{"pageNumber":"1451","pageRowStart":"36250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40845,"records":[{"id":33381,"text":"b1713C - 1987 - Mineral resources of the Fort Piute Wilderness Study Area, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T12:58:51","indexId":"b1713C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1713","chapter":"C","title":"Mineral resources of the Fort Piute Wilderness Study Area, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"<p>The Fort Piute Wilderness Study Area (CDCA-267) is in northeastern San Bernardino County, California, near the boundary between California and Nevada. Mineral surveys were requested for 31,371 acres of the Fort Piute Wilderness Study Area. In this report the area studied is referred to as \"the study area\". Examination of mines and prospects in the area was accomplished by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1981 and 1982. Field investigations of the area were carried out by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1983 and 1985. No mines or prospects, few mining claims, and no identified resources are located within the wilderness study area. Moderate and low potential for gold resources appears limited to outcrops of gneiss and granite exposed along the eastern side of the Piute Range. Available information indicates that there is no potential for energy resources, including oil and gas, uranium, or geothermal, in the study area.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Mineral resources of Wilderness Study Areas: Eastern California Desert Conservation Area, California","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1713C","usgsCitation":"Nielson, J.E., Frisken, J.G., Jachens, R.C., and McDonnell, J.R., 1987, Mineral resources of the Fort Piute Wilderness Study Area, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1713, Report: v, 12 p.; Plate: 23.00 x 35.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1713C.","productDescription":"Report: v, 12 p.; Plate: 23.00 x 35.50 inches","startPage":"C1","endPage":"C12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":61234,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1713c/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"4.53 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":61235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1713c/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":164232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1713c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.05157470703126,\n              35.337533782800946\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.13946533203124,\n              35.40024478679507\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.18890380859374,\n              35.382332329032984\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.27679443359375,\n              35.27253175660236\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.31524658203124,\n              35.11990857099681\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.3399658203125,\n              34.786739162702524\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.32623291015625,\n              34.69646117272349\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.27130126953125,\n              34.59930237746263\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.15869140624999,\n              34.55407346090554\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.02960205078125,\n              34.5020297944346\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.9169921875,\n              34.58799745550482\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.86480712890626,\n              34.70549341022544\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.84558105468749,\n              34.836349990763864\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.82635498046875,\n              35.02774729487063\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.83184814453124,\n              35.15584570226544\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.05157470703126,\n              35.337533782800946\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a320","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielson, Jane E.","contributorId":9701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frisken, James G.","contributorId":76740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frisken","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jachens, Robert C. jachens@usgs.gov","contributorId":1180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"Robert","email":"jachens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDonnell, John R. Jr.","contributorId":32898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonnell","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":38500,"text":"pp1384 - 1987 - Flow model for open-channel reach or network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:20","indexId":"pp1384","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1384","title":"Flow model for open-channel reach or network","docAbstract":"Formulation of a one-dimensional model for simulating unsteady flow in a single open-channel reach or in a network of interconnected channels is presented. The model is both general and flexible in that it can be used to simulate a wide range of flow conditions for various channel configurations. It is based on a four-point (box), implicit, finite-difference approximation of the governing nonlinear flow equations with user-definable weighting coefficients to permit varying the solution scheme from box-centered to fully forward. Unique transformation equations are formulated that permit correlation of the unknowns at the extremities of the channels, thereby reducing coefficient matrix and execution time requirements. Discharges and water-surface elevations computed at intermediate locations within a channel are determined following solution of the transformation equations. The matrix of transformation and boundary-condition equations is solved by Gauss elimination using maximum pivot strategy. Two diverse applications of the model are presented to illustrate its broad utility. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1384","usgsCitation":"Schaffranek, R., 1987, Flow model for open-channel reach or network: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1384, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1384.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1384/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65216,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1384/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df252","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaffranek, R.W.","contributorId":61468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":33329,"text":"b1731E - 1987 - Mineral Resources of the Antelope Wilderness Study Area, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:09","indexId":"b1731E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1731","chapter":"E","title":"Mineral Resources of the Antelope Wilderness Study Area, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"At the request of the U.S. Bureau of land Management, 83,100 acres of the Antelope Wilderness Study Area (NV-4)60-231/241) was studied. In this report the studied area is called the 'wilderness study area', or simply the 'study area.' No identified mineral or energy resources occur within the study area. The southern part of the area has moderate mineral resource potential for undiscovered gold and silver, and the Woodruff Formation in the southern part of the area has high resource potential for undiscovered vanadium, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, and silver (fig. 1). This assessment is based on field geochemical studies in 1984 and 1985 by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and field geochemical studies and geologic mapping by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1984 and 1985. The remainder of the study area has low resource potential for undiscovered gold, silver, lead, zinc, manganese, tin, and molybdenum. The study area also has low resource potential for undiscovered oil and gas resources.\r\n\r\nThe Antelope Wilderness Study Area is about midway between Tonopah and Eureka, Nev., in the northern Hot Creek Range and southern Antelope Range of central Nevada. It is accessible by unimproved dirt roads extending 20 mi (miles) north from U.S. Highway 6 and 40 mi south from U.S. Highway 50 (fig. 2). Most of the study area consists of rugged mountainous terrain having approximately 2,600 ft (feet) of relief. The mountain range is a block tilted gently to the east and bounded on both sides by normal faults that dip steeply to moderately west and have major displacements. Most of the study area is underlain by a thick sequence of Tertiary volcanic rocks that predominantly consist of silicic ash-flow tuff, the Windous Butte Formation. Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic (see geologic time chart in appendix) marine sediments occur along the southern margin of the study area, and lower Paleozoic rocks are exposed in the northeast corner.\r\n\r\nThe areas of exposed Paleozoic-Mesozoic rocks along the southern margin of the study area have moderate mineral resource potential for gold and silver in sediment-hosted, disseminated, epithermal (low-temperature) gold-silver deposits (fig. 1). These rocks consist of folded and thrust-faulted, fine-grained clastic sediments and limestone and dolomite that locally have been brecciated and hydrothermally altered. The alteration (locally, strong silicification) and geochemical associations of these rocks indicate a favorable environment for such deposits. Exploration for disseminated gold deposits in the same geologic environment is currently being conducted just south of the study area. The remainder of the study area has low resource potential for epithermal gold and silver vein deposits in the Tertiary volcanic rocks. The Cenozoic sedimentary basins adjacent to the fault-bounded mountain block have moderate potential for petroleum resources; the study area itself has low potential for petroleum resources.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1731E","usgsCitation":"Hardyman, R.F., Poole, F.G., Kleinhampl, F., Turner, R.L., Plouff, D., Duval, J.S., Johnson, F.L., and Benjamin, D.A., 1987, Mineral Resources of the Antelope Wilderness Study Area, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1731, Report: vi, E19; Plate: 24 x 35.5 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1731E.","productDescription":"Report: vi, E19; Plate: 24 x 35.5 inches","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95956,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1731e/report.pdf","size":"4055","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95957,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1731e/plate-1.pdf","size":"5694","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":164332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1731e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.41666666666667,38.666666666666664 ], [ -116.41666666666667,39.083333333333336 ], [ -116.16666666666667,39.083333333333336 ], [ -116.16666666666667,38.666666666666664 ], [ -116.41666666666667,38.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6357a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardyman, Richard F.","contributorId":44206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardyman","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poole, Forrest G. 0000-0001-8487-0799 bpoole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8487-0799","contributorId":1543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"Forrest","email":"bpoole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kleinhampl, Frank J.","contributorId":105297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinhampl","given":"Frank J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turner, Robert L.","contributorId":45283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Plouff, Donald","contributorId":94657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plouff","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duval, Joe S.","contributorId":41064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duval","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, Fredrick L.","contributorId":37392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Fredrick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Benjamin, David A.","contributorId":108159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benjamin","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":28729,"text":"wri864130 - 1987 - Effect of Niagara power project on ground-water flow in the upper part of the Lockport Dolomite, Niagara Falls area, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri864130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4130","title":"Effect of Niagara power project on ground-water flow in the upper part of the Lockport Dolomite, Niagara Falls area, New York","docAbstract":"The Niagara River Power Project near Niagara Falls, N.Y., has created recharge and discharge areas that have modified the direction of groundwater flow east and northeast of the falls. Before construction of the power project in 1962, the configuration of the potentiometric surface in the upper part of the Silurian Lockport Dolomite generally paralleled the buried upper surface of the bedrock. Ground water in the central and east parts of the city of Niagara Falls flowed south and southwestward toward the upper Niagara River (above the falls), and ground water in the western part flowed westward into Niagara River gorge. The power project consists of two hydroelectric powerplants separated by a forebay canal that receives water from the upper Niagara River through two 4-mi-long, parallel, buried conduits. During periods of nonpeak power demand, some water in the forebay canal is pumped to a storage reservoir for later release to generate electricity during peak-demand periods. Since the power project began operation in 1962, groundwater within 0.5 mi of the buried conduits has seeped into the drain system that surrounds the conduits, then flows both south from the forebay canal and north from the Niagara River toward the Falls Street tunnel--a former sewer that crosses the conduits 0.65 mi north of the upper Niagara River. Approximately 6 million gallons of ground water a day leaks into the Falls Street tunnel, which carries it 2.3 mi westward to the Niagara River gorge below the falls. Daily water-level fluctuations in the forebay canal affect water levels in the drain system that surrounds the conduits, and this , in turn, affects the potentiometric surface in the Lockport Dolomite within 0.5 mi of the conduits. The drains transmit changes in pressure head near the forebay canal southward at least as far as the Falls Street tunnel area and possibly to the upper Niagara River. Some water in the pumped-storage reservoir recharges ground water in the Lockport Dolomite by seepage through bedding joints, which are exposed in the unlined reservoir bottom, and through the grout curtain beneath the reservoir 's dike. Water-level fluctuations in the reservoir cause slight ground-water fluctuations near the reservoir. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864130","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.S., and Kappel, W.M., 1987, Effect of Niagara power project on ground-water flow in the upper part of the Lockport Dolomite, Niagara Falls area, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4130, vi, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864130.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57556,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4130/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57557,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625862","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Todd S.","contributorId":85623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kappel, W. M.","contributorId":18754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27641,"text":"wri874165 - 1987 - Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River lock and dam 17, New Boston, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-07T15:02:16","indexId":"wri874165","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4165","title":"Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River lock and dam 17, New Boston, Illinois","docAbstract":"<p>The water levels of the navigation pools on the Mississippi River are maintained by the operation of tainter and roller gates at the locks and dams. Discharge ratings for the gates on Lock and Dam 17, at New Boston, Illinois, were developed from current meter discharge measurements made in the forebays of the gate structures. Methodology is given to compute the gate openings of the tainter gates accurately. Discharge coefficients , in equations that express discharge as a function of tailwater head, forebay head, and height of gate opening, were determined for conditions of submerged orifice and free weir flow. A comparison of the rating discharges to the hydraulic-model rating discharges is given for submerged orifice flow for the tainter and roller gates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/wri874165","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District","usgsCitation":"Heinitz, A., 1987, Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River lock and dam 17, New Boston, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4165, viii, 43 p.: ill., map; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874165.","productDescription":"viii, 43 p.: ill., map; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56502,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4165/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4165/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"New Boston","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.07254028320311,\n              41.184274048471615\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.07254028320311,\n              41.19402728852242\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.05134010314941,\n              41.19402728852242\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.05134010314941,\n              41.184274048471615\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.07254028320311,\n              41.184274048471615\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a95a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinitz, A.J.","contributorId":62610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinitz","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30329,"text":"wri864125 - 1987 - Cost effectiveness of the U.S. Geological Survey's stream-gaging program in Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T12:57:04","indexId":"wri864125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4125","title":"Cost effectiveness of the U.S. Geological Survey's stream-gaging program in Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents the results of a three-step evaluation of the stream-gaging program in Wisconsin. First, data uses and funding sources were identified for the 89 continuous-record gaging stations operated during the 1984 water year. Next, alternative methods of streamflow estimation were examined for three stations. A flow-routing model was used for two of the stations and a statistical model was used for the third. The modeled discharges did not compare well enough with observed discharges to warrant elimination of any of the stations. Finally, an optimization model was used to assess the cost effectiveness of the stream-gaging process.</p>\n<p>The annual budget, in 1984 dollars, for operating the 89 continuous-record gaging stations and 65 additional stations is $557,3000. Based on a Kalman-filter analysis, the theoretical average standard error of instantaneous discharge associated with the current practice of visiting the stations is 13.8%. This overall level of accuracy could be maintained with a budget of $518,6000 if stream-gaging activities were redistributed in an optimal fashion among the gaging stations. For the current budget, the theoretical average standard error would be reduced to 10.1% if the network is operated in an optimal fashion. Furthermore, the average standard error would be reduced to 7.3% if all missing record is eliminated and the network is operated optimally.</p>\n<p>A minimum budget of $510,000 is required to operate the program; a budget less than this does not permit proper service and maintenance of the gaging stations. At this minimum budget, the theoretical average standard error of instantaneous discharge is 14.4%. The maximum budget analyzed was $650,000 and resulted in an average standard of error of instantaneous discharge of 7.2%.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864125","usgsCitation":"Walker, J., Osen, L., and Hughes, P., 1987, Cost effectiveness of the U.S. Geological Survey's stream-gaging program in Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4125, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864125.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4125/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59122,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4125/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":27642,"text":"wri874110 - 1987 - Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River Lock and Dam 18, Gladstone, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-07T15:08:41","indexId":"wri874110","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4110","title":"Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River Lock and Dam 18, Gladstone, Illinois","docAbstract":"<p>The water level of the navigation pools on the Mississippi River are maintained by the operation of tainter and roller gates at the locks and dams. Discharge ratings for the gates on Lock and Dam 18, at Gladstone, Illinois, were developed from current meter discharge measurements made in the forebays of the gate structures. Methodology is given to accurately compute the gate openings of the tainter gate. Discharge coefficients, in equations that express discharge as a function of tailwater head , forebay head, and height of gate opening, were determined for conditions of submerged-orifice and free-weir flow. A comparison of the rating discharges with the hydraulic model rating discharges is given for submerged orifice flow for the tainter and roller gates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/wri874110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District","usgsCitation":"Heinitz, A., 1987, Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River Lock and Dam 18, Gladstone, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4110, viii, 44 p.: ill., map; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874110.","productDescription":"viii, 44 p.: ill., map; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56503,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4110/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Gladstone","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.04241371154785,\n              40.87769896474621\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.04241371154785,\n              40.89242901075802\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.01666450500487,\n              40.89242901075802\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.01666450500487,\n              40.87769896474621\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.04241371154785,\n              40.87769896474621\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aa6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinitz, A.J.","contributorId":62610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinitz","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27784,"text":"wri874137 - 1987 - A diffusion hydrodynamic model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri874137","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4137","title":"A diffusion hydrodynamic model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874137","usgsCitation":"Hromadka, T., and Yen, C., 1987, A diffusion hydrodynamic model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4137, xii, 135 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874137.","productDescription":"xii, 135 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4137/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56627,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6af0a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hromadka, T.V.","contributorId":22388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hromadka","given":"T.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yen, Chung-Cheng","contributorId":21561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yen","given":"Chung-Cheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29745,"text":"wri824010 - 1987 - Ground-water hydrology of the Toppenish Creek basin, Yakima Indian Reservation, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri824010","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-4010","title":"Ground-water hydrology of the Toppenish Creek basin, Yakima Indian Reservation, Washington","docAbstract":"A groundwater flow model was constructed for the Toppenish Creek basin aquifer system in eastern Washington. Flow was simulated in three aquifer units: (1) the confined old valley fill and shallow basalt (unit 2); (2) the underlying primary basalt (unit 3); and (3) the deep basalt (unit 4). Water levels in the overlying unconfined alluvial aquifer (unit 1) were held fixed. Calibrated transmissivities ranged from 0.01 to 0.48 foot squared per second. Calibrated storage coefficients were 0.0004 to 0.006. The confining-bed leakance ranged from 2.0 x 10 to the minus 11th power to 2.5 x 10 to the minus 10th power feet per second per foot. Under steady-state conditions (1954) annual natural recharge was about 29,000 acre-ft underflow from adjacent basins. Annual pumpage increased from less than 500 acre-ft in 1954 to an average of 19,600 acre-ft for 1971 and 1972. Pumpage caused simulated declines in unit 3 of up to 95 ft for 1955-72. Projected annual declines from 1973-77 using 1971-72 pumpage were about 0.5-1.5 ft in unit 2 and 0.2-1.5 ft in unit 3. The corresponding declines from 1978-82 were 0.2-1.2 ft and 0.2-0.8 ft, respectively. Using 1971-72 pumpage plus 12 ,400 acre-ft per year from unit 3, the calculated annual declines from 1978-82 were 1-36 ft in unit 2 and 4-20 ft in unit 3. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri824010","usgsCitation":"Skrivan, J., 1987, Ground-water hydrology of the Toppenish Creek basin, Yakima Indian Reservation, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-4010, vi, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri824010.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4010/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58544,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6986b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skrivan, J.A.","contributorId":107743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skrivan","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30028,"text":"wri874172 - 1987 - Geohydrology and simulated effects of withdrawals on the Miocene aquifer system in the Mississippi Gulf Coast area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri874172","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4172","title":"Geohydrology and simulated effects of withdrawals on the Miocene aquifer system in the Mississippi Gulf Coast area","docAbstract":"Intense development of the Miocene aquifer system for water supplies along the Mississippi Gulf Coast has resulted in large water level declines that have altered the groundwater flow pattern in the area. Water levels in some Miocene aquifers have declined about 2 ft/year since 1940; declines exceed 100 ft (80 ft sea level) in large areas along the coast. Water levels in the surficial aquifer system, generally less than 20 ft below land surface, have not declined. The Miocene and younger interbedded and lenticular sands and clays crop out in southern Mississippi and dip to the south and southwest. These sediments have large vertical variations in head and locally respond to stresses as separate aquifers. Freshwater recharge to the Miocene aquifer system primarily is from rainfall on the surficial aquifers. The water generally moves to the south and southeast along the bedding planes toward the Mississippi Gulf Coast where the water is either withdrawn by wells, discharges to the ocean, or gradually percolates upward into overlying aquifers. Drawdowns caused by large groundwater withdrawals along the coast probably have resulted in the gradual movement of the saltwater toward the pumping centers. In parts of the Miocene aquifer system commonly used for water supplies, the water generally is a sodium bicarbonate type. Increasing chloride concentrations in a few wells indicate that saline water is migrating into parts of all layers in the Pascagoula area. A quasi three-dimensional numerical model of the groundwater flow system was constructed and calibrated on the basis of the both pre- and post-development conditions. The effects of an expected 1.5% annual increase in groundwater withdrawals during the period 1985-2005 were evaluated by the flow model. Additional water level declines expected by the year 2005 in response to estimated pumpage are as follows: Gulfport, 135 ft in layer 4; Biloxi-Gulfport area, 100 ft in layer 5 and 50 ft in layer 3; Pascagoula area, 40 ft in layer 6 and 30 ft in layer 4. The most serious threats of saltwater encroachment occur in layers 4, 5, and 6 (the 800-, 600- and 400-ft sands) in the Pascagoula area where contamination of the southern edges of the production areas is expected to occur in less than 10 years. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874172","usgsCitation":"Sumner, D.M., Wasson, B.E., and Kalkhoff, S., 1987, Geohydrology and simulated effects of withdrawals on the Miocene aquifer system in the Mississippi Gulf Coast area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4172, vii, 203 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874172.","productDescription":"vii, 203 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4172/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58832,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4172/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a519","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sumner, D. M.","contributorId":100827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wasson, B. E.","contributorId":11204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kalkhoff, S. J.","contributorId":28967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27643,"text":"wri874149 - 1987 - Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River lock and dam 20, Canton, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri874149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4149","title":"Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River lock and dam 20, Canton, Missouri","docAbstract":"The water levels of the navigation pools on the Mississippi River are maintained by the operation of tainter and roller gates at the locks and dams. Discharge ratings for the gates on Lock and Dam 20, at Canton, Missouri, were developed from current meter discharge measurements made in the forebays of the gate structures. Methodology is given to compute accurately the gate openings of the tainter gates. Discharge coefficients, in equations that express discharge as a function of tailwater head , forebay head, and height of gate opening, were determined for conditions of submerged orifice flow. A comparison of the discharges defined by the hydraulic model ratings and those computed by the equations developed in this study are given for selected gate openings. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874149","usgsCitation":"Heinitz, A., 1987, Discharge ratings for control gates at Mississippi River lock and dam 20, Canton, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4149, viii, 36 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874149.","productDescription":"viii, 36 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4149/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56504,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4149/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a972","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinitz, A.J.","contributorId":62610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinitz","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27218,"text":"wri864056 - 1987 - Effects of coal strip mining on stream water quality and biology, southwestern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri864056","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4056","title":"Effects of coal strip mining on stream water quality and biology, southwestern Washington","docAbstract":"Strip mining for coal in southwestern Washington may be affecting the water quality of streams. To investigate these possible effects, five streams were selected for study of water quality in each of the two coal bearing areas: the Centralia-Chehalis coal district, and Kelso-Castle Rock coal area. In the Centralia-Chehalis coal district, three of the streams have drainage basins in which mines are active. Water in streams that drain unmined basins is typical of western Washington streams and is characterized as a mixed water because calcium, magnesium, sodium, and bicarbonate ions predominate. A change in anionic composition from bicarbonate to sulfate in streams draining mined areas was not sufficient to change the general water composition and thus make the streams acidic. The largest downstream changes in water quality in both mined and unmined drainage basins were observed during summer low-flow conditions, when minimal dilution, increased water temperatures, and low dissolved oxygen concentrations occurred. High dissolved solids were found in the mined drainage basins during this period. High concentrations of iron, manganese, and zinc were present in the bottom sediments of the mined basins. Moderate concentrations of chromium, cobalt, copper, and zinc were also found in the bottom sediments of a few unmined basins. Streams with substrates of gravel-cobble or gravel-coarse sand had the most diverse benthic fauna and a higher number of ubiquitous taxa than streams with sand-silt substrates, which had the most dissimilar fauna. Mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies were rare at the site most affected by mining. The erosion potential of a basin appears to be related to the average basin slope and the amount of forested areas. Strip mining for coal in steep basins may lead to massive movements of unconsolidated spoils after vegetal cover is removed if the land disturbed is graded to pre-mining slopes. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864056","usgsCitation":"Fuste, L.A., and Meyer, D.F., 1987, Effects of coal strip mining on stream water quality and biology, southwestern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4056, vi, 124 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864056.","productDescription":"vi, 124 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56089,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68453a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuste, L. A.","contributorId":85631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuste","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, D. F.","contributorId":21167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30300,"text":"wri874227 - 1987 - Hydrology of the U.S. Army Pinon Canyon maneuver site, Las Animas County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri874227","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4227","title":"Hydrology of the U.S. Army Pinon Canyon maneuver site, Las Animas County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The U.S. Department of the Army (Fort Carson Military Reservation) has acquired 381 sq mi of semiarid rangeland in southeastern Colorado for mechanized military maneuvers. The study area, known as the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, drains into the Purgatoire River, a major tributary of the upper Arkansas River. A multidisciplined hydrologic investigation began in October 1982. The primary aquifer in the Maneuver Site is the Dakota-Purgatoire. Well yields generally range from 10 to 500 gal/min. Dissolved solids concentrations in groundwater ranged from 195 to 6,150 mg/L. Streamflow in the Purgatoire River is perennial. Tributaries draining the Maneuver Site are intermittent or ephemeral and contribute only about 4.4% of the streamflow of the Purgatoire River downstream from the Maneuver Site. Flood frequencies were calculated by using the log Pearson III procedure and compared well with a regional estimating technique that was developed that uses physical drainage-basin characteristics. Calcium and sulfate are the predominant ions in the surface water of the area. Time-series plots indicate that instream water-quality standards for nitrate and metals are exceeded. About 80% of the suspended-sediment load is transported by rainfall runoff, which occurs less than 8% of the time. Ephermal tributaries contributed less than 25% of the suspended-sediment load transported to the Purgatoire River downstream from the Maneuver Site. Historic annual mean sediment yields were measured for 29 small watersheds. Sediment yields were measured for 29 small watersheds. Sediment yields ranged from 9.5 to 1,700 tons/sq mi. Sediment yields were estimated by a multiple-linear-regression model developed by using physical drainage-basin characteristics and by the Pacific Southwest Interagency Committee method. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874227","usgsCitation":"Von Guerard, P., Abbott, P., and Nickless, R.C., 1987, Hydrology of the U.S. Army Pinon Canyon maneuver site, Las Animas County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4227, x, 117 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874227.","productDescription":"x, 117 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4227/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59090,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4227/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59091,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4227/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59092,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4227/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67ca42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Von Guerard, Paul","contributorId":40620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Guerard","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abbott, P.O.","contributorId":21154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"P.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nickless, Raymond C.","contributorId":69609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nickless","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29178,"text":"wri874140 - 1987 - Hydrogeology of McMullen Valley, west-central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri874140","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4140","title":"Hydrogeology of McMullen Valley, west-central Arizona","docAbstract":"The geohydrology of McMullen Valley, west-central Arizona, was investigated using geologic, geophysical, and hydrologic data and a numerical model of the groundwater system. Interpretation of geologic and geophysical information indicates that the main structure of McMullen Valley is a syncline that has been normal faulted on the southeast side. Basin fill that accumulated in the structural depression during late Miocene to Pleistocene time is the main aquifer and is divided into upper and lower units on the basis of lithologic information. The upper unit is a thin layer of coarse-grained sediments and generally is not saturated. The lower unit is 3,000 to 4,000 ft thick, includes a fine-grained facies in the upper 1,000 ft, and is the main source of water. The fine-grained facies is found in the southwest half of the basin and is further divided into upper and lower parts. The lower part of the fine-grained facies has: a higher percentage of silt and clay than the upper part, contains evaporites, does not yield water to wells, and separates the aquifer into shallow and deep systems. A numerical model was used to analyze the groundwater system for both steady-state and transient conditions. The transient model was used to analyze system response to pumping stress. The transient system is one of storage depletion, and water level declines are controlled by pumping and specific yield distributions. Water level declines are also influenced by hydraulic properties and areal extent of the fine-grained facies. Significant water level declines may extend to aquifer boundaries in most of the basin; in one area, impermeable boundary greatly influences declines. The location of the nearby boundary was estimated through gravity data modeling. Several hydrologic components, including hydraulic properties and areal extent of the fine-grained facies , storage properties, and aquifer boundaries, need better definition in order to develop a more accurate model of the groundwater system. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874140","usgsCitation":"Pool, D.R., 1987, Hydrogeology of McMullen Valley, west-central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4140, v, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874140.","productDescription":"v, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4140/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58049,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4140/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db54595a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pool, D. R.","contributorId":75581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29096,"text":"wri874108 - 1987 - Sensitivity analysis of a multilayer, finite-difference model of the southeastern Coastal Plain regional aquifer system:  Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T19:35:27.39349","indexId":"wri874108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4108","title":"Sensitivity analysis of a multilayer, finite-difference model of the southeastern Coastal Plain regional aquifer system:  Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina","docAbstract":"The sensitivity of a multilayer finite-difference regional flow model was tested by changing the calibrated values for five parameters in the steady-state model and one in the transient-state model. The parameters that changed under the steady-state condition were those that had been routinely adjusted during the calibration process as part of the effort to match pre-development potentiometric surfaces, and elements of the water budget. The tested steady-state parameters include: recharge, riverbed conductance, transmissivity, confining unit leakance, and boundary location. In the transient-state model, the storage coefficient was adjusted. The sensitivity of the model to changes in the calibrated values of these parameters was evaluated with respect to the simulated response of net base flow to the rivers, and the mean value of the absolute head residual. To provide a standard measurement of sensitivity from one parameter to another, the standard deviation of the absolute head residual was calculated. The steady-state model was shown to be most sensitive to changes in rates of recharge. When the recharge rate was held constant, the model was more sensitive to variations in transmissivity. Near the rivers, the riverbed conductance becomes the dominant parameter in controlling the heads. Changes in confining unit leakance had little effect on simulated base flow, but greatly affected head residuals. The model was relatively insensitive to changes in the location of no-flow boundaries and to moderate changes in the altitude of constant head boundaries. The storage coefficient was adjusted under transient conditions to illustrate the model 's sensitivity to changes in storativity. The model is less sensitive to an increase in storage coefficient than it is to a decrease in storage coefficient. As the storage coefficient decreased, the aquifer drawdown increases, the base flow decreased. The opposite response occurred when the storage coefficient was increased. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874108","usgsCitation":"Pernik, M., 1987, Sensitivity analysis of a multilayer, finite-difference model of the southeastern Coastal Plain regional aquifer system:  Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4108, viii, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874108.","productDescription":"viii, 53 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392869,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46775.htm"},{"id":57950,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4108/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4108/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91,\n              30.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.5,\n              30.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.5,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -91,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -91,\n              30.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e35e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pernik, Meribeth","contributorId":21195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pernik","given":"Meribeth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28009,"text":"wri864194 - 1987 - Three-dimensional model simulation of transient ground-water flow in the Albuquerque-Belen Basin, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri864194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4194","title":"Three-dimensional model simulation of transient ground-water flow in the Albuquerque-Belen Basin, New Mexico","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional digital model that simulates transient flow in the alluvial aquifer system underlying the Albuquerque-Belen Basin, New Mexico, was constructed as part of a regional aquifer study of the southwest alluvial basins. The model simulates hydraulic heads and changes in hydraulic heads for 1907 to 1979. Hydraulic-conductivity values used in the accepted model range from 0.25 ft/day in part of the Santa Fe Group to 50 ft/day in the fluvial deposits in the Rio Grande flood plain. The majority of the basin-fill material of the Santa Fe group of Tertiary and Quaternary age was modeled as having a horizontal hydraulic conductivity of either 30 or 40 ft/day. The simulated specific storage of the aquifer was 0.000001/ft and the simulated specific yield was 0.10. The aquifer was simulated as being vertically anisotropic with a ratio of vertical to horizontal hydraulic conductivity of 1:500. Simulations for 1976-79 indicated that of the 100,000 acre-ft of groundwater withdrawn annually from the basin-fill deposits outside of the Rio Grande flood plain, 68% was obtained from recharge around the basin margin, depletion of streams that are tributary to the Rio Grande, and the stream-aquifer system in the Rio Grande flood plain. Depletion of aquifer storage accounted for 25% of the groundwater supply to wells outside of the flood plain, and the remaining 7% was obtained by induced groundwater inflow from the Santo Domingo Basin. The model displayed an acceptable performance throughout the period of simulation. However, by the end of the simulation period, 1979, the portrayal of the Rio Grande flood-plain system as a specified hydraulic-head boundary was having adverse effects on the simulation. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864194","usgsCitation":"Kernodle, J.M., Miller, R.S., and Scott, W.B., 1987, Three-dimensional model simulation of transient ground-water flow in the Albuquerque-Belen Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4194, viii, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864194.","productDescription":"viii, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56834,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b46fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Ryan S.","contributorId":49005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, W. B.","contributorId":87887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28028,"text":"wri864203 - 1987 - Reconnaissance of geohydrologic areas and 1981 low-flow conditions, Withlacoochee River basin, southwest Florida Water Management District","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri864203","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4203","title":"Reconnaissance of geohydrologic areas and 1981 low-flow conditions, Withlacoochee River basin, southwest Florida Water Management District","docAbstract":"The Withlacoochee River Basin of the Southwest Florida Water Management District is a management area of about 2030 sq mi in west-central Florida containing large reserves of potable water in the Upper Floridan aquifer. Results of reconnaissance test drilling indicate that the Upper Floridan aquifer may be treated as an unconfined aquifer in the management area which allows it to be divided into two types of geohydrologic areas: (1) areas of high recharge, and (2) areas of moderate recharge. Conceptually, the source of water to well fields in areas of high recharge would largely be natural recharge, whereas, in areas of moderate recharge, a significant part of the source of water to well fields would be induced downward leakage, or capture, of surface and near-surface water. The Withlacoochee River Basin of the Southwest Florida Water Management District is drained almost entirely by the Withlacoochee River and its tributaries. Field data were collected from April 13 through August 17, 1981, to document extremely low streamflow conditions. Conditions in the upper half of the drainage basin were found to be the most severe of record. On July 7, 1981, the total net runoff from the upper half of the basin was observed to be only 0.1 cu ft/sec. Low-flow conditions in the lower half of the drainage basin, however, were less severe than during the record low period of 1956. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864203","usgsCitation":"Kimrey, J.O., and Anderson, W., 1987, Reconnaissance of geohydrologic areas and 1981 low-flow conditions, Withlacoochee River basin, southwest Florida Water Management District: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4203, vi, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864203.","productDescription":"vi, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4203/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56863,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4203/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c6ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimrey, J. O.","contributorId":67533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimrey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Warren","contributorId":7712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Warren","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28457,"text":"wri824117 - 1987 - Hydrology of the White Tail Butte area, northern Campbell County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri824117","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-4117","title":"Hydrology of the White Tail Butte area, northern Campbell County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Quantity of runoff and peak discharge from one small basin in the White Tail Butte area, determined from a calibrated rainfall-runoff model, is less than the quantity computed using results of a regional study. The difference is caused by the extensive beds of exposed, permeable clinker in the area. Potentiometric surfaces in the White Tail Butte area indicate that, regionally, it is a discharge area. This is consistent with the conceptual model developed elsewhere in Campbell County , Wyo. The chemical quality of water from springs and alluvium, however, is characteristic of water found in recharge areas, so movement of water in the regional system is apparently small compared to local recharge. If surface coal mining occurs in the area, the principal adverse impact to the groundwater system would be the destruction of springs and seeps in the mined area. These could be restored with special reclamation procedures. There are adequate quantities of water of suitable quality for stock or domestic use below the coal so postreclamation supplies could be obtained. Impacts of surface mining on runoff could not be evaluated, but sensitivity of runoff to infiltration indicates a 10% change in runoff for a 1% change in infiltration. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri824117","usgsCitation":"Lowry, M., and Rankl, J., 1987, Hydrology of the White Tail Butte area, northern Campbell County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-4117, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri824117.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118937,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4117/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57259,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/4117/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowry, M.E.","contributorId":55807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowry","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rankl, J.G.","contributorId":107733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30563,"text":"wri874010 - 1987 - Relation between ground water and surface water in the Hillsborough River basin, west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri874010","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4010","title":"Relation between ground water and surface water in the Hillsborough River basin, west-central Florida","docAbstract":"The relation between groundwater and surface water in the Hillsborough River basin was defined through the use of: seismic-reflection profiling along selected reaches of the Hillsborough River, and evaluation of streamflow, rainfall, groundwater levels, water quality, and geologic data. Major municipal well fields in the basin are Morris Bridge and Cypress Creek where an averages of 15.3 and 30.0 million gal/day (mgd), respectively, were pumped in 1980. Mean annual rainfall for the study area is 53.7 inches. Average rainfall for 1980, determined from eight rainfall stations, was 49.7 inches. Evapotranspiration, corrected for the 5% of the basin that is standing water, was 35.7 in/year. The principal geohydrologic units in the basin are the surficial aquifer, the intermediate aquifer and confining beds, the Upper Floridan aquifer, the middle confining unit, and the Lower Floridan aquifer. Total pumpage of groundwater in 1980 was 98.18 mgd. The surficial aquifer and the intermediate aquifer are not used for major groundwater supply in the basin. Continuous marine seismic-reflection data collected along selected reaches of the Hillsborough River were interpreted to define the riverbed profile, the thickness of surficial deposits, and the top of persistent limestone. Major areas of groundwater discharge near the Hillsborough River and its tributaries are the wetlands adjacent to the river between the Zephyrhills gaging stations and Fletcher Avenue and the wetlands adjacent to Cypress Creek. An estimated 20 mgd seeps upward from the Upper Floridan aquifer within those wetland areas. The runoff/sq mi is greater at the Zephyrhills station than at Morris Bridge. However, results of groundwater flow models and potentiometric-surface maps indicate that groundwater is flowing upward along the Hillsborough River between the Zephyrhills gage and the Morris Bridge gage. This upward leakage is lost to evapotranspiration. An aquifer test conducted in 1978 at the Morris Bridge well field was evaluated by using an anisotropic method. Analytical results matched observed water levels within 0.1 ft. Analysis of aquifer test results indicates that withdrawals of up to 28 mgd would have a negligible effect on the river stage or flow. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874010","usgsCitation":"Wolansky, R., and Thompson, T.H., 1987, Relation between ground water and surface water in the Hillsborough River basin, west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4010, vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874010.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4010/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59328,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolansky, R. M.","contributorId":89163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolansky","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, T. H.","contributorId":23927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29263,"text":"wri854314 - 1987 - Analysis of sediment production from two small semiarid basins in Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri854314","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4314","title":"Analysis of sediment production from two small semiarid basins in Wyoming","docAbstract":"Data were collected at two small, semiarid basins in Wyoming to determine the relation between rainfall, runoff, and sediment production. The basins were Dugout Creek tributary and Saint Marys Ditch tributary. Sufficient rainfall and runoff data were collected at Dugout Creek tributary to determine the source of sediment and the dominant sediment production processes. Because runoff from only one storm occurred in Saint Marys Ditch tributary, emphasis of the study was placed on the analysis of data collected at Dugout Creek tributary. At Dugout Creek tributary, detailed measurements were made to establish the source of sediment. To determine the quantity of material removed from headcuts during the study, two headcuts were surveyed. Aerial photographs were used to define movement of all headcuts. The total quantity of sediment removed from all headcuts between September 26, 1982, and September 26, 1983, was estimated to be 1,220 tons, or 15%-25% of the estimated total sediment load passing the streamflow-gaging station. A soil plot was used to sample upland erosion. A rainfall and runoff modeling system was used to evaluate the interaction between the physical processes which control sediment production. The greatest change in computed sediment load was caused by changing the parameter values for equations used to compute the detachment of sediment particles by rainfall and overland flow resulted in very small changes in computed sediment load. The upland areas were the primary source of sediment. A relationship was developed between the peak of storm runoff and the total sediment load for that storm runoff. The sediment concentration used to compute the total sediment load for the storm runoff was determined from sediment samples collected by two automatic pumping samplers. The coefficient of variation of the relationship is 34% with a 0.99 correlation coefficient. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854314","usgsCitation":"Rankl, J., 1987, Analysis of sediment production from two small semiarid basins in Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4314, iv, 27 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854314.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4314/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58115,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4314/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68018e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rankl, J.G.","contributorId":107733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26598,"text":"wri874008 - 1987 - Floods in Kansas and techniques for estimating their magnitude and frequency on unregulated streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:22","indexId":"wri874008","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4008","title":"Floods in Kansas and techniques for estimating their magnitude and frequency on unregulated streams","docAbstract":"Techniques are presented for generalizing the skewness coefficient of log-Pearson Type III distributions of annual maximum discharges and for flood magnitudes that have selected recurrence intervals from 2 to 100 yr. A weighted least-square (WLS) regression model was used to generalize the coefficients of station skewness that resulted in a root-mean-sq error of prediction of 0.35 compared to 0.55 for the skewness map published in Bulletin 17B of the U.S. Water Resources Council. Estimates of generalized skewness were computed for each of 245 streamflow gaging stations with a minimum of 10 years of record and a contributing drainage area of &lt; 20,000 sq mi. The WLS regression model also was used to develop equations for estimating flood magnitude for selected recurrence intervals for ungaged stream locations by using data from 218 of the 245 streamflow gaging stations that had contributing-drainage areas of less than 10,000 sq mi. The errors of prediction of the most reliable WLS equations ranged from 28 to 42%. The WLS equations were compared statistically to previous developed equations and were determined to be different and more accurate than previously published equations. Flood magnitudes and frequencies for 245 streamflow gaging stations, based on data collected through the 1983 water year, are presented along with a summary of the seasonal distribution of annual maximum discharges and an analysis of the maximum observed discharges. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874008","usgsCitation":"Clement, R., 1987, Floods in Kansas and techniques for estimating their magnitude and frequency on unregulated streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4008, iv, 50 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874008.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4008/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55464,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4008/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48ade4b07f02db52d5a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clement, R.W.","contributorId":11247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clement","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29033,"text":"wri874150 - 1987 - Hydrogeology and water quality of areas with persistent ground-water contamination near Blackfoot, Bingham County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T22:42:54.737467","indexId":"wri874150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4150","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of areas with persistent ground-water contamination near Blackfoot, Bingham County, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Groveland-Collins area near Blackfoot, Idaho, has a history of either periodic or persistent localized groundwater contamination. Water users in the area report offensive smell, metallic taste, rust deposits, and bacteria in water supplies. During 1984 and 1985, data were collected to define regional and local geologic, hydrologic, and groundwater quality conditions, and to identify factors that may have affected local groundwater quality. Infiltration or leakage of irrigation water is the major source of groundwater recharge, and water levels may fluctuate 15 ft or more during the irrigation season. Groundwater movement is generally northwestward. Groundwater contains predominantly calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions and characteristically has more than 200 mg/L hardness. Groundwater near the Groveland-Collins area may be contaminated from one or more sources, including infiltration of sewage effluent, gasoline or liquid fertilizer spillage, or land application of food processing wastewater. Subsurface basalt ridges impede lateral movement of water in localized areas. Groundwater pools temporarily behind these ridges and anomalously high water levels result. Maximum concentrations or values of constituents that indicate contamination were 1,450 microsiemens/cm specific conductance, 630 mg/L bicarbonate (as HCO<sub>3</sub>), 11 mg/L nitrite plus nitrate (as nitrogen), 7.3 mg/L ammonia (as nitrogen), 5.9 mg/L organic nitrogen, 4.4 mg/L dissolved organic carbon, 7,000 micrograms/L dissolved iron, 5 ,100 microgram/L dissolved manganese, and 320 microgram/L dissolved zinc. Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 8.9 mg/L in uncontaminated areas to 0 mg/L in areas where food processing wastewater is applied to the land surface. Stable-isotope may be useful in differentiating between contamination from potato-processing wastewater and whey in areas where both are applied to the land surface. Development of a ground-water model to evaluate effects of land applications of organic wastewater and organic solute loading rates on subsurface water quality is not feasible at this time.","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874150","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environment","usgsCitation":"Parliman, D., 1987, Hydrogeology and water quality of areas with persistent ground-water contamination near Blackfoot, Bingham County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4150, v, 102 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874150.","productDescription":"v, 102 p.","numberOfPages":"110","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396214,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46812.htm"},{"id":57894,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4150/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4150/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Bingham County","city":"Blackfoot","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.5,43.118056 ], [ -112.5,43.25 ], [ -112.25,43.25 ], [ -112.25,43.118056 ], [ -112.5,43.118056 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68532b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parliman, D. J.","contributorId":64220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parliman","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29378,"text":"wri854291 - 1987 - Possible changes in ground-water flow to the Pecos River caused by Santa Rosa Lake, Guadalupe County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri854291","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4291","title":"Possible changes in ground-water flow to the Pecos River caused by Santa Rosa Lake, Guadalupe County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"In 1980 Santa Rosa Dam began impounding water on the Pecos River about 7 miles north of Santa Rosa, New Mexico, to provide flood control, sediment control, and storage for irrigation. Santa Rosa Lake has caused changes in the groundwater flow system, which may cause changes in the streamflow of the Pecos River that cannot be detected at the present streamflow gaging stations. Data collected at these stations are used to measure the amount of water available for downstream users. A three-dimensional groundwater flow model for a 950 sq mi area between Anton Chico and Puerto de Luna was used to simulate the effects of Santa Rosa Lake on groundwater flow to a gaining reach of the Pecos River for lake levels of 4,675, 4,715, 4,725, 4,750, 4,776, and 4,797 feet above sea level and durations of impoundment of 30, 90, 182, and 365 days for all levels except 4 ,797 feet. These simulations indicated that streamflow in the Pecos River could increase by as much as 2 cu ft/sec between the dam and Puerto de Luna if the lake level were maintained at 4 ,797 feet for 90 days or 4,776 feet for 1 year. About 90% of this increased streamflow would occur &lt; 0.5 mi downstream from the dam, some of which would be measured at the streamflow gaging station located 0.2 mile downstream from the dam. Simulations also indicated that the lake will affect groundwater flow such that inflow to the study area may be decreased by as much as 1.9 cu ft/sec. This water may leave the Pecos River drainage basin or be diverted back to the Pecos River downstream from the gaging station near Puerto de Luna. In either case, this quantity represents a net loss of water upstream from Puerto de Luna. Most simulations indicated that the decrease in groundwater flow into the study area would be of about the same quantity as the simulated increase in streamflow downstream from the dam. Therefore, the net effect of the lake on the flow of the Pecos River in the study area appears to be negligible. Model simulations indicated that effect of lake levels below 4 ,750 feet on water levels in observation wells completed in the San Andres Limestone could not be distinguished from the effects of other hydrologic stresses. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854291","usgsCitation":"Risser, D.W., 1987, Possible changes in ground-water flow to the Pecos River caused by Santa Rosa Lake, Guadalupe County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4291, viii, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854291.","productDescription":"viii, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4291/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58223,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4291/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0fe4b07f02db6a0372","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risser, D. W.","contributorId":48211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27776,"text":"wri864050 - 1987 - Simulation of unsteady flow in the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary at Milwaukee, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T13:13:36","indexId":"wri864050","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4050","title":"Simulation of unsteady flow in the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary at Milwaukee, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>This report describes the application and results of an unsteady-flow model for the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary. The model simulates unsteady and upstream flow occurring in the estuary as a result of Lake Michigan Seiche. The discharge computed by the model indicates that upstream flow occurs throughout the estuary during periods of lake seiche. Flow conditions are extremely unsteady and major flow reversals may occur within 1 hr. The simulated discharge indicates that both upstream and downstream flows four times greater than the average daily discharge can occur during the same day. An estimate of 5- or 15-minute average discharge was required during selected runoff events and at various locations in the estuary as part of the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary study. The model provides a method to estimate 5-minute average discharges at selected cross sections in the estuary. The U.S. Geological Survey 's Branch Network Model was used to simulate stage and discharge. A finite difference computation scheme is used to solve the one-dimensional flow equations. Model input requirements include channel geometry data, discharge at the upstream tributaries, and stage data at the estuary mouth. The model was used to simulate the flow during six selected time periods in 1982-84 using a 5- or 15-minute computation interval. (Author 's abstract)</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864050","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission","usgsCitation":"House, L.B., 1987, Simulation of unsteady flow in the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary at Milwaukee, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4050, Report: iv, 19 p.; 1 Plate: 19.00 x 25.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864050.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 19 p.; 1 Plate: 19.00 x 25.00 inches","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56618,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4050/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4050/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56619,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Milwaukee County","city":"Milwaukee","otherGeospatial":"Milwaukee Harbor","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.92015075683594,\n              42.951396938304164\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.92015075683594,\n              43.09797467469801\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.81372070312499,\n              43.09797467469801\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.81372070312499,\n              42.951396938304164\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.92015075683594,\n              42.951396938304164\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"House, L. B.","contributorId":49386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"House","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28198,"text":"wri874055 - 1987 - Flood hazards along the Toutle and Cowlitz rivers, Washington, from a hypothetical failure of Castle Lake blockage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:15:27","indexId":"wri874055","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4055","title":"Flood hazards along the Toutle and Cowlitz rivers, Washington, from a hypothetical failure of Castle Lake blockage","docAbstract":"A recent evaluation of groundwater and material in the blockage impounding Castle Lake shows that the blockage is potentially unstable against failure from piping due to heave and internal erosion when groundwater levels are seasonally high. There is also a remote possibility that a 6.8 or greater magnitude earthquake could occur in the Castle Lake area when groundwater levels are critically high. If this situation occurs, the debris blockage that confines Castle Lake could breach from successive slope failure with liquefaction of a portion of the blockage. A dam-break computer model was used to simulate discharge through a hypothetical breach in the Castle Lake blockage that could be caused by failure by heave, internal erosion, or liquefaction. Approximately 18,500 acre-ft of stored water would be released from an assumed breach that fully developed to a 1,000-ft width over a 15-minute time period. The resulting flood, incorporating 3.4 x 10 to the 6th power cu yd of the debris blockage, would reach a peak magnitude of 1,500,000 cu ft/s (cubic feet per second). The flood is also assumed to incorporate an additional 137x10 to the 6th power cu yd of saturated debris material from downstream deposits. Flow is considered to be hyperconcentrated with sediment throughout the course of the flood. The hypothetical hyperconcentrated flow is routed downstream, superimposed on normal winter flood flows by use of a one-dimensional unsteady-state numerical streamflow simulation model. From a starting magnitude of 1,500,000 cu ft/s, the peak increases to 2,100,000 cu ft/s at N-1 Dam (12 mi downstream) and attenuates to 1,200,000 cu ft/s at Kid Valley (25 mi downstream) , to 100,000 cu ft/s at Longview and the confluence of the Columbia River (65 mi downstream). From time of breach, the flood peak would take 2.2 hr to reach Toutle, 3.8 hr to reach Castle Rock, and 8.5 hr to reach Longview. Communities of Toutle , Castle Rock, Kelso, and Longview would experience extreme to moderate flooding for this scenario. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874055","usgsCitation":"Laenen, A., and Orzol, L., 1987, Flood hazards along the Toutle and Cowlitz rivers, Washington, from a hypothetical failure of Castle Lake blockage: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4055, vii, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874055.","productDescription":"vii, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57036,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4055/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48e7e4b07f02db552bb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orzol, L.L.","contributorId":63419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orzol","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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