In the present report we address questions about winter distribution patterns and survival rates of North American mallards Anas platyrhynchos. Inferences are based on analyses of banding and recovery data from both winter and preseason banding period. The primary wintering range of the mallard was dividded into 45 minor reference areas and 15 major reference areas which were used to summarize winter banding data. Descriptive tables and figures on the recovery distributions of winter-banded mallards are presented.
\nUsing winter recoveries of preseason-banded mallards, we found apparent differences between recovery distribution of young versus adult birds from the same breeding ground reference areas. However, we found no sex-specific differences in winter recovery distribution patterns. Winter recovery distributions of preseason-banded birds also provided evidence that mallards exhibited some degree of year-to-year variation in wintering ground location. The age- and sex-specificity of such variation was tested using winter recoveries of winter-banded birds, and results indicated that subadult (first year) birds were less likely to return to the same wintering grounds the following year than adults. Winter recovery distributions of preseason-banded mallards during 1950-58 differed from distributions in 1966-76. These differences could have resulted from either true distributional shifts or geographic changes in hunting pressure.
\nSurvival and recovery rates were estimated from winter banding data. We found no evidence of differences in survival or recovery rates between subadult and adult mallards. Thus, the substantial difference between survival rates of preseason-banded young and adult mallards must result almost entirely from higher mortality of young birds during the approximate period, August-January. Male mallards showed higher survival than females, corroborating inferences based on preseason data. Tests with winter banding and band recovery data indicated some degree of year-to-year variation in both survival and recovery rates, a result again consistent with inference from preseason data. Some evidence indication geographic variation in survival rates; however, there were no consistent directional differences between survival rates of mallards from adjacent northern versus southern areas, or eastern versus western areas. In some comparisons, Central Flyway mallards exhibited slightly higher survival rates than mallards from other flyways.
\nWeighted mean estimates of continental survival rates were computed for the period 1960-77 from both winter banding data and preseason banding of adults. Resulting estimates differed significantly for males, but not for females, and the magnitude of the difference between point estimates was relatively small, even for males. The direction of the difference between these estimates was predicted correctly from previous work on the effects of heterogeneous survival an d recovery rates on band recovery model estimates. The similarity of survival estimates from these two independent data sets supports the believe that biases in these estimates are relatively small.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., and Hines, J., 1987, Population ecology of the mallard VIII: Winter distribution patterns and survival rates of winter-banded mallards: Resource Publication 162, ii, 154 p.","productDescription":"ii, 154 p.","numberOfPages":"161","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":290099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290098,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/5230162/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68433e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":343640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":343641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210388,"text":"5210388 - 1987 - Relationships between nesting populations of wading birds and habitat features along the Atlantic Coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:15","indexId":"5210388","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Relationships between nesting populations of wading birds and habitat features along the Atlantic Coast","docAbstract":"Using previously published atlas data for 122 mixed-species wading bird colonies on islands along the Atlantic coast (Maine to Florida, 1976-77), we examined relationships between population sizes of 11 species of egrets, herons, ibises, and wood storks (Mycteria americana) and nine habitat variables. On nautical charts, we measured four island characteristics (area, length, width, shape), three isolation factors (distances to nearest island, mainland, and a water barrier),, and two variables related to potential feeding habitat within 5 km of the center of the colony (wetland area and land-water interface, i.e., the linear distance between the marsh/upland and all water bodies within the same 5-km radius). One univariable and five multivariable .procedures were used to determine which habitat features were best related to population size .(all species combined). Multicollinearity problems among the variables limited interpretation for most procedures. Both univariable and the multivariable procedures indicated that land-water interface was the most important of the nine variables, but for all models, less than 10% of the total variance was explained (rz is less than 0.10). The size of the colony was not related to the amount of wetland area (within 5-km).per se. Colony data showed better 'structure' when examined on the basis of geographic and disturbance gradients. Population sizes of colonies near man-altered habitats were compared with those surrounded by relatively natural habitats in three geographic zones: north, middle, and south. Significant differences were found in colony size among the three zones (south largest) and between disturbance types. Surprisingly, in all three zones, colonies near man-altered areas were larger on average than those near more natural habitats in this region. A possible reason for this difference is suggested.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterfowl and Wetlands Symposium: Proceedings of a Symposium on Waterfowl and Wetlands Management in the Coastal Zone of the Atlantic Flyway","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Delaware Coastal Management Program, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environment Control","publisherLocation":"Dover, Delaware","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., Spendelow, J., Geissler, P., and Williams, B.K., 1987, Relationships between nesting populations of wading birds and habitat features along the Atlantic Coast, chap. of Waterfowl and Wetlands Symposium: Proceedings of a Symposium on Waterfowl and Wetlands Management in the Coastal Zone of the Atlantic Flyway, p. 56-67.","productDescription":"v, 522","startPage":"56","endPage":"67","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c097","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Whitman, William R.","contributorId":111631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506387,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meredith, William H.","contributorId":112289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meredith","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506388,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spendelow, J. A. 0000-0001-8167-0898","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":72478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geissler, P.H.","contributorId":24038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, B. Kenneth","contributorId":107798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210232,"text":"5210232 - 1987 - Population models and crocodile management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:20","indexId":"5210232","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Population models and crocodile management","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Surrey Beatty and Sons, Pty Limited","publisherLocation":"Chipping Norton, NSW, Australia.","collaboration":"OCLC: 19326637","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., 1987, Population models and crocodile management, chap. of Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, p. 177-187.","productDescription":"xiv, 552","startPage":"177","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683e47","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Webb, Grahame J. W.","contributorId":111935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Grahame","email":"","middleInitial":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506145,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manolis, S.Charlie","contributorId":113007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manolis","given":"S.Charlie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506146,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitehead, P. J. P.","contributorId":114175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506147,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80370,"text":"fwsobs82_10_141 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Snapping turtle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T16:53:48.720408","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_141","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.141","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Snapping turtle","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Graves, B.M., and Anderson, S.H., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Snapping turtle: FWS/OBS 82/10.141, viii, 18 p.","productDescription":"viii, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649785","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graves, Brent M.","contributorId":101338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Stanley H.","contributorId":68361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80354,"text":"fwsobs82_10_135 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":36561,"text":"fwsobs82_10_19 - 1982 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_19","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":80354,"text":"fwsobs82_10_135 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_135","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T16:55:58.953345","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_135","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.135","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat\r\nSuitability Index (HSI) model for the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Allen, A.W., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Gray squirrel: FWS/OBS 82/10.135, vi, 16 p.","productDescription":"vi, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64994e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Arthur W.","contributorId":40648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80352,"text":"fwsobs82_10_154 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Osprey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T16:57:44.037457","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_154","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.154","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Osprey","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the osprey (Pandion haliaetus). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Vana-Miller, S.L., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Osprey: FWS/OBS 82/10.154, viii, 46 p.","productDescription":"viii, 46 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63ec07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vana-Miller, Sandra L.","contributorId":61105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vana-Miller","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80341,"text":"fwsobs82_10_137 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Lark bunting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T17:10:20.788861","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_137","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.137","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Lark bunting","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the lark bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Finch, D.M., Anderson, S.H., and Hubert, W.A., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Lark bunting: FWS/OBS 82/10.137, vii, 16 p.","productDescription":"vii, 16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64986a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finch, Deborah M.","contributorId":59894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Stanley H.","contributorId":68361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubert, Wayne A.","contributorId":9325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80346,"text":"fwsobs82_10_155 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Moose, Lake Superior region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T17:07:56.325508","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_155","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.155","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Moose, Lake Superior region","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the moose (Alces alces). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Allen, A.W., Jordan, P.A., and Terrell, J.W., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Moose, Lake Superior region: FWS/OBS 82/10.155, viii, 47 p.","productDescription":"viii, 47 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6497d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Arthur W.","contributorId":40648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jordan, Peter A.","contributorId":61527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Terrell, James W. 0000-0001-5394-5663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5394-5663","contributorId":92726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":292310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80345,"text":"fwsobs82_10_139 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Marsh wren","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T17:09:47.193388","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_139","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.139","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Marsh wren","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Gutzwiller, K.J., and Anderson, S.H., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Marsh wren: FWS/OBS 82/10.139, viii, 13 p.","productDescription":"viii, 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6497f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutzwiller, Kevin J.","contributorId":101923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutzwiller","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Stanley H.","contributorId":68361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80349,"text":"fwsobs82_10_145 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Northern pintail","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T16:58:42.878177","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_145","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.145","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Northern pintail","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the northern pintail (Anas acuta). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Suchy, W.J., and Anderson, S.H., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Northern pintail: FWS/OBS 82/10.145, viii, 23 p.","productDescription":"viii, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649813","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suchy, Willie J.","contributorId":22054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suchy","given":"Willie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Stanley H.","contributorId":68361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80347,"text":"fwsobs82_10_148 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Muskellunge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T16:59:15.704952","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_148","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.148","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Muskellunge","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the muskellunge (Esox masquinongy Mitchell). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Cook, M., and Solomon, R.C., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Muskellunge: FWS/OBS 82/10.148, vi, 33 p.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6497dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, Mark F.","contributorId":106587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Mark F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, R. Charles","contributorId":32585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solomon","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80322,"text":"fwsobs82_10_140 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Greater sandhill crane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T17:11:29.926389","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_140","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.140","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Greater sandhill crane","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the greater sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabida). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Armbruster, M.J., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Greater sandhill crane: FWS/OBS 82/10.140, v. 82, 26 p.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, Idaho, Montana","county":"WISCONSIN","city":"Madison","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.77001953125,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -83.34228515625,\n 41.75492216766298\n ],\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -82.79296874999999,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -83.4521484375,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -83.51806640624999,\n 46.027481852486645\n ],\n [\n -83.8916015625,\n 46.118941506107056\n ],\n [\n -84.1552734375,\n 46.46813299215554\n ],\n [\n -85.0341796875,\n 46.694667307773116\n ],\n [\n -89.75830078125,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 48.60385760823255\n ],\n [\n -94.89990234375,\n 48.93693495409401\n ],\n [\n -97.27294921875,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -96.48193359375,\n 45.73685954736049\n ],\n [\n -91.23046875,\n 43.46886761482925\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -90.54931640625,\n 42.47209690919285\n ],\n [\n -87.78076171875,\n 42.48830197960227\n ],\n [\n -86.77001953125,\n 41.83682786072714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.412109375,\n 47.100044694025215\n ],\n [\n -116.89453125,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -120.58593749999999,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -121.9921875,\n 40.713955826286046\n ],\n [\n -110.12695312499999,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n -107.40234375,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -112.412109375,\n 47.100044694025215\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.69921875,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n -106.69921875,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n -106.61132812499999,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n -106.61132812499999,\n 40.58058466412761\n ],\n [\n -106.69921875,\n 40.58058466412761\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.42431640625,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -106.8310546875,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -106.8310546875,\n 40.763901280945866\n ],\n [\n -107.42431640625,\n 40.763901280945866\n ],\n [\n -107.42431640625,\n 40.56389453066509\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64985f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armbruster, Michael J.","contributorId":16884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbruster","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80324,"text":"fwsobs82_10_146 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Hairy woodpecker","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T17:10:55.343943","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_146","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.146","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Hairy woodpecker","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Sousa, P.J., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Hairy woodpecker: FWS/OBS 82/10.146, vi, 19 p.","productDescription":"vi, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649834","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sousa, Patrick J.","contributorId":19206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sousa","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80313,"text":"fwsobs82_10_131 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Forster's tern (breeding) - Gulf and Atlantic coasts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T17:12:07.745464","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_131","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.131","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Forster's tern (breeding) - Gulf and Atlantic coasts","docAbstract":"The nesting range of Forster's terns hosts three allopatric breeding populations. The first and most important breeding area, in terms of the number of nes t i ng pairs, includes the western guIf coas t from the Louisiana-Mississippi border to northern Tamaulipas, Mexico (American Ornithologists' Union [AOUJ 1983). In addition, small numbers of Forster's terns have nested in Mobile County, Alabama (Imhof 1976). Although this species has not been recorded nesting in Mississippi (J. Jackson, Mississippi State University, Starkville; pers. comm.), it is observed in the coastal regions of that State every summer, and several thousand nest in adjacent Louisiana (Portnoy 1977; Clapp et ale 1983). The two largest colonies of Forster's terns documented in the literature were both in Louisiana: one of 2,750 pairs in Lake Borgne on the Louisiana-Mississippi border and one of 2,263 pairs in Calcasieu Lake (Portnoy 1977).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Martin, R.P., and Zwank, P.J., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Forster's tern (breeding) - Gulf and Atlantic coasts: FWS/OBS 82/10.131, vi, 21 p.","productDescription":"vi, 21 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64988e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Richard P.","contributorId":7372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zwank, Phillip J.","contributorId":11287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwank","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80312,"text":"fwsobs82_10_142 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Plains sharp-tailed grouse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T17:12:41.824263","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_142","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.142","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Plains sharp-tailed grouse","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the plains sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus jamesi). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Prose, B.L., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Plains sharp-tailed grouse: FWS/OBS 82/10.142, viii, 31 p.","productDescription":"viii, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64979c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prose, Bart L.","contributorId":29521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prose","given":"Bart","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015249,"text":"70015249 - 1987 - The phytoplankton component of seston in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T16:11:32.512977","indexId":"70015249","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2853,"text":"Netherlands Journal of Sea Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The phytoplankton component of seston in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"Phytoplankton biomass (as carbon) was estimated from chlorophyll a concentrations (Chla) and a mean value for the ratio of phytoplankton carbon to chlorophyll a in San Francisco Bay. The ratio was determined as the slope of a Model II regression of POC' against (Chla), where POC' is total particulate organic carbon minus sediment-associated non-phytoplankton carbon. Samples from 30 fixed sites in the channel and lateral shoals of San Francisco Bay were collected once or twice a month from April to November 1980, and at irregular intervals in South Bay during 1984 and 1985. For all data the calculated mean value of phytoplankton C:Chla was 51 (95% confidence interval = 47–54). No significant differences were found in the C:Chla ratio between shallow and deep sites (where light availability differs) or between northern and southern San Francisco Bay (where phytoplankton community composition differs). Using the mean C:Chla ratio of 51, we calculated that phytoplankton biomass constitutes about one third of seston carbon under most circumstances, but this fraction ranges from about 95% during phytoplankton blooms to less than 20% during spring periods of low phytoplankton biomass and high suspended sediment concentration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0077-7579(87)90020-2","issn":"00777579","usgsCitation":"Wienke, S., and Cloern, J., 1987, The phytoplankton component of seston in San Francisco Bay: Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, v. 21, no. 1, p. 25-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(87)90020-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223591,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.75688629121268,\n 38.13697712688091\n ],\n [\n -122.75688629121268,\n 37.41058731586716\n ],\n [\n -121.70443147007661,\n 37.41058731586716\n ],\n [\n -121.70443147007661,\n 38.13697712688091\n ],\n [\n -122.75688629121268,\n 38.13697712688091\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae99e4b08c986b3241e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wienke, S.M.","contributorId":89902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wienke","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014794,"text":"70014794 - 1987 - North American nonmarine climates and vegetation during the Late Cretaceous","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-12T15:47:34.921436","indexId":"70014794","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North American nonmarine climates and vegetation during the Late Cretaceous","docAbstract":"Analyses of physiognomy of Late Cretaceous leaf assemblages and of structural adaptations of Late Cretaceous dicotyledonous woods indicate that megathermal vegetation was an open-canopy, broad-leaved evergreen woodland that existed under low to moderate amounts of rainfall evenly distributed through the year, with a moderate increase at about 40–45°N. Many dicotyledons were probably large, massive trees, but the tallest trees were evergreen conifers. Megathermal climate extended up to paleolatitude 45–50°N. Mesothermal vegetation was at least partially an open, broad-leaved evergreen woodland (perhaps a mosaic of woodland and forest), but the evapotranspirational stress was less than in megathermal climate. Some dicotyledons were large trees, but most were shrubs or small trees; evergreen conifers were the major tree element. Some mild seasonality is evidenced in mesothermal woods; precipitational levels probably varied markedly from year to year. Northward of approximately paleolatitude 65°N, evergreen vegetation was replaced by predominantly deciduous vegetation. This replacement is presumably related primarily to seasonality of light. The southern part of the deciduous vegetation probably existed under mesothermal climate. Comparisons to leaf and wood assemblages from other continents are generally consistent with the vegetational-climatic patterns suggested from North American data. Limited data from equatorial regions suggest low rainfall.
Late Cretaceous climates, except probably those of the Cenomanian, had only moderate change through time. Temperatures generally appear to have warmed into the Santonian, cooled slightly into the Campanian and more markedly into the Maastrichtian, and then returned to Santonian values by the late Maastrichtian. The early Eocene was probably warmer than any period of the Late Cretaceous. Latitudinal temperature gradients were lower than at present. For the Campanian and Maastrichtian, a gradient of about 0.3°C/1° latitude is inferred. Equability was high: a mean annual range of temperature of about 8°C is inferred for paleolatitude 51–56°N during the Campanian.
Most Late Cretaceous plants evolved in a climate characterized by absence of freezing and low to moderate amounts of precipitation. A brief, low-temperature excursion and a major, long-lasting increase in precipitation occurred at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. In megathermal climates, these events selected for plants that could exist in rainforest environments. In mesothermal climates, deciduousness and contamitant structural adaptations were selected. The events at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary had a major and long-lasting impact on the evolution of land plants and their ecosystems.
Low precipitation at low to middle Late Cretaceous latitudes is suggested to be the result of high levels of atmospheric CO2, which, in turn, are probably related to inability of warm, saline oceans to store large amounts of carbon. Conditions appear to have rapidly changed at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, when oceanic circulation and stratification may have been fundamentally altered. After the boundary, the oceans were apparently able to store much greater amounts of carbon, and the oceans withdrew large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. In turn, more precipitation fell at low to middle latitudes; the resulting high-biomass vegetation formed a second major carbon reservoir to keep atmospheric CO2 low relative to the Late Cretaceous. Changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation probably resulted from some factor external to the ocean-atmosphere system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(87)90040-X","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, J.A., and Upchurch, G., 1987, North American nonmarine climates and vegetation during the Late Cretaceous: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 61, p. 33-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(87)90040-X.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"77","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225852,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a67e8e4b0c8380cd73517","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, J. A.","contributorId":14026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Upchurch, G.R. Jr.","contributorId":70546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Upchurch","given":"G.R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015140,"text":"70015140 - 1987 - Spectral analysis of topography and gravity in the Basin and Range Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-25T16:00:03.868164","indexId":"70015140","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral analysis of topography and gravity in the Basin and Range Province","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional spectral analysis has been carried out for the topography and the Bouguer gravity anomaly of the Basin and Range Province in western North America. The aim was to investigate the possible presence of dominant wavelengths in the deformation pattern at the surface and at the depth of compensation. The results suggest that a 200-km wavelength in the deep compensating mass distribution has been inherited from an early tectonic phase of extension at an azimuth N65??E. The corresponding surface topography exhibits prominent overtones at wavelength of 100, 75, and possibly 45 km. It is argued that these characterize the non-linear rheology of the upper crust. The short wavelengths in the topography reflect the present phase of deformation, mixed with the results of the older deformations. These results point to a need to extend the physical models of lithospheric stretching beyond the presently available one-phase scenario. However, they show that the boudinage instability concept is consistent with the data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(87)90262-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Ricard, Y., Froidevaux, C., and Simpson, R., 1987, Spectral analysis of topography and gravity in the Basin and Range Province: Tectonophysics, v. 133, no. 3-4, p. 175-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90262-9.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"187","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223640,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.03735943588883,\n 42.00862345299814\n ],\n [\n -120.39806789682876,\n 39.40064412979108\n ],\n [\n -115.38915301377308,\n 31.51632357488282\n ],\n [\n -109.63099281629341,\n 25.94233845042458\n ],\n [\n -108.15733396208881,\n 30.00462232811228\n ],\n [\n -104.29445090260016,\n 29.23368235277063\n ],\n [\n -112.90774565842592,\n 37.0909253903935\n ],\n [\n -110.9828809907067,\n 42.117270492737845\n ],\n [\n -120.03735943588883,\n 42.00862345299814\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"133","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9536e4b08c986b31add9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ricard, Y.","contributorId":62347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ricard","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Froidevaux, C.","contributorId":10933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froidevaux","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, R.","contributorId":49934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014702,"text":"70014702 - 1987 - Nucleation and triggering of earthquake slip: Effect of periodic stresses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-25T16:18:23.027267","indexId":"70014702","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nucleation and triggering of earthquake slip: Effect of periodic stresses","docAbstract":"Results of stability analyses for spring and slider systems, with state variable constitutive properties, are applied to slip on embedded fault patches. Unstable slip may nucleate only if the slipping patch exceeds some minimum size. Subsequent to the onset of instability the earthquake slip may propagate well beyond the patch. It is proposed that the seismicity of a volume of the earth's crust is determined by the distribution of initial conditions on the population of fault patches that nucleate earthquake slip, and the loading history acting upon the volume. Patches with constitutive properties inferred from laboratory experiments are characterized by an interval of self-driven accelerating slip prior to instability, if initial stress exceeds a minimum threshold. This delayed instability of the patches provides an explanation for the occurrence of aftershocks and foreshocks including decay of earthquake rates by time−1. A population of patches subjected to loading with a periodic component results in periodic variation of the rate of occurrence of instabilities. The change of the rate of seismicity for a sinusoidal load is proportional to the amplitude of the periodic stress component and inversely proportional to both the normal stress acting on the fault patches and the constitutive parameter, A1, that controls the direct velocity dependence of fault slip. Values of A1 representative of laboratory experiments indicate that in a homogeneous crust, correlation of earthquake rates with earth tides should not be detectable at normal stresses in excess of about 8 MPa. Correlation of earthquakes with tides at higher normal stresses can be explained if there exist inhomogeneities that locally amplify the magnitude of the tidal stresses. Such amplification might occur near magma chambers or other soft inclusions in the crust and possibly near the ends of creeping fault segments if the creep or afterslip rates vary in response to tides. Observations of seismicity rate variations associated with seasonal fluctuations of reservoir levels appear to be consistent with the model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(87)90012-6","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Dieterich, J.H., 1987, Nucleation and triggering of earthquake slip: Effect of periodic stresses: Tectonophysics, v. 144, no. 1-3, p. 127-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90012-6.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"139","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225463,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"144","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a68d6e4b0c8380cd73a0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014703,"text":"70014703 - 1987 - Fault failure with moderate earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-25T16:14:20.941344","indexId":"70014703","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault failure with moderate earthquakes","docAbstract":"High resolution strain and tilt recordings were made in the near-field of, and prior to, the May 1983 Coalinga earthquake (ML = 6.7, Δ = 51 km), the August 4, 1985, Kettleman Hills earthquake (ML = 5.5, Δ = 34 km), the April 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake (ML = 6.1, Δ = 55 km), the November 1984 Round Valley earthquake (ML = 5.8, Δ = 54 km), the January 14, 1978, Izu, Japan earthquake (ML = 7.0, Δ = 28 km), and several other smaller magnitude earthquakes. These recordings were made with near-surface instruments (resolution 10−8), with borehole dilatometers (resolution 10−10) and a 3-component borehole strainmeter (resolution 10−9). While observed coseismic offsets are generally in good agreement with expectations from elastic dislocation theory, and while post-seismic deformation continued, in some cases, with a moment comparable to that of the main shock, preseismic strain or tilt perturbations from hours to seconds (or less) before the main shock are not apparent above the present resolution. Precursory slip for these events, if any occurred, must have had a moment less than a few percent of that of the main event. To the extent that these records reflect general fault behavior, the strong constraint on the size and amount of slip triggering major rupture makes prediction of the onset times and final magnitudes of the rupture zones a difficult task unless the instruments are fortuitously installed near the rupture initiation point. These data are best explained by an inhomogeneous failure model for which various areas of the fault plane have either different stress-slip constitutive laws or spatially varying constitutive parameters. Other work on seismic waveform analysis and synthetic waveforms indicates that the rupturing process is inhomogeneous and controlled by points of higher strength. These models indicate that rupture initiation occurs at smaller regions of higher strength which, when broken, allow runaway catastrophic failure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(87)90017-5","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M., Linde, A.T., Gladwin, M.T., and Borcherdt, R., 1987, Fault failure with moderate earthquakes: Tectonophysics, v. 144, no. 1-3, p. 189-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90017-5.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"206","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225526,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.02116382075675,\n 35.55400802086601\n ],\n [\n -121.02116382075675,\n 33.16372189729758\n ],\n [\n -118.23848206323959,\n 33.16372189729758\n ],\n [\n -118.23848206323959,\n 35.55400802086601\n ],\n [\n -121.02116382075675,\n 35.55400802086601\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"144","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f18e4b0c8380cd5376f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linde, A. T.","contributorId":21700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linde","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gladwin, M. T.","contributorId":30373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gladwin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borcherdt, R. D. 0000-0002-8668-0849","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":32165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014783,"text":"70014783 - 1987 - Modelling aftershock migration and afterslip of the San Juan Bautista, California, earthquake of October 3, 1972","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-25T16:07:51.750625","indexId":"70014783","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling aftershock migration and afterslip of the San Juan Bautista, California, earthquake of October 3, 1972","docAbstract":"The San Juan Bautista earthquake of October 3, 1972 (ML = 4.8), located along the San Andreas fault in central California, initiated an aftershock sequence characterized by a subtle, but perceptible, tendency for aftershocks to spread to the northwest and southeast along the fault zone. The apparent dimension of the aftershock zone along strike increased from about 7–10 km within a few days of the earthquake, to about 20 km eight months later. In addition, the mainshock initiated a period of accelerated fault creep, which was observed at 2 creep meters situated astride the trace of the San Andreas fault within about 15 km of the epicenter of the mainshock. The creep rate gradually returned to the preearthquake rate after about 3 yrs. Both the spreading of the aftershocks and the rapid surface creep are interpreted as reflecting a period of rapid creep in the fault zone representing the readjustment of stress and displacement following the failure of a “stuck” patch or asperity during the San Juan Bautista earthquake. Numerical calculations suggest that the behavior of the fault zone is consistent with that of a material characterized by a viscosity of about 3.6×1014 P, although the real rheology is likely to be more complicated. In this model, the mainshock represents the failure of an asperity that slips only during earthquakes. Aftershocks represent the failure of second-order asperities which are dragged along by the creeping fault zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(87)90019-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Wesson, R.L., 1987, Modelling aftershock migration and afterslip of the San Juan Bautista, California, earthquake of October 3, 1972: Tectonophysics, v. 144, no. 1-3, p. 215-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90019-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"229","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225660,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Juan Bautista","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.69474215511903,\n 36.9015481210627\n ],\n [\n -121.69474215511903,\n 36.75214615258392\n ],\n [\n -121.46414306717881,\n 36.75214615258392\n ],\n [\n -121.46414306717881,\n 36.9015481210627\n ],\n [\n -121.69474215511903,\n 36.9015481210627\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"144","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c5fe4b0c8380cd6fc3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesson, R. L.","contributorId":51752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014659,"text":"70014659 - 1987 - Analysis of saltwater upconing beneath a pumping well","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-23T15:18:51.265884","indexId":"70014659","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of saltwater upconing beneath a pumping well","docAbstract":"Aquifer systems that contain freshwater and saltwater are usually stratified, with the more dense saltwater underlying the freshwater. A groundwater well discharging from the freshwater zone causes the saltwater to move upwards towards the well. This phenomenon is known as saltwater upconing.
Two methods of analysis, the sharp-interface method and the fluid-density-dependent solute-transport method, are used to simulate saltwater upconing. Numerical experiments including comparisons of the two methods indicate: (1) for low to moderate pumpages the 50% isochlor and sharp interface correlate well; (2) the well can discharge significant concentrations of saltwater, even though a stable cone (according to the sharp-interface method) exists below the well screen; (3) an almost linear relationship exists between the well discharge rate and the concentration of the discharge at low pumping rates that maintain a stable cone; and (4) upconing is sensitive to transverse dispersivity, whereas it is insensitive to longitudinal dispersivity.
A simulation of upconing at Test Site No. 4, Truro, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, indicates that the appropriate field value of transverse dispersivity is very small. This supports the validity of the sharp-interface assumption for analyzing the behavior of systems with thin saltwater-freshwater transition zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(87)90179-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., and Goodman, A., 1987, Analysis of saltwater upconing beneath a pumping well: Journal of Hydrology, v. 89, no. 3-4, p. 169-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90179-X.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"204","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb2de4b0c8380cd48c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, T. E.","contributorId":79460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodman, A.S.","contributorId":37901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodman","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014872,"text":"70014872 - 1987 - Regional regression of flood characteristics employing historical information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-23T16:06:44.687118","indexId":"70014872","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional regression of flood characteristics employing historical information","docAbstract":"Streamflow gauging networks provide hydrologic information for use in estimating the parameters of regional regression models. The regional regression models can be used to estimate flood statistics, such as the 100 yr peak, at ungauged sites as functions of drainage basin characteristics. A recent innovation in regional regression is the use of a generalized least squares (GLS) estimator that accounts for unequal station record lengths and sample cross correlation among the flows. However, this technique does not account for historical flood information.
A method is proposed here to adjust this generalized least squares estimator to account for possible information about historical floods available at some stations in a region. The historical information is assumed to be in the form of observations of all peaks above a threshold during a long period outside the systematic record period. A Monte Carlo simulation experiment was performed to compare the GLS estimator adjusted for historical floods with the unadjusted GLS estimator and the ordinary least squares estimator. Results indicate that using the GLS estimator adjusted for historical information significantly improves the regression model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(87)90157-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., and Stedinger, J., 1987, Regional regression of flood characteristics employing historical information: Journal of Hydrology, v. 96, no. 1-4, p. 255-264, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90157-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"264","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225919,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a54fe4b0e8fec6cdbdea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":83097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stedinger, J.R.","contributorId":90733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stedinger","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014143,"text":"70014143 - 1987 - Origins of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer - A case study of the Pajaro Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-23T15:44:13.963955","indexId":"70014143","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origins of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer - A case study of the Pajaro Valley, California","docAbstract":"Seawater may enter and contaminate stratified coastal aquifers through a number of different pathways. These pathways and their relative contribution are examined in the Pajaro Valley, California, a coastal area with extensive groundwater development. This study considers three pathways of possible intrusion of the primary confined aquifer: (1) onshore leakage from brackish sources, the estuary and sloughs, through the confining layer; (2) near-shore leakage from the ocean through the confining layer; and (3) offshore flow from the ocean through the submarine canyon outcrop of the aquifer. Groundwater flow and seawater intrusion are simulated using an areal, two-dimensional solute-transport computer model. This analysis indicates that leakage through confining layers is the principal mechanism of recharge to the aquifer. Although lateral flow through the offshore outcrop contaminates the aquifer, as a whole, at a higher rate, vertical leakage through the sea floor initially is the main pathway of seawater intrusion to the onshore portion of the aquifer. It is likely that leakage generally is the dominant mechanism of recharge and initial cause of seawater intrusion for poorly-confined, stratified coastal aquifers. This analysis suggests that a significant time interval follows the initial observation of seawater intrusion, during which remedial action can be taken to control lateral flow through the offshore outcrop, which ultimately will be the largest component of future intrusion in these aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(87)90024-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Bond, L., and Bredehoeft, J., 1987, Origins of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer - A case study of the Pajaro Valley, California: Journal of Hydrology, v. 92, no. 3-4, p. 363-388, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90024-2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"388","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pajaro Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.88202839563803,\n 36.968105555446215\n ],\n [\n -121.88202839563803,\n 36.80615338085174\n ],\n [\n -121.6545197946362,\n 36.80615338085174\n ],\n [\n -121.6545197946362,\n 36.968105555446215\n ],\n [\n -121.88202839563803,\n 36.968105555446215\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a711ae4b0c8380cd76464","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bond, L.D.","contributorId":41153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bredehoeft, J.D.","contributorId":12836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}