{"pageNumber":"1448","pageRowStart":"36175","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40845,"records":[{"id":70013647,"text":"70013647 - 1988 - Late Wisconsinan-Holocene paleogeography of Delaware Bay; a large coastal plain estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T22:36:12.525238","indexId":"70013647","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Wisconsinan-Holocene paleogeography of Delaware Bay; a large coastal plain estuary","docAbstract":"Analyses of an extensive grid of seismic reflection profiles along with previously published core data and modern sedimentary environment information from surrounding coastal areas permit an outline of the paleogeography of the large Delaware Bay estuary during the last transgression of sea level. During late Wisconsinan times, the Delaware River system eroded a dendritic drainage pattern into the gravelly and muddy sands of Tertiary and younger age beneath the southern half of the lower bay area. This system included the trunk valley of the ancestral river and a large tributary valley formed by the convergence of secondary streams along the Delaware coast. The evolution of the estuary from this drainage system proceeded as follows: (1) When local relative sea level was at -50 m, the head of the tide reached the present bay-mouth area. (2) At -40 m (possibly 15,000-12,000 yrs ago), the trunk valley of the drainage system was a tidal river that extended more than 30 km up the bay, and a small contiguous inlet existed at the bay mouth. (3) At -30 m (approximately 11,000-10,000 yrs ago), the estuary comprised two narrow passages formed by the drowning of the main and tributary river valleys, and the bay-mouth inlet was 5-6 km wide. (4) At -20 m (between 8000 and 7000 yrs ago), the two passages of the estuary were joined, except for a series of small islands on top of a low intervening ridge, and the inlet channel was 11 km wide. (5) At -10 m (between 6000 and 5000 yrs ago), the estuary was nearly continuous and encompassed about 60% of the present lower bay area. Thin, coarse-grained fluvial deposits accumulated initially within the main channels of the former drainage system as base level was elevated by rising sea level. During the subsequent development of the estuary, clayey silts were deposited rapidly beneath the nontidal estuarine depocenter (turbidity maximum) as it migrated through the bay area, and organic muds accumulated in tidal wetlands that occupied the mouths of tributaries and small marginal embayments. As the fetch and tidal prism of the estuary increased, narrow barrier and headland beaches, composed of fine to coarse sands, were formed locally along the bay shorelines. In the later stages of development, sediment scour, reworking and transport became the dominant processes within the open estuary. Data from this study demonstrate the great temporal and spatial variability of sedimentary deposits within large drowned river-valley estuaries and outline a model that can be used to interpret ancient estuarine strata. ?? 1988.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(88)90055-2","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H., Fletcher, C., and Kraft, J., 1988, Late Wisconsinan-Holocene paleogeography of Delaware Bay; a large coastal plain estuary: Marine Geology, v. 83, no. 1-4, p. 115-133, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(88)90055-2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220550,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.48161565019512,\n 39.348130187297784\n ],\n [\n -75.48161565019512,\n 38.74867521775795\n ],\n [\n -74.8564927492127,\n 38.74867521775795\n ],\n [\n -74.8564927492127,\n 39.348130187297784\n ],\n [\n -75.48161565019512,\n 39.348130187297784\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4543e4b0c8380cd67182","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, C.H. III","contributorId":85721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"C.H.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kraft, J.C.","contributorId":69300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraft","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013648,"text":"70013648 - 1988 - Comprehensive method of characteristics models for flow simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T21:44:10.648175","indexId":"70013648","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comprehensive method of characteristics models for flow simulation","docAbstract":"

The use of the specified time interval (STI) numerical schemes has been popular in applying the method of characteristics (MOC) to unsteady open‐channel flow problems. Studies and analyses of several variants of the STI schemes have led to the derivation of a new scheme, referred to herein as the multimode scheme, which combines implicit, temporal reachback, spatial reachback, and classical schemes into one. Three numerical models have been developed to implement the implicit and multimode schemes. The IMOCDS model uses an implicit scheme, with which the time step is no longer subject to the Courant constraint. The remaining two models, NEWMOC and SPRMOC, are two versions of the multimode scheme. The NEWMOC and SPRMOC models demonstrate all the advantages previously provided by individual STI schemes, cover the combined flow range of the various schemes involved, and, in addition, display newly acquired benefits such as robustness. Numerical analyses, numerical experiments, and field applications that verify, support, and demonstrate the enhanced model capabilities are presented.

","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1988)114:9(1074)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Lai, C., 1988, Comprehensive method of characteristics models for flow simulation: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 114, no. 9, p. 1074-1097, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1988)114:9(1074).","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1074","endPage":"1097","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220551,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2dce4b0c8380cd4b435","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lai, Chintu","contributorId":16860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lai","given":"Chintu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013654,"text":"70013654 - 1988 - A finite element model for tides and currents with field applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T15:42:28.370544","indexId":"70013654","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1279,"text":"Communications in Applied Numerical Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A finite element model for tides and currents with field applications","docAbstract":"

A finite element model, based upon the shallow water equations, is used to calculate tidal amplitudes and currents for two field-scale test problems. Because tides are characterized by line spectra, the governing equations are subjected to harmonic decomposition. Thus the solution variables are the real and imaginary parts of the amplitude of sea level and velocity rather than a time series of these variables. The time series is recovered through synthesis. This scheme, coupled with a modified form of the governing equations, leads to high computational efficiency and freedom from excessive numerical noise. Two test-cases are presented. The first is a solution for eleven tidal constituents in the English Channel and southern North Sea, and three constituents are discussed. The second is an analysis of the frequency response and tidal harmonics for south San Francisco Bay.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/cnm.1630040315","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., 1988, A finite element model for tides and currents with field applications: Communications in Applied Numerical Methods, v. 4, no. 3, p. 401-411, https://doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1630040315.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"401","endPage":"411","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220660,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-06-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e76e4b0c8380cd5347d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, Roy A.","contributorId":74877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013656,"text":"70013656 - 1988 - Geochemistry of groundwater in tertiary and cretaceous sediments of the southeastern Coastal Plain in eastern Georgia, South Carolina, and southeastern North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-19T17:56:27","indexId":"70013656","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of groundwater in tertiary and cretaceous sediments of the southeastern Coastal Plain in eastern Georgia, South Carolina, and southeastern North Carolina","docAbstract":"

Geochemical samples of groundwater taken along hydrologic flow paths in eastern Georgia, South Carolina, and southeastern North Carolina, from noncalcareous sand aquifers, largely of Cretaceous age, are dominated by sodium and bicarbonate ions. Calcareous sand aquifers, largely of Tertiary age, contain water whose chemistry is dominated by calcium and bicarbonate ions, but may evolve downgradient to sodium and bicarbonate dominance. Water chemistry in both types of aquifer evolves to sodium chloride dominance as a result of fresh water mixing with subsurface brines or seawater present in the deeper downgradient parts of the aquifers. Principal aqueous chemical reactions appear to occur in five reaction zones in the aquifers and include feldspar hydrolysis to kaolinite, calcite dissolution, calcium-for-sodium cation exchange, and neoformation of sodium smectite in the downgradient parts of the aquifers. Redox reactions produce dissolved iron concentrations greater than 1 mg/L near the recharge areas. Organic matter in the aquifers is oxidized to CO2 by iron reduction and sulfate reduction processes. Production of CO2 by a methanogenic process may also occur. Geochemical mass-transfer models simulating the observed chemistry in western Alabama and eastern Mississippi have been extended to account for higher concentrations of sodium and bicarbonate observed in the South Carolina part of the aquifers.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR024i002p00291","usgsCitation":"Lee, R.W., and Strickland, D.J., 1988, Geochemistry of groundwater in tertiary and cretaceous sediments of the southeastern Coastal Plain in eastern Georgia, South Carolina, and southeastern North Carolina: Water Resources Research, v. 24, no. 2, p. 291-303, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i002p00291.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"303","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Coastal Plain","volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16fbe4b0c8380cd55337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Roger W.","contributorId":105273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strickland, Donald J.","contributorId":106560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013667,"text":"70013667 - 1988 - Stratigraphy and magnetic polarity of the high terrace remnants in the upper Ohio and Monongahela Rivers in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T07:06:47","indexId":"70013667","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and magnetic polarity of the high terrace remnants in the upper Ohio and Monongahela Rivers in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio","docAbstract":"A synthesis of previous work and new data on the stratigraphy of high terraces of the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers upstream from Parkersburg, West Virginia, indicates a correspondence between terrace histories in the ancient Teays and Pittsburgh drainage basins. Four terraces are identified in each. Sediments of the lower three alluvial and slackwater terraces, correlated with Illinoian, early Wisconsin, and late Wisconsin glacial deposits, have been traced along the modern Ohio River through the former divide between the Teays and Pittsburgh basins. Sediments in the fourth terrace, the highest well-defined terrace in each basin, were deposited in two ice-dammed lakes, separated by a divide near New Martinsville, West Virginia. Some deposits of the highest slackwater terrace in both the Teays and Pittsburgh basins have reversed remanent magnetic polarity. This, and the stratigraphic succession in the two basins, suggests that both were ponded during the same glaciation. Reversed polarity in these terrace sediments restricts the age of the first ice-damming event for which stratigraphic evidence is well-preserved to a pre-Illinoian, early Pleistocene glaciation prior to 788,000 yr ago. In contrast, slackwater sediments in the Monongahela River valley, upstream from an outwash gravel dam at the Allegheny-Monongahela confluence, have normal remanent magnetic polarity, corroborating correlation with an Illinoian ponding event. ?? 1988.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(88)90031-2","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R., Elston, D.P., and Heaton, J.W., 1988, Stratigraphy and magnetic polarity of the high terrace remnants in the upper Ohio and Monongahela Rivers in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio: Quaternary Research, v. 29, no. 3, p. 216-232, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90031-2.","startPage":"216","endPage":"232","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266522,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90031-2"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b99a8e4b08c986b31c52f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, R. B. 0000-0002-8368-2064","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":92614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":366593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elston, D. P.","contributorId":96334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elston","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heaton, John W.","contributorId":42705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heaton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013668,"text":"70013668 - 1988 - Compositional evolution of the zoned calcalkaline magma chamber of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T13:23:57","indexId":"70013668","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositional evolution of the zoned calcalkaline magma chamber of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"

The climactic eruption of Mount Mazama has long been recognized as a classic example of rapid eruption of a substantial fraction of a zoned magma body. Increased knowledge of eruptive history and new chemical analyses of ∼350 wholerock and glass samples of the climactic ejecta, preclimactic rhyodacite flows and their inclusions, postcaldera lavas, and lavas of nearby monogenetic vents are used here to infer processes of chemical evolution of this late Pleistocene — Holocene magmatic system. The 6845±50 BP climactic eruption vented ∼50 km3of magma to form: (1) rhyodacite fall deposit; (2) welded rhyodacite ignimbrite; and (3) lithic breccia and zoned ignimbrite, these during collapse of Crater Lake caldera. Climactic ejecta were dominantly homogeneous rhyodacite (70.4±0.3% SiO2), followed by subordinate andesite and cumulate scoriae (48–61% SiO2). The gap in wholerock composition reflects mainly a step in crystal content because glass compositions are virtually continuous. Two types of scoriae are distinguished by different LREE, Rb, Th, and Zr, but principally by a twofold contrast in Sr content: High-Sr (HSr) and low-Sr (LSr) scoriae. HSr scoriae were erupted first. Trace element abundances indicate that HSr and LSr scoriae had different calcalkaline andesite parents; basalt was parental to some mafic cumulate scoriae. Parental magma compositions reconstructed from scoria wholerock and glass data are similar to those of inclusions in preclimactic rhyodacites and of aphyric lavas of nearby monogenetic vents.

Preclimactic rhyodacite flows and their magmatic inclusions give insight into evolution of the climactic chamber. Evolved rhyodacite flows containing LSr andesite inclusions were emplaced between ∼30000 and ∼25000 BP. At 7015±45 BP, the Llao Rock vent produced a zoned rhyodacite pumice fall, then rhyodacite lava with HSr andesite inclusions. The Cleetwood rhyodacite flow, emplaced immediately before the climactic eruption and compositionally identical to climactic rhyodacite (volatile-free), contains different HSr inclusions from Llao Rock. The change from LSr to HSr inclusions indicates replenishment of the chamber with andesite magma, perhaps several times, in the latest Pleistocene to early Holocene.

Modeling calculations and wholerock-glass relations suggest than: (1) magmas were derived mainly by crystallization differentiation of andesite liquid; (2) evolved preclimactic rhyodacite probably was derived from LSr andesite; (3) rhyodacites contain a minor component of partial melt from wall rocks, and (4) climactic and compositionally similar rhyodacites probably formed by mixing of evolved rhyodacite with HSr derivative liquid(s) after replenishment of the chamber with HSr andesite magma. Density considerations permit a model for growth and evolution of the chamber in which andesite recharge magma ponded repeatedly between cumulates and rhyodacite magma. Convective cooling of this andesite resulted in rapid crystallization and upward escape of buoyant derivative liquid which mixed with overlying, convecting rhyodacite. The evolved rhyodacites were erupted early in the chamber's history and(or) near its margins. Postcaldera andesite lavas may be hybrids composed of LSr cumulates mixed with remnant climactic rhyodacite. Younger postcaldera rhyodacite probably formed by fractionation of similar andesite and assimilation of partial melts of wallrocks.

Uniformity of climactic rhyodacite suggests homogeneous silicic ejecta from other volcanoes resulted from similar replenishment-driven convective mixing. Calcalkaline pluton compositions and their internal zonation can be interpreted in terms of the Mazama system frozen at various times in its history.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00402114","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., and Druitt, T.H., 1988, Compositional evolution of the zoned calcalkaline magma chamber of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 98, no. 2, p. 224-256, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00402114.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"224","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":204996,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402114"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Mount Mazama, Crater Lake","volume":"98","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f937e4b0c8380cd4d4db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":366595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Druitt, T. H.","contributorId":60662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druitt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013671,"text":"70013671 - 1988 - Waveform modelling using locked-mode synthetic and differential seismograms: application to determination of the structure of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T11:21:22","indexId":"70013671","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waveform modelling using locked-mode synthetic and differential seismograms: application to determination of the structure of Mexico","docAbstract":"We have developed algorithms for modelling seismic waveforms to constrain regional Earth structure. The seismogram is represented as a sum of locked-mode travelling waves in a layered medium. This representation is convenient as it allows us to model structures with slowly varying heterogeneity and to construct differential seismograms. Describes the techniques we have implemented that enable us to compute synthetic and differential seismograms in an efficient and stable manner. The computational methods are sufficiently rapid that many modes can be included and in some cases the entire seismogram may be modified. These algorithms are applied to model a set of seismograms of southern Mexican earthquakes recorded in northern Mexico. The frequency bandwidth of these data is centred at 0.067 Hz and we demonstrate that even at these relatively high frequencies, many features of the seismogram can be successfully modelled. Our results suggest that the structure within the recording array in northern Mexico is resolvably different from that to the south. We find that the average shear velocity of the lower lithosphere of southern Mexico is very low, approximately 4.3 km s-1. If the low-velocity region is confined to the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt, the shear velocities between 20-80 km depth are approximately 3.3 km s-1. This may be correlated with partial melt and is consistent with the active volcanism and high heat flow found in the region. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1988.tb05896.x","issn":"02759128","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., and Masters, T.G., 1988, Waveform modelling using locked-mode synthetic and differential seismograms: application to determination of the structure of Mexico: Geophysical Journal International, v. 94, no. 2, p. 193-218, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1988.tb05896.x.","startPage":"193","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269139,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1988.tb05896.x"}],"volume":"94","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfa1e4b08c986b32e9fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.S.","contributorId":102095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masters, T. Guy","contributorId":93191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Guy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013681,"text":"70013681 - 1988 - The Whittier Narrows, California earthquake of October 1, 1987: Preliminary assessment of strong ground motion records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T15:01:04.24353","indexId":"70013681","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Whittier Narrows, California earthquake of October 1, 1987: Preliminary assessment of strong ground motion records","docAbstract":"

More than 250 strong-motion accelerograph stations were triggered by the Whittier Narrows, California, earthquake of 1 October 1987. Considering the number of multichannel structural stations in the area of strong shaking, this set of records is one of the more significant in history. Three networks, operated by the U.S. Geological Survey, the California Division of Mines and Geology, and the University of Southern California produced the majority of the records. The excellent performance of the instruments in these and the smaller arrays is attributable to the quality of the maintenance programs and their funding and personnel requirements. Readiness for a magnitude 8 event is directly related to these maintenance programs. Prior to computer analysis of the analog film records, a number of important structural resonant modes can be identified, and frequencies and simple mode shapes have been scaled. The structural records form a basic performance measurement for comparison with larger earthquake response in the future.

","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","doi":"10.1193/1.1585465","usgsCitation":"Brady, A., Etheredge, E.C., and Porcella, R.L., 1988, The Whittier Narrows, California earthquake of October 1, 1987: Preliminary assessment of strong ground motion records: Earthquake Spectra, v. 4, no. 1, p. 55-74, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585465.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Los Angeles basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.66776592366908,\n 34.37671218769654\n ],\n [\n -118.66776592366908,\n 33.71018161678026\n ],\n [\n -117.8213434794263,\n 33.71018161678026\n ],\n [\n -117.8213434794263,\n 34.37671218769654\n ],\n [\n -118.66776592366908,\n 34.37671218769654\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc3a8e4b08c986b32b2dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, A. G.","contributorId":61794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Etheredge, E. C.","contributorId":8108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Etheredge","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Porcella, R. L.","contributorId":102869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porcella","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013688,"text":"70013688 - 1988 - Multi-model approach to petroleum resource appraisal using analytic methodologies for probabilistic systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:38","indexId":"70013688","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-model approach to petroleum resource appraisal using analytic methodologies for probabilistic systems","docAbstract":"The geologic appraisal model that is selected for a petroleum resource assessment depends upon purpose of the assessment, basic geologic assumptions of the area, type of available data, time available before deadlines, available human and financial resources, available computer facilities, and, most importantly, the available quantitative methodology with corresponding computer software and any new quantitative methodology that would have to be developed. Therefore, different resource assessment projects usually require different geologic models. Also, more than one geologic model might be needed in a single project for assessing different regions of the study or for cross-checking resource estimates of the area. Some geologic analyses used in the past for petroleum resource appraisal involved play analysis. The corresponding quantitative methodologies of these analyses usually consisted of Monte Carlo simulation techniques. A probabilistic system of petroleum resource appraisal for play analysis has been designed to meet the following requirements: (1) includes a variety of geologic models, (2) uses an analytic methodology instead of Monte Carlo simulation, (3) possesses the capacity to aggregate estimates from many areas that have been assessed by different geologic models, and (4) runs quickly on a microcomputer. Geologic models consist of four basic types: reservoir engineering, volumetric yield, field size, and direct assessment. Several case histories and present studies by the U.S. Geological Survey are discussed. ?? 1988 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00892972","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Crovelli, R., 1988, Multi-model approach to petroleum resource appraisal using analytic methodologies for probabilistic systems: Mathematical Geology, v. 20, no. 8, p. 955-972, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00892972.","startPage":"955","endPage":"972","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205027,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00892972"},{"id":220326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5fb8e4b0c8380cd710c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crovelli, R. A.","contributorId":40969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44852,"text":"wri884057 - 1988 - Areal variation in recharge to and discharge from the Floridan aquifer system in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T20:22:24.794333","indexId":"wri884057","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4057","title":"Areal variation in recharge to and discharge from the Floridan aquifer system in Florida","docAbstract":"

This report is a revision and update of existing recharge maps of the Floridan aquifer system to include quantitative information derived from Regional Aquifer Systems Analysis models as well as other recent information and also includes information on discharge from the system. The report represents predevelopment conditions with inset map that describes the change in recharge resulting from development. Recharge is greater in areas where the Floridan is unconfined, poorly confined, or the overlying confining layer is breached by sinkholes, such as is commonly found in the area extending from Tallahassee to Tampa. Discharge from the Floridan is dominated by spring flow. Spring flow is common in the area between Tallahassee and Tampa. Offshore discharge by upward leakage and submarine springs also is an important component of the flow system. Little inflow or outflow occurs from the Floridan in large areas of Florida, including south Florida and the extreme panhandle. The principal factors affecting recharge to the Florida aquifer system are the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of the overlying confining bed. Other factors of importance include the vertical hydraulic gradient, water available for recharge, and aquifer transmissivity. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884057","usgsCitation":"Aucott, W.R., 1988, Areal variation in recharge to and discharge from the Floridan aquifer system in Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4057, 1 Plate: 39.90 x 35.35 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884057.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 39.90 x 35.35 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161613,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414380,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46980.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":274634,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4057/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.81898559997501,\n 30.9788108343064\n ],\n [\n -87.81898559997501,\n 24.90908840831331\n ],\n [\n -79.66372299066961,\n 24.90908840831331\n ],\n [\n -79.66372299066961,\n 30.9788108343064\n ],\n [\n -87.81898559997501,\n 30.9788108343064\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db67323e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aucott, Walter R.","contributorId":90275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aucott","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28201,"text":"wri884004 - 1988 - Simulation of three lahars in the Mount St Helens area, Washington using a one-dimensional, unsteady-state streamflow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-21T18:57:07.538832","indexId":"wri884004","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4004","title":"Simulation of three lahars in the Mount St Helens area, Washington using a one-dimensional, unsteady-state streamflow model","docAbstract":"

A one-dimensional, unsteady-state, open-channel model was used to analytically reproduce three lahar events. Factors contributing to the success of the modeling were: (1) the lahars were confined to a channel, (2) channel roughness was defined by field information, and (3) the volume of the flow remained relatively unchanged for the duration of the peak. Manning 's 'n ' values used in computing conveyance in the model were subject to the changing rheology of the debris flow and were calculated from field cross-section information (velocities used in these calculations were derived from super-elevation or run-up formulas). For the events modeled in this exercise, Manning 's 'n ' calculations ranged from 0.020 to 0.099. In all lahar simulations, the rheology of the flow changed in a downstream direction during the course of the event. Chen's 'U ', the mudflow consistency index, changed approximately an order of magnitude for each event. The ' u ' values ranged from 5-2,260 kg/m for three events modeled. The empirical approach adopted in this paper is useful as a tool to help predict debris-flow behavior, but does not lead to understanding the physical processes of debris flows. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884004","usgsCitation":"Laenen, A., and Hansen, R.P., 1988, Simulation of three lahars in the Mount St Helens area, Washington using a one-dimensional, unsteady-state streamflow model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4004, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884004.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414481,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46936.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4004/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57039,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 46.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697729","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, R. P.","contributorId":106538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33499,"text":"b1713B - 1988 - Mineral resources of the Turtle Mountains Wilderness Study Area, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T19:50:32.260331","indexId":"b1713B","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1713","chapter":"B","title":"Mineral resources of the Turtle Mountains Wilderness Study Area, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"

At the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, approximately 105,200 acres of the Turtle Mountains Wilderness Study Area (CDCA-307) were evaluated for mineral resources (known) and resource potential (undiscovered). In this report, the area studied is referred to as \"the wilderness study area\" or simply \"the study area\"; any reference to the Turtle Mountain Wilderness Study Area refers only to that part of the wilderness study area for which a mineral survey was requested by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management.

The wilderness study area is in southeastern San Bernardino County, Calif. Gold, silver, copper, and lead have been mined within and adjacent to the study area. Copper-zinc-silver-gold mineral occurrences are found in the southern part and gold-silver mineral occurrences are found in the northern part of the study area; identified low- to moderate-grade gold-silver resources occur adjacent to the study area along the western boundary. Six areas in the south-central and northwestern parts of the study area have high resource potential, two broad areas have moderate resource potential, and part of the southwest corner has low resource potential for lode gold, silver, and associated copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, and tungsten. Alluvium locally within one of these areas has moderate resource potential for placer gold and silver, and the entire area has low resource potential for placer gold and silver. There is low resource potential for perlite, ornamental stone (onyx marble and opal), manganese, uranium and thorium, pegmatite minerals, and oil and gas within the study area. Sand and gravel are abundant but are readily available outside the wilderness study area.

","largerWorkTitle":"Mineral resources of Wilderness Study Areas: Eastern California Desert Conservation Area, California","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1713B","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., Nielson, J.E., Simpson, R.W., Hazlett, R.W., Alminas, H.V., Nakata, J.K., and McDonnell, J.R., 1988, Mineral resources of the Turtle Mountains Wilderness Study Area, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1713, Report: vi, 28 p.; Plate: 29.72 x 40.72 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1713B.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 28 p.; Plate: 29.72 x 40.72 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407645,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NBU9PY","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Digital database of geologic units, contacts, and faults for Mineral Resource Potential Map of the Turtle Mountains Wilderness Study Area, San Bernardino County, California"},{"id":340334,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1713b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":340333,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1713b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1713b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Turtle Mountains Wilderness Study Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.6,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 34.1\n ],\n [\n -114.6,\n 34.1\n ],\n [\n -114.6,\n 34.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a00f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":211397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielson, Jane E.","contributorId":9701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, Robert W. simpson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Robert","email":"simpson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":211399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hazlett, Richard W.","contributorId":89201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazlett","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alminas, Henry V.","contributorId":59783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alminas","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nakata, John K.","contributorId":32518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McDonnell, John R. Jr.","contributorId":32898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonnell","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70014798,"text":"70014798 - 1988 - HELIOTHERMAL LAKE MODEL OF BORATE DEPOSITION IN THE MIOCENE FURNACE CREEK FORMATION, DEATH VALLEY REGION, CALIFORNIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70014798","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"HELIOTHERMAL LAKE MODEL OF BORATE DEPOSITION IN THE MIOCENE FURNACE CREEK FORMATION, DEATH VALLEY REGION, CALIFORNIA.","docAbstract":"Heliothermal lakes are density-stratified with shallow submerged margins surrounding areally restricted deep pool(s) containing a dense brine overlain by a much less dense brine. The reflective brine interface allows solar energy to be trapped in the dense brine which may warm to over 90 degree C. Carbonate precipitated from the dense brine is the typical sediment produced in warm deep pool. Miocene borate deposits of the Death Valley region are typically contained within areally limited carbonate-rich pods that interfinger with a finely interlaminated (varve-like) mudstone and limestone. Primary borates there are predominately either Na-Ca borates or Ca-borates. This bimodal evaporite assemblage suggests that brine chemistries and (or) crystallization paths varied significantly in temporally and spatially related portions of this apparently continuous lacustrine deposit.","largerWorkTitle":"Preprint - Society of Mining Engineers of AIME","conferenceDate":"2 October 1986 through 3 October 1986","conferenceLocation":"Luxembourg, Luxemb","language":"English","publisher":"Soc of Mining Engineers of AIME","publisherLocation":"Littleton, CO, USA","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., and Barker, J.M., 1988, HELIOTHERMAL LAKE MODEL OF BORATE DEPOSITION IN THE MIOCENE FURNACE CREEK FORMATION, DEATH VALLEY REGION, CALIFORNIA., in Preprint - Society of Mining Engineers of AIME, Luxembourg, Luxemb, 2 October 1986 through 3 October 1986.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2e78e4b0c8380cd5c578","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Grayson S.J.Smith D.A.","contributorId":128451,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Grayson S.J.Smith D.A.","id":536293,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Charles E.","contributorId":93070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Charles E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, James M.","contributorId":106636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":87313,"text":"87313 - 1988 - Applying the population/area model for planning of large mammal translocations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:59","indexId":"87313","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3645,"text":"Translocation of Wild Animals.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applying the population/area model for planning of large mammal translocations","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Translocation of Wild Animals.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wisconsin Humane Society; Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","usgsCitation":"Schonewald-Cox, C., Baker, R., and Bayless, J., 1988, Applying the population/area model for planning of large mammal translocations: Translocation of Wild Animals., p. 52-63.","productDescription":"p. 52-63","startPage":"52","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a3d9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Nielsen, L.","contributorId":12953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504956,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, R.D. Jr.","contributorId":19997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504957,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Schonewald-Cox, C.","contributorId":91433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schonewald-Cox","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, R.J.","contributorId":85915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bayless, J.W.","contributorId":15547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179024,"text":"70179024 - 1987 - Base of moderately saline ground water in the Uinta Basin, Utah, with an introductory section describing the methods used in determining its position","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-13T13:56:15","indexId":"70179024","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"92","title":"Base of moderately saline ground water in the Uinta Basin, Utah, with an introductory section describing the methods used in determining its position","docAbstract":"

The base of the moderately saline water (water that contains from 3,000 to 10,000 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids) was mapped by using available water-quality data and by determining formation-water resistivities from geophysical well logs based on the resistivity-porosity, spontaneous potential, and resistivity-ratio methods. The contour map developed from these data showed a mound of very saline and briny water, mostly of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate type, in most of that part of the Uinta Basin that is underlain by either the Green River or Wasatch Formations. Along its northern edge, the mound rises steeply from below sea level to within 2,000 feet of the land surface and, locally, to land surface. Along its southern edge, the mound rises less steeply and is more complex in outline. This body of very saline to briny water may be a lens; many wells or test holes drilled within the area underlain by the mound re-entered fresh to moderately saline water at depths of 8,000 to 15,000 feet below lam surface.

","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in Cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Oil, Gas and Mining","usgsCitation":"Howells, L., Longson, M., and Hunt, G.L., 1987, Base of moderately saline ground water in the Uinta Basin, Utah, with an introductory section describing the methods used in determining its position: Technical Publication 92, iv, 59 p.","productDescription":"iv, 59 p.","numberOfPages":"65","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332053,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-6-310"},{"id":332054,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/y920/y9200001.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Uinta Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.697998046875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -111.697998046875,\n 41.008920735004885\n ],\n [\n -109.039306640625,\n 41.008920735004885\n ],\n [\n -109.039306640625,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -111.697998046875,\n 38.8225909761771\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585116bee4b08138bf1abd70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howells, Lewis","contributorId":12081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howells","given":"Lewis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Longson, M.S.","contributorId":89398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longson","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, Gilbert L.","contributorId":61413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178988,"text":"70178988 - 1987 - Morgan Hill, California Earthquake, April 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T11:43:16","indexId":"70178988","displayToPublicDate":"2016-07-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morgan Hill, California Earthquake, April 1984","docAbstract":"
The Morgan Hill earthquake, a moderate-size (Mg=6.1, ML =6.2, M=6.2) event, was felt throughout central California on April 24, 1984. The epicenter of the earthquake was located near Halls Valley southwest of Mount Hamilton, and the event is presumed to have occurred on the Calaveras fault. Damage, however, was concentrated near the south end of the Anderson Reservoir and in the town of Morgan Hill. A preliminary assessment by the California Office of Emergency Services estimated damage to private property at \\$7.0 million and to local-government facilities at \\$0.5 million, for a total of \\$7.5 million in damage. 
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"1987, Morgan Hill, California Earthquake, April 1984: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 17, no. 5, p. 173-176.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":331995,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"584fc56ae4b00645734c5411","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spall, Henry","contributorId":77933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"Henry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655682,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70176434,"text":"70176434 - 1987 - A detailed chronology of the most recent eruption period at Mount Hood, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T00:56:43.463027","indexId":"70176434","displayToPublicDate":"2016-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A detailed chronology of the most recent eruption period at Mount Hood, Oregon","docAbstract":"

The most recent eruptive period of Mount Hood volcano, the Old Maid eruptive period, was characterized by volcano-hydrologic events (hydrologic events initiated by volcanic activity) which resulted in extensive lahar inundation in the White, Sandy, and Zigzag River drainages and produced a lithic pyroclastic flow which traveled at least 9 km down the White River from the vent area at Crater Rock. Interpretations of downstream textural changes in deposits indicate that one lahar reached as far as Tygh Valley (65 km from the vent) before transforming into a lahar runout (hyperconcentrated flow). The runout inundated Tygh Valley and flowed into the Deschutes River, 75 km (flow path) from the volcano. A single lahar traveled more than 30 km down the Sandy River before transforming to a runout. Correlative sands and gravels are found as far as the apex of the Sandy River delta, more than 80 km from the volcano; these suggest that the flow underwent minimal attenuation of stage height throughout the length of Sandy River. Approximate dates ranging from 1760 A.D. to 1810 A.D. for various Old Maid-age events are inferred from dendrochronologic studies of old growth trees. There have been no apparent major topographic changes in the vent area since the end of Old Maid-age activity, enabling the events of the Old Maid eruptive period to be used as a model for future eruptive activity.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<845:ADCOTM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cameron, K.A., and Pringle, P.T., 1987, A detailed chronology of the most recent eruption period at Mount Hood, Oregon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, p. 845-851, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<845:ADCOTM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"845","endPage":"851","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328616,"rank":2,"type":{"id":1,"text":"Abstract"},"url":"https://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/99/6/845","text":"Article abstract","description":"Article abstract"},{"id":328619,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Mount Hood, Cascade Volcanic Arc in northern Oregon; approximately 50 miles east-southeast of Portland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.96266174316406,\n 45.27053750018046\n ],\n [\n -121.96266174316406,\n 45.47842910891348\n ],\n [\n -121.5204620361328,\n 45.47842910891348\n ],\n [\n -121.5204620361328,\n 45.27053750018046\n ],\n [\n -121.96266174316406,\n 45.27053750018046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"99","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d9232de4b090824ffa19ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cameron, Kenneth A.","contributorId":9085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pringle, P. T.","contributorId":116886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pringle","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":648750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174611,"text":"70174611 - 1987 - Modeling of estuarne chlorophyll a from an airborne scanner","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-13T15:31:27","indexId":"70174611","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T07:15:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling of estuarne chlorophyll a from an airborne scanner","docAbstract":"
\n
Near simultaneous collection of 34 surface water samples and airborne multispectral scanner data provided input for regression models developed to predict surface concentrations of estuarine chlorophyll a. Two wavelength ratios were employed in model development. The ratios werechosen to capitalize on the spectral characteristics of chlorophyll a, while minimizing atmospheric influences. Models were then applied to data previously acquired over the study area thre years earlier. Results are in the form of color-coded displays of predicted chlorophyll a concentrations and comparisons of the agreement among measured surface samples and predictions basedon coincident remotely sensed data. The influence of large variations in fresh-water inflow to the estuary are clearly apparent in the results. The synoptic view provided by remote sensing is another method of examining important estuarine dynamics difficult to observe from in situ sampling alone.
\n
","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society","publisherLocation":"Piscataway, New Jersey","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.1987.289735","issn":"0196-2892","usgsCitation":"Khorram, S., Catts, G.P., Cloern, J.E., and Knight, A.W., 1987, Modeling of estuarne chlorophyll a from an airborne scanner: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 25, no. 6, p. 662-669, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.1987.289735.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"662","endPage":"669","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":325223,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57876630e4b0d27deb36e194","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Khorram, Siamak","contributorId":147308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khorram","given":"Siamak","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7091,"text":"North Carolina State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Catts, Glenn P.","contributorId":147307,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Catts","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":7091,"text":"North Carolina State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knight, Allen W.","contributorId":147309,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knight","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7082,"text":"University of California - Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70157446,"text":"70157446 - 1987 - Analysis of water-level fluctuations in Wisconsin wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T19:26:14","indexId":"70157446","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-30T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5596,"text":"Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey Information Circular","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"63","title":"Analysis of water-level fluctuations in Wisconsin wells","docAbstract":"

More than 60 percent of the residents of Wisconsin use ground water as their primary water source. Water supplies presently are abundant, but ground-water levels continually fluctuate in response to natural factors and human-related stresses. A better understanding of the magnitude, duration, and frequency of past fluctuations, and the factors controlling these fluctuations may help anticipate future changes in ground-water levels.

\n

This report presents the results of statistical analyses of historical ground-water level fluctuations in Wisconsin. Short- and long-term fluctuations are discussed in terms of their relation to components of the hydrogeologic system.

\n

Water-level measurements from 124 wells with at least 20 years of record each were used in the study. The mean, highest and lowest monthly mean, median, and selected quantiles were obtained using the SAS Proc Univariate procedure. The frequency values from the Univariate table were used to construct stage-duration graphs. Pearson Type ill frequency analyses were used to obtain probabilities of exceedance of particular water levels. The data were divided into seasonal data sets for each well. The stage-duration and Pearson Type III analyses are based on past fluctuations but may be useful for estimating future water-level changes under similar conditions.

\n

Multiple-regression analyses were run on data from groups of wells representing different ground-water districts. The SAS Proc Stepwise method was used. The regression model used average annual amplitude as the dependent variable and mean water level, mean annual precipitation, standard deviation of the seasonal mean precipitation, aquifer type, and topographic setting as the independent variables.This procedure produced different regression equations for each hydrogeologic district. Regression analyses also were done on data from groups of wells representing different aquifers. These regression models used average annual amplitude as the dependent variable and mean water level, topographic setting, and standard deviation of seasonal mean precipitation as the independent variables.

\n

Because of the many factors influencing ground-water level fluctuations, it was difficult to obtain a regression model that accurately reproduced average annual amplitude. The results of the regression analyses are helpful in recognizing the important variables; however, the equations are not effective in predicting the amplitude of a particular well because local conditions were omitted in the regional analyses.

\n

Hydrographs of average annual water level and frequency distribution analyses of annual maximum and minimum water levels were inspected for possible long-term trends. Analysis of annual maximum and minimum water levels indicates several periods in the annual cyclic fluctuations-two periods of recession (winter and summer), and two periods of rising levels (spring and fall). Usually, water levels are lowest in late winter and highest in spring for every annual cycle. The summer-fall minimum and the fall maximum are less distinct and do not occur every year.

\n

A composite frequency analysis of extreme annual water levels on 71 of the wells shows that the lowest levels most frequently occur in December, February, or March. However, the record low usually occurs in August, September, or October during drought. Ground-water levels most often peak in May, April, or June. In the fan they may peak from September through December, depending upon complexities of meteorological, geomorphological, and geological factors.

\n

The long-term cyclicity of ground-water level fluctuations is shown on hydrographs of wells Sw-7, Ln-25a, Mt-7, Ju-8, and Ju-98. Seasonal variations that tend to obscure the long-term trends are eliminated by plotting the average annual water levels. The hydrographs are similar even though the wells are 80 to 100 miles apart and constructed in different geologic materials. The long-term trends and the duration of the cycles apparently depend little on the location and on the lithologic composition of the aquifers, but rather on precipitation. The hydrographs show several periods of welldefined peaks and lows. The ground-water levels reached peaks in 1946, 1952, 1960, 1966, 1973, 1979. The average interval between these peaks is 6.6 years. The low levels occurred in 1949, 1955-59, 1964, 1970, and 1977; average interval between the low levels is 7.0 years, which is similar to that for the high levels.

\n

Long-term trends are apparent on hydrographs of wells Br-46, Mr-2S, Pt-276, Ro-3, and Ve-8. The trend of average annual water levels has been generally increasing since the late 1950's and is in general agreement with the increasing trend of precipitation. Hydrographs of well Ve-8, which has the longest period of record in Wisconsin, indicate that the generally rising trend started even earlier at the end of an extensive drought period in the 1930's.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin Extension-Geological and Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Patterson, G.L., and Zaporozec, A., 1987, Analysis of water-level fluctuations in Wisconsin wells: Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey Information Circular 63, v, 38 p.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":308448,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350384,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wgnhs.uwex.edu/pubs/download_ic63/"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5603cd31e4b03bc34f544aec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patterson, G. L.","contributorId":35356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zaporozec, A.","contributorId":24093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaporozec","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":57131,"text":"ofr87147 - 1987 - Single-channel seismic-reflection profiles collected aboard R/V POWELL, cruises P-2-85, P-3-85, P-4-85 in the nearshore waters around Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-18T11:04:13","indexId":"ofr87147","displayToPublicDate":"2012-08-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-147","title":"Single-channel seismic-reflection profiles collected aboard R/V POWELL, cruises P-2-85, P-3-85, P-4-85 in the nearshore waters around Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"

Approximately 4,600 nmi (8,519 km) of single-channel seismic-reflection data were collected in the nearshore waters around Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands simultaneously, but on a noninterference basis, with a gravity program funded by the Defense Mapping Agency. The survey was conducted on cruises P-2-85, P-3-85, and P-4-85 of the R/V POWELL between February 28 and April 8, 1985.

Seismic instrumentation included two 40 in3 (755 cm3) airguns and a 200-ft (60-m) single-channel hydrophone streamer.  In addition, a Uniboom sled and 8-ft (2.4-m) single-channel hydrophone streamer were used in water depths less than 660 ft (200 m).

Navigation control was provided by a Magnavox Integrated Navigation System which integrates data from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, transit satellites, bottom-track sonar, Loran-C, Mini-Ranger stations, gyrocompass and speed log. GPS provided the most accurate navigational control, but was functional for only about 12 hours each day. The transit satellite system operated throughout the cruise and provided relatively accurate positions when GPS was not operational. The Mini-Ranger stations proved to be unreliable because of problems at the shore stations and Loran-C operated only on the north side of the islands, at times in only the range-range mode.

Because the gravity program required accurate data and strict navigation control, some lines had to be run more than once or run with a following sea in a westerly direction only. Consequently, there is tight line spacing in some areas. The Uniboom high-resolution reflection data are good to poor in the shelf areas around Puerto Rico but are generally poor over the predominantly carbonate sediments around the Virgin Islands. The airgun data are fair to good, particularly considering the ship cruised at about 7 kn (13.0 km/hr) and at times reached 8 kn (14.8 km/hr) which is about the upper limit at which the system will function.

Original seismic profile records can be seen at the U.S. Geological Survey offices, Woods Hole, MA 02543. Microfilm copies of the seismic profile records and trackchart can be purchased only from the National Geophysical Data Center, Code E64, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 (303/497-6345).

","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Woods Hole, MA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87147","usgsCitation":"Edgar, N.T., and Scanlon, K.M., 1987, Single-channel seismic-reflection profiles collected aboard R/V POWELL, cruises P-2-85, P-3-85, P-4-85 in the nearshore waters around Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-147, 3 p., ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87147.","productDescription":"3 p., ill.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":259682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259676,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0147/ofr1987147.pdf","text":"Report","size":"133 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1987-147"}],"contact":"

Coastal and Marine Geology Program
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543

","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90dce4b08c986b3196ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edgar, N. Terence","contributorId":14388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"Terence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scanlon, Kathryn M.","contributorId":6816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006499,"text":"70006499 - 1987 - Optical resolution of rotenoids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-25T01:02:00","indexId":"70006499","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T15:11:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2335,"text":"Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optical resolution of rotenoids","docAbstract":"Optical resolution of selected rotenoids containing 1-3 asymmetric centers in dihydrobenzopyranofuroben-zopyranone and dihydrobisbenzopyranopyranone series has been achieved on two chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic (hplc) stationary phases. In most cases, the absolute stereochemistry at the cis-B/C ring junction of the rotenoidal antipodes can be related to their elution order. Generally, the 6aα,12aα-enantiomers were more strongly retained by the chiral substrate than their corresponding optical antipodes. The elution-configuration relationship provides potential utility for predicting the absolute configuration of related rotenoidal compounds. Chiral phase hplc on amino-acid-bonded-silica yielded results explicable in terms of Pirkle's bonding schemes for chiral recognition. Resolution data for 12a-hydroxy-, 12a-methoxy-, and 12-hydroxyiminorotenoids further corroborate the mechanistic rationale, and demonstrate that nonpolar π-π interactions appeared to be important for enantiomeric separation on helic poly-triphenylmethylacryl-ate-silica (CPOT). In the latter system, steric effects and conformational factors in association with the modification of E-ring structures might play significant roles in the chiral separation process in view of the reversal to the elution order observed for all methoxylated rotenoids and elliptone derivatives including the parent deguelin. The unique separability (α = 1.44) of 12a-hydroxyelliptone on CPOT was suggestive of structural effects of the 5-side chain on the resolution of the rotenoids having a five-membered-E-ring. The results obtained with two different types of chiral phases are complementary and useful for optical resolution of a wide variety of natural and synthetic rotenoidal compounds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1002/jhet.5570240358","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Abidi, S.L., 1987, Optical resolution of rotenoids: Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, v. 24, no. 3, p. 845-852, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570240358.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"845","endPage":"852","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259895,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570240358","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-04-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ed5e4b0c8380cd75816","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abidi, S. L.","contributorId":19898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abidi","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006494,"text":"70006494 - 1987 - Chiral-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of rotenoid racemates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-18T01:01:45","indexId":"70006494","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:44:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2213,"text":"Journal of Chromatography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chiral-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of rotenoid racemates","docAbstract":"The high-performance liquid chromatograhic (HPLC) behavior of parent rotenoids (type I) and the hydroxyl-analogues (type II) on three different chiral stationary phases (CSPs) was studied. Separations of optical isomers were achieved in various degrees depending largely upon the rotenoidal structures and the CSP types employed. Enantiomers of all but elliptone compounds were separable on β-cyclodextrin-bonded silica (CDS). Without exception, the 12a-hydroxyrotenoid antipodes were resolved on Pirkle's phenylglycine-bonded silica (PGS) despite unsuccessful attenmpts to resolve the type I rotenoidal racemates. Conversely, optical resolution of the latter rotenoids was accomplished by using a helical polytriphenylmethylacrylate-coated silica (TPS) column and the observed separation factors (α values) ranged from 1.14 to 1.90. The results from HPLC of type II rotenoids on TPS (α = 1.00–1.63) suggested that variations in E-ring structures had profound influence on the resolution outcome. Conjugated double bonds on the E-ring and the desisopropylation of the five-membered E-ring ot type II rotenoids appeared to be important structural features for chiral recognition involving the TPS substrate. In both reversed-phase (CDS) and normal-pahse (PGS and TPS) HPLC modes, the less polar enantiomers were the 6aβ,12aβ-rotenoids as observed in most cases, though this relationship was reversed in the cases of deguelin and hydroxyelliptone probably due to conformational effects of rotenoidal ring systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Chromatography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0021-9673(01)86844-8","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"Abidi, S.L., 1987, Chiral-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of rotenoid racemates: Journal of Chromatography, v. 404, no. 1, p. 133-143, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)86844-8.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"143","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259715,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)86844-8","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"404","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5bce4b0c8380cd4c3c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abidi, S. L.","contributorId":19898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abidi","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014752,"text":"70014752 - 1987 - Stress orientation determined from fault slip data in Hampel Wash area, Nevada, and its relation to contemporary regional stress field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-10T16:54:14.490387","indexId":"70014752","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress orientation determined from fault slip data in Hampel Wash area, Nevada, and its relation to contemporary regional stress field","docAbstract":"

Fault-slip data were collected from an area of relatively young faulting in a seismically active part of the Nevada Test Site 12 km NW of Mercury, Nevada. The data come primarily from intensely faulted Miocene tuffaceous sedimentary rocks in Hampel Wash, which is bounded on the north by the Quaternary ENE trending Rock Valley fault and on the south by a parallel unnamed fault. Data from faults with known sense of displacement exhibit a bimodal distribution of slip angles (rakes). Faults exhibiting steep rakes (typically 75° to 90°) cluster about a N30°–35°E strike; most dip 65° to 80°. Faults having shallow rakes (generally less than 20°) exhibit a wide range of strikes (from N6°W to N80°E) and mostly dip between 80° and 90°. The predominant N30°–35°E strike of the steep-rake faults and the quasi-conjugate nature of a consistent subset of the shallowrake faults suggest a maximum horizontal stress orientation of about N30°–35°E and a least horizontal principal stress direction of N55°–60°W. Analysis of the data using a least squares iterative inversion to determine a mean deviatoric principal stress tensor indicates a normal-faulting stress regime (S1 vertical) with principal stress axes in approximately horizontal and vertical directions (S1, trend = N 19°E and plunge = 82°N; S2, N30°E and 8°S; and S3, N60°W and 2°E). The maximum horizontal stress, S2, was found to be nearly intermediate in magnitude between S1 and S3. The N60°W least horizontal principal stress orientation obtained from the fault-slip inversion agrees with our geometric analysis of the data and is consistent with a modern least horizontal principal stress orientation of N50°–70°W inferred from earthquake focal mechanisms, well bore breakouts, and hydraulic fracturing measurements in the vicinity of the Nevada Test Site. This solution fits all the data well, except for a subset of strike-slip faults that strike N30°–45°E, subparallel to the normal faults of the data set. Nearly pure dip-slip and pure strike-slip movement on similarly oriented faults, however, cannot be accommodated in a single stress regime. Superposed sets of striae observed on some faults suggest temporal rotations of the regional stress field or local rotations within the region of the fault zone.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TC006i002p00089","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Frizzell, V.A., and Zoback, M., 1987, Stress orientation determined from fault slip data in Hampel Wash area, Nevada, and its relation to contemporary regional stress field: Tectonics, v. 6, no. 2, p. 89-98, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC006i002p00089.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225275,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Hampel Wash area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.41380395515019,\n 37.34547735717791\n ],\n [\n -116.41380395515019,\n 35.934968337002616\n ],\n [\n -114.73066822180856,\n 35.934968337002616\n ],\n [\n -114.73066822180856,\n 37.34547735717791\n ],\n [\n -116.41380395515019,\n 37.34547735717791\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b60e4b08c986b31ce34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frizzell, V. A. Jr.","contributorId":39376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frizzell","given":"V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoback, M.L.","contributorId":12982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221174,"text":"5221174 - 1987 - The use of analysis of variance procedures in biological studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:47","indexId":"5221174","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:03","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":848,"text":"Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of analysis of variance procedures in biological studies","docAbstract":"The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is widely used in biological studies, yet there remains considerable confusion among researchers about the interpretation of hypotheses being tested. Ambiguities arise when statistical designs are unbalanced, and in particular when not all combinations of design factors are represented in the data. This paper clarifies the relationship among hypothesis testing, statistical modelling and computing procedures in ANOVA for unbalanced data. A simple two-factor fixed effects design is used to illustrate three common parametrizations for ANOVA models, and some associations among these parametrizations are developed. Biologically meaningful hypotheses for main effects and interactions are given in terms of each parametrization, and procedures for testing the hypotheses are described. The standard statistical computing procedures in ANOVA are given along with their corresponding hypotheses. Throughout the development unbalanced designs are assumed and attention is given to problems that arise with missing cells.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/asm.3150030403","usgsCitation":"Williams, B.K., 1987, The use of analysis of variance procedures in biological studies: Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis, v. 3, no. 4, p. 207-226, https://doi.org/10.1002/asm.3150030403.","productDescription":"207-226","startPage":"207","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17817,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asm.3150030403","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":196573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634a14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, B. Kenneth","contributorId":107798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222167,"text":"5222167 - 1987 - Frequency sampling in microhistological studies: An alternative model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T15:39:27.755492","indexId":"5222167","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:03","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2441,"text":"Journal of Range Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frequency sampling in microhistological studies: An alternative model","docAbstract":"

Frequency sampling in microhistological studies is discussed in terms of sampling procedures, statistical properties, and biological inferences. Two sampling approaches are described and contrasted, and some standard methods for improving the stability of density estimators are discussed. Possible sources of difficulty are highlighted in terms of sampling design and statistical analysis. An alternative model is proposed that accounts for 2-stage sampling, and yields reasonable, we!!-behaved estimates of relative densities.

","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/3899198","usgsCitation":"Williams, B.K., 1987, Frequency sampling in microhistological studies: An alternative model: Journal of Range Management, v. 40, no. 2, p. 109-112, https://doi.org/10.2307/3899198.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480052,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/645340","text":"External Repository"},{"id":199010,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a858b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, B. Kenneth","contributorId":107798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}