water quality changes in the Post Headquarters well field. A six-layer flow model was constructed using hydraulic-conductivity values in the upper 600 ft of saturated aquifer ranging from 0.1 to 10 ft/day, specific yield of 0.15, and average recharge of about 1,590 acre-ft/yr. Water levels simulated by the model closely matched measured water levels for 1948-82. Possible future water level changes for 1983-2017 were simulated using rates of groundwater withdrawal of 1,033 and 2 ,066 acre-ft/year and wastewater return flow of 0 or 30% of the groundwater withdrawal rate. The cross-sectional solute-transport model indicated that the freshwater zone is about 1,500 to 2,000 ft thick beneath the well field. Transient simulations show that solutes probably will move laterally toward the well field rather than from beneath the well field. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874152","usgsCitation":"Risser, D.W., 1988, Simulated water-level and water-quality changes in the bolson-fill aquifer, Post Headquarters area, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4152, viii, 71 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874152.","productDescription":"viii, 71 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4152/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58224,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4152/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f30c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risser, D. W.","contributorId":48211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26508,"text":"wri884066 - 1988 - Freshwater supply potential of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T08:54:32","indexId":"wri884066","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4066","title":"Freshwater supply potential of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to determine the low-flow frequency of freshwater flow in the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AICW) near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and to determine the effects of proposed freshwater withdrawals of 45 cu ft/sec at the location of the saltwater-freshwater interface. Discharges simulated in the AICW for 1982-86 using BRANCH one-dimensional flow model were used to establish a relation of 7-day average flows in the AICW to summed 7-day average flows of four tributary streams. This relation was used with the tributary records for 1954-86 climatic years to generate 7-day minimum flows of the AICW, which were then used to develop a low-flow frequency relation. The relation indicated that the 7-day, 10-year flow of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway is 192 ct ft/s. A relation of the mile position of the saltwater-freshwater interface to recorded specific conductances at Vereen 's Marina was established. The 1982-85 period of record of specific conductance was used to simulate interface positions which were then used to establish a relation of 7-day average interface position to 7-day average discharge of the AICW. This relation indicated that the 7-day average interface position would be at mile 355.5 for the 7Q10 and at mile 356.2 if 45 cu ft were withdrawn during the 7Q10. The analysis indicates that the AICW can provide a reliable supply of freshwater at the proposed withdrawal location at mi 363.3 in the vicinity of Myrtle Beach, even during the 7Q10 low-flow conditions. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884066","usgsCitation":"Carswell, W., Sanders, C., and Johnson, D., 1988, Freshwater supply potential of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4066, v, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884066.","productDescription":"v, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Myrtle Beach","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.25537109375,\n              33.39934533042092\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.25537109375,\n              34.05265942137599\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.54537963867188,\n              34.05265942137599\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.54537963867188,\n              33.39934533042092\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.25537109375,\n              33.39934533042092\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  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J.","contributorId":71213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanders, C.L. Jr.","contributorId":57496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanders","given":"C.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, D.M.","contributorId":58266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29433,"text":"wri874220 - 1988 - Water resources of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, northern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T10:39:12","indexId":"wri874220","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4220","title":"Water resources of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, northern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>The Apostle Islands National Lakeshore consists of 21 islands, part of the Bayfield Peninsula, and the adjacent waters of Lake Superior. Selected water resources of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore were assessed to aid the National Park Service in developing and managing the Lakeshore and to provide a data base against which future changes can be compared. This summary of water-resources data, collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during 1979-84, provides a qualitative description of selected hydrologic components of the Lakeshore.</p>\n<p>Streamflow in the Lakeshore area is characterized by typical seasonal fluctuations. Flow in Sand River at State Highway 13 ranged from 3.9 to 1,630 cubic feet per second. The recurrence interval of the maximum observed discharge was about 4 years. The minimum observed 7-day low flow was 3.86 cubic feet per second.</p>\n<p>The greatest concentrations of most chemical constituents in Bayfield Peninsula streams occurred during base flow.</p>\n<p>Annual sediment loads in Sand River at State Highway 13 ranged from 977 tons in 1980 water year to 24,600 tons in 1984 water year.The average annual sediment load transported by Bayfield Peninsula streams to the National Lakeshore area of Lake Superior is estimated to be 44,000 tons. Annual phosphorus loads ranged from 1,400 pounds in 1980 water year to 11,100 pounds in 1984 water year. The average annual phosphorus load transported by Bayfield Peninsula streams to the National Lakeshore area of Lake Superior is estimated to be 21,500 pounds.</p>\n<p>Few island streams flow perennially, but Oak Island streams generally yield more base-flow runoff than Stockton Island streams. The base flow of Oak Island streams is dominated by ground-water discharge, whereas Stockton Island stream base flow is sustained by seepage from wetlands and beaver ponds.</p>\n<p>There are two major lagoons in the Lakeshore, the Outer Island Lagoon's area is 53 acres and its maximum depth is 7 feet. Dominant inflow to the lagoon is from precipitation on its surface and seepage from an adjacent bog. Outflow during open-water periods is dominated by evaporation. Ground-water seepage from the lagoon toward Lake Superior occurs yearround. The lagoon's water is acidic and has low specific conductance and generally small concentrations of most chemical constituents.</p>\n<p>The Michigan Island Lagoon is about 4 acres in area and its maximum depth is 6.5 feet. The most significant sources of inflow appear to be precipitation and wave washover from Lake Superior.</p>\n<p>Water from four deep-water monitoring sites in Lake Superior revealed concentrations of total phosphorus, organic carbon, and recoverable mercury ranging from &lt;0.01 to 0.02 milligrams per liter, 1.1 to 5.3 milligrams per liter and &lt;0.1 to 0.1 micrograms per liter, respectively. Neither pesticide residues nor fecal coliform bacteria were detected in the water column. Total phosphorus concentrations in bottom sediment ranged from 50 to 470 milligrams per kilogram and were related directly to the percentage of fine-grained (&lt; 0.0625 millimeters) sediment particles. Traces of only two pesticide residues- DDE and DDT were detected in sediment. The most abundant benthic macroinvertebrate was Pontoporeia affinis, which was found in densities of from 960 to 2,100 organisms per square meter.</p>\n<p>No adverse affects resulting from visitor use were detected in the shallow-water, heavy-use areas in Presque Isle Bay off Stockton Island or in the waters between Rocky and South Twin Islands. Phosphorus and organic-carbon concentrations were similar to those observed in the deep-water area; mercury was not detected in water from either area.</p>\n<p>Ground-water use in the National Lakeshore is primarily for consumption by Lakeshore visitors and employees. Of 14 wells constructed from 1979-84, 4 were finished in glacial sand and gravel, and 10 were finished in sandstone. Specific capacities ranged from 0.63 to 50 gallon per minute per foot. Average concentrations of dissolved solids are moderate and concentrations of heavy metals did not exceed Wisconsin's primary health standard.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874220","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Rose, W.J., 1988, Water resources of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, northern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4220, vi, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874220.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4220/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58281,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4220/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.98876953125,\n              46.803819640791566\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.77178955078125,\n              46.702202151643455\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.54107666015625,\n              46.78501604269254\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.37628173828125,\n              46.948387301863534\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.31036376953125,\n              47.040182144806664\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.4449462890625,\n              47.14676553125098\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.75256347656249,\n              47.14676553125098\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.98602294921875,\n              47.06638028321398\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.0821533203125,\n              46.965259400349275\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.23321533203125,\n              46.880845705719146\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.219482421875,\n              46.8094594390422\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.98876953125,\n              46.803819640791566\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4d0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, W. J.","contributorId":14433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28631,"text":"wri874056 - 1988 - Simulation of the regional geohydrology of the Tesuque aquifer system near Santa Fe, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri874056","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4056","title":"Simulation of the regional geohydrology of the Tesuque aquifer system near Santa Fe, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Declining groundwater levels resulting from groundwater withdrawals in the Santa Fe, New Mexico, area have caused concern about the future availability of water in the Tesuque aquifer system. This report describes the geohydrology of the Tesuque aquifer system in the Santa Fe area and presents a three-dimensional regional groundwater flow model which assesses the effects of existing and possible future groundwater withdrawals on the regional aquifer system. The model was calibrated using simulations of the predevelopment steady-state condition and the 1947-82 historical period. The response of the aquifer to two scenarios of future groundwater withdrawals from 1983 to 2020 was simulated. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874056","usgsCitation":"McAda, D.P., and Wasiolek, M., 1988, Simulation of the regional geohydrology of the Tesuque aquifer system near Santa Fe, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4056, vii, 71 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874056.","productDescription":"vii, 71 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57471,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAda, D. P.","contributorId":93066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAda","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wasiolek, Maryann","contributorId":57901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasiolek","given":"Maryann","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":80276,"text":"fwsobs82_10_150 - 1988 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Black-bellied whistling-duck (breeding)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T16:50:20.769807","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.150","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Black-bellied whistling-duck (breeding)","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a model for evaluating the quality of habitat for breeding black-bellied whistling-ducks. The model is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimal habitat). Habitat suitability index models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Guidelines for model application and techniques for measuring model variable are provided.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"McKenzie, P.M., and Zwank, P.J., 1988, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Black-bellied whistling-duck (breeding): FWS/OBS 82/10.150, vi, 22 p.","productDescription":"vi, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649bdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenzie, Paul M.","contributorId":14902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zwank, Phillip J.","contributorId":11287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwank","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":68091,"text":"ha694A - 1988 - Hydrogeology of the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T10:46:55","indexId":"ha694A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"694","chapter":"A","title":"Hydrogeology of the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states","docAbstract":"<p>This atlas is a product of the Great Basin Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA), a study that began in 1981. The study is part of a U.S. Geological Survey program for evaluating regional aquifer systems nationwide. A regional aquifer system is defined as “an areally extensive set of aquifers which are linked in some way, such as hydraulically or economically” (Harrill and others, 1983, p. 2). The purpose of the Great Basin RASA is to evaluate aquifer system in the Great Basin by developing a better understanding of recharge and discharge processes, delineating individual ground-water flow systems, and developing mathematical models of representative flow systems. Harrill and others (1983) provide a more complete background of both the national RASA program and the Great Basin RASA.</p><p>The purpose of this atlas is to delineate and describe the major hydrogeologic units in the Great Basin region and to identify those units that (1) constitute regional aquifers or (2) act as barriers to the movement of ground water. The scope of this atlas, however, is limited to a brief geologic overview of the Great Basin: lithology and areal extent of units, major structural features, and influence of tectonic events. In addition, the water-bearing characteristics of each unit are briefly summarized.</p><p>This atlas is Chapter A of the three-part Hydrologic Atlas series. Chapter B shows ground-water levels in the Great Basin region, and Chapter C shows inferred directions of ground-water flow and individual flow systems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha694A","usgsCitation":"Plume, R.W., and Carlton, S.M., 1988, Hydrogeology of the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 694, 1 Sheet: 33.00 x 43.57 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha694A.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 33.00 x 43.57 inches","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335841,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ha694C","text":"HA-694-C","linkHelpText":"Major ground-water flow systems in the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states"},{"id":335842,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ha694B","text":"HA-694-B","linkHelpText":"Ground-water levels in the Great Basin region of Nevada, Utah, and adjacent states"},{"id":89349,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/694a/plate-1.pdf","text":"Hydrologic Atlas HA-694-A","size":"16.14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.32226562500001,\n              42.24478535602799\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.32226562500001,\n              38.77121637244273\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.86206054687499,\n              34.867904962568716\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.983154296875,\n              37.01132594307015\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.24755859375,\n              40.136890695345905\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.060791015625,\n              42.293564192170095\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.32226562500001,\n              42.24478535602799\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6150f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plume, Russell W. rwplume@usgs.gov","contributorId":2303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plume","given":"Russell","email":"rwplume@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":277625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlton, Stephen M.","contributorId":56309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlton","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":14994,"text":"ofr88345 - 1988 - User's guide for RIV2; a package for routing and accounting of river discharge for a modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground- water flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:06","indexId":"ofr88345","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-345","title":"User's guide for RIV2; a package for routing and accounting of river discharge for a modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground- water flow model","docAbstract":"RIV2 is a package for the U.S. Geological Survey 's modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference, groundwater flow model developed by M. G. McDonald and A. W. Harbaugh that simulates river-discharge routing. RIV2 replaces RIVI, the original river package used in the model. RIV2 preserves the basic logic of RIV1, but better represents river-discharge routing. The main features of RIV2 are (1) The river system is divided into reaches and simulated river discharge is routed from one node to the next. (2) Inflow (river discharge) entering the upstream end of a reach can be specified. (3) More than one river can be represented at one node and rivers can cross, as when representing a siphon. (4) The quantity of leakage to or from the aquifer at a given node is proportional to the hydraulic-head difference between that specified for the river and that calculated for the aquifer. Also, the quantity of leakage to the aquifer at any node can be limited by the user and, within this limit, the maximum leakage to the aquifer is the discharge available in the river. This feature allows for the simulation of intermittent rivers and drains that have no discharge routed to their upstream reaches. (5) An accounting of river discharge is maintained. Neither stage-discharge relations nor storage in the river or river banks is simulated. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88345","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.S., 1988, User's guide for RIV2; a package for routing and accounting of river discharge for a modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground- water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-345, iii, 33 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88345.","productDescription":"iii, 33 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0345/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43820,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0345/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4ea2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Roger S.","contributorId":85605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":15006,"text":"ofr88605 - 1988 - Results of a geochemical survey, Aban Al Ahmar Quadrangle, Sheet 25F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-02T14:47:16","indexId":"ofr88605","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-605","title":"Results of a geochemical survey, Aban Al Ahmar Quadrangle, Sheet 25F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>The interpretation of geochemical data from a regional survey of the Aban al Ahmar quadrangle resulted in the selection of areas for follow-up studies. The results of detailed geochemical studies of these areas, combined with field observation, resulted in the selection of areas of moderate to high mineral resource potential. The most important areas are (1) the Jibal Minyah area, Aban al Asmar area, Jibal Suwaj area, and Nubayah area where tin and tungsten mineralization are associated with Abanat-suite rocks or possible buried Abanat-suite plutons; (2) several areas containing rocks of the Murdama group in the northern part of the quadrangle, the Buqaya al Luaah area, and the Jabal Akkash area where precious- and base-metal mineralization are generally associated with small Idah-suite plutons; and (3) the southern periphery of Jibal Qitan associated with skarn mineralization.</p>\n<p>The Aban al Ahmar quadrangle (sheet 25F) lies in the northeastern part of the Proterozoic Arabian Shield. Plots showing the distribution of single elements and factor scores of the regional geochemical data for wadi concentrates were used to select favorable areas for follow-up work. Detailed follow-up studies consisted of the collection of samples of rocks, wadi concentrates, and wadi sediments. The most useful pathfinder elements for precious- and base-metal mineralization are Cu and Pb, and for tin and tungsten mineralization they are Sn, La, Nb, Y, and Be. R-mode factor analysis of the regional geochemical data resulted in two factors that reflect mineralization: precious- and base-metal mineralization; and Abanat-suite lithology and, therefore, tin and tungsten mineralization.</p>\n<p>A major problem in the interpretation of the regional geochemical data resulted from incomplete removal of magnetite from the samples prior to analysis. The presence of magnetite can cause anomalous values of Ni, Fe, V, Cu, and Co in samples because of it's ability to incorporate these elements into its structure during magmatic crystallization.</p>","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88605","usgsCitation":"Miller, W.R., and Arnold, M.A., 1988, Results of a geochemical survey, Aban Al Ahmar Quadrangle, Sheet 25F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-605, iv, 76 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88605.","productDescription":"iv, 76 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0605/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43835,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0605/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              42,\n              25\n            ],\n            [\n              42,\n              26\n            ],\n            [\n              44,\n              26\n            ],\n            [\n              44,\n              25\n            ],\n            [\n              42,\n              25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, W. Roger","contributorId":60191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Roger","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arnold, M. A.","contributorId":96697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28164,"text":"wri874119 - 1988 - Methods to determine transit losses for return flows of transmountain water in Fountain Creek between Colorado Springs and the Arkansas River, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri874119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4119","title":"Methods to determine transit losses for return flows of transmountain water in Fountain Creek between Colorado Springs and the Arkansas River, Colorado","docAbstract":"Methods were developed by which transit losses could be determined for transmountain return flows in Fountain Creek between Colorado Springs, Colorado, and its confluence with the Arkansas River. The study reach is a complex hydrologic system wherein a substantially variable streamflow interacts with an alluvial aquifer. The study approach included: (1) calibration and verification of a streamflow-routing model that contained a bank-storage-discharge component; (2) use of the model to develop the methods by which transit losses could be calculated; and (3) design of an application method for calculating daily transit loss using the model results. Sources of transit losses that were studied are bank storage, channel storage, and evaporation. Magnitude of bank-storage loss primarily depends on duration of a recovery period during which water lost to bank storage is returned to the stream. Net loss to bank storage can vary from about 50% for a 0-day recovery period to about 2% for a 180-day recovery period. Virtually all water lost to bank storage could be returned to the stream with longer recovery periods. Channel-storage loss was determined to be about 10% of a release quantity. Because the loss on any given day is totally recovered in the form of gains from channel storage on the subsequent day, channel storage is a temporary transit loss. Evaporation loss generally is less than 5% of a given daily transmountain return-flow release, depending on month of year. Evaporation losses are permanently lost from the system. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874119","usgsCitation":"Kuhn, G., 1988, Methods to determine transit losses for return flows of transmountain water in Fountain Creek between Colorado Springs and the Arkansas River, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4119, viii, 183 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874119.","productDescription":"viii, 183 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4119/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56998,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62cf8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuhn, Gerhard","contributorId":102080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuhn","given":"Gerhard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26569,"text":"wri874209 - 1988 - Regionalization of peak discharges for streams in Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-24T15:27:46","indexId":"wri874209","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4209","title":"Regionalization of peak discharges for streams in Kentucky","docAbstract":"<p>Multiple regression analysis was used to delineate hydrologically distinct regions in Kentucky, and to develop regression models for estimating peak discharge for unregulated streams in these regions. The regression models provide estimates of flood quantiles with associated average recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. The data base used in the analysis included annual peak discharge records (through water year 1985) at 266 continuous- and partial-record gaging stations in, and adjacent to, Kentucky. Selected drainage basin characteristics upstream of each gaging station were used to develop the regression equations. Flood quantiles at the gaged stations were estimated on the basis of log-Pearson Type III distribution and the methodology recommended by the U.S. Water Resources Council. Seven hydrologic regions were delineated in Kentucky on the basis of analysis of residuals from statewide and regional regression models. Regression models for estimating flood quantiles in the hydrologic regions are based on measurements of contributing drainage area, main channel slope, basin shape index, and main channel sinuosity. The regression coefficients indicated an increase in flood discharge with increasing drainage area and channel slope, and a decrease in discharge with increasing channel sinuosity and basin elongation. Accuracy of the discharge estimates from the regression models as measured by the standard error of the estimate ranged from 21 to 52%. The procedures for estimating flood quantiles vary depending on whether the estimate is for an ungaged site, an ungaged site near a gaged site on the same stream, or a gaged site. Also considered is whether the drainage area crosses hydrologic region boundaries or state lines. The methods apply only to natural flow streams drainage areas &lt; 1 ,000 sq mi.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874209","usgsCitation":"Choquette, A.F., 1988, Regionalization of peak discharges for streams in Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4209, Report: viii, 105 p.; Plate: 30 x 19 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874209.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 105 p.; Plate: 30 x 19 inches","numberOfPages":"114","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55433,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4209/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":308566,"rank":401,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4209/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"25.6 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e2bbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choquette, Anne F. achoq@usgs.gov","contributorId":1225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choquette","given":"Anne","email":"achoq@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27525,"text":"wri874057 - 1988 - Appraisal of the water resources of the Big Sioux Aquifer, Moody County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri874057","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4057","title":"Appraisal of the water resources of the Big Sioux Aquifer, Moody County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"The Big Sioux aquifer in Moody County is a 55 sq mi, water table aquifer hydraulically connected to the Big Sioux River. The average thickness is 22 ft and the maximum thickness is 54 ft. A digital model was developed to simulate groundwater flow in the Big Sioux aquifer in Moody County. The model was calibrated for steady-state conditions using average hydrologic conditions from 1970 through 1979. Steady-state simulated water levels from 11 wells averaged 0.4 ft higher than measured water levels. The model was calibrated for transient conditions using 1983 water levels. The average monthly difference in 27 observation wells between simulated and measured water levels was 2.63 ft. Sensitivity analyses showed that recharge rate and evapotranspiration extinction depth had the largest effect on simulated water levels. A 4-inch/year increase in the recharge rate caused simulated water levels to rise 1.7 ft. A 2.5-ft increase in the extinction depth caused simulated water levels to decline 0.8 ft. The calibrated model was used to simulate the effects of three hypothetical hydrologic situations. The first situation simulated the transient effects of 1983 pumpage under severe drought conditions. The second hypothetical situation simulated the steady-state effects of increased pumping at a rate of 5,200 acre-ft/year under average hydrologic conditions. The third hypothetical situation simulated the transient effects of pumping 5,200 acre-ft/year under severe drought conditions. Stored water was not depleted in any nodes after these simulations. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874057","usgsCitation":"Hansen, D.S., 1988, Appraisal of the water resources of the Big Sioux Aquifer, Moody County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4057, v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874057.","productDescription":"v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4057/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56385,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4057/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a3db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, D. S.","contributorId":70003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4705,"text":"twri06A1 - 1988 - A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20038,"text":"ofr83875 - 1984 - A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model","indexId":"ofr83875","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4705,"text":"twri06A1 - 1988 - A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model","indexId":"twri06A1","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri06A1","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"06-A1","title":"A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model","docAbstract":"This report presents a finite-difference model and its associated modular computer program. The model simulates flow in three dimensions. The report includes detailed explanations of physical and mathematical concepts on which the model is based and an explanation of how those concepts are incorporated in the modular structure of the computer program. The modular structure consists of a Main Program and a series of highly independent subroutines called 'modules.' The modules are grouped into 'packages.' Each package deals with a specific feature of the hydrologic system which is to be simulated, such as flow from rivers or flow into drains, or with a specific method of solving linear equations which describe the flow system, such as the Strongly Implicit Procedure or Slice-Successive Overrelaxation. \r\n\r\nThe division of the program into modules permits the user to examine specific hydrologic features of the model independently. This also facilita development of additional capabilities because new packages can be added to the program without modifying the existing packages. The input and output systems of the computer program are also designed to permit maximum flexibility. \r\n\r\nGround-water flow within the aquifer is simulated using a block-centered finite-difference approach. Layers can be simulated as confined, unconfined, or a combination of confined and unconfined. Flow associated with external stresses, such as wells, areal recharge, evapotranspiration, drains, and streams, can also be simulated. The finite-difference equations can be solved using either the Strongly Implicit Procedure or Slice-Successive Overrelaxation. \r\n\r\nThe program is written in FORTRAN 77 and will run without modification on most computers that have a FORTRAN 77 compiler. For each program ,module, this report includes a narrative description, a flow chart, a list of variables, and a module listing.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/twri06A1","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"McDonald, M.G., and Harbaugh, A.W., 1988, A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 06-A1, 586 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri06A1.","productDescription":"586 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri6a1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae07b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, Michael G.","contributorId":47352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harbaugh, Arlen W. harbaugh@usgs.gov","contributorId":426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"Arlen","email":"harbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":149651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2569,"text":"wsp2342 - 1988 - Volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds from water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp2342","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2342","title":"Volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds from water","docAbstract":"Predicting the fate of organic compounds in streams and rivers often requires knowledge of the volatilization characteristics of the compounds. The reference-substance concept, involving laboratory-determined ratios of the liquid-film coefficients for volatilization of the organic compounds to the liquid-film coefficient for oxygen absorption, is used to predict liquid-film coefficients for streams and rivers. In the absence of experimental data, two procedures have been used for estimating these liquid-film coefficient ratios. These procedures, based on the molecular-diffusion coefficient and on the molecular weight, have been widely used but never extensively evaluated. \r\n\r\nLiquid-film coefficients for the volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds (toluene through n-octylbenzene) from water were measured in a constant-temperature, stirred water bath. Liquid-film coefficients for oxygen absorption were measured simultaneously. A range of water mixing conditions was used with a water temperature of 298.2 K. \r\n\r\nThe ratios of the liquid-film coefficients for volatilization to the liquid-film coefficient for oxygen absorption for all of the organic compounds were independent of mixing conditions in the water. Experimental ratios ranged from 0.606 for benzene to 0.357 for n-octylbenzene. \r\n\r\nThe molecular-diffusion-coefficient procedure accurately predicted the ratios for ethylbenzene through n-pentylbenzene with a power dependence of 0.566 on the molecular-diffusion coefficient, in agreement with published values. Predicted ratios for benzene and toluene were slightly larger than the experimental ratios. These differences were attributed to possible interactions between the molecules of these compounds and the water molecules and to benzene-benzene interactions that form dimers. Because these interactions also are likely to occur in natural waters, it was concluded that the experimental ratios are more correct than the predicted ratios for application purposes in the reference-substance concept. Predicted ratios for n-hexylbenzene, n-heptylbenzene, and n-octylbenzene were larger than the experimental ratios. These differences were attributed to a sorption-desorption process between these compounds and the surfaces of the constant-temperature water bath. Other experimental problems associated with preparing water solutions of these slightly soluble compounds also may have contributed to the differences. Because these processes are not part of the true volatilization process, it was concluded that the predicted ratios for these three compounds are probably more correct than the experimental ratios for application purposes in the reference-substance concept. Any model of the fate of these compounds in streams and rivers would have to include terms accounting for sorption processes, however.\r\n\r\nThe molecular-weight procedure accurately predicted the ratios for ethylbenzene through n-pentylbenzene, but only if the power dependence on the molecular weight was decreased from the commonly used -0.500 to -0.427. Deviations for the low- and high-molecular-weight compounds were similar to those observed for the molecular-diffusion-coefficient procedure.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2342","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tai, D.Y., 1988, Volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds from water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2342, vi, 24 p. : ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2342.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p. : ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2342/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28838,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2342/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a0bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26372,"text":"wri884000 - 1988 - Simulation of five ground-water withdrawal projections for the Black Mesa area, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri884000","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4000","title":"Simulation of five ground-water withdrawal projections for the Black Mesa area, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona","docAbstract":"The N Aquifer is the main source of water in the 5,400 sq mi Black Mesa area in the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations in northeastern Arizona. Water in the aquifer is under confined conditions in the central 3,300 sq mi of the area. Maximum saturated thickness is about 1,050 ft. Annual groundwater withdrawals from 1972 through 1986 averaged 5,480 acre-ft and included 3,820 acre-ft used to operate a coal mine on Black Mesa. As a result, water levels have declined in a large part of the aquifer. The coal company has applied for a permanent permit under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977. An existing mathematical model of the aquifer in the Black Mesa area was converted to a newer model program and recalibrated by using revised estimates of selected aquifer parameters and a finer spatial grid. The model was used to simulate four groundwater withdrawal alternatives that combined the existing and proposed mining plans with projected constant or increasing pumpage for nearby communities. A fifth alternative combined increasing community pumpage with no mine withdrawals and was used as a basis for comparison. Simulated water levels for the year 2031 in the coal-lease area are projected to be 60 ft lower than in 1985 for the proposed mining plan combined with growing community pumpage and &gt; 100 ft lower than predevelopment water levels over an area of 1,660 sq mi. Groundwater would rise to within 100 ft of predevelopment levels &lt; 10 yr after mine withdrawals cease. Withdrawals at the mine were a minor factor in determining simulated water levels at most communities in the study area. Water levels at Tuba City were not affected by mine pumpage in any projection. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884000","usgsCitation":"Brown, J.G., and Eychaner, J., 1988, Simulation of five ground-water withdrawal projections for the Black Mesa area, Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4000, v, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884000.","productDescription":"v, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4000/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55166,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4000/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db64857d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, J. G.","contributorId":28263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eychaner, J.H.","contributorId":34511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eychaner","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25559,"text":"wri874182 - 1988 - Ground-water resources and simulation of flow in aquifers containing freshwater and seawater, Island County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"wri874182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4182","title":"Ground-water resources and simulation of flow in aquifers containing freshwater and seawater, Island County, Washington","docAbstract":"Aquifers in Island County, Washington, that are intruded by seawater from Puget Sound contain chloride concentrations that exceed 100 mg/L. Chloride concentrations exceeded 100 mg/L in 24 % of the wells that were drilled below sea level and sampled in August 1981, but most of the chloride concentrations did not exceed 1,000 mg/L. Groundwater occurs in glacial deposits that have a maximum thickness of 3,000 ft; the deposits were divided into five aquifers and five confining units. Four overlapping digital models were calibrated, using time-averaged data, to simulate three-dimensional steady flow of fresh groundwater in multiple aquifers containing freshwater and seawater separated by a sharp interface. Model simulations indicate that most of the recharge is discharged from aquifers C and D as springs below sea levels, and only a small fraction of the recharge moves downward below aquifer C. Simulations also indicate that aquifers beneath the islands are not recharged by groundwater that moves from the mainland through aquifers beneath Puget Sound except in the area of northeast Camano Island. Between Whidbey and Camano Islands, the freshwater-seawater interface intersects the bottom of Puget Sound and prevents movement of fresh groundwater between the two islands. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874182","usgsCitation":"Sapik, D.B., Bortleson, G.C., Drost, B., Jones, M., and Prych, E., 1988, Ground-water resources and simulation of flow in aquifers containing freshwater and seawater, Island County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4182, vi, 67 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874182.","productDescription":"vi, 67 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54282,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4182/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54283,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4182/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54284,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4182/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54285,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4182/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54286,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6498c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sapik, D. B.","contributorId":75932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sapik","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bortleson, Gilbert C.","contributorId":57472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bortleson","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drost, B. W.","contributorId":38526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drost","given":"B. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, M. A.","contributorId":37736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prych, E. A.","contributorId":36163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prych","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":27164,"text":"wri874260 - 1988 - Hydrogeology and flow of water in a sand and gravel aquifer contaminated by wood-preserving compounds, Pensacola, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri874260","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4260","title":"Hydrogeology and flow of water in a sand and gravel aquifer contaminated by wood-preserving compounds, Pensacola, Florida","docAbstract":"The sand and gravel aquifer in southern Escambia County, Florida , is a typical surficial aquifer composed of quartz sands and gravels interbedded locally with silts and clays. Problems of groundwater contamination from leaking surface impoundments are common in surficial aquifers and are a subject of increasing concern and attention. A potentially widespread contamination problem involves organic chemicals from wood-preserving processes. Because creosote is the most extensively used industrial preservative in the United States, an abandoned wood-treatment plant near Pensacola was chosen for investigation. This report describes the hydrogeology and groundwater flow system of the sand and gravel aquifer near the plant. A three-dimensional simulation of groundwater flow in the aquifer was evaluated under steady-state conditions. The model was calibrated on the basis of observed water levels from January 1986. Calibration criteria included reproducing all water levels within the accuracy of the data (one-half contour interval in most cases). Sensitivity analysis showed that the simulations were most sensitive to recharge and vertical leakance of the confining units between layers 1 and 2, and relatively insensitive to changes in hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity and to other changes in vertical leakance. Applications of the results of the calibrated flow model in evaluation of solute transport may require further discretization of the contaminated area, including more sublayers, than were needed for calibration of the groundwater flow system itself. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874260","usgsCitation":"Franks, B., 1988, Hydrogeology and flow of water in a sand and gravel aquifer contaminated by wood-preserving compounds, Pensacola, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4260, v, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874260.","productDescription":"v, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4260/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56040,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4260/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franks, B.J.","contributorId":107739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franks","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26978,"text":"wri884038 - 1988 - Surface-water hydrology of Hay Creek watershed, Montana, and West Branch Antelope Creek watershed, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-10T18:24:26.924718","indexId":"wri884038","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4038","title":"Surface-water hydrology of Hay Creek watershed, Montana, and West Branch Antelope Creek watershed, North Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>Hydrologric data were used to determine the premining surface-water conditions in two small basins in the Fort Union coal region of Montana and North Dakota. The two streams. Hay Creek and West Branch Antelope Creek, are ephemeral. Most of the volume and peak discharges are due to snowmelt runoff. Little rainfall runoff occurs, and volume and peak discharges for this runoff are relatively small compared to those for snowmelt runoff</p><p>Suspended-sediment concentrations for snowmelt runoff ranged from 4 to 325 milligrams per liter for the Hay Creek and West Branch Antelope Creek watersheds. At the outflow site of the Hay Creek watershed, the dominant dissolved constituents in runoff are magnesium and sulfate; at the outflow site of the West Branch Antelope Creek watershed, they are calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, and sulfate.</p><p>The U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System was calibrated for both watersheds for the snowmelt runoff. The model was not calibrated for rainfall runoff because of insufficient runoff. Sensitivity analyses indicated the model was most sensitive to the values of snow correction for daily precipitation at precipitation gages, emissivity of the air for longwave radiation, and maximum available water-holding capacity of the soil profile. Testing of several watershed delineations showed that, for well-defined snow distribution, 23 units adequately defined the variability in runoff in the Hay Creek watershed, and 36 units adequately defined the variability in runoff in the West Branch Antelope Creek watershed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884038","usgsCitation":"Emerson, D.G., 1988, Surface-water hydrology of Hay Creek watershed, Montana, and West Branch Antelope Creek watershed, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4038, vii, 111 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884038.","productDescription":"vii, 111 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55866,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157804,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":466021,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46961.htm","text":"Hay Creek","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466022,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46962.htm","text":"West Branch Antelope Creek","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -101.9556,\n              47.4083\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.9556,\n              47.333\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.85,\n              47.333\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.85,\n              47.4083\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.9556,\n              47.4083\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.1667,\n              47.0433\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.1667,\n              46.9497\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0692,\n              46.9497\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0692,\n              47.0433\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.1667,\n              47.0433\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a6c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":14618,"text":"ofr88482 - 1988 - Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14618,"text":"ofr88482 - 1988 - Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","indexId":"ofr88482","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4702,"text":"twri06A2 - 1991 - Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","indexId":"twri06A2","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":4702,"text":"twri06A2 - 1991 - Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","indexId":"twri06A2","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-08T18:40:53.559419","indexId":"ofr88482","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-482","title":"Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","docAbstract":"The process of permanent compaction is not routinely included in simulations of groundwater flow. To simulate storage changes from both elastic and inelastic compaction, a computer program was written for use with the U. S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference groundwater flow model. The new program is called the Interbed-Storage Package. In the Interbed-Storage Package, elastic compaction or expansion is assumed to be proportional to change in head. The constant of proportionality is the product of skeletal component of elastic specific storage and thickness of the sediments. Similarly, inelastic compaction is assumed to be proportional to decline in head. The constant of proportionality is the product of the skeletal component of inelastic specific storage and the thickness of the sediments. Storage changes are incorporated into the groundwater flow model by adding an additional term to the flow equation. Within a model time step, the package appropriately apportions storage changes between elastic and inelastic components on the basis of the relation of simulated head to the previous minimum head. Another package that allows for a time-varying specified-head boundary is also documented. This package was written to reduce the data requirements for test simulations of the Interbed-Storage Package. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr88482","usgsCitation":"Leake, S.A., and Prudic, D.E., 1988, Documentation of a computer program to simulate aquifer-system compaction using the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-482, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88482.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":379243,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0482/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0482/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6362d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leake, S. A.","contributorId":52164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":169746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":13896,"text":"ofr88258A - 1988 - DLG2ISM, a Fortran program to read DLG-3 optional format digital data files into the VAX/VMS version of the interactive surface modeling software package","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:44","indexId":"ofr88258A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-258","chapter":"A","title":"DLG2ISM, a Fortran program to read DLG-3 optional format digital data files into the VAX/VMS version of the interactive surface modeling software package","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88258A","usgsCitation":"Green, G., 1988, DLG2ISM, a Fortran program to read DLG-3 optional format digital data files into the VAX/VMS version of the interactive surface modeling software package: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-258, 18 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88258A.","productDescription":"18 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0258a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42535,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0258a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67eaa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, G.N.","contributorId":22349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"G.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":14852,"text":"ofr87769 - 1988 - Simulated changes in ground-water flow caused by hypothetical pumping in southeastern Carson City, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr87769","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-769","title":"Simulated changes in ground-water flow caused by hypothetical pumping in southeastern Carson City, Nevada","docAbstract":"An existing groundwater model was used to simulate changes in groundwater flow caused by hypothetical pumping in an area near the south-eastern part of Carson City, Nevada. A total of five hypothetical pumping patterns were used in the model simulations. The simulations assumed two pumping rates: total annual average pumpage of 1,100 gal/min and 1,700 gal/min, which were assumed constant throughout the year. Simulations of the lesser quantity of pumpage did not induce significant losses from the Carson River to the aquifer after 50 years of simulation. The simulations indicate that a maximum of 140 gal/min (220 acre-ft/year) of induced flow from the Carson River could occur as a result of projected total pumpage of 1,700 gal/min after 10 years; the induced flow could increase 320 gal/min (520 acre-ft/year) after 50 years. However, river losses were projected to decrease to only 15 gal/min (25 acre-ft/year) after 10 years and 210 gal/min (340 acre-ft/year) after 50 years when the locations of the pumping centers were moved farther away from the river. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87769","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., 1988, Simulated changes in ground-water flow caused by hypothetical pumping in southeastern Carson City, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-769, iv, 7 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87769.","productDescription":"iv, 7 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43643,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43644,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43645,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43646,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43647,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43648,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43649,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0769/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f38b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, D. K.","contributorId":37757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":67025,"text":"i1900 - 1988 - Gravity, depth to consolidated rock, and soil temperature in the Elko area, northeastern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T09:32:25","indexId":"i1900","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1900","title":"Gravity, depth to consolidated rock, and soil temperature in the Elko area, northeastern Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>The Elko area, in northeastern Navada, lies in a northeast-trending structural valley that is filled with Quaternary deposits and Tertiary sedimentary rocks to a maximum depth of about 4,500 feet. The deepest part of the valley is centered west of Elko. The valley-fill deposits in the remainder of the valley have an average depth of about 2,500 feet.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The depth estimates were made from about 200 gravity measurements. Depths were calculated using a three-dimentional gravity inversion model and correlate fairly well with data from an oil test well drilled near Elko.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Soil Temperature measurements, made at a depth of 6.6 feet (2 meeters) at 35 locations in the study area, indicate a major thermal anomaly (66 degrees Celsius) southwest of Elko, an area of known hot-spring activity.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i1900","usgsCitation":"Schaefer, D.H., 1988, Gravity, depth to consolidated rock, and soil temperature in the Elko area, northeastern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1900, 31.69 x 36.67 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1900.","productDescription":"31.69 x 36.67 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i1900.GIF"},{"id":107172,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9990.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9990"},{"id":327506,"rank":701,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1900/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Elko Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.06643676757812,\n              40.74205475883487\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.06643676757812,\n              40.95941904108161\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.7032012939453,\n              40.95941904108161\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.7032012939453,\n              40.74205475883487\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.06643676757812,\n              40.74205475883487\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671fbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaefer, Donald H.","contributorId":77507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28999,"text":"wri884009 - 1988 - Fracture characterization and fracture-permeability estimation at the underground research laboratory in southeastern Manitoba, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri884009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4009","title":"Fracture characterization and fracture-permeability estimation at the underground research laboratory in southeastern Manitoba, Canada","docAbstract":"Various conventional geophysical well logs were obtained in conjunction with acoustic tube-wave amplitude and experimental heat-pulse flowmeter measurements in two deep boreholes in granitic rocks on the Canadian shield in southeastern Manitoba. The objective of this study is the development of measurement techniques and data processing methods for characterization of rock volumes that might be suitable for hosting a nuclear waste repository. One borehole, WRA1, intersected several major fracture zones, and was suitable for testing quantitative permeability estimation methods. The other borehole, URL13, appeared to intersect almost no permeable fractures; it was suitable for testing methods for the characterization of rocks of very small permeability and uniform thermo-mechanical properties in a potential repository horizon. Epithermal neutron , acoustic transit time, and single-point resistance logs provided useful, qualitative indications of fractures in the extensively fractured borehole, WRA1. A single-point log indicates both weathering and the degree of opening of a fracture-borehole intersection. All logs indicate the large intervals of mechanically and geochemically uniform, unfractured granite below depths of 300 m in the relatively unfractured borehole, URL13. Some indications of minor fracturing were identified in that borehole, with one possible fracture at a depth of about 914 m, producing a major acoustic waveform anomaly. Comparison of acoustic tube-wave attenuation with models of tube-wave attenuation in infinite fractures of given aperture provide permeability estimates ranging from equivalent single-fractured apertures of less than 0.01 mm to apertures of &gt; 0.5 mm. One possible fracture anomaly in borehole URL13 at a depth of about 914 m corresponds with a thin mafic dike on the core where unusually large acoustic contrast may have produced the observed waveform anomaly. No indications of naturally occurring flow existed in borehole URL13; however, flowmeter measurements indicated flow at &lt; 0.05 L/min from the upper fracture zones in borehole WRA1 to deeper fractures at depths below 800 m. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884009","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., 1988, Fracture characterization and fracture-permeability estimation at the underground research laboratory in southeastern Manitoba, Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4009, 42 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884009.","productDescription":"42 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57866,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a9025","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":35278,"text":"b1811 - 1988 - Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of volcanogenic manganese deposits in oceanic environments; a modification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:43","indexId":"b1811","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1811","title":"Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of volcanogenic manganese deposits in oceanic environments; a modification","docAbstract":"Four types of volcanogenic manganese deposits, distinguished on the basis of geologic, geochemical, and geophysical characteristics, appear to result from a combination of volcanic and hydrothermal processes related to hot-spring activity in oceanic environments.  We compare these four desposit types, here called the Franciscan, Cuban, Olympic Peninsula, and Cyprus, with respect to host rocks, associated rocks, minerals, deposit shape, dimensions, volume, tonnage, grade, and mineral-deposit density (number of deposits per unit area).  \r\n\r\nFranciscan-type deposits occur in obducted oceanic ridge and backarc marginal-basin environments, are associated with chert, shale, and graywacke aroun the margins of mafic volcanic centers, and have a median tonnage of 450 t and median grades of 36 weight percent Mn and less than 5.1 weight percent Fe.  Cuban-type deposits occur in island-arc environments, are associated with tuff and limestone around domal structures or intrusions inferred to be volcanic centers, and have a median tonnage of 6,400 t and median grades of 39 weight percent Mn and less than 4.4 weight percent Fe.  Olympic Peninsula-type deposits occur in obducted oceanic midplate settings, are associated with argillaceous limestone, argillite, and graywacke around mafic volcanic centers (seamounts or islands), and have a median tonnage of 340 t and median grades of 35 weight percent Mn and less than 6.5 weight percent Fe.  Cyprus-type deposits occur in the same tectonic environments as Franciscan type but are associated with basalt, marl, chalk, silt, and chert off the ridge-axis position and have a median tonnage of 41,000 t and median grades of 33 weight percent Fe and 8 weight percent Mn.  All these deposits are thin ellipsoids, concordant to the host rocks, but Cyprus-and Cuban-type deposits are larger than Franciscan- and Olympic Peninsula-type deposits.  Except for Cyprus-type deposits, which are manganiferous iron (umber) deposits composed of hydrated iron and manganese oxides, all volcanogenic manganese  deposits contain manganese oxides, silicates, and carbonates.  \r\n\r\nMineral-deposit densities, along with grade and tonnage information, are useful for estimating the number, size, andgrades of these deposits in resource assessments.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b1811","usgsCitation":"Mosier, D.L., and Page, N.J., 1988, Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of volcanogenic manganese deposits in oceanic environments; a modification: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1811, iv, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1811.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":166974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3399,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b1811/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667fb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mosier, Dan L.","contributorId":42593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, Norman J.","contributorId":46492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":15791,"text":"ofr87526 - 1988 - Documentation of a steady-state saltwater-intrusion model for three-dimensional ground-water flow, and user's guide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:16","indexId":"ofr87526","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-526","title":"Documentation of a steady-state saltwater-intrusion model for three-dimensional ground-water flow, and user's guide","docAbstract":"A finite-difference model that simulates three-dimensional flow of groundwater was modified to simulate steady flow of freshwater in a multiple-aquifer system containing freshwater and static saltwater. The two fluids are assumed to be immiscible, with constant but different densities, and are separated by a sharp interface. The interface position computed by the model for a test problem was in good agreement with the analytic solution for this problem. The model was developed to simulate seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, but it could be used to simulate flow in any aquifer system that is bounded by saltwater. This report describes modifications made to the existing numerical model and the method of locating an interface , and contains a user 's guide for the model. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87526","usgsCitation":"Sapik, D.B., 1988, Documentation of a steady-state saltwater-intrusion model for three-dimensional ground-water flow, and user's guide: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-526, 174 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87526.","productDescription":"174 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0526/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44822,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0526/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633ce8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sapik, D. B.","contributorId":75932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sapik","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}