The use of direct current resistivity soundings to explore the geothermal potential of the Medicine Lake area in northern California proved to be challenging because of high contact resistances and winding roads. Deep Schlumberger soundings were made by expanding current electrode spacings along the winding roads. Measured apparent resistivities were corrected using the geometric factor for the exact array geometry instead of a linear array geometry. For horizontally stratified, laterally homogeneous media, the apparent resistivities measured with a nonlinear Schlumberger array are equal to those measured with a linear Schlumberger array provided that (a) distances from the current electrodes to the center of the array are equal, and (b) the proper geometric factor is used to calculate the apparent resistivity. Corrected sounding data were interpreted using an automatic interpretation method. Forty-two maps of interpreted resistivity were calculated for depths extending from 20 to 1000 m. Computer animation of these 42 maps revealed that (a) certain subtle anomalies migrate laterally with depth and can be traced to their origin, (b) an extensive volume of low-resistivity material underlies the survey area, and (c) the three areas (east of Bullseye Lake, southwest of Glass Mountain, and northwest of Medicine Lake) may be favorable geothermal targets. Six interpreted resistivity maps and three cross-sections illustrate the above findings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1442925","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Zohdy, A., and Bisdorf, R., 1990, Schlumberger soundings near Medicine Lake, California: Geophysics, v. 55, no. 8, p. 956-964, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442925.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"956","endPage":"964","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223736,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8759e4b08c986b316438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zohdy, A.A.R.","contributorId":43503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zohdy","given":"A.A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bisdorf, R.J.","contributorId":42960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003417,"text":"1003417 - 1990 - Evaluation of line transect sampling based on remotely sensed data from underwater video","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-07T15:26:33.917255","indexId":"1003417","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of line transect sampling based on remotely sensed data from underwater video","docAbstract":"We used underwater video in conjunction with the line transect method and a Fourier series estimator to make 13 independent estimates of the density of known populations of bricks lying on the bottom in shallows of Lake Huron. The pooled estimate of density (95.5 bricks per hectare) was close to the true density (89.8 per hectare), and there was no evidence of bias. Confidence intervals for the individual estimates included the true density 85% of the time instead of the nominal 95%. Our results suggest that reliable estimates of the density of objects on a lake bed can be obtained by the use of remote sensing and line transect sampling theory.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1990)119<0086:EOLTSB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bergstedt, R., and Anderson, D., 1990, Evaluation of line transect sampling based on remotely sensed data from underwater video: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 119, no. 1, p. 86-91, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1990)119<0086:EOLTSB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fad44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bergstedt, R.A.","contributorId":74330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstedt","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, David R.","contributorId":8413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"David R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008563,"text":"1008563 - 1990 - Florida manatees: distribution, geographically referenced data sets, and ecological and behavioral aspects of habitat use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:38","indexId":"1008563","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1669,"text":"Florida Marine Research Publications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Florida manatees: distribution, geographically referenced data sets, and ecological and behavioral aspects of habitat use","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Florida Marine Research Publications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"O'Shea, T., and Kochman, H., 1990, Florida manatees: distribution, geographically referenced data sets, and ecological and behavioral aspects of habitat use: Florida Marine Research Publications, v. 49, p. 1-57.","productDescription":"p. 1-57","startPage":"1","endPage":"57","numberOfPages":"57","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d8e4b07f02db5df6b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kochman, H. I.","contributorId":88296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochman","given":"H. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70138464,"text":"70138464 - 1990 - Multichannel seismic reflection surveys over the Antarctic continental margin relevant to petroleum resource studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T16:14:34","indexId":"70138464","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"displayTitle":"Multichannel seismic reflection surveys over the Antarctic continental margin relevant to petroleum resource studies","title":"Multichannel seismic reflection surveys over the Antarctic continental margin relevant to petroleum resource studies","docAbstract":"More than 100,000 km of marine multichannel seismic profiles have been acquired over the continental margin of Antarctica since 1976 by scientific research programs of Australia, Brazil, France, Italy, Japan, Norway, Poland, United Kingdom, United States, U.S.S.R. and West Germany. Although scientific results are reported for most of these data, they also are relevant to petroleum resource assessment. Because of the one or two orders of magnitude greater cost of standard land survey techniques in Antarctica compared with marine techniques in areas of open water, there will likely be no great amount of coverage on the interior of the Antarctic ice sheet. Despite this, several countries are experimenting in a research mode using land systems, and deep crustal reflection sur eys at carefully selected interior sites will probably be made soon.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctica as an exploration frontier-hydrocarbon potential, geology, and hazards","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., 1990, Multichannel seismic reflection surveys over the Antarctic continental margin relevant to petroleum resource studies, chap. of Antarctica as an exploration frontier-hydrocarbon potential, geology, and hazards, v. 31, p. 69-75.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"75","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297320,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297319,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/basinar1/data/a139/a139/0001/0050/0069.htm"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","volume":"31","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c07e4b08de9379b35f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70195676,"text":"70195676 - 1990 - 1986 Great Lakes Seismic refraction survey (GLIMPCE): Line A - refraction mode","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-21T13:24:05.406215","indexId":"70195676","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5636,"text":"Geological Survey of Canada Open File","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"2283","title":"1986 Great Lakes Seismic refraction survey (GLIMPCE): Line A - refraction mode","docAbstract":"In the fall of 1986, the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), two Canadian universities -- University of Western Ontario and University of Saskatchewan, and four American universities -- Northern Illinois University, Southern Illinois University, University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh participated in a major deep seismic experiment in Lake Superior under the GLIMPCE (Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution) umbrella. This Open-File Report presents the seismic sections for line A, which was shot specifically for refraction recording. The main target for study by this line was the Mid-Continent Rift System. All recording stations, 31 in total (26 land stations and 5 OBSs), recorded energy from shots fired every two minutes (333 m spacing) by a tuned airgun array towed by a contracted ship along line A in Lake Superior. These data are the densest such data ever recorded in the continental North America over such distances. It is also unique since coincident seismic reflection and refraction are available.
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L.","contributorId":94363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sexton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13212,"text":"Southern Illinois University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ervin, C. Patrick","contributorId":8552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ervin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Patrick","affiliations":[{"id":13666,"text":"Northern Illinois University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Green, Alan G.","contributorId":83314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Green","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":13092,"text":"Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":729659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":174836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":729660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70138256,"text":"70138256 - 1990 - Small domes on Venus: Probable analogs of Icelandic lava shields","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T12:29:08","indexId":"70138256","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small domes on Venus: Probable analogs of Icelandic lava shields","docAbstract":"On the basis of observed shapes and volumetric estimates, we interpret small, dome-like features on radar images of Venus to be analogs of Icelandic lava-shield volcanoes. Using morphometric data for venusian domes in Aubele and Slyuta (in press), as well as our own measurements of representative dome volumes and areas from Tethus Regio, we demonstrate that the characteristic aspect ratios and flank slopes of these features are consistent with a subclass of low Icelandic lava-shield volcanoes (LILS ). LILS are slightly convex in cross-section with typical flank slopes of ∼3°. Plausible lava-shield-production rates for the venusian plains suggest formation of ∼53 million shields over the past 0.25 Ga. The cumulative global volume of lava that would be associated with this predicted number of lava shields is only a factor of 3–4 times that of a single oceanic composite shield volcano such as Mauna Loa. The global volume of all venusian lava shields in the 0.5–20-km size range would only contribute a meter of resurfacing over geologically significant time scales. Thus, venusian analogs to LILS may represent the most abundant landform on the globally dominant plains of Venus, but would be insignificant with regard to the global volume of lava extruded. As in Iceland, associated lavas from fissure eruptions probably dominate plains volcanism and should be evident on the higher resolution Magellan radar images.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GL017i009p01381","usgsCitation":"Garvin, J.B., and Williams, R., 1990, Small domes on Venus: Probable analogs of Icelandic lava shields: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 17, no. 9, p. 1381-1384, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i009p01381.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1381","endPage":"1384","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297312,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Venus","volume":"17","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c5be4b08de9379b374c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garvin, James B.","contributorId":22112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garvin","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":83859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187316,"text":"70187316 - 1990 - Site 765: Sedimentology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-10T19:19:48.861208","indexId":"70187316","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5380,"text":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Initial Reports","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Site 765: Sedimentology","docAbstract":"Various techniques were used to decipher the sedimentation history of Site 765, including Markov chain analysis of facies transitions, XRD analysis of clay and other minerals, and multivariate analysis of smear-slide data, in addition to the standard descriptive procedures employed by the shipboard sedimentologist. This chapter presents brief summaries of methodology and major findings of these three techniques, a summary of the sedimentation history, and a discussion of trends in sedimentation through time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.ir.123.104.1990","usgsCitation":"Leg 123 Shipboard Scientific Party, 1990, Site 765: Sedimentology: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Initial Reports, v. 123, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.123.104.1990.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"113","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.123.104.1990","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":340552,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Argo Abyssal Plain","volume":"123","edition":"94","publicComments":"Volume topic: Argo Abyssal Plain/Exmouth Plateau, covering Leg 123 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel JOIDES Resolution, Singapore, Republic of Sing., to Singapore, Republic of Sing., Sites 765-766, 28 August 1988 - 1 November 1988","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59030339e4b0e862d230f803","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leg 123 Shipboard Scientific Party","contributorId":187732,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Leg 123 Shipboard Scientific Party","id":693315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003134,"text":"1003134 - 1990 - Removal of benzocaine from water by filtration with activated carbon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:42:34.353603","indexId":"1003134","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Removal of benzocaine from water by filtration with activated carbon","docAbstract":"Benzocaine is a promising candidate for registration with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use as an anesthetic in fish culture, management, and research. A method for the removal of benzocaine from hatchery effluents could speed registration of this drug by eliminating requirements for data on its residues, tolerances, detoxification, and environmental hazards. Carbon filtration effectively removes many organic compounds from water. This study tested the effectiveness of three types of activated carbon for removing benzocaine from water by column filtration under controlled laboratory conditions. An adsorptive capacity was calculated for each type of activated carbon. Filtrasorb 400 (12 × 40 mesh; U.S. standard sieve series) showed the greatest capacity for benzocaine adsorption (76.12 mg benzocaine/g carbon); Filtrasorb 300 (8 × 30 mesh) ranked next (31.93 mg/g); and Filtrasorb 816 (8 × 16 mesh) adsorbed the least (1.0 mg/g). Increased adsorptive capacity was associated with smaller carbon particle size; however, smaller particle size also impeded column flow. Carbon filtration is a practical means for removing benzocaine from treated water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1990)052%3C0032:CROBFW%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Howe, G., Bills, T., and Marking, L.L., 1990, Removal of benzocaine from water by filtration with activated carbon: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 52, no. 1, p. 32-35, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1990)052%3C0032:CROBFW%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a3b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howe, G.E.","contributorId":53734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bills, T.D.","contributorId":6393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bills","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marking, L. L.","contributorId":90661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"L.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007542,"text":"1007542 - 1990 - Status of the greater flamingo in Haiti","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-19T13:50:27.410087","indexId":"1007542","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of the greater flamingo in Haiti","docAbstract":"Although flamingos in Haiti can still be found in most areas of their historical range, survey results indicate that numbers have declined drastically over the last 50 years. The coastal mangrove lagoons between Grand Saline and Gonaïves, the inland lakes of Étang Saumâtre and Trou Caïman, and Ile de la Gonâve have been, and remained, the major areas used by flamingos. The species has been extripated from areas with high human population densities (Ile à Vache, Les Cayes, and Cap-Haïtien). No evidence of breeding activity was obtained. The last nesting colony known to occur in Haiti was reported in 1928. Available data suggest that Haiti is mostly utilized by flamingos for feeding and roosting during non-breeding, winter dispersal from Great Inagua, and perhaps Cuba. Flamingo numbers in Haiti are estimated at about 900 (±600) birds. Population trends in Haiti are likely declining due to increasing human disturbance, habitat degradation, and exploitation for food and trade.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521577","usgsCitation":"Ottenwalder, J.A., Woods, C., Rathbun, G.B., and Thorbjarnarson, J., 1990, Status of the greater flamingo in Haiti: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 13, p. 115-123, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521577.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130004,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Haiti","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-73.18979,19.91568],[-72.57967,19.8715],[-71.71236,19.71446],[-71.62487,19.16984],[-71.7013,18.78542],[-71.94511,18.6169],[-71.68774,18.31666],[-71.7083,18.045],[-72.37248,18.21496],[-72.84441,18.14561],[-73.45455,18.21791],[-73.92243,18.03099],[-74.45803,18.34255],[-74.36993,18.66491],[-73.44954,18.52605],[-72.69494,18.4458],[-72.33488,18.66842],[-72.79165,19.10163],[-72.7841,19.48359],[-73.41502,19.63955],[-73.18979,19.91568]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Haiti\"}}]}","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ottenwalder, J. A.","contributorId":11988,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ottenwalder","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woods, C.A.","contributorId":46031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rathbun, G. B.","contributorId":106044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thorbjarnarson, J.B.","contributorId":34084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorbjarnarson","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70180769,"text":"70180769 - 1990 - Spatial and temporal variation in proportional stock density and relative weight of smallmouth bass in a reservoir","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-02T13:17:03","indexId":"70180769","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal variation in proportional stock density and relative weight of smallmouth bass in a reservoir","docAbstract":"Population data for smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui in 20,235 ha John Day Reservoir on the Columbia River were used to (1) determine whether Proportional Stock Density (PSD) and Relative Weight (Wr) varied spatially and temporally in two areas of the reservoir with established smallmouth bass fisheries; (2) explore possible causes of any observed variation; and (3) discuss some management implications and recommendations. Both PSD and Wr varied spatially and monthly in all years examined. On an annual basis, PSD varied at one area but not at the other, whereas Wr showed little variation. Possible explanations for the variation in PSD and Wr are differences in growth, mortality, recruitment, and exploitation. Our data suggested that regulations established or changed on a reservoir-wide basis may have different effects on the fishery, depending on location in the reservoir. Also, pooling data from various areas within a reservoir to yield point estimates of structural indices may not represent the variation present in the population as a whole. The significant temporal variability reflects the importance of determining the proper time to sample fish to yield representative estimates of the variable of interest. In areas with valuable fisheries or markedly different population structures, we suggest that an area-specific approach be made to reservoir fishery management, and that efforts be made toward effecting consistent harvest regulations in interstate waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1990.9665246","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M.G., Duke, S., and Ward, D.L., 1990, Spatial and temporal variation in proportional stock density and relative weight of smallmouth bass in a reservoir: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 5, no. 3, p. 323-339, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1990.9665246.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"323","endPage":"339","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334618,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58945337e4b0fa1e59b86827","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, Matthew G. mmesa@usgs.gov","contributorId":3423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"Matthew","email":"mmesa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duke, S.D.","contributorId":179052,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duke","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, David L. 0000-0002-3355-0637 dlward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3355-0637","contributorId":3879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dlward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180766,"text":"70180766 - 1990 - Density-dependence at sea for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-02T12:57:39","indexId":"70180766","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density-dependence at sea for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)","docAbstract":"The success of expanded salmon hatchery programs will depend strongly on the degree of density-induced diminishing returns per smolt released. Several authors have addressed the question of density-dependent mortality at sea in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), but have come to conflicting conclusions. We believe there are compelling reasons to reinvestigate the data, and have done so for public hatchery fish, using a variety of approaches. The results provide evidence that survival of these public hatchery fish is negatively affected, directly by the number of public hatchery smolts and indirectly by the number of private hatchery smolts. These results are weak, statistically, and should be considered primarily as a caution to those who, on the basis of other published work, believe that density-dependence does not exist. The results reported here also re-emphasize the often overlooked point that inferences drawn from data are strongly biased by investigators' views of how the systems of interest work and by the statistical assumptions they make preparatory to the analysis of those data.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f90-200","usgsCitation":"Emlen, J., Reisenbichler, R., McGie, A., and Nickelson, T., 1990, Density-dependence at sea for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 47, p. 1765-1772, https://doi.org/10.1139/f90-200.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"1765","endPage":"1772","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334613,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58945339e4b0fa1e59b8682d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emlen, J.M.","contributorId":63979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reisenbichler, R.R.","contributorId":77356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reisenbichler","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGie, A.M.","contributorId":179049,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGie","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nickelson, T.E.","contributorId":179050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nickelson","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015746,"text":"70015746 - 1990 - Determination of vapor pressures for nonpolar and semipolar organic compounds from gas chromatographic retention data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-11T20:48:31","indexId":"70015746","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2209,"text":"Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of vapor pressures for nonpolar and semipolar organic compounds from gas chromatographic retention data","docAbstract":"Vapor pressures for nonpolar and moderately polar organochlorine, pyrethroid, and organophosphate insecticides, phthalate esters, and organophosphate flame retardants were determined by capillary gas chromatography (GC). Organochlorines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with known liquid-phase vapor pressures (P??L) (standard compounds) were chromatographed along with two reference compounds n-C20 (elcosane) and p,p???-DDT on a 1.0-m-long poly(dimethylsiloxane) bonded-phase (BP-1) column to determine their vapor pressures by GC (P??GC). A plot of log P??L vs log P??GC for standard compounds was made to establish a correlation between measured and literature values, and this correlation was then used to compute P??L of test compounds from their measured P??GC. P??L of seven major components of technical chlordane, endosulfan and its metabolites, ??-hexachlorocyclohexane, mirex, and two components of technical toxaphene were determined by GC. This method provides vapor pressures within a factor of 2 of average literature values for nonpolar compounds, similar to reported interlaboratory precisions of vapor pressure determinations. GC tends to overestimate vapor pressures of moderately polar compounds. ?? 1990 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/je00061a003","issn":"00219568","usgsCitation":"Hinckley, D., Bidleman, T., Foreman, W., and Tuschall, J., 1990, Determination of vapor pressures for nonpolar and semipolar organic compounds from gas chromatographic retention data: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, v. 35, no. 3, p. 232-237, https://doi.org/10.1021/je00061a003.","startPage":"232","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":269094,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00061a003"},{"id":224056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffe7e4b0c8380cd4f477","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinckley, D.A.","contributorId":29084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinckley","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bidleman, T.F.","contributorId":84021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bidleman","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foreman, W.T.","contributorId":94684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tuschall, J.R.","contributorId":62757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuschall","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015747,"text":"70015747 - 1990 - The effect of S-wave arrival times on the accuracy of hypocenter estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T00:28:49.939638","indexId":"70015747","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of S-wave arrival times on the accuracy of hypocenter estimation","docAbstract":"Well-constrained hypocenters (latitude, longitude, depth, and origin time) are required for nearly all studies that use earthquake data. We have examined the theoretical basis behind some of the widely accepted “rules of thumb” for obtaining accurate hypocenter estimates that pertain to the use of S phases and illustrate, in a variety of ways, why and when these “rules” are applicable. Results of experiments done for this study show that epicentral estimates (latitude and longitude) are typically far more robust with respect to data inadequacies; therefore, only examples illustrating the relationship between S phase arrival time data and focal depth and origin time estimates are presented. Most methods used to determine earthquake hypocenters are based on iterative, linearized, least-squares algorithms. Standard errors associated with hypocenter parameters are calculated assuming the data errors may be correctly described by a Gaussian distribution. We examine the influence of S-phase arrival time data on such algorithms by using the program HYPOINVERSE with synthetic datasets. Least-squares hypocenter determination algorithms have several shortcomings: solutions may be highly dependent on starting hypocenters, linearization and the assumption that data errors follow a Gaussian distribution may not be appropriate, and depth/origin time trade-offs are not readily apparent. These shortcomings can lead to biased hypocenter estimates and standard errors that do not always represent the true error. To illustrate the constraint provided by S-phase data on hypocenters determined without some of these potential problems, we also show examples of hypocenter estimates derived using a probabilistic approach that does not require linearization. We conclude that a correctly timed S phase recorded within about 1.4 focal depth's distance from the epicenter can be a powerful constraint on focal depth. Furthermore, we demonstrate that even a single incorrectly timed S phase can result in depth estimates and associated measures of uncertainty that are significantly incorrect.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA08006A1605","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., Shedlock, K.M., and Roecker, S., 1990, The effect of S-wave arrival times on the accuracy of hypocenter estimation: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 80, no. 6 A, p. 1605-1628, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA08006A1605.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1605","endPage":"1628","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"6 A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1990-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab11e4b08c986b322bc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.S.","contributorId":102095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shedlock, K. M.","contributorId":72805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roecker, S.W.","contributorId":37603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roecker","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016229,"text":"70016229 - 1990 - Variations in fault slip and strain accumulation at Parkfield, California: Initial results using two-color geodimeter measurements 1984-1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:23:28.635268","indexId":"70016229","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in fault slip and strain accumulation at Parkfield, California: Initial results using two-color geodimeter measurements 1984-1988","docAbstract":"Repeated length measurements of several geodetic baselines near Parkfield, California, have revealed significant variations in the local rates of shallow fault slip and strain. This network of baselines, surveyed several times each week, straddles the San Andreas fault in the transition zone between the creeping section to the northwest and the locked section to the southeast. The length measurements, characterized by a precision approaching 0.1 ppm, reveal large fluctuations in the rates of baseline extension. Principal mode analysis of the length change data indicates that the two largest components of the signal are (1) secular extensions and contractions consistent with surface slip on the main strand of the San Andreas fault, and (2) a large seasonal oscillation with no obvious spatial coherence. On most of these baselines, the second component appears to be in phase with seasonal rainfall. When data from the baselines with the largest amplitude of the seasonal signal are excluded, the remaining data can be modeled in terms of both spatial and temporal variations in surface slip, variations in the components of the changes in uniform strain, and the possible displacement of the central monument in this radial network. In parameterizing this model, the spatial variation of slip beneath the near surface is reflected by changes in shear strain. Although the computed secular shear is highly dependent upon the specified parameterization of surface slip, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that slip at intermediate depths lags behind the surface slip rate. However, the range in models that fit the data does not necessarily imply that there is a deficit in slip at depth relative to the surface. Comparison of the inferred values of surface slip from the model with the observed fault slip measured by very short baseline creep meters indicates close agreement in secular rates, but the short-term variations observed with the creep meters are either highly attenuated or nonexistent in the modeled slip since the modeled slip is a spatial average which smooths out possible short-wavelength variations in the surface slip for which the creep instruments are most sensitive. An interesting conclusion from the two-color data is that surface slip on the San Andreas fault appears to be spread over a 2-km-wide zone on the south flank of Middle Mountain but is confined to a very narrow zone to the south as the fault passes through the center of the network. This conclusion is dependent upon the assumption that a few critical monuments are stable and track tectonic displacements in the long term. Finally, the largest observed strain change is an extensional strain coincident with the Kettleman Hills earthquake M5.5 in August 1985.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB03p02533","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J.O., Burford, R.O., and Slater, L., 1990, Variations in fault slip and strain accumulation at Parkfield, California: Initial results using two-color geodimeter measurements 1984-1988: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B3, p. 2533-2552, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB03p02533.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2533","endPage":"2552","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc17de4b08c986b32a5d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, J. O.","contributorId":39404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burford, Robert O.","contributorId":52560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burford","given":"Robert","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slater, L.E.","contributorId":35063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slater","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016527,"text":"70016527 - 1990 - Thermal history of rocks in southern San Joaquin Valley, California: evidence from fission-track analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T15:41:06.80496","indexId":"70016527","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal history of rocks in southern San Joaquin Valley, California: evidence from fission-track analysis","docAbstract":"The theory of the fission-track method and its application to sedimentary basin analysis is illustrated by a case study in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California. Fission tracks provide a powerful tool for studying the thermal history of sedimentary basins because the two minerals most commonly used in fission-track studies, apatite and zircon, occur as detrital constituents in many sedimentary rocks, and their annealing temperatures span the main temperature range for oil generation. Fission tracks also provide information on the sedimentation record and provenance of rocks in a basin.
We have used fission-track analysis to study the thermal and depositional history of the subsurface Tertiary sedimentary rocks on both sides of the active White Wolf reverse fault in the southern San Joaquin Valley. The distinctly different thermal histories of the rocks in the two structural blocks are clearly reflected in the apatite fission-track data, which suggest that rocks in the rapidly subsiding basin northwest of the fault have been near their present temperature for only about 1 m.y. compared with about 10 m.y. for rocks southeast of the fault. These estimates of heating time agree with previous estimates for these rocks.
Zircon fission-track data indicate that the Tertiary sediments were derived from parent rocks of more than one age. However, from at least the Eocene to late Miocene or Pliocene, the major sediment source was rocks related to the youngest Sierra Nevada Mesozoic intrusive complexes, which are presently exposed east and south of the southern San Joaquin Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/0C9B21F5-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Naeser, N.D., Naeser, C.W., and McCulloh, T.H., 1990, Thermal history of rocks in southern San Joaquin Valley, California: evidence from fission-track analysis: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, no. 1, p. 13-29, https://doi.org/10.1306/0C9B21F5-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223528,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.25,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 34.875\n ],\n [\n -118.875,\n 34.875\n ],\n [\n -118.875,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 35.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb223e4b08c986b32560c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naeser, Nancy D.","contributorId":82753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naeser, Charles W.","contributorId":76281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCulloh, Thane H.","contributorId":100450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloh","given":"Thane","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016332,"text":"70016332 - 1990 - Rupture process of a multiple main shock sequence: analysis of teleseismic, local and field observations of the Tennant Creek, Australia, earthquakes of January 22, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T15:43:52.901579","indexId":"70016332","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rupture process of a multiple main shock sequence: analysis of teleseismic, local and field observations of the Tennant Creek, Australia, earthquakes of January 22, 1988","docAbstract":"On January 22, 1988, three large intraplate earthquakes (with MS 6.3, 6.4, and 6.7) occurred within a 12-hour period near Tennant Creek, Australia. These earthquakes, which occurred over a small interval of time and within a small volume of space, present a unique opportunity to study the rupture process of the class of intraplate earthquakes that occur as multiple main shocks. Broadband displacement and velocity records of body waves from teleseismically recorded data are analyzed to determine source mechanisms, depths, and complexity of rupture of each of the three main shocks. Hypocenters of an additional 150 foreshocks and aftershocks constrained by local arrival time data and field observations of surface rupture are used to complement the source characteristics of the main shocks in order to derive as complete a description of the rupture process as possible. The interpretation of the combined data sets suggests that the overall rupture process involved unusually complicated stress release. As locations of the main shock hypocenters progressively moved from west to east, we infer that the first and third main shocks, denoted as MS1 and MS3, produced the southeast-northwest trending scarps observed at the western end (the Kunayungku fault) and at the eastern end (the east end of the Lake Surprise fault), respectively, of the rupture zone. The epicenter of the only immediate foreshock was located in the gap between these two fault scarps. MS1 nucleated near this epicenter and ruptured upward and to the northwest from a depth of 6.5 km. MS3 ruptured predominantly to the SE at a depth of 4.5 km. The second main shock, MS2, is inferred to have produced the deformation of the southwest trending central scarp segment (the western end of the Lake Surprise fault). From the sense of thrusting seen at the surface and from the distribution of aftershock hypocenters, the south dipping nodal planes derived from waveform modeling are identified as the fault planes for earthquakes MS1 and MS3. In contrast, the dip of the central fault scarp is reversed relative to the dips of the western and eastern fault scarps. The rupture process Of MS2 turns out to be commensurately complex and sufficiently explains the geological complexity. MS2 consisted of three subevents. The southeast dipping nodal plane of the first two subevents is coplanar with a southeast dipping plane implied by locations of aftershocks which did not break the surface. Choice of the north dipping plane as the rupture plane of the third subevent, consistent with the surface deformation and coplanar with a second plane delineated by aftershocks, would imply conjugate faulting. The majority of the aftershocks are concentrated near the edges of the fault planes, and there is an absence of activity in the center of the planes. The areas of absent activity may represent the failed asperities of the main shocks in which substantial stress relief occurred. The rupture process of each main shock is characterized by the rapid release of energy followed by a much slower release of moment and by aftershock zones whose dimensions exceed the inferred dimensions of the rupture. These characteristics suggest that substantial slow slip occurred on each of the three fault interfaces that was not accompanied by major energy release. The first main shock nucleated at the deepest part of its aftershock zone and ruptured upward. In contrast, MS2 and MS3 nucleated at depths that were one third to one half of the maximum depth of their aftershock zones. This variation of focal depth and the strong increase of moment and radiated energy with each main shock imply that lateral variations of strength were more important than vertical gradients of shear stress in controlling the progression of rupture.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB05p06867","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Choy, G.L., and Bowman, J.R., 1990, Rupture process of a multiple main shock sequence: analysis of teleseismic, local and field observations of the Tennant Creek, Australia, earthquakes of January 22, 1988: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B5, p. 6867-6882, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB05p06867.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"6867","endPage":"6882","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222904,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaed7e4b0c8380cd87253","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowman, J. R.","contributorId":29496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015929,"text":"70015929 - 1990 - Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:23:10.162313","indexId":"70015929","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer","docAbstract":"Theory, laboratory experiments, and empirical observation suggest that many aqueous fluid inclusions in calcite reequilibrate during overheating, and therefore some homogenization temperatures (Th) record a temperature close to the maximum reached by the rock. This characteristic suggests that aqueous fluid inclusions in calcite can be used to establish maximum temperature (Tpeak). To test this hypothesis, we have compiled fluid inclusion Tpeak, mean random vitrinite reflectance (Rm), and present-day Tpeak from 46 diverse geologic systems that have been at Tpeak from 104 to 106 yr. Present Tpeak ranged from 65 to 345 °C, Th modes and means ranged from 59 to 350 °C, and Rm data ranged from 0.4% to 4.6%, spanning the temperature and thermal maturity range associated with burial diagenesis, hydrothermal alteration, and low-grade metamorphism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1003:FITFDM>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., and Goldstein, R., 1990, Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer: Geology, v. 18, no. 10, p. 1003-1006, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1003:FITFDM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1003","endPage":"1006","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223439,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a127be4b0c8380cd54317","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldstein, R.H.","contributorId":18908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015973,"text":"70015973 - 1990 - Three-dimensional P and S velocity structure in the Coalinga Region, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T16:48:12.306146","indexId":"70015973","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional P and S velocity structure in the Coalinga Region, California","docAbstract":"The Coalinga earthquake sequence of 1983 provided a unique opportunity to perform a three-dimensional velocity and hypocenter inversion in an area of complex three-dimensional structure dominated by folding and blind thrusts. Additionally, since other varied geological and geophysical studies have been completed in this area, the three-dimensional inversion solution could be compared to other interpretations. Inversion of 7696 P and 1511 S first arrivals from earthquakes and 696 P first arrivals from refraction shots produced a three-dimensional velocity model with grid spacing of 1–2 km in the hypocentral area. The overall shape and location of velocity features correspond well to the mapped surface geology. The three-dimensional inversion yields details of folds where the resolution is good and the general shape where resolution is lower. The amounts of structural relief inferred for the local folds are similar to values inferred from geologic data. The three-dimensional velocity solution has several distinctive features. There is a linear high-velocity body (6.1–6.5 km/s), about 25 km long, from 6 to 8 km depth, that may represent a fragment of Coast Range ophiolite. A shallow low-velocity zone (LVZ), which extends for 20 km along the fold axis at about 6 km depth and correlates with LVZs observed in both the refraction and the reflection data, may indicate high pore pressure caused by lateral compressive strain. Deeper LVZs occur within inferred Franciscan material and are characterized by horizontal or southwest dipping zones of varied thickness, 4–8 km wide and 5–10 km long. These LVZs may represent multiple thrust faults. Their locations and geometry are consistent with thrust faults inferred with seismic reflection data. The three-dimensional velocity solution compares well to prior two-dimensional seismic reflection and refraction models and observed gravity. The shape of the inferred sedimentary section agrees well with the reflections from the Cenozoic strata. Compared to the refraction model, the three-dimensional solution has similar velocities and similar locations of velocity features but is more detailed in the hypocentral zone where it uses more data. The gravity computed from the three-dimensional velocities is similar to the observed gravity in both shape and amplitude. Both a simple one-dimensional initial model and a complex initial model derived from the refraction interpretation were tried. A simple starting model gave the best results. The S velocity solution has different resolution than the P velocity solution because it uses a different set of stations, and it has lower resolution because it uses fewer arrival times. While the general patterns of velocity variation are similar for both Vp and Vs, the Vs solution tends to have more smearing of velocity features and can have somewhat different locations of velocity features.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB10p15343","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Eberhart-Phillips, D., 1990, Three-dimensional P and S velocity structure in the Coalinga Region, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B10, p. 15343-15363, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB10p15343.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"15343","endPage":"15363","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb31ce4b08c986b325bab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, D.","contributorId":80428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016277,"text":"70016277 - 1990 - High-density volatiles in the system C-O-H-N for the calibration of a laser Raman microprobe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-11T16:34:08.504076","indexId":"70016277","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-density volatiles in the system C-O-H-N for the calibration of a laser Raman microprobe","docAbstract":"Three methods have been used to produce high-density volatiles in the system C-O-H-N for the calibration of a laser Raman microprobe (LRM): synthetic fluid-inclusion, sealed fused-quartz-tube, and high-pressure-cell methods. Because quantitative interpretation of a Raman spectrum of mixed-volatile fluid inclusions requires accurate knowledge of pressure- and composition-sensitive Raman scattering efficiencies or quantification factors for each species, calibrations of these parameters for mixtures of volatiles of known composition and pressure are necessary.
Two advantages of the synthetic fluid-inclusion method are that the inclusions can be used readily in complementary microthermometry (MT) studies and that they have sizes and optical properties like those in natural samples. Some disadvantages are that producing H2O-free volatile mixtures is difficult, the composition may vary from one inclusion to another, the exact composition and density of the inclusions are difficult to obtain, and the experimental procedures are complicated. The primary advantage of the method using sealed fused-quartz tubes is its simplicity. Some disadvantages are that exact compositions for complex volatile mixtures are difficult to predict, densities can be approximated only, and complementary MT studies on the tubes are difficult to conduct.
The advantages of the high-pressure-cell method are that specific, known compositions of volatile mixtures can be produced and that their pressures can be varied easily and are monitored during calibration. Some disadvantages are that complementary MT analysis is impossible, and the setup is bulky. Among the three methods for the calibration of an LRM, the high-pressure-cell method is the most reliable and convenient for control of composition and total pressure.
We have used the high-pressure cell to obtain preliminary data on
(1) the ratio of the Raman quantification factors for CH4 and N2 in an equimolar CH4N2 mixture and
(2) the spectral peak position of ν1 of CH4 in that mixture, as well as in pure CH4, at pressures up to 690 bars. These data were successfully applied to natural inclusions from the Duluth Complex in order to derive their compositions and total pressures.
Remotely sensed surface temperature and reflectance in the visible and near infrared wavebands along with ancilliary meteorological data provide the capability of computing three of the four surface energy balance components (i.e., net radiation, soil heat flux, and sensible heat flux) at different spatial and temporal scales. As a result, under nonadvective conditions, this enables the estimation of the remaining term (i.e., the latent heat flux). One of the practical applications with this approach is to produce evapotranspiration (ET) maps for agricultural regions which consist of an array of fields containing different crops at varying stages of growth and soil moisture conditions. Such a situation exists in the semiarid southwest at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center, south of Phoenix. For one day (14 June 1987), surface temperature and reflectance measurements from an aircraft 150 m above ground level (agl) were acquired over fields from zero to nearly full cover at four times between 1000 MST and 1130 MST. The diurnal pattern of the surface energy balance was measured over four fields, which included alfalfa at 60% cover, furrowed cotton at 20% and 30% cover, and partially plowed what stubble. Instantaneous and daily values of ET were estimated for a representative area around each flux site with an energy balance model that relies on a reference ET. This reference value was determined with remotely sensed data and several meteorological inputs. The reference ET was adjusted to account for the different surface conditions in the other fields using only remotely sensed variables. A comparison with the flux measurements suggests the model has difficulties with partial canopy conditions, especially related to the estimation of the sensible heat flux. The resulting errors for instantaneous ET were on the order of 100 W m−2 and for daily values of order 2 mm day−1. These findings suggest future research should involve development of methods to account for the variability of meteorological parameters brought about by changes in surface conditions and improvements in the modeling of sensible heat transfer across the surface—atmosphere interface for partial canopy conditions using remote sensing information.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(90)90013-C","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Kustas, W.P., Moran, M.S., Jackson, R.D., Gay, L.W., Duell, L., Kunkel, K.E., and Matthias, A., 1990, Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 32, no. 2-3, p. 125-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(90)90013-C.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c28e4b0c8380cd62b09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, R. D.","contributorId":30758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gay, L. W.","contributorId":53526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gay","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duell, L.F.W.","contributorId":11765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L.F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunkel, K. E.","contributorId":83626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunkel","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Matthias, A.D.","contributorId":36296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthias","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70016377,"text":"70016377 - 1990 - Teleseismic tomography of the compressional wave velocity structure beneath the Long Valley region, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T15:42:10.237864","indexId":"70016377","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Teleseismic tomography of the compressional wave velocity structure beneath the Long Valley region, California","docAbstract":"In 1982 and 1984 the U.S. Geological Survey used several seismic networks, totaling over 90 stations, to record teleseismic P waves and measure travel time residuals in an area centered on the Long Valley caldera. We inverted the travel time residuals to obtain a three-dimensional image of the velocity structure with resolution of 5–6 km to depths of 70 km beneath the array. Direct inversion of these data indicates that the 2- to 4-km-thick low-velocity caldera fill contaminates the signal from any midcrustal velocity anomalies beneath the caldera. Thus two methods were used to strip the effects of the upper crust from the travel time residuals: (1) ray tracing through upper crustal velocity models provided by seismic refraction experiments and gravity surveys, and (2) an iterative stripping scheme using the inversion itself. The methods produce essentially identical results and adequately remove the effects of the shallowest crustal structures, including the caldera fill and hydrothermal alteration effects. The resulting “stripped” models show two well-resolved midcrustal low-velocity bodies in the Long Valley region. The first body is centered between 7 and 20 km depth beneath the resurgent dome of the Long Valley caldera and has a volume of 150–600 km3. The second, with a similar volume, is centered between 10 and 20 km depth beneath the Mono Craters, about 10 km north of Long Valley. Velocity contrasts in both of these bodies are about 6–10%, and the features are interpreted as silicic magma chambers. This experiment does not preclude the presence of additional pockets of magma smaller than 5 km across in the upper crust, particularly beneath the resurgent dome of the caldera (which would be removed with the stripping methods). It is likely that the midcrust anomaly beneath the resurgent dome is a remnant of the caldera forming magma chamber. Upper mantle velocities are lower than average beneath Mono Craters and higher than average beneath Long Valley. We tentatively interpret these anomalies as mantle partial melt beneath the Mono Craters and refractory upper mantle residuum beneath Long Valley. The high eruptive rate of the Mono Craters and these upper mantle structures suggest that the focus of volcanism is shifting north from Long Valley to the Mono Craters.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB095iB07p11021","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dawson, P., Evans, J., and Iyer, H.M., 1990, Teleseismic tomography of the compressional wave velocity structure beneath the Long Valley region, California: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 95, no. B7, p. 11021-11050, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB07p11021.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"11021","endPage":"11050","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4a5e4b08c986b3204aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iyer, H. M.","contributorId":17997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyer","given":"H.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015762,"text":"70015762 - 1990 - Studies of angiospermous woods in Australian brown coal by nuclear magnetic resonance and analytical pyrolysis: new insight into early coalification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-23T00:51:40.174951","indexId":"70015762","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies of angiospermous woods in Australian brown coal by nuclear magnetic resonance and analytical pyrolysis: new insight into early coalification","docAbstract":"Many Tertiary coals contain abundant fossilized remains of angiosperms, which commonly dominated the ancient peat-swamp environments; modern analogs of such swamps can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Comparisons of angiospermous wood from Australian brown coal with similar wood buried in modern peat swamps of Indonesia have provided some new insights into coalification reactions. These comparisons were made by using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and pyrolsis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-gc-ms). These two modern techniques are especially suited for detailed structural evaluation of the complex macromolecules in coal.
The earliest transformation (peatification) of organic matter in angiospermous wood is the degradation and removal of cellulosic components and the concomitant selective preservation of lignin-derived components. The angiospermous lignin that becomes enriched in wood as a result of cellulose degradation also is modified by coalification reactions; this modification, however, does not involve degradation and removal of the lignin. Rather, the early coalification process transforms the lignin phenols (guiacyl and syringyl) to eventually yield the aromatic structures typically found in brown coal. One such transformation, which is determined from NMR data, involves the cleavage of aryl-ether bonds that link guaiacyl and syringyl units in lignin, and this transformation leads to the formation of free lignin phenols. Another transformation, which is also determined from the NMR data, involves the loss of methoxyl groups, probably via demethylation, to produce catechol-like structures. Coincident with ether-cleavage and demethylation, the aromatic rings derived from lignin phenols become more carbon-substituted and cross linked, as determined by dipolar-dephasing NMR studies. This cross linking is probably responsible for preventing the lignin phenols, which are freed from the lignin macromolecule by ether cleavage, from being removed from the coal by dissolution. Pyrolysis data suggest that the syringyl units are altered more readily than are guaiacyl units, and this difference in resistance leads to an enrichment of the guaiacyl units in fossil angiospermous woods.
Many of the coalification reactions noted above occur to some degree in all angiospermous fossil wood examined; however, some significant differences are observed in the degree of coalification of the fossil wood samples from the same burial depth in the brown coal. These differences indicate that the depth and duration of burial are probably not entirely responsible for the variations in degree of coalification. Different rates of degradation in peat may have contributed to the variations in the apparent degree of coalification; some woods may have been altered more rapidly at the peat stage than others.
Although preliminary, this systematic study of botanically related wood in peat and coal results in a more detailed differentiation of coalification reactions than have previous investigations. The combined use of solid-state 13C NMR and py-gc-ms has facilitated this detailed insight into the coalification of angiospermous wood.
In an effort to determine the in situ production rate of spallation-produced cosmogenic 3He, and evaluate its use as a surface exposure chronometer, we have measured cosmogenic helium contents in a suite of Hawaiian radiocarbon-dated lava flows. The lava flows, ranging in age from 600 to 13,000 years, were collected from Hualalai and Mauna Loa volcanoes on the island of Hawaii. Because cosmic ray surface-exposure dating requires the complete absence of erosion or soil cover, these lava flows were selected specifically for this purpose. The 3He production rate, measured within olivine phenocrysts, was found to vary significantly, ranging from 47 to 150 atoms g−1 yr−1 (normalized to sea level). Although there is considerable scatter in the data, the samples younger than 10,000 years are well-preserved and exposed, and the production rate variations are therefore not related to erosion or soil cover. Data averaged over the past 2000 years indicate a sea-level 3He production rate of 125 ± 30atoms g−1yr−1, which agrees well with previous estimates. The longer record suggests a minimum in sea level normalized 3He production rate between 2000 and 7000 years (55 ± 15atoms g−1yr−1), as compared to samples younger than 2000 years (125 ± 30 atoms g−1yr−1), and those between 7000 and 10,000 years (127 ± 19atoms g−1yr−1). The minimum in production rate is similar in age to that which would be produced by variations in geomagnetic field strength, as indicated by archeomagnetic data. However, the production rate variations (a factor of 2.3 ± 0.8) are poorly determined due to the large uncertainties in the youngest samples and questions of surface preservation for the older samples. Calculations using the atmospheric production model of O'Brien (1979) [35], and the method of Lal and Peters (1967) [11], predict smaller production rate variations for similar variation in dipole moment (a factor of 1.15–1.65). Because the production rate variations, archeomagnetic data, and theoretical estimates are not well determined at present, the relationship between dipole moment and production rate will require further study. Precise determination of the production rate is an important uncertainty in the surface-exposure technique, but the data demonstrate that it is feasible to date samples as young as 600 years of age providing that there has been no erosion or soil cover. Therefore, the technique will have important applications for volcanology, glacial geology, geomorphology and archaeology.