The development of reliable habitat suitability criteria is critical to the successful implementation of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM), or any other habitat based evaluation technology. It is also a fascinating topic of research, for several reasons. First, the “science” of habitat quantification is relatively young. Descriptions of habitat use and partitioning can be traced back to Darwin, if not further. Attempts to actually quantify habitat use can be found predominantly during the last two decades, with most of the activity occurring in about the last five years. Second, this work is challenging because we are usually working with fish or some other organism that lives out of sight in an environment that is foreign to humans. Most of the data collection techniques that have been developed for standard fisheries work are unsuited, without modification, for criteria development. These factors make anyone involved in this type of research a pioneer, of sorts. Pioneers often make new and wonderful discoveries, but they also sometimes get lost. In our opinion, however, there is an even more rewarding aspect to criteria development research. It seems that the field of biology has tended to become increasingly clinical over the years. Criteria development demands the unobtrusive observation of organisms in their natural environment, a fact that allows the biological to be a naturalist and still get paid for it.
\nThe relative youth and importance of habitat quantification have resulted in rapid advancements in the state of the art. The expansion of methods is vividly demonstrated simply by comparing the two Instream Flow Information Papers written on the subject in 1978 and in 1986. One of the missions of the Aquatic Systems Branch (formerly the Instream Flow Group) is to serve as a clearinghouse for new techniques and methods. In keeping with this role, a workshop was conducted during December 1986 to discuss current and newly evolving methods for developing and evaluating habitat suitability criteria. Participation in this workshop was largely by invitation only. The objective was to obtain insights into problems and possible solutions to criteria development, from the perspective of professionals closely involved with the subject. These proceedings of that workshop are intended to supplement the information contained in Instream Flow Information Paper 21, \"Development and Evaluation of Habitat Suitability Criteria for Use in the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology.\"
\nThe workshop was closely arranged in five sessions, roughly following the outline of Information Paper 21. The first session dealt with various aspects of study design and how they can influence the outcome of a study. Session two investigated techniques for developing criteria from professional judgment, and some of the problems encountered when personal or agency prejudice enters the picture. Session three concentrated on field data collection procedures, whereas session four examined methods of converting field data into curves. Field verification studies were discussed in session five.
\nEach presentation in the workshop was followed by a question and answer period of 15 to 30 minutes. These discussions were recorded, transcribed, and appended to the end of each paper in these proceedings. We have attempted to capture the essence of these discussions as accurately as possible, but hope that the reader can appreciate the difficulty in translating a free-ranging discussion (from a barely audible tape) to something that makes sense in print. These question and answer sessions constitute the peer review for each of the papers. This provides the reader with the unique opportunity to review the interactions between authors and reviewers.
","conferenceTitle":"Workshop on the Development and Evaluation of Habitat Suitability Criteria","conferenceDate":"1986-12-08T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bovee, K., and Zuboy, J., 1988, Proceedings of a workshop on the development and evaluation of habitat suitability criteria: A compilation of papers and discussions presented at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, December 8-12, 1986, 407 p.","productDescription":"407 p.","numberOfPages":"407","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":293086,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fef0e6e4b01f35f8fd6a11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bovee, Ken","contributorId":23455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zuboy, J.R.","contributorId":18689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuboy","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121897,"text":"70121897 - 1988 - Habitat requirements of New Mexico’s endangered salamanders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-25T10:05:41","indexId":"70121897","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T10:03:36","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"RM-166","title":"Habitat requirements of New Mexico’s endangered salamanders","docAbstract":"We measured habitat components for two state-listed endangered salamanders in New Mexico in 1986 and 1987. Both species are restricted to mesic environments within high-elevation, mixed coniferous forests. Steep slope and high elevation were the most useful variables for predicting the occurrence of Jemez Mountains salamanders and Sacramento Mountain salamanders, respectively. Although the discriminant models show some predictive value in detecting salamanders based on habitat variables, we believe that the best survey technique is ground-truth surveys in wet weather. A better fit of the discriminant models might be obtained by including variables not measured e.g., fire and logging history, and soil characteristics. We offer interim management guidelines as a result of our analysis.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Management of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America: Proceedings of the symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Ramotnik, C.A., and Scott, N., 1988, Habitat requirements of New Mexico’s endangered salamanders, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292946,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0502,31.3322 ], [ -109.0502,37.0003 ], [ -103.002,37.0003 ], [ -103.002,31.3322 ], [ -109.0502,31.3322 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fc4dcfe4b0413fd75d6aa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramotnik, Cindy A.","contributorId":33233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramotnik","given":"Cindy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, N.J.","contributorId":76255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"N.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014404,"text":"70014404 - 1988 - Measurement, characterization, and prediction of strong ground motion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:29","indexId":"70014404","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Measurement, characterization, and prediction of strong ground motion","docAbstract":"A number of predictive relationships derived from regression analysis of strong-motion data are available for horizontal peak acceleration, velocity, and response spectral values. Theoretical prediction of ground motion calls for stochastic source models because source heterogeneities control the amplitude of ground motion at most, if not all, frequencies of engineering interest. Theoretical methods have been developed for estimation of ground-motion parameters and simulation of ground-motion time series. These methods are particularly helpful for regions such, as eastern North America where strong-motion data are sparse. The authors survey the field, first reviewing developments in ground-motion measurement and data processing. The authors then consider the choice of parameters for characterizing strong ground motion and describe the wave-types involved in strong ground motion and the factors affecting ground-motion amplitudes. They conclude by describing methods for predicting ground motion.","largerWorkTitle":"Geotechnical Special Publication","conferenceTitle":"Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics II - Recent Advances in Ground-Motion Evaluation: Proceedings of the Specialty Conference","conferenceDate":"27 June 1988 through 30 June 1988","conferenceLocation":"Park City, UT, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"08950563","usgsCitation":"Joyner, W., and Boore, D.M., 1988, Measurement, characterization, and prediction of strong ground motion, in Geotechnical Special Publication, no. n, Park City, UT, USA, 27 June 1988 through 30 June 1988, p. 43-102.","startPage":"43","endPage":"102","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5323e4b0c8380cd6c8d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joyner, William","contributorId":94444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171178,"text":"70171178 - 1988 - Molecular conductivity indices for modelling toxicities of Great Lakes contaminants to Daphnia pulex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T12:38:00","indexId":"70171178","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Molecular conductivity indices for modelling toxicities of Great Lakes contaminants to Daphnia pulex","docAbstract":"Hazard assessment of hundreds of observed and potential contaminants in fish, sediment, and water of the Great Lakes is necessary to determine impact on fishery sources and other aquatic biota. The hundreds of new compunds introduced each year have few measured properties. Mathematical models based on quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) provide rapid, inexpensive estimates of physical properties and toxicites. These models are useful when the contaminants are not commercially available for testing. To develop these predicitive models, acute bioassay results (48-hr EC50 of Daphnia pulex) of 62 compounds were regressed against several modes of molecular connectivity indices. The compunds were selected from the more hazardous classes in a list of 476 compunds tentatively identified by GC/MS in Great Lakes fish.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Preprints of papers presented at the 3rd Chemical Congress of North America and 195th ACS National Meeting","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"3rd Chemical Congress of North America and 195th ACS National Meeting","conferenceDate":"June 5-10, 1988","conferenceLocation":"Toronto, Ontario, Canada","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","usgsCitation":"Hickey, J.P., Passino, D., and Frank, A.M., 1988, Molecular conductivity indices for modelling toxicities of Great Lakes contaminants to Daphnia pulex, in Preprints of papers presented at the 3rd Chemical Congress of North America and 195th ACS National Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 5-10, 1988, p. 521-523.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"523","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5746ccbfe4b07e28b662dcf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickey, James P.","contributorId":83460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Passino, Dora R. M.","contributorId":29345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passino","given":"Dora R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frank, Anthony M.","contributorId":28922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014429,"text":"70014429 - 1988 - Ocean plateau-seamount origin of basaltic rocks, Angayucham terrane, central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T11:16:38.412331","indexId":"70014429","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ocean plateau-seamount origin of basaltic rocks, Angayucham terrane, central Alaska","docAbstract":"The Angayucham terrane of north-central Alaska (immediately S of the Brooks Range) is a large (ca. 500 km E-W), allochthonous complex of Devonian to Lower Jurassic pillow basalt, diabase sills, gabbro plutons, and chert. The mafic rocks are transitional normal-to-enriched, mid-ocean-ridge (MORB) type tholeiites (TiO2 1.2-3.4%, Nb 7-23 ppm, Ta 0.24-1.08 ppm, Zr 69-214 ppm, and light REE's slightly depleted to moderately enriched). Geologic and geochemical constraints indicate that Angayucham terrane is the upper \"skin' (ca. 3-4 km thick) of a long-lived (ca. 170-200 ma) oceanic plateau whose basaltic-gabbroic rocks are like those of seamounts of the East Pacific Rise. -Authors","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Barker, F., Jones, D.L., Budahn, J., and Coney, P., 1988, Ocean plateau-seamount origin of basaltic rocks, Angayucham terrane, central Alaska: Journal of Geology, v. 96, no. 3, p. 368-374.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"368","endPage":"374","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225380,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c94e4b0c8380cd74ccf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, F.","contributorId":101368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, D. L.","contributorId":65045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coney, P.J.","contributorId":67065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coney","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013647,"text":"70013647 - 1988 - Late Wisconsinan-Holocene paleogeography of Delaware Bay; a large coastal plain estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T22:36:12.525238","indexId":"70013647","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Wisconsinan-Holocene paleogeography of Delaware Bay; a large coastal plain estuary","docAbstract":"Analyses of an extensive grid of seismic reflection profiles along with previously published core data and modern sedimentary environment information from surrounding coastal areas permit an outline of the paleogeography of the large Delaware Bay estuary during the last transgression of sea level. During late Wisconsinan times, the Delaware River system eroded a dendritic drainage pattern into the gravelly and muddy sands of Tertiary and younger age beneath the southern half of the lower bay area. This system included the trunk valley of the ancestral river and a large tributary valley formed by the convergence of secondary streams along the Delaware coast. The evolution of the estuary from this drainage system proceeded as follows: (1) When local relative sea level was at -50 m, the head of the tide reached the present bay-mouth area. (2) At -40 m (possibly 15,000-12,000 yrs ago), the trunk valley of the drainage system was a tidal river that extended more than 30 km up the bay, and a small contiguous inlet existed at the bay mouth. (3) At -30 m (approximately 11,000-10,000 yrs ago), the estuary comprised two narrow passages formed by the drowning of the main and tributary river valleys, and the bay-mouth inlet was 5-6 km wide. (4) At -20 m (between 8000 and 7000 yrs ago), the two passages of the estuary were joined, except for a series of small islands on top of a low intervening ridge, and the inlet channel was 11 km wide. (5) At -10 m (between 6000 and 5000 yrs ago), the estuary was nearly continuous and encompassed about 60% of the present lower bay area. Thin, coarse-grained fluvial deposits accumulated initially within the main channels of the former drainage system as base level was elevated by rising sea level. During the subsequent development of the estuary, clayey silts were deposited rapidly beneath the nontidal estuarine depocenter (turbidity maximum) as it migrated through the bay area, and organic muds accumulated in tidal wetlands that occupied the mouths of tributaries and small marginal embayments. As the fetch and tidal prism of the estuary increased, narrow barrier and headland beaches, composed of fine to coarse sands, were formed locally along the bay shorelines. In the later stages of development, sediment scour, reworking and transport became the dominant processes within the open estuary. Data from this study demonstrate the great temporal and spatial variability of sedimentary deposits within large drowned river-valley estuaries and outline a model that can be used to interpret ancient estuarine strata. ?? 1988.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(88)90055-2","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H., Fletcher, C., and Kraft, J., 1988, Late Wisconsinan-Holocene paleogeography of Delaware Bay; a large coastal plain estuary: Marine Geology, v. 83, no. 1-4, p. 115-133, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(88)90055-2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220550,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.48161565019512,\n 39.348130187297784\n ],\n [\n -75.48161565019512,\n 38.74867521775795\n ],\n [\n -74.8564927492127,\n 38.74867521775795\n ],\n [\n -74.8564927492127,\n 39.348130187297784\n ],\n [\n -75.48161565019512,\n 39.348130187297784\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4543e4b0c8380cd67182","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, C.H. III","contributorId":85721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"C.H.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kraft, J.C.","contributorId":69300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraft","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013645,"text":"70013645 - 1988 - On-line estimation of nonlinear physical systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:27","indexId":"70013645","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On-line estimation of nonlinear physical systems","docAbstract":"Recursive algorithms for estimating states of nonlinear physical systems are presented. Orthogonality properties are rediscovered and the associated polynomials are used to linearize state and observation models of the underlying random processes. This requires some key hypotheses regarding the structure of these processes, which may then take account of a wide range of applications. The latter include streamflow forecasting, flood estimation, environmental protection, earthquake engineering, and mine planning. The proposed estimation algorithm may be compared favorably to Taylor series-type filters, nonlinear filters which approximate the probability density by Edgeworth or Gram-Charlier series, as well as to conventional statistical linearization-type estimators. Moreover, the method has several advantages over nonrecursive estimators like disjunctive kriging. To link theory with practice, some numerical results for a simulated system are presented, in which responses from the proposed and extended Kalman algorithms are compared. ?? 1988 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00918881","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Christakos, G., 1988, On-line estimation of nonlinear physical systems: Mathematical Geology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 111-133, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00918881.","startPage":"111","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205038,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00918881"},{"id":220495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e1ae4b0c8380cd754bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christakos, G.","contributorId":87685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christakos","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013694,"text":"70013694 - 1988 - On low-frequency errors of uniformly modulated filtered white-noise models for ground motions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T15:23:09","indexId":"70013694","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1434,"text":"Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On low-frequency errors of uniformly modulated filtered white-noise models for ground motions","docAbstract":"Low-frequency errors of a commonly used non-stationary stochastic model (uniformly modulated filtered white-noise model) for earthquake ground motions are investigated. It is shown both analytically and by numerical simulation that uniformly modulated filter white-noise-type models systematically overestimate the spectral response for periods longer than the effective duration of the earthquake, because of the built-in low-frequency errors in the model. The errors, which are significant for low-magnitude short-duration earthquakes, can be eliminated by using the filtered shot-noise-type models (i. e. white noise, modulated by the envelope first, and then filtered).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4290160307","issn":"03756297","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., and Boore, D.M., 1988, On low-frequency errors of uniformly modulated filtered white-noise models for ground motions: Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, v. 16, no. 3, p. 381-388, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290160307.","startPage":"381","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269244,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290160307"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a69e6e4b0c8380cd73f74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, Erdal","contributorId":73984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"Erdal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":366656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014453,"text":"70014453 - 1988 - Coastal geomorphology of arctic Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014453","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3519,"text":"Technical Council on Cold Regions Engineering Monograph","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coastal geomorphology of arctic Alaska","docAbstract":"The treeless, tundra-plain of northern Alaska merges with the Arctic Ocean along a coastal area characterized by low tundra bluffs, and sparse coastal and delta dunes. Coastal engineering projects that aggrade or degrade permafrost will alter the geomorphology and rates of coastal processes by changing coastal stability. Similarly, projects that modify the ice environment (artificial islands) or the coastal configuration (causeways) will cause nature to readjust to the new process regime, resulting in modification of the coast. In this paper the authors describe the coastal geomorphology from Barrow to the Canadian border. In addition, they provide a general outline and extensive references of the major coastal processes operating in this environment that will be useful on coastal environments elsewhere in the Arctic.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technical Council on Cold Regions Engineering Monograph","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","isbn":"0872626393; 0872626393","usgsCitation":"Barnes, P.W., Rawlinson, S.E., and Reimnitz, E., 1988, Coastal geomorphology of arctic Alaska: Technical Council on Cold Regions Engineering Monograph, p. 3-30.","startPage":"3","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f782e4b0c8380cd4cb63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Peter W.","contributorId":6042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rawlinson, Stuart E.","contributorId":99708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rawlinson","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reimnitz, Erk","contributorId":17963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"Erk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197264,"text":"70197264 - 1988 - Models of grades and tonnages of some lode tin deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-24T13:05:24","indexId":"70197264","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Models of grades and tonnages of some lode tin deposits","docAbstract":"Descriptive and grade/tonnage models have recently been built for many types of deposits. Such models consist of descriptions of mineralogy, host rocks, ore textures, controls, alteration, geochemical signatures, age, and tectonic settings, together with statistical models of grades, tonnages, and contained metal of deposits of each type. The models are used to identify areas that may contain undiscovered deposits of given types, to convey to non-geologists an idea of the importance of such deposits, and to test and refine classifications of mineral deposits.
Descriptive and grade/tonnage models have recently been built for five types of primary tin deposits: rhyolite-hosted such as in Mexico; hydrothermal lodes such as in Cornwall, England, and the Herberton district, Queensland; replacement (or exhalative?) such as Renison Bell, Tasmania; skarn such as at Lost River, Alaska; and greisen such as in the Erzgebirge. Analyses of frequency distributions of tonnage, contained metal, tin grades and the relationships between these variables show that the deposits fall into four well-defined domains that have definite geological characteristics. Rhyolite-hosted, or Mexican, deposits contain a median of 4 t of tin and have a median grade of 0.4% Sn. Hydrothermal lode deposits have the highest grades. Half of such deposits have grades over 1.0% Sn, and the majority contain more than 1,000 t Sn. Large hydrothermal vein deposits contain more than 50,000 t Sn. Replacement (or exhalative?) deposits contain the largest amount of tin (median = 40,000 t). They are only of slightly lower grade (median = 0.80% Sn) than the hydrothermal lodes. Greisen or stockwork deposits have larger tonnages than replacement deposits, but contain less tin (median = 25,000 t).They are also of much lower grade (median = 0.3% Sn). Though grades and tonnages are available for only four skarn deposits, they appear to be more like greisen deposits than replacement deposits when compared using grades, tonnage and contained tin.
Although these individual models of primary tin deposits must be regarded as preliminary because of the relatively small number of deposits upon which they are built, they clearly demonstrate differences among types and provide basic information that can be useful in making decisions about exploration strategy, land classification, and tin supply.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology of tin deposits in Asia and the Pacific","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-72765-8_4","usgsCitation":"Menzie, W., Reed, B., and Singer, D.A., 1988, Models of grades and tonnages of some lode tin deposits, chap. of Geology of tin deposits in Asia and the Pacific, p. 73-88, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72765-8_4.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"88","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15af92e4b092d9651e2330","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Menzie, W. D.","contributorId":52916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, B.L.","contributorId":29434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":736464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014412,"text":"70014412 - 1988 - Contrasting serpentinization processes in the eastern Central Alps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:29","indexId":"70014412","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasting serpentinization processes in the eastern Central Alps","docAbstract":"Stable isotope compositions have been determined for serpentinites from between Davos (Arosa-Platta nappe, Switzerland) and the Valmalenco (Italy). ??D and ??18O values (-120 to -60 and 6-10???, respectively) in the Arosa-Platta nappe indicate that serpentinization took place on the continent at relatively low temperatures in the presence of limited amounts of metamorphic fluids that contained a component of meteoric water. One sample of chrysotile has a ??18O value of 13??? providing evidence of high W/R ratios and low formation temperature of lizardite-chrysotile in this area. In contrast, relatively high ??D values (-42 to -34???) and low ??18O values (4.4-7.4???) for serpentine in the eastern part of the Valmalenco suggest a serpentinization process that took place at moderate temperatures in fluids that were dominated by ocean water. The antigorite in the Valmalenco is the first reported example of continental antigorite with an ocean water signature. An amphibole sample from a metasomatically overprinted contact zone to metasediments (??D=-36???) indicates that the metasomatic event also took place in the presence of ocean water. Lower ??D values (-93 to -60???) of serpentines in the western part of the Valmalenco suggest a different alteration history possibly influenced by fluids associated with contact metamorphism. Low water/rock ratios during regional metamorphism (and metasomatism) have to be assumed for both regions. ?? 1988 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00371940","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Burkhard, D., and O’Neil, J.R., 1988, Contrasting serpentinization processes in the eastern Central Alps: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 99, no. 4, p. 498-506, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371940.","startPage":"498","endPage":"506","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480015,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/47349","text":"External Repository"},{"id":205684,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371940"},{"id":226152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa7ce4b0c8380cd4db0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkhard, D.J.M.","contributorId":19716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhard","given":"D.J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013681,"text":"70013681 - 1988 - The Whittier Narrows, California earthquake of October 1, 1987: Preliminary assessment of strong ground motion records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T15:01:04.24353","indexId":"70013681","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Whittier Narrows, California earthquake of October 1, 1987: Preliminary assessment of strong ground motion records","docAbstract":"More than 250 strong-motion accelerograph stations were triggered by the Whittier Narrows, California, earthquake of 1 October 1987. Considering the number of multichannel structural stations in the area of strong shaking, this set of records is one of the more significant in history. Three networks, operated by the U.S. Geological Survey, the California Division of Mines and Geology, and the University of Southern California produced the majority of the records. The excellent performance of the instruments in these and the smaller arrays is attributable to the quality of the maintenance programs and their funding and personnel requirements. Readiness for a magnitude 8 event is directly related to these maintenance programs. Prior to computer analysis of the analog film records, a number of important structural resonant modes can be identified, and frequencies and simple mode shapes have been scaled. The structural records form a basic performance measurement for comparison with larger earthquake response in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","doi":"10.1193/1.1585465","usgsCitation":"Brady, A., Etheredge, E.C., and Porcella, R.L., 1988, The Whittier Narrows, California earthquake of October 1, 1987: Preliminary assessment of strong ground motion records: Earthquake Spectra, v. 4, no. 1, p. 55-74, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585465.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Los Angeles basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.66776592366908,\n 34.37671218769654\n ],\n [\n -118.66776592366908,\n 33.71018161678026\n ],\n [\n -117.8213434794263,\n 33.71018161678026\n ],\n [\n -117.8213434794263,\n 34.37671218769654\n ],\n [\n -118.66776592366908,\n 34.37671218769654\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc3a8e4b08c986b32b2dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, A. G.","contributorId":61794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Etheredge, E. C.","contributorId":8108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Etheredge","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Porcella, R. L.","contributorId":102869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porcella","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":33499,"text":"b1713B - 1988 - Mineral resources of the Turtle Mountains Wilderness Study Area, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T19:50:32.260331","indexId":"b1713B","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1713","chapter":"B","title":"Mineral resources of the Turtle Mountains Wilderness Study Area, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"At the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, approximately 105,200 acres of the Turtle Mountains Wilderness Study Area (CDCA-307) were evaluated for mineral resources (known) and resource potential (undiscovered). In this report, the area studied is referred to as \"the wilderness study area\" or simply \"the study area\"; any reference to the Turtle Mountain Wilderness Study Area refers only to that part of the wilderness study area for which a mineral survey was requested by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management.
The wilderness study area is in southeastern San Bernardino County, Calif. Gold, silver, copper, and lead have been mined within and adjacent to the study area. Copper-zinc-silver-gold mineral occurrences are found in the southern part and gold-silver mineral occurrences are found in the northern part of the study area; identified low- to moderate-grade gold-silver resources occur adjacent to the study area along the western boundary. Six areas in the south-central and northwestern parts of the study area have high resource potential, two broad areas have moderate resource potential, and part of the southwest corner has low resource potential for lode gold, silver, and associated copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, and tungsten. Alluvium locally within one of these areas has moderate resource potential for placer gold and silver, and the entire area has low resource potential for placer gold and silver. There is low resource potential for perlite, ornamental stone (onyx marble and opal), manganese, uranium and thorium, pegmatite minerals, and oil and gas within the study area. Sand and gravel are abundant but are readily available outside the wilderness study area.
","largerWorkTitle":"Mineral resources of Wilderness Study Areas: Eastern California Desert Conservation Area, California","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1713B","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., Nielson, J.E., Simpson, R.W., Hazlett, R.W., Alminas, H.V., Nakata, J.K., and McDonnell, J.R., 1988, Mineral resources of the Turtle Mountains Wilderness Study Area, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1713, Report: vi, 28 p.; Plate: 29.72 x 40.72 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1713B.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 28 p.; Plate: 29.72 x 40.72 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407645,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NBU9PY","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Digital database of geologic units, contacts, and faults for Mineral Resource Potential Map of the Turtle Mountains Wilderness Study Area, San Bernardino County, California"},{"id":340334,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1713b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":340333,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1713b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1713b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Turtle Mountains Wilderness Study Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.6,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 34.1\n ],\n [\n -114.6,\n 34.1\n ],\n [\n -114.6,\n 34.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a00f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":211397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielson, Jane E.","contributorId":9701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, Robert W. simpson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Robert","email":"simpson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":211399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hazlett, Richard W.","contributorId":89201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazlett","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Alminas, Henry V.","contributorId":59783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alminas","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nakata, John K.","contributorId":32518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McDonnell, John R. Jr.","contributorId":32898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonnell","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":211402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70014425,"text":"70014425 - 1988 - Icebergs rework shelf sediments to 500 m off Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T12:32:57.237036","indexId":"70014425","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Icebergs rework shelf sediments to 500 m off Antarctica","docAbstract":"Icebergs and sea ice rework the sediments of high-latitude shelves, producing modern diamicts (ice-keel turbates) unrelated to glacial proximity. Off Antarctica, sidescan sonar data indicate the presence of ice-gouge features formed by the physical interaction between ice keels and the sea bed. These are recognized as incisions a few metres deep and tens of metres wide, in water depths up to 500 m. On the submarine bank tops and slopes off Wilkes Land and in the Weddell Sea, subcircular depressions 30 to 150 m in diameter, a washboard pattern, and hummocky bed features also represent iceberg-resting sites. The freshness of sea-bed morphology, nearby Holocene sediment ponding, and active hydraulic sedimentary processes indicate that the sea floor is being reworked by iceberg keels. Tabular iceberg drafts in excess of 330 m have been measured, and modeling studies suggest that nontabular iceberg drafts of 500 m are possible. We conclude that a modern ice-keel turbate deposit in the form of a poorly stratified diamicton is probably widespread on that part (54%) of the Antarctic shelf less than 500 m deep.
Isotopic analyses of two hydrogenetic ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from volcanic edifices in the central Pacific Ocean reveal systematic variations in
In many places, earthquakes with similar characteristics have been shown to recur. If this is common, then relatively small deformations associated with individual earthquake cycles should accumulate over time to create geological structures. Following this paradigm, we show that existing models developed to describe leveling line changes associated with the seismic cycle can be adapted to explain geological features associated with a fault. In these models an elastic layer containing the fault overlies a viscous half-space with a different density. Fault motion associated with an earthquake results in immediate deformation followed by a long period of readjustment as stresses relax in the viscous layer and isostatic equilibrium is restored. Deformation is also caused as a result of the loading and unloading due to sediment deposition and erosion. In this paper, the parameters that control the growth of dip-slip structures are identified. We find that the flexural rigidity of the crust (or the apparent elastic thickness) provides the main control of the width of a structure. The loading due to erosion and deposition of sediment determines the ratio of uplift to subsidence between the two sides of the fault. The flexure due to sediment load is much more important in this respect than whether the fault is normal or reverse in character. We find that, in general, real structures are associated with apparent elastic thicknesses of 4 km or less and thus with very low flexural rigidities.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB11p13307","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"King, G., Stein, R., and Rundle, J.B., 1988, The growth of geological structures by repeated earthquakes 1. Conceptual framework: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 93, no. B11, p. 13307-13318, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB11p13307.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"13307","endPage":"13318","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226021,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baca8e4b08c986b323644","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, G.C.P.","contributorId":18510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"G.C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rundle, J. B.","contributorId":17766,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rundle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014798,"text":"70014798 - 1988 - HELIOTHERMAL LAKE MODEL OF BORATE DEPOSITION IN THE MIOCENE FURNACE CREEK FORMATION, DEATH VALLEY REGION, CALIFORNIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70014798","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"HELIOTHERMAL LAKE MODEL OF BORATE DEPOSITION IN THE MIOCENE FURNACE CREEK FORMATION, DEATH VALLEY REGION, CALIFORNIA.","docAbstract":"Heliothermal lakes are density-stratified with shallow submerged margins surrounding areally restricted deep pool(s) containing a dense brine overlain by a much less dense brine. The reflective brine interface allows solar energy to be trapped in the dense brine which may warm to over 90 degree C. Carbonate precipitated from the dense brine is the typical sediment produced in warm deep pool. Miocene borate deposits of the Death Valley region are typically contained within areally limited carbonate-rich pods that interfinger with a finely interlaminated (varve-like) mudstone and limestone. Primary borates there are predominately either Na-Ca borates or Ca-borates. This bimodal evaporite assemblage suggests that brine chemistries and (or) crystallization paths varied significantly in temporally and spatially related portions of this apparently continuous lacustrine deposit.","largerWorkTitle":"Preprint - Society of Mining Engineers of AIME","conferenceDate":"2 October 1986 through 3 October 1986","conferenceLocation":"Luxembourg, Luxemb","language":"English","publisher":"Soc of Mining Engineers of AIME","publisherLocation":"Littleton, CO, USA","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., and Barker, J.M., 1988, HELIOTHERMAL LAKE MODEL OF BORATE DEPOSITION IN THE MIOCENE FURNACE CREEK FORMATION, DEATH VALLEY REGION, CALIFORNIA., in Preprint - Society of Mining Engineers of AIME, Luxembourg, Luxemb, 2 October 1986 through 3 October 1986.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2e78e4b0c8380cd5c578","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Grayson S.J.Smith D.A.","contributorId":128451,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Grayson S.J.Smith D.A.","id":536293,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Charles E.","contributorId":93070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Charles E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, James M.","contributorId":106636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014348,"text":"70014348 - 1988 - Analysis of geophysical well logs obtained in the State 2-14 borehole, Salton Sea geothermal area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-05T15:35:43.94892","indexId":"70014348","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of geophysical well logs obtained in the State 2-14 borehole, Salton Sea geothermal area, California","docAbstract":"A complete suite of conventional geophysical well logs was obtained in the upper part of a 3220-m- deep borehole drilled into geothermally altered alluvial sediments on the southeastern edge of the Salton Sea. In situ temperatures greater than 300°C and an inability to cool parts of the borehole by circulation limited the suite of logs run below 2000 m in depth to deep induction, spontaneous potential, un-calibrated neutron, natural gamma, and temperature. Bottom-hole temperature trends given by repeat temperature logs were extrapolated to undisturbed temperatures approaching 355°C at a depth of 3220 m. Geophysical logs obtained in the State 2–14 borehole indicate that neutron porosity, gamma-gamma, and deep-induction logs provide useful information on lithologic trends with depth. The natural gamma log contains almost continuous, high-frequency fluctuations that obscure lithologic trends and that may be related to recent radioisotope redistribution and departure from radiometric equilibrium. Acoustic transit time logs give unrealistically low in situ compressional velocities ranging from 1.8 to 3.0 km/s, whereas acoustic waveform logs indicate that sediment compressional velocities range from less than 3.0 km/s shallower than 1000 m in depth to almost 5.0 km/s at depths greater than 2000 m. Analyses indicate that most log values lie between two lithologic end points: an electrically conductive claystone with moderate neutron porosity, but no effective porosity, and an electrically nonconductive, fully cemented siltstone that has small but finite porosity. A limited number of clean sandstones depart from this trend; geophysical logs from these sandstones indicate an effective porosity ranging from 5 to 14%, and saturation with brines having equivalent NaCl concentrations greater than 100,000 mg/L. Depth- averaged trends in neutron porosity and deep-induction logs, along with trends in acoustic velocity determined from acoustic waveform logs, demonstrate that major changes in the properties of alluvial sediments occur within the depth range from 1200 to 1800 m. Although caliper logs were not obtained deeper than 2000 m, resistivity values less than 10 ohm m at those depths probably correspond to borehole enlargements in production zones rather than local increases in effective porosity. The transition in sediment properties indicated by the geophysical logs in the depth interval from 1200 to 2000 m apparently represents a detailed vertical profile of the transition from relatively unaltered clay minerals in alluvial sediments to electrically nonconductive alteration products such as epidote and feldspar.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB11p12981","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Morin, R.H., 1988, Analysis of geophysical well logs obtained in the State 2-14 borehole, Salton Sea geothermal area, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 93, no. B11, p. 12981-12994, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB11p12981.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"12981","endPage":"12994","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225952,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb16e4b0c8380cd48bf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013706,"text":"70013706 - 1988 - Pyrolysis g.c.-m.s. of a series of degraded woods and coalified logs that increase in rank from peat to subbituminous coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-29T14:08:37.902408","indexId":"70013706","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pyrolysis g.c.-m.s. of a series of degraded woods and coalified logs that increase in rank from peat to subbituminous coal","docAbstract":"Xylem tissue from degraded wood and coalified logs or stems was examined by pyrolysis g.c.-m.s. to improve understanding of the coalification process. The pyrolysis data, when combined with solid-state 13C n.m.r. data for the same samples, show several stages of evolution during coalification. The first stage, microbial degradation in peat, involves the selective degradation of cellulosic components and preservation of lignin-like components. As coalification increases, the lignin structural units undergo a series of defunctionalization reactions. The first of these involve loss of methoxyl groups, with replacement by phenolic hydroxyls such that catechol-like structures are produced. As the xylem tissue is converted to subbituminous coal, the persistence of phenols and methylated phenols in pyrolysis g.c.-m.s. data of subbituminous coal suggests that the catechol-like structures are being converted to phenol-like structures. The ability to discern detailed changes in the chemical structural composition of a genetically and histologically related series of samples provides an ideal method for developing models of coal structure, especially that of low-rank coal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(88)90372-9","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Hatcher, P.G., Lerch, H.E., Kotra, R., and Verheyen, T., 1988, Pyrolysis g.c.-m.s. of a series of degraded woods and coalified logs that increase in rank from peat to subbituminous coal: Fuel, v. 67, no. 8, p. 1069-1075, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(88)90372-9.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1069","endPage":"1075","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220604,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a905ee4b0c8380cd7fcc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lerch, H. E. III","contributorId":94788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerch","given":"H.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kotra, R. K.","contributorId":100880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotra","given":"R. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verheyen, T.V.","contributorId":95614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verheyen","given":"T.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013693,"text":"70013693 - 1988 - Crustal contributions to arc magmatism in the Andes of Central Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:32","indexId":"70013693","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal contributions to arc magmatism in the Andes of Central Chile","docAbstract":"Fifteen andesite-dacite stratovolcanoes on the volcanic front of a single segment of the Andean arc show along-arc changes in isotopic and elemental ratios that demonstrate large crustal contributions to magma genesis. All 15 centers lie 90 km above the Benioff zone and 280??20 km from the trench axis. Rate and geometry of subduction and composition and age of subducted sediments and seafloor are nearly constant along the segment. Nonetheless, from S to N along the volcanic front (at 57.5% SiO2) K2O rises from 1.1 to 2.4 wt %, Ba from 300 to 600 ppm, and Ce from 25 to 50 ppm, whereas FeO*/MgO declines from >2.5 to 1.4. Ce/Yb and Hf/Lu triple northward, in part reflecting suppression of HREE enrichment by deep-crustal garnet. Rb, Cs, Th, and U contents all rise markedly from S to N, but Rb/Cs values double northward - opposite to prediction were the regional alkali enrichment controlled by sediment subduction. K/Rb drops steeply and scatters greatly within many (biotite-free) andesitic suites. Wide diversity in Zr/Hf, Zr/Rb, Ba/Ta, and Ba/La within and among neighboring suites (which lack zircon and alkali feldspar) largely reflects local variability of intracrustal (not slab or mantle) contributions. Pb-isotope data define a limited range that straddles the Stacey-Kramers line, is bracketed by values of local basement rocks, in part plots above the field of Nazca plate sediment, and shows no indication of a steep (mantle+sedimentary) Pb mixing trend. 87Sr/86Sr values rise northward from 0.7036 to 0.7057, and 143Nd/144Nd values drop from 0.5129 to 0.5125. A northward climb in basal elevation of volcanic-front edifices from 1350 m to 4500 m elevation coincides with a Bougueranomaly gradient from -95 to -295 mgal, interpreted to indicate thickening of the crust from 30-35 km to 50-60 km. Complementary to the thickening crust, the mantle wedge beneath the front thins northward from about 60 km to 30-40 km (as slab depth is constant). The thick northern crust contains an abundance of Paleozoic and Triassic rocks, whereas the proportion of younger arc-intrusive basement increases southward. Primitive basalts are unknown anywhere along the arc. Base-level isotopic and chemical values for each volcano are established by blending of subcrustal and deep-crustal magmas in zones of melting, assimilation, storage and homogenization (MASH) at the mantle-crust transition. Scavenging of mid-to upper-crustal silicic-alkalic melts and intracrustal AFC (prominent at the largest center) can subsequently modify ascending magmas, but the base-level geochemical signature at each center reflects the depth of its MASH zone and the age, composition, and proportional contribution of the lowermost crust. ?? 1988 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00372365","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., and Moorbath, S., 1988, Crustal contributions to arc magmatism in the Andes of Central Chile: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 98, no. 4, p. 455-489, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00372365.","startPage":"455","endPage":"489","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205032,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372365"},{"id":220388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcdae4b0c8380cd4e47e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moorbath, S.","contributorId":49516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moorbath","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013668,"text":"70013668 - 1988 - Compositional evolution of the zoned calcalkaline magma chamber of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T13:23:57","indexId":"70013668","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositional evolution of the zoned calcalkaline magma chamber of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"The climactic eruption of Mount Mazama has long been recognized as a classic example of rapid eruption of a substantial fraction of a zoned magma body. Increased knowledge of eruptive history and new chemical analyses of ∼350 wholerock and glass samples of the climactic ejecta, preclimactic rhyodacite flows and their inclusions, postcaldera lavas, and lavas of nearby monogenetic vents are used here to infer processes of chemical evolution of this late Pleistocene — Holocene magmatic system. The 6845±50 BP climactic eruption vented ∼50 km3of magma to form: (1) rhyodacite fall deposit; (2) welded rhyodacite ignimbrite; and (3) lithic breccia and zoned ignimbrite, these during collapse of Crater Lake caldera. Climactic ejecta were dominantly homogeneous rhyodacite (70.4±0.3% SiO2), followed by subordinate andesite and cumulate scoriae (48–61% SiO2). The gap in wholerock composition reflects mainly a step in crystal content because glass compositions are virtually continuous. Two types of scoriae are distinguished by different LREE, Rb, Th, and Zr, but principally by a twofold contrast in Sr content: High-Sr (HSr) and low-Sr (LSr) scoriae. HSr scoriae were erupted first. Trace element abundances indicate that HSr and LSr scoriae had different calcalkaline andesite parents; basalt was parental to some mafic cumulate scoriae. Parental magma compositions reconstructed from scoria wholerock and glass data are similar to those of inclusions in preclimactic rhyodacites and of aphyric lavas of nearby monogenetic vents.
Preclimactic rhyodacite flows and their magmatic inclusions give insight into evolution of the climactic chamber. Evolved rhyodacite flows containing LSr andesite inclusions were emplaced between ∼30000 and ∼25000 BP. At 7015±45 BP, the Llao Rock vent produced a zoned rhyodacite pumice fall, then rhyodacite lava with HSr andesite inclusions. The Cleetwood rhyodacite flow, emplaced immediately before the climactic eruption and compositionally identical to climactic rhyodacite (volatile-free), contains different HSr inclusions from Llao Rock. The change from LSr to HSr inclusions indicates replenishment of the chamber with andesite magma, perhaps several times, in the latest Pleistocene to early Holocene.
Modeling calculations and wholerock-glass relations suggest than: (1) magmas were derived mainly by crystallization differentiation of andesite liquid; (2) evolved preclimactic rhyodacite probably was derived from LSr andesite; (3) rhyodacites contain a minor component of partial melt from wall rocks, and (4) climactic and compositionally similar rhyodacites probably formed by mixing of evolved rhyodacite with HSr derivative liquid(s) after replenishment of the chamber with HSr andesite magma. Density considerations permit a model for growth and evolution of the chamber in which andesite recharge magma ponded repeatedly between cumulates and rhyodacite magma. Convective cooling of this andesite resulted in rapid crystallization and upward escape of buoyant derivative liquid which mixed with overlying, convecting rhyodacite. The evolved rhyodacites were erupted early in the chamber's history and(or) near its margins. Postcaldera andesite lavas may be hybrids composed of LSr cumulates mixed with remnant climactic rhyodacite. Younger postcaldera rhyodacite probably formed by fractionation of similar andesite and assimilation of partial melts of wallrocks.
Uniformity of climactic rhyodacite suggests homogeneous silicic ejecta from other volcanoes resulted from similar replenishment-driven convective mixing. Calcalkaline pluton compositions and their internal zonation can be interpreted in terms of the Mazama system frozen at various times in its history.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00402114","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., and Druitt, T.H., 1988, Compositional evolution of the zoned calcalkaline magma chamber of Mount Mazama, Crater Lake, Oregon: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 98, no. 2, p. 224-256, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00402114.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"224","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":204996,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402114"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Mount Mazama, Crater Lake","volume":"98","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f937e4b0c8380cd4d4db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":366595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Druitt, T. H.","contributorId":60662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druitt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28201,"text":"wri884004 - 1988 - Simulation of three lahars in the Mount St Helens area, Washington using a one-dimensional, unsteady-state streamflow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-21T18:57:07.538832","indexId":"wri884004","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4004","title":"Simulation of three lahars in the Mount St Helens area, Washington using a one-dimensional, unsteady-state streamflow model","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional, unsteady-state, open-channel model was used to analytically reproduce three lahar events. Factors contributing to the success of the modeling were: (1) the lahars were confined to a channel, (2) channel roughness was defined by field information, and (3) the volume of the flow remained relatively unchanged for the duration of the peak. Manning 's 'n ' values used in computing conveyance in the model were subject to the changing rheology of the debris flow and were calculated from field cross-section information (velocities used in these calculations were derived from super-elevation or run-up formulas). For the events modeled in this exercise, Manning 's 'n ' calculations ranged from 0.020 to 0.099. In all lahar simulations, the rheology of the flow changed in a downstream direction during the course of the event. Chen's 'U ', the mudflow consistency index, changed approximately an order of magnitude for each event. The ' u ' values ranged from 5-2,260 kg/m for three events modeled. The empirical approach adopted in this paper is useful as a tool to help predict debris-flow behavior, but does not lead to understanding the physical processes of debris flows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884004","usgsCitation":"Laenen, A., and Hansen, R.P., 1988, Simulation of three lahars in the Mount St Helens area, Washington using a one-dimensional, unsteady-state streamflow model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4004, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884004.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414481,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46936.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4004/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57039,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 46.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697729","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, R. P.","contributorId":106538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014328,"text":"70014328 - 1988 - The chemical evolution of a travertine-depositing stream: Geochemical processes and mass transfer reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T11:05:36","indexId":"70014328","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemical evolution of a travertine-depositing stream: Geochemical processes and mass transfer reactions","docAbstract":"This field study focuses on quantitatively defining the chemical changes occurring in Falling Spring Creek, a travertine-depositing stream located in Alleghany County, Virginia. The processes of CO2outgassing and calcite precipitation or dissolution control the chemical evolution of the stream. The observed chemical composition of the water was used with the computerized geochemical model WATEQF to calculate aqueous speciation, saturation indices, and CO2 partial pressure values. Mass balance calculations were performed to obtain mass transfers of CO2 and calcite. Reaction times, estimated from stream discharge, were used with the mass transfer results to calculate rates of CO2, outgassing and calcite precipitation between consecutive sampling points. The stream, which is fed by a carbonate spring, is supersaturated with respect to CO2 along the entire 5.2-km flow path. Outgassing of CO2 drives the solution to high degrees of supersaturation with respect to calcite. Metabolic uptake of CO2 by photosynthetic plants is insignificant, because the high supply rate of dissolved carbon dioxide and the extreme agitation of the stream at waterfalls and rapids causes a much greater amount of inorganic CO2 outgassing to occur. Calcite precipitation is kinetically inhibited until near the crest of a 20-m vertical waterfall. Calcite precipitation rates then reach a maximum at the waterfall where greater water turbulence allows the most rapid escape of CO2. Physical evidence for calcite precipitation exists in the travertine deposits which are first observed immediately above the waterfall and extend for at least 1.0 km below the falls. Net calcite precipitation occurs at all times of the year but is greatest during low-flow conditions in the summer and early fall.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR024i009p01541","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M.M., and Herman, J.S., 1988, The chemical evolution of a travertine-depositing stream: Geochemical processes and mass transfer reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 24, no. 9, p. 1541-1552, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i009p01541.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1541","endPage":"1552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa2be4b08c986b322740","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":368129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, Janet S.","contributorId":62138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}