{"pageNumber":"1454","pageRowStart":"36325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40841,"records":[{"id":13208,"text":"ofr87414A - 1987 - FASPUM metric version : analytic petroleum resource appraisal microcomputer programs for play analysis using a reservoir-engineering model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:54","indexId":"ofr87414A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-414","chapter":"A","title":"FASPUM metric version : analytic petroleum resource appraisal microcomputer programs for play analysis using a reservoir-engineering model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87414A","usgsCitation":"Crovelli, R.A., and Balay, R.H., 1987, FASPUM metric version : analytic petroleum resource appraisal microcomputer programs for play analysis using a reservoir-engineering model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-414, 14 leaves ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87414A.","productDescription":"14 leaves ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0414a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41593,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0414a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8934","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crovelli, Robert A.","contributorId":92242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crovelli","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balay, Richard H.","contributorId":10048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balay","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1373,"text":"wsp2315 - 1987 - The effects of boundary conditions on the steady-state response of three hypothetical ground-water systems; results and implications of numerical experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:13","indexId":"wsp2315","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2315","title":"The effects of boundary conditions on the steady-state response of three hypothetical ground-water systems; results and implications of numerical experiments","docAbstract":"The most critical and difficult aspect of defining a groundwater system or problem for conceptual analysis or numerical simulation is the selection of boundary conditions . This report demonstrates the effects of different boundary conditions on the steady-state response of otherwise similar ground-water systems to a pumping stress. Three series of numerical experiments illustrate the behavior of three hypothetical groundwater systems that are rectangular sand prisms with the same dimensions but with different combinations of constant-head, specified-head, no-flow, and constant-flux boundary conditions. In the first series of numerical experiments, the heads and flows in all three systems are identical, as are the hydraulic conductivity and system geometry . However, when the systems are subjected to an equal stress by a pumping well in the third series, each differs significantly in its response . The highest heads (smallest drawdowns) and flows occur in the systems most constrained by constant- or specified-head boundaries. These and other observations described herein are important in steady-state calibration, which is an integral part of simulating many ground-water systems. Because the effects of boundary conditions on model response often become evident only when the system is stressed, a close match between the potential distribution in the model and that in the unstressed natural system does not guarantee that the model boundary conditions correctly represent those in the natural system . In conclusion, the boundary conditions that are selected for simulation of a ground-water system are fundamentally important to groundwater systems analysis and warrant continual reevaluation and modification as investigation proceeds and new information and understanding are acquired.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2315","usgsCitation":"Franke, O.L., and Reilly, T.E., 1987, The effects of boundary conditions on the steady-state response of three hypothetical ground-water systems; results and implications of numerical experiments: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2315, iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2315.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":13,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2315/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635b1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franke, O. Lehn","contributorId":63357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franke","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lehn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1699,"text":"wsp2282 - 1987 - Tidal-flow, circulation, and flushing changes caused by dredge and fill in Tampa Bay, Florida","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9188,"text":"ofr84447 - 1984 - Changes in tidal flow, circulation, and flushing caused by dredge and fill in Tampa Bay, Florida","indexId":"ofr84447","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Changes in tidal flow, circulation, and flushing caused by dredge and fill in Tampa Bay, Florida"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1699,"text":"wsp2282 - 1987 - Tidal-flow, circulation, and flushing changes caused by dredge and fill in Tampa Bay, Florida","indexId":"wsp2282","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Tidal-flow, circulation, and flushing changes caused by dredge and fill in Tampa Bay, Florida"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:15","indexId":"wsp2282","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2282","title":"Tidal-flow, circulation, and flushing changes caused by dredge and fill in Tampa Bay, Florida","docAbstract":"Tampa Bay, Florida, underwent extensive physical changes between 1880 and 1972 because of construction of causeways, islands, channels, and shoreline fills. These changes resulted in a progressive reduction in the quantity of tidal water that enters and leaves the bay. Dredging and filling also changed the magnitude and direction of tidal flows in large parts of the bay. \r\n\r\nA two-dimensional, finite-difference, hydrodynamic model was used to simulate flood, ebb, and residual transport of both water and a dissolved constituent for the physical conditions that existed in Tampa Bay during 1880 and 1972 and for the conditions that are likely to exist in 1985. The calibrated and verified model was used to hindcast water- and constituent-transport changes caused by construction in the bay between 1880 and 1972. The model was used also to forecast changes that can be expected to occur as a result of a major Federal dredging project scheduled for completion in 1985. \r\n\r\nThe model forecasted transport changes caused by the Federal dredging project to be much less areally extensive than the corresponding transport changes caused by construction in Tampa Bay between 1880 and 1972. Dredging-caused changes of more than 50 percent in flood and ebb transport were computed to occur over only 8 or 9 square miles of the bay's 390-square-mile surface area between 1972 and 1985. The model computed that construction between 1880 and 1972 caused changes of similar magnitude over 58 square miles of the bay. Dredging-caused changes of more than 50 percent in residual transport were computed to occur over 58 square miles of the bay between 1972 and 1985. According to the model simulation, construction between 1880 and 1972 caused changes of similar magnitude over 167 square miles. \r\n\r\nComputations reveal historical tide-induced circulation patterns. The patterns consist of a series of about 20 interconnected circulatory features that range in diameter from 1 to 6 miles. Dredging- and construction-caused changes in size, position, shape, and intensity of the circulatory features increase tide-induced circulation and flushing throughout most of the bay. As a result of past and projected physical changes, the bay can and will more rapidly transfer waterborne constituents that have landward sources to the Gulf of Mexico. Conversely, the bay can and will more rapidly transfer constituents that have their source in the Gulf into the upper parts of the bay.\r\n\r\nModel results show that the bay can be functionally subdivided into eight circulation zones. The zones near the entrances to Tampa Bay and the major bay subunits, Hillsborough Bay and Old Tampa Bay, have several times greater average circulation than do adjacent and more landward zones. Circulation generally decreases from the Gulf of Mexico to the head of Hillsborough and Old Tampa Bays, with a striking exception in zone 3 in mid-Tampa Bay. This 10-mile section of the bay has significantly lower average circulation than that of adjacent zones, particularly for conditions in 1880. The section is thought to be a circulation constriction that reduces the potential transport of dissolved and suspended constituents. \r\n\r\nCirculation in the constricted section was computed as having increased 6 percent because of dredge and fill construction between 1880 and 1972. An additional increase of 21 percent, due to the Federal dredging project, is calculated. With these increases, this zone acts as less of a constriction than it did in 1880. This and other circulation increases may have contributed to increased bay salinity and to more rapid flushing of constituents from the bay to the Gulf of Mexico.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2282","usgsCitation":"Goodwin, C., 1987, Tidal-flow, circulation, and flushing changes caused by dredge and fill in Tampa Bay, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2282, vi, 88 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2282.","productDescription":"vi, 88 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2282/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26780,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2282/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6981e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodwin, Carl R.","contributorId":76284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"Carl R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1903,"text":"wsp2248 - 1987 - Ground water in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9549,"text":"ofr83271 - 1983 - Ground water in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","indexId":"ofr83271","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"title":"Ground water in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1903,"text":"wsp2248 - 1987 - Ground water in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","indexId":"wsp2248","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Ground water in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T16:24:02","indexId":"wsp2248","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2248","title":"Ground water in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The potential for developing oil-shale resources in the southeastern Uinta Basin of Utah and Colorado has created the need for information on the quantity and quality of water available in the area. This report describes the availability and chemical quality of ground water, which might provide a source or supplement of water supply for an oil-shale industry. </p><p>Ground water in the southeastern Uinta Basin occurs in three major aquifers. Alluvial aquifers of small areal extent are present i n val ley-f i 11 deposits of six major drainages. Consolidated-rock aquifers include the birds's-nest aquifer i n the Parachute Creek Member of the G reen River Formation, which is limited to the central part of the study area; and the Douglas Creek aquifer, which includes parts of the Douglas Creek Member of the Green River Formation and parts of the intertonguing Renegade Tongue of the Wasatch Formation; this aquifer underlies most of the study area.</p><p>The alluvial aquifers are recharged by infiltration of streamflow and leakage from consolidated-rock aquifers. Recharge is estimated to average about 32,000 acre-feet per year. Discharge from alluvial aquifers, primarily by evapotranspiration, also averages about 32,000 acre-feet per year. The estimated volume of recoverable water in storage in alluvial aquifers is about 200,000 acre-feet. Maximum yields to individual wells are less than 1,000 gallons per minute.</p><p>Recharge to the bird's-nest aquifer, primarily from stream infiltration and downward leakage from the overlying Uinta Formation, is estimated to average 670 acre-feet per year. Discharge from the bird's-nest aquifer, which is primarily by seepage to Bitter Creek and the White River, is estimated to be at 670 acre-feet per year. The estimated volume of recoverable water in storage in the bird's-nest aquifer is 1.9 million acre-feet. Maximum yields to individual wells in some areas may be as much as 5,000 gallons per minute. </p><p>A digital-computer model of the flow system was used to evaluate the effects of oil-shale development on the bird's-nest aquifer at the Federal lease tracts Ua and Ub. Results of model simulations indicate that during construction of a vertical access shaft, a pumping rate of about 900 gallons per minute would be required to dewaterthe aquifer. The model also indicates that the construction of a proposed reservoir on the White River may raise water levels in the bird's-nest aquifer near the reservoir site by as much as 45 feet.</p><p>The flow model was used to evaluate the potential ground-water supply available for oil-shale development in the vicinity of the Federal lease tracts Ua and Ub. The results of the simulation indicate that bird's-nest aquifer could supply about 10,000 acre-feet of water per year at that site, for a period of 20 years. Downdraw after 20 years of pumping would exceed 250 feet near the simulated well field. Based on the results of the model simulation, it is estimated that the aquifer could simultaneously supply another 10,000 acre-feet of water per year in the northern part of the study area, but some interference between well fields could be expected.</p><p>The Douglas Creek aquifer is recharged by precipitation and stream infiltration at an average rate of about 20.000 acre-feet per year. Discharge is estimated to be about the same and is primarily through springs and diffuse seepage. The estimated volume of recoverable water in storage is 16 million acre-feet. Maximum yields to individual wells are estimated to be less than 500 gallons per minute.</p><p>A model of the flow system in the Douglas Creek aquifer indicates that the aquifer could supply about 700 acre-feet of water per year for oil-shale development at Federal lease tracts Ua and Ub and at the TOSCO Corp. site. After 20 years of pumping, water levels in production wells would be near the base of the aquifer. Based on the results of the model simulation, it is estimated that the aquifer could supply another 700 acre-feet of water per year in the southern part of the modeled area, but some interference between wells could be expected. </p><p>Chemical quality of the ground water in the southeastern Uinta Basin varies considerably. Water from alluvial wells ranges from about 440 to 27,800 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids. Water from two consolidated-rock aquifers has dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 870 to 5,810 milligrams per liter in the bird's-nest aquifer, and from 640 to 6,100 milligrams per liter in the Douglas Creek aquifer. Water from alluvial wells generally is a sodium sulfate type, whereas water in both the consolidated-rock aquifers generally changes from a sodium sulfate type to a sodium bicarbonate type. All ground water is very alkaline, and the alluvial aquifers contain very hard water. None of the water is suitable for public supply, but all the water could be used for industrial purposes such as washing and cooling.</p><p>Changes in chemical composition of the ground water can be attributed to several physiochemical processes, including mineral precipitation and dissolution, oxidation and reduction, mixing, ion exchange, and evaporative concentration. Mass-transfer modeling of these processes shows how they can account for the variability in the ground-water quality. The mass-transfer model of the Bitter Creek alluvial aquifer shows that evaporative concentration, combined with precipitation of calcite, dolomite, gypsum, and release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere results in the documented changes in the pH and dissolved solids in the water. The water-quality changes in the consolidated-rock aquifers are a result of precipitation of calcium carbonate and perhaps dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate) with the reduction of sulfate by organic carbon, as well as ion exchange of magnesium for sodium. These processes result in large values of pH and alkalinity in the water. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2248","usgsCitation":"Holmes, W.F., and Kimball, B.A., 1987, Ground water in the southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2248, Report: vi, 47 p.; Plate: 20.50 in. x 25.00 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2248.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 47 p.; Plate: 20.50 in. x 25.00 in.","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27200,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2248/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2248/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27199,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2248/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Uinta Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d745","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Walter F.","contributorId":31737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1959,"text":"wsp2317 - 1987 - Simulation of flood hydrographs for Georgia streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T10:16:14","indexId":"wsp2317","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2317","title":"Simulation of flood hydrographs for Georgia streams","docAbstract":"Flood hydrographs are needed for the design of many highway drainage structures and embankments. A method for simulating these flood hydrographs at ungaged sites in Georgia is presented in this report. \r\n\r\nThe O'Donnell method was used to compute unit hydrographs and lagtimes for 355 floods at 80 gaging stations. An average unit hydrograph and an average lagtime were computed for each station. These average unit hydrographs were transformed to unit hydrographs having durations of one-fourth, one-third, one-half, and three-fourths lagtime, then reduced to dimensionless terms by dividing the time by lagtime and the discharge by peak discharge. Hydrographs were simulated for these 355 floods and their widths were compared with the widths of the observed hydrographs at 50 and 75 percent of peak flow. The dimensionless hydrograph based on one-half lagtime duration provided the best fit of the observed data. \r\n\r\nMultiple regression analysis was then used to define relations between lagtime and certain physical basin characteristics; of these characteristics, drainage area and slope were found to be significant for the rural-stream equations and drainage area, slope, and impervious area were found to be significant for the Atlanta urban-stream equation. \r\n\r\nA hydrograph can be simulated from the dimensionless hydrograph, the peak discharge of a specific recurrence interval, and the lagtime obtained from regression equations for any site in Georgia having a drainage area of less than 500 square miles. \r\n\r\nFor simulating hydrographs at sites having basins larger than 500 square miles, the U.S. Geological Survey computer model CONROUT can be used. This model routes streamflow from an upstream channel location to a user-defined location downstream. The product of CONROUT is a simulated discharge hydrograph for the downstream site that has a peak discharge of a specific recurrence interval.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2317","usgsCitation":"Inman, E.J., 1987, Simulation of flood hydrographs for Georgia streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2317, iv, 26 p :ill. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2317.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p :ill. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2317/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27312,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2317/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":2025,"text":"wsp2306 - 1987 - Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14452,"text":"ofr85678 - 1986 - Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior Coal Field, Alabama","indexId":"ofr85678","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior Coal Field, Alabama"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2025,"text":"wsp2306 - 1987 - Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama","indexId":"wsp2306","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2306","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2306","title":"Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama","docAbstract":"A deterministic precipitation-runoff model, the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, was applied in two small basins located in the Warrior coal field, Alabama. Each basin has distinct geologic, hydrologic, and land-use characteristics. Bear Creek basin (15.03 square miles) is undisturbed, is underlain almost entirely by consolidated coal-bearing rocks of Pennsylvanian age (Pottsville Formation), and is drained by an intermittent stream. Turkey Creek basin (6.08 square miles) contains a surface coal mine and is underlain by both the Pottsville Formation and unconsolidated clay, sand, and gravel deposits of Cretaceous age (Coker Formation). Aquifers in the Coker Formation sustain flow through extended rainless periods. \r\n\r\nPreliminary daily and storm calibrations were developed for each basin. Initial parameter and variable values were determined according to techniques recommended in the user's manual for the modeling system and through field reconnaissance. Parameters with meaningful sensitivity were identified and adjusted to match hydrograph shapes and to compute realistic water year budgets. When the developed calibrations were applied to data exclusive of the calibration period as a verification exercise, results were comparable to those for the calibration period. \r\n\r\nThe model calibrations included preliminary parameter values for the various categories of geology and land use in each basin. The parameter values for areas underlain by the Pottsville Formation in the Bear Creek basin were transferred directly to similar areas in the Turkey Creek basin, and these parameter values were held constant throughout the model calibration. Parameter values for all geologic and land-use categories addressed in the two calibrations can probably be used in ungaged basins where similar conditions exist. The parameter transfer worked well, as a good calibration was obtained for Turkey Creek basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2306","usgsCitation":"Kidd, R.E., and Bossong, C., 1987, Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2306, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2306.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2306/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27494,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2306/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a5e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kidd, Robert E.","contributorId":21523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidd","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bossong, C. R.","contributorId":39762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bossong","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2220,"text":"wsp2291 - 1987 - Statistical analysis of surface-water-quality data in and near the coal-mining region of southwestern Indiana, 1957-80","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-08T09:14:05","indexId":"wsp2291","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2291","title":"Statistical analysis of surface-water-quality data in and near the coal-mining region of southwestern Indiana, 1957-80","docAbstract":"<p>The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires that applications for coal-mining permits contain information about the water quality of streams at and near a proposed mine. To meet this need for information, streamflow, specific conductance, pH, and concentrations of total alkalinity, sulfate, dissolved solids, suspended solids, total iron, and total manganese at 37 stations were analyzed to determine the spatial and seasonal variations in water quality and to develop equations for predicting water quality. The season of lowest median streamflow was related to the size of the drainage area. Median streamflow was least during fall at 15 of 16 stations having drainage areas greater than 1,000 square miles but was least during summer at 17 of 21 stations having drainage areas less than 1,000 square miles. In general, the season of lowest median specific conductance occurred during the season of highest streamflow except at stations on the Wabash River. Median specific conductance was least during summer at 9 of 9 stations on the Wabash River, but was least during winter or spring (the seasons of highest streamflow) at 27 of the remaining 28 stations. Linear, inverse, semilog, log-log, and hyperbolic regression models were used to investigate the functional relations between water-quality characteristics and streamflow. Of 186 relations investigated, 143 were statistically significant. Specific conductance and concentrations of total alkalinity and sulfate were negatively related to streamflow at all stations except for a positive relation between total alkalinity concentration and streamflow at Patoka River near Princeton. Concentrations of total alkalinity and sulfate were positively related to specific conductance at all stations except for a negative relation at Patoka River near Princeton and for a positive and negative relation at Patoka River at Jasper. Most of these relations are good, have small confidence intervals, and will give reliable predictions of the water-quality variables listed above. The poorest relations are typically at stations in the Patoka River watershed. Suspended-solids concentration was positively related to streamflow at all but two stations on the Patoka River. These relations are poor, have large confidence intervals, and will give less reliable predictions of suspended-solids concentration. Predictive equations for the regional relations between dissolved-solids concentration and specific conductance and between sulfate concentration and specific conductance, and the seasonal patterns of water quality, are probably valid for the coal-mining regions of Illinois and western Kentucky.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2291","usgsCitation":"Martin, J.D., and Crawford, C.G., 1987, Statistical analysis of surface-water-quality data in and near the coal-mining region of southwestern Indiana, 1957-80: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2291, vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2291.","productDescription":"vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"98","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2291/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27969,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2291/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Benton, Clay, Crawford, Daviess, Dubois, Fountain, Gibson, Greene, Knox, Lawrence, Martin, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Orange, Owen, Parke, Perry, Pike, Posey, Putnam, Spencer, Sullivan, Tippecanoe, Vanderburgh, Vermillion, Vigo, Warren, 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Jeffrey D. 0000-0003-1994-5285 jdmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-5285","contributorId":1066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jdmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Charles G. 0000-0003-1653-7841 cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-7841","contributorId":1064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Charles","email":"cgcrawfo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2311,"text":"wsp2234E - 1987 - Shore erosion as a sediment source to the tidal Potomac River, Maryland and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp2234E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2234","chapter":"E","title":"Shore erosion as a sediment source to the tidal Potomac River, Maryland and Virginia","docAbstract":"The shoreline of the tidal Potomac River attained its present form as a result of the Holocene episode of sea-level rise; the drowned margins of the system are modified by wave activity in the shore zone and by slope processes on banks steepened by basal-wave erosion. Shore erosion leaves residual sand and gravel in shallow water and transports silt and clay offshore to form a measurable component of the suspended-sediment load of the tidal Potomac River. \r\n\r\nErosion rates were measured by comparing digitized historical shoreline maps and modern maps, and by comparing stereopairs of aerial photographs taken at different points in time, with the aid of an interactive computer-graphics system and a digitizing stereoplotter. Cartographic comparisons encompassed 90 percent of the study reach and spanned periods of 38 to 109 years, with most measurements spanning at least 84 years. Photogrammetric comparisons encompassed 49 percent of the study reach and spanned 16 to 40 years. Field monitoring of erosion rates and processes at two sites, Swan Point Neck, Maryland, and Mason Neck, Virginia, spanned periods of 10 to 18 months. \r\n\r\n\r\nEstimated average recession rates of shoreline in the estuary, based on cartographic and photogrammetric measurements, were 0.42 to 0.52 meter per annum (Virginia shore) and 0.31 to 0.41 meter per annum (Maryland shore). Average recession rates of shoreline in the tidal river and transition zone were close to 0.15 meter per annum. Estimated average volume-erosion rates along the estuary were 1.20 to 1.87 cubic meters per meter of shoreline per annum (Virginia shore) and 0.56 to 0.73 cubic meter per meter of shoreline per annum (Maryland shore); estimated average volume-erosion rates along the shores of the tidal river and transition zone were 0.55 to 0.74 cubic meter per meter of shoreline per annum. \r\n\r\nEstimated total sediment contributed to the tidal Potomac River by shore erosion was 0.375 x 10 6 to 0.565 x 10 6 metric tons per annum; of this, the estimated amount of silt and clay ranged from 0.153x10 6 to 0.226x10 6 metric tons per annum. Between 49 and 60 percent of the sediment was derived from the Virginia shore of the estuary; 14 to 18 percent was derived from the Maryland shore of the estuary; and 23 to 36 percent was derived from the shores of the tidal river and transition zone. The adjusted modern estimate of sediment eroded from the shoreline of the estuary is about 55 percent of the historical estimate.\r\n\r\nSediment eroded from the shoreline accounted for about 6 to 9 percent of the estimated total suspended load for the tidal Potomac River during water years 1979 through 1981 and for about 11 to 18 percent of the suspended load delivered to the estuary during the same period. Annual suspended-sediment loads derived from upland source areas fluctuated by about an order of magnitude during the 3 years of record (1979-81); shore erosion may have been a more important component of the sediment budget during periods of low flow than during periods of higher discharges. Prior to massive land clearance during the historical period of intensive agriculture in the 18th and 19th centuries, annual sediment loads from upland sources probably were smaller than they are at present; under these circumstances shore erosion would have been an important component of the sediment budget. \r\n\r\nAt current rates of sediment supply, relative sea-level rise, and shoreline recession, the landward parts of the tidal Potomac River are rapidly being filled by sediment. If these rates were to remain constant over time, and no sediment were to escape into Chesapeake Bay, the tidal river and transition zone would be filled within 600 years, and the total system would be filled in less than 4,000 years. Given a slower rate of sediment supply, comparable to the measured rate during the low-flow 1981 water year, the volume of the tidal Potomac River might remain relatively stable or even increase over time. Changes in rates","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2234E","usgsCitation":"Miller, A.J., 1987, Shore erosion as a sediment source to the tidal Potomac River, Maryland and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2234, vi, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2234E.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28141,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3e42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Andrew J.","contributorId":7559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2655,"text":"wsp2234D - 1987 - A flow-simulation model of the tidal Potomac River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T21:32:44.82146","indexId":"wsp2234D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2234","chapter":"D","title":"A flow-simulation model of the tidal Potomac River","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional model capable of simulating flow in a network of interconnected channels has been applied to the tidal Potomac River including its major tributaries and embayments between Washington, D.C., and Indian Head, Md. The model can be used to compute water-surface elevations and flow discharges at any of 66 predetermined locations or at any alternative river cross sections definable within the network of channels. In addition, the model can be used to provide tidal-interchange flow volumes and to evaluate tidal excursions and the flushing properties of the riverine system. Comparisons of model-computed results with measured watersurface elevations and discharges demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the model. Tidal-cycle flow volumes computed by the calibrated model have been verified to be within an accuracy of ? 10 percent. Quantitative characteristics of the hydrodynamics of the tidal river are identified and discussed. The comprehensive flow data provided by the model can be used to better understand the geochemical, biological, and other processes affecting the river's water quality.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A water quality study of the tidal Potomac River and Estuary","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2234D","usgsCitation":"Schaffranek, R.W., 1987, A flow-simulation model of the tidal Potomac River: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2234, vi, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2234D.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424352,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25336.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28978,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"tidal Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.35734700645138,\n              39.082621721559036\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.35734700645138,\n              37.95253421635698\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.40863401983675,\n              37.95253421635698\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.40863401983675,\n              39.082621721559036\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.35734700645138,\n              39.082621721559036\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaffranek, Raymond W.","contributorId":86314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3732,"text":"cir1009 - 1987 - Review of literature on the finite-element solution of the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:38","indexId":"cir1009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1009","title":"Review of literature on the finite-element solution of the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane","docAbstract":"Published literature on the application of the finite-element method to solving the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane is reviewed in this report. The finite-element method is ideally suited to modeling two-dimensional flow over complex topography with spatially variable resistance. A two-dimensional finite-element surface-water flow model with depth and vertically averaged velocity components as dependent variables allows the user great flexibility in defining geometric features such as the boundaries of a water body, channels, islands, dikes, and embankments. \r\n\r\nThe following topics are reviewed in this report: alternative formulations of the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane; basic concepts of the finite-element method; discretization of the flow domain and representation of the dependent flow variables; treatment of boundary conditions; discretization of the time domain; methods for modeling bottom, surface, and lateral stresses; approaches to solving systems of nonlinear equations; techniques for solving systems of linear equations; finite-element alternatives to Galerkin's method of weighted residuals; techniques of model validation; and preparation of model input data. References are listed in the final chapter.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/cir1009","usgsCitation":"Lee, J.K., and Froehlich, D.C., 1987, Review of literature on the finite-element solution of the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1009, vi, 61 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1009.","productDescription":"vi, 61 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/1009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30793,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/1009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Jonathan K.","contributorId":60186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Froehlich, David C.","contributorId":58617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froehlich","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3956,"text":"cir994 - 1987 - Uranium resource assessment by the Geological Survey; methodology and plan to update the national resource base","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"cir994","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"994","title":"Uranium resource assessment by the Geological Survey; methodology and plan to update the national resource base","docAbstract":"Based on the Memorandum of Understanding {MOU) of September 20, 1984, between the U.S. Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of Interior and the Energy Information Administration {EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy {DOE), the U.S. Geological Survey began to make estimates of the undiscovered uranium endowment of selected areas of the United States in 1985. A modified NURE {National Uranium Resource Evaluation) method will be used in place of the standard NURE method of the DOE that was used for the national assessment reported in October 1980. The modified method, here named the 'deposit-size-frequency' {DSF) method, is presented for the first time, and calculations by the two methods are compared using an illustrative example based on preliminary estimates for the first area to be evaluated under the MOU. The results demonstrate that the estimate of the endowment using the DSF method is significantly larger and more uncertain than the estimate obtained by the NURE method. We believe that the DSF method produces a more realistic estimate because the principal factor estimated in the endowment equation is disaggregated into more parts and is more closely tied to specific geologic knowledge than by the NURE method. \r\n\r\nThe DSF method consists of modifying the standard NURE estimation equation, U=AxFxTxG, by replacing the factors FxT by a single factor that represents the tonnage for the total number of deposits in all size classes. Use of the DSF method requires that the size frequency of deposits in a known or control area has been established and that the relation of the size-frequency distribution of deposits to probable controlling geologic factors has been determined. Using these relations, the principal scientist {PS) first estimates the number and range of size classes and then, for each size class, estimates the lower limit, most likely value, and upper limit of the numbers of deposits in the favorable area. Once these probable estimates have been refined by elicitation of the PS, they are entered into the DSF equation, and the probability distribution of estimates of undiscovered uranium endowment is calculated using a slight modification of the program by Ford and McLaren (1980). \r\n\r\nThe EIA study of the viability of the domestic uranium industry requires an annual appraisal of the U.S. uranium resource situation. During DOE's NURE Program, which was terminated in 1983, a thorough assessment of the Nation's resources was completed. A comprehensive reevaluation of uranium resource base for the entire United States is not possible for each annual appraisal. A few areas are in need of future study, however, because of new developments in either scientific knowledge, industry exploration, or both. Four geologic environments have been selected for study by the U.S. Geological Survey in the next several years: (1) surficial uranium deposits throughout the conterminous United States, (2) uranium in collapse-breccia pipes in the Grand Canyon region of Arizona, (3) uranium in Tertiary sedimentary rocks of the Northern Great Plains, and (4) uranium in metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont province in the eastern States. \r\n\r\nIn addition to participation in the National uranium resource assessment, the U.S. Geological Survey will take part in activities of the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and those of the International Atomic Energy Agency.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir994","usgsCitation":"Finch, W.I., and McCammon, R.B., 1987, Uranium resource assessment by the Geological Survey; methodology and plan to update the national resource base: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 994, iii, 31 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir994.","productDescription":"iii, 31 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0994/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0994/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6053d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finch, Warren Irvin","contributorId":55794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"Irvin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCammon, Richard B.","contributorId":107674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4681,"text":"twri03B5 - 1987 - Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems - An introduction","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13663,"text":"ofr84458 - 1984 - Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems; an introduction","indexId":"ofr84458","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems; an introduction"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4681,"text":"twri03B5 - 1987 - Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems - An introduction","indexId":"twri03B5","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems - An introduction"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri03B5","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-B5","title":"Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems - An introduction","docAbstract":"Accurate definition of boundary and initial conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water flow systems. This report describes the properties of the seven most common boundary conditions encountered in ground-water systems and discusses major aspects of their application. It also discusses the significance and specification of initial conditions and evaluates some common errors in applying this concept to ground-water-system models. An appendix is included that discusses what the solution of a differential equation represents and how the solution relates to the boundary conditions defining the specific problem. This report considers only boundary conditions that apply to saturated ground-water systems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/twri03B5","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Franke, O.L., Reilly, T.E., and Bennett, G.D., 1987, Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems - An introduction: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 03-B5, viii, 15 p. :ill ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri03B5.","productDescription":"viii, 15 p. :ill ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-b5/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":139153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672497","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franke, O. Lehn","contributorId":63357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franke","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lehn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, Gordon D.","contributorId":18740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":4709,"text":"twri03B6 - 1987 - The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15611,"text":"ofr84459 - 1984 - The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics","indexId":"ofr84459","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4709,"text":"twri03B6 - 1987 - The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics","indexId":"twri03B6","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri03B6","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-B6","title":"The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics","docAbstract":"The principle of superposition, a powerful mathematical technique for analyzing certain types of complex problems in many areas of science and technology, has important applications in ground-water hydraulics and modeling of ground-water systems. The principle of superposition states that problem solutions can be added together to obtain composite solutions. This principle applies to linear systems governed by linear differential equations.\r\nThis report introduces the principle of superposition as it applies to ground-water hydrology and provides background information, discussion, illustrative problems with solutions, and problems to be solved by the reader.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/twri03B6","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., Franke, O.L., and Bennett, G.D., 1987, The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 03-B6, viii, 28 p. :ill ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri03B6.","productDescription":"viii, 28 p. :ill ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":298,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-b6/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a71e4b07f02db641cca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franke, O. Lehn","contributorId":63357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franke","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lehn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, Gordon D.","contributorId":18740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":20705,"text":"ofr87373 - 1987 - Granitic-rocks modal data from the southern Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:53","indexId":"ofr87373","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-373","title":"Granitic-rocks modal data from the southern Sierra Nevada, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87373","usgsCitation":"Ross, D.C., 1987, Granitic-rocks modal data from the southern Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-373, 276 p.  :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87373.","productDescription":"276 p.  :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0373/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50263,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0373/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, D. C.","contributorId":103681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20113,"text":"ofr87404 - 1987 - Sedimentary basin models documented on computer diskettes for USGS bulletin 1810 the muPETROL expert system for classifying world sedimentary basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:37","indexId":"ofr87404","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-404","title":"Sedimentary basin models documented on computer diskettes for USGS bulletin 1810 the muPETROL expert system for classifying world sedimentary basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87404","usgsCitation":"Miller, B., 1987, Sedimentary basin models documented on computer diskettes for USGS bulletin 1810 the muPETROL expert system for classifying world sedimentary basins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-404, 5 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87404.","productDescription":"5 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0404/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49657,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0404/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd71dfe4b0b29085107f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, B.M.","contributorId":73232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":16476,"text":"ofr87397 - 1987 - Selected water-level data for Mesozoic formations in the upper Colorado River basin in Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming; excluding the San Juan Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:14","indexId":"ofr87397","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-397","title":"Selected water-level data for Mesozoic formations in the upper Colorado River basin in Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming; excluding the San Juan Basin","docAbstract":"The base of the moderately saline water (water that contains from 3,000 to 10,000 mg/L of dissolved solids) was mapped by using available water quality data and by determining formation-water resistivities from geophysical well logs based on the resistivity-porosity, spontaneous-potential, and resistivity-ratio methods. The contour map developed from these data showed a mound of very saline and briny water, mostly of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate type, in most of that part of the Uinta Basin that is underlain by either the Green River or Wasatch Formations. Along its northern edge, the mound rises steeply from below sea level to within 2,000 ft of the land surface and, locally, to land surface. Along its southern edge, the mound rises less steeply and is more complex in outline. This body of very saline to briny water may be a lens; many wells or test holes drilled within the area underlain by the mound re-entered fresh to moderately saline water at depths of 8,000 to 15,000 ft below land surface. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87397","usgsCitation":"Weigel, J.F., 1987, Selected water-level data for Mesozoic formations in the upper Colorado River basin in Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming; excluding the San Juan Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-397, iv, 73 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87397.","productDescription":"iv, 73 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0397/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45450,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0397/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a01e4b07f02db5f7ef6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weigel, J. F.","contributorId":74394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weigel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":16161,"text":"ofr87507 - 1987 - Rb-Sr isotopic studies of postorogenic granites from the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-16T15:10:16","indexId":"ofr87507","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-507","title":"Rb-Sr isotopic studies of postorogenic granites from the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>Thirteen Rb-Sr whole-rock isochrons for postorogenic granites of the eastern Arabian Shield yield ages that range from 567 to 617 Ma, a similar range to that previously determined ages for leucocratic, evolved granites in that region. The dated plutons range widely in terms of degree of petrologic evolution from primitive (at Najran) to highly evolved (at Jabal al Caharra) and include several plutons that are anomalously enriched in tin and tungsten (Jabal Tarban, Jabal al Gaharra, Jabal Khinzir, and Jabal Minya). Although no uniform relationship was established between age or initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr and degree of petrologic evolution, the more evolved plutons tend to be younger and to have slightly higher initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr values. There is a tendency for metalliferous plutons to have elevated initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr values, but not all plutons with elevated <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr values are known to be metalliferous. Several of the dated plutons are situated within the Najd fault zone, and thus, some of the ages are useful in determining times of strike-slip fault activity. The youngest pluton cut by Najd faulting is at Jabal Tukhfah (573&plusmn;13 Ma). Displacement at this locality is about 2 km, and if normal rates of strike-slip movement are assumed, this displacement suggests that movement for one strand of the Najd faults ceased by about 560 Ma.</p>\n<p>Available data indicate that postorogenic granites tend to be older in the southern part of the Arabian Shield. This suggests that plutonism started in the south and progressed to the north. Initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr values also form a regional pattern. These ratios tend to be higher in the eastern part of the Arabian Shield, and suggest one source of continental affinity to the east and one of oceanic affinity to the west. The distribution of initial strontium isotope ratios does not clearly discriminate between the various models for Shield evolution; however, a sedimentary source region of mixed end members seems more compatible with the data pattern than models based on discrete boundaries between unrelated accreted blocks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87507","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., and Futa, K., 1987, Rb-Sr isotopic studies of postorogenic granites from the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-507, Report: i, 26 p., ill;, maps: 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87507.","productDescription":"Report: i, 26 p., ill;, maps: 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0507/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45088,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0507/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              42.4,\n              17\n            ],\n            [\n              42,\n              26\n            ],\n            [\n              46,\n              26\n            ],\n            [\n              46,\n              17\n            ],\n            [\n              42.4,\n              17\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648702","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Futa, Kiyoto 0000-0001-8649-7510 kfuta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-7510","contributorId":619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"Kiyoto","email":"kfuta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":172338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":15948,"text":"ofr87296 - 1987 - A linguistic model of earthquake frequencies applied to the seismic history of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:11","indexId":"ofr87296","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-296","title":"A linguistic model of earthquake frequencies applied to the seismic history of California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87296","usgsCitation":"Shaw, H.R., 1987, A linguistic model of earthquake frequencies applied to the seismic history of California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-296, iv, 129 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87296.","productDescription":"iv, 129 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0296/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44908,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0296/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, H. R.","contributorId":23952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":15781,"text":"ofr87618 - 1987 - Two-dimensional finite element models of the variation of heat flow with depth caused by refraction at a low conductivity graben","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:13","indexId":"ofr87618","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-618","title":"Two-dimensional finite element models of the variation of heat flow with depth caused by refraction at a low conductivity graben","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87618","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., and Lachenbruch, A., 1987, Two-dimensional finite element models of the variation of heat flow with depth caused by refraction at a low conductivity graben: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-618, 11 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87618.","productDescription":"11 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0618/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44810,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0618/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db623964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":15528,"text":"ofr87680 - 1987 - Preprocessor and postprocessor computer programs for a radial-flow finite-element model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:02","indexId":"ofr87680","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-680","title":"Preprocessor and postprocessor computer programs for a radial-flow finite-element model","docAbstract":"Preprocessing and postprocessing computer programs that enhance the utility of the U.S. Geological Survey radial-flow model have been developed. The preprocessor program: (1) generates a triangular finite element mesh from minimal data input, (2) produces graphical displays and tabulations of data for the mesh , and (3) prepares an input data file to use with the radial-flow model. The postprocessor program is a version of the radial-flow model, which was modified to (1) produce graphical output for simulation and field results, (2) generate a statistic for comparing the simulation results with observed data, and (3) allow hydrologic properties to vary in the simulated region. Examples of the use of the processor programs for a hypothetical aquifer test are presented. Instructions for the data files, format instructions, and a listing of the preprocessor and postprocessor source codes are given in the appendixes. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87680","usgsCitation":"Pucci, A.A., and Pope, D., 1987, Preprocessor and postprocessor computer programs for a radial-flow finite-element model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-680, v, 69 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87680.","productDescription":"v, 69 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0680/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44486,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0680/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44487,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0680/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44488,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0680/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db66915c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pucci, A. A. Jr.","contributorId":100000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pucci","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pope, D. A.","contributorId":13991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":15229,"text":"ofr87554 - 1987 - Documentation for a digital computer model of nutrient and dissolved-oxygen transport in the Truckee River and Truckee Canal downstream for Reno, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:01","indexId":"ofr87554","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-554","title":"Documentation for a digital computer model of nutrient and dissolved-oxygen transport in the Truckee River and Truckee Canal downstream for Reno, Nevada","docAbstract":"A digital water quality model was constructed as part of a water quality assessment of the Truckee River downstream from Reno. This report provides documentation on the computer code and the principal data sets used in model calibration, verification, and simulation. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87554","usgsCitation":"Nowlin, J., 1987, Documentation for a digital computer model of nutrient and dissolved-oxygen transport in the Truckee River and Truckee Canal downstream for Reno, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-554, iv, 181 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87554.","productDescription":"iv, 181 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0554/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44174,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0554/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47aee4b07f02db49b94a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nowlin, J. O.","contributorId":40604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowlin","given":"J. O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":15142,"text":"ofr87595 - 1987 - Interpretation of the regional geochemistry of the Tonopah 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Nevada, based on analytical results from stream-sediment and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate samples","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15142,"text":"ofr87595 - 1987 - Interpretation of the regional geochemistry of the Tonopah 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Nevada, based on analytical results from stream-sediment and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate samples","indexId":"ofr87595","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Interpretation of the regional geochemistry of the Tonopah 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Nevada, based on analytical results from stream-sediment and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate samples"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35322,"text":"b1849 - 1988 - Interpretation of the regional geochemistry of the Tonopah 1° x 2° quadrangle, Nevada, based on analytical results from stream-sediment and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate samples","indexId":"b1849","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Interpretation of the regional geochemistry of the Tonopah 1° x 2° quadrangle, Nevada, based on analytical results from stream-sediment and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate samples"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35322,"text":"b1849 - 1988 - Interpretation of the regional geochemistry of the Tonopah 1° x 2° quadrangle, Nevada, based on analytical results from stream-sediment and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate samples","indexId":"b1849","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Interpretation of the regional geochemistry of the Tonopah 1° x 2° quadrangle, Nevada, based on analytical results from stream-sediment and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate samples"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-03T19:20:05.461443","indexId":"ofr87595","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-595","title":"Interpretation of the regional geochemistry of the Tonopah 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Nevada, based on analytical results from stream-sediment and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate samples","docAbstract":"<p><span>Results of more than 2,400 analyses of &lt;0.25-mm fraction of stream </span><span>sediments and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral concentrates from stream sediments </span><span>from 1,217 sites in the Tonopah quadrangle demonstrate the existence of </span><span>anomalous concentrations of many metals of economic interest in many areas. </span><span>Single-element anomalies of As, Pb, or Sb in stream sediment provide general </span><span>guides to possible mineralization, but multi-element suites are more reliable </span><span>to characterize types of mineralization. Various combinations of Ag, As, Bi, </span><span>Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, and W in stream sediments and concentrates provide guides to </span><span>five general types of deposits and their geologic environments. Multi-element </span><span>suites that recur in stream-sediment media resemble those observed in </span><span>mineralized rock samples, and the distribution of the suites corresponds to </span><span>the distribution of known types of deposits and to the general geology of the </span><span>region. </span></p><p><span>Multi-element geochemical anomalies are prominent in the Pilot Mountains, Monte Cristo Range, Paradise Range, Lone Mountain, northeastern Toiyabe Range, Cedar Mountains, and Toquima Range. Strongest multi-element anomalies are associated with plutonic rocks in the western part of the quadrangle. Two base-metal suites are enriched in and around plutons: (1) Bi + W + Pb + Mo ± As, Cu, Sb, a suite that resembles metals enriched in rocks samples from skarn deposits; and (2) Pb + Mo ± As,Cu,Sb, which resembles base-metal enrichments in sulfide vein and replacement deposits, generally associated with intrusions. A third variety of base-metal enrichment that contains Ag is distinguished for its possible economic importance. This Ag-Pb-rich suite occurs both near plutons and in volcanic terrane and generally is near areas of known Ag-rich polymetallic deposits. </span></p><p><span>Many sites are characterized by modest enrichments of two to five elements in the suite As-Mo-Sb-Zn-Ag that resemble enrichments in epithermal ore deposits. Many anomalies of this type are from drainages underlain by Tertiary welded tuff, commonly lacking alteration and mineral prospects. Some of these anomalous sites correlate with areas of known epithermal deposits or siliceous alteration of calcareous rocks, thus this suite may be a guide to precious-metal deposits if there is supporting geologic evidence. </span></p><p><span>The results from regional sampling of stream sediments, utilizing the &lt;0.25-mm fraction and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate media, effectively outline most areas of known deposits or alteration in the Tonopah quadrangle. Some clusters of anomalies are larger than the area of known mineral prospects, suggesting that other deposits remain to be discovered. This regional geochemical information is most effective for exploration and resource analysis when integrated with other geologic information, especially rock alteration. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87595","usgsCitation":"Nash, J., 1987, Interpretation of the regional geochemistry of the Tonopah 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Nevada, based on analytical results from stream-sediment and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate samples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-595, Report: 41 p.; 1 Plate: 35.84 x 26.34 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87595.","productDescription":"Report: 41 p.; 1 Plate: 35.84 x 26.34 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0595/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0595/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Tonopah","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.35595703124999,\n              38.013476231041935\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.0703125,\n              38.013476231041935\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.0703125,\n              38.11727165830543\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.35595703124999,\n              38.11727165830543\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.35595703124999,\n              38.013476231041935\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e01ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. T.","contributorId":31751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":15073,"text":"ofr86543 - 1987 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15073,"text":"ofr86543 - 1987 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","indexId":"ofr86543","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2333,"text":"wsp2338 - 1989 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","indexId":"wsp2338","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2333,"text":"wsp2338 - 1989 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","indexId":"wsp2338","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-27T10:47:25","indexId":"ofr86543","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-543","title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","docAbstract":"The highly permeable, unconfined, glacial drift aquifers that occupy most New England river valleys constitute the principal source of drinking water for many communities that obtain part or all of their public water supply from groundwater. Analytical , two-dimensional numerical and three-dimensional numerical models were used to delineate contributing areas of groundwater pollution. These methods of analysis were compared by applying them to hypothetical aquifer having the dimensions and geometry of a typical glacial drift, river valley aquifer. In the model analyses, factors that control the size and shape of a contributing area were varied over ranges of values common to glacial drift aquifers in New England. These controlling factors include the rate of well discharge, rate of recharge to the aquifer from precipitation and from adjacent till and bedrock uplands, distance of a pumping well from a stream or other potential source of induced recharge, degree of hydraulic connection of the aquifer with a stream, horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity, and degree of well penetration. Numerical models of valley aquifers are deemed best suited to determine the approximate contributing area of a well because of their capability to simulate more accurately the variable geohydrologic conditions typical of glacial drift valley aquifers. On the basis of results obtained with the two-dimensional numerical model, for which a wide range of hydrologic conditions were simulated, the contributing area in a typical glacial drift, river valley setting for a well pumped at a rate of 1.0 million gal/day--a common pumping rate--can be expected to range from about 0.9 to 1.8 sq mi. Model analysis also shows that the contributing area of pumped wells may be expected to extend to the opposite side of the river and to include significant areas of till uplands adjacent to the aquifer on both sides of the valley. Simulations with the three-dimensional model allow a full delineation of the zone of contribution for a pumped well. For the relatively thin (100 ft or less) unconfined aquifers considered in this analysis, the model showed that the zone of contribution extended throughout the entire saturated thickness of aquifer. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr86543","usgsCitation":"Morrissey, D.J., 1987, Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-543, vi, 60 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86543.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369733,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0543/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0543/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa4e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrissey, D. J.","contributorId":51305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":14924,"text":"ofr87238 - 1987 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington: Project description","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T21:42:36.124756","indexId":"ofr87238","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-238","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington: Project description","docAbstract":"In April 1986, the U.S. Geological Survey began the National Water Quality Assessment program to: (1) provide a nationally consistent description of the current status of water quality, (2) define water quality trends that have occurred over recent decades, and (3) relate past and present water quality conditions to relevant natural features, the history of land and water use, and land management and waste management practices. At present (1987), The National Water Quality Assessment program is in a pilot studies phase, in which assessment concepts and approaches are being tested and modified to prepare for possible full implementation of the program. Seven pilot projects (four surface water projects and three groundwater projects) have been started. The Yakima River basin in Washington is one of the pilot surface water project areas. The Yakima River basin drains in area of 6,155 sq mi and contains about 1,900 river mi of perennial streams. Major land use activities include growing and harvesting timber, dryland pasture grazing, intense farming and irrigated agriculture, and urbanization. Water quality issues that result from these land uses include potentially large concentrations of suspended sediment, bacteria, nutrients, pesticides, and trace elements that may affect water used for human consumption, fish propagation and passage, contact recreation, livestock watering, and irrigation. Data will be collected in a nine year cycle. The first three years of the cycle will be a period of concentrated data acquisition and interpretation. For the next six years, sample collection will be done at a much lower level of intensity to document the occurrence of any gross changes in water quality. This nine year cycle would then be repeated. Three types of sampling activities will be used for data acquisition: fixed location station sampling, synoptic sampling, and intensive reach studies. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87238","usgsCitation":"McKenzie, S.W., and Rinella, J.F., 1987, Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington: Project description: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-238, Report: v, 35 p.; 1 Plate: 31.11 × 31.65 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87238.","productDescription":"Report: v, 35 p.; 1 Plate: 31.11 × 31.65 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":43737,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0238/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43738,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0238/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0238/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393389,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17169.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.524,\n              45.972\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.139,\n              45.972\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.139,\n              47.615\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.524,\n              47.615\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.524,\n              45.972\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a4b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenzie, S. W.","contributorId":66240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rinella, J. F.","contributorId":86777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":14783,"text":"ofr87473 - 1987 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; project description","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:59","indexId":"ofr87473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-473","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; project description","docAbstract":"In 1986, the U.S. Geological Survey began a National Water-Quality Assessment program to (1) provide nationally consistent descriptions of the current status of water quality for a large, diverse, and geographically distributed part of the Nation's surface- and ground-water resources; (2) define, where possible, trends in water quality; and (3) identify and describe the relations of both status and trends in water quality to natural factors and the history of land use and land- and waste-management activities. The program is presently in a pilot phase that will test and modify, as necessary, concepts and approaches in preparation for possible full implementation of the program in the future.\r\nThe upper Illinois River basin is one of four basins selected to test the concepts and approaches of the surface-water-quality element of the national program. The basin drains 10,949 square miles of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. Three principal tributaries are the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers that join to form the Illinois River and the Fox River. Land use is predominantly agricultural; about 75 percent of the basin is cultivated primarily for production of corn and soybeans. About 13 percent of the basin is urban area, most of which is located in the Chicago metropolitan area. The population of the basin is about 7 million. About 6 million people live in the Des Plaines River basin.\r\n\r\nMany water-quality issues in the upper Illinois River basin are related to sediment, nutrients, potentially toxic inorganic and organic constituents, and to water-management practices. Occurrence of sediment and the chemical constituents in the rivers and lakes within the basin has the potential to adversely affect the water's suitability for aquatic life, recreation, or, through the consumption of fish, human health.\r\n\r\nThe upper Illinois River basin project consists of five major activities. The first activity--analysis of existing information and preparation of a report that describes recent water-quality conditions and trends--is currently underway. The second activity--fixed-station water-quality sampling at eight stations--began in April 1987 and will last at least 3 years. Water-quality data collected at these stations will be used to determine the frequency of occurrence of constituent concentrations, their annual and seasonal loads, and time trends in concentrations for a selected number of constituents. The third activity will be synoptic water-quality studies. Each study will involve sampling many sites at specific flow conditions and for selected water-quality constituents. Information gained from these studies will supplement informa tion gained from fixed-station sampling. A synoptic study of streambed sediments is tentatively planned for the summer of 1987 to describe the occurrence and distribution of trace elements in the basin. The fourth activity will consist of one or more topical subbasin or river-reach studies. The purpose of such studies is to better define certain water-quality conditions in specific areas and gain an understanding of the processes affecting the observed conditions. The fifth activity is the preparation of reports that will describe results from each of the first four activities.\r\n\r\nQuality assurance and coordination are being provided at both the national and pilot-project levels. A technical quality-assurance plan that addresses all aspects of sample collection, analysis, and reporting is being prepared at the national level. This plan will be appended as needed at the pilot-project level. A National Coordinating Work Group that functions under the auspices of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data and the Advisory Committee on Water Data for Public Use has been established at the national level. A local liaison committee consisting of representatives from Federal, State, and local agencies has been established to enhance communication and to ensure that the scientific information produced by the","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87473","usgsCitation":"Mades, D., 1987, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; project description: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-473, iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87473.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0473/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43552,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0473/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a413","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mades, D. M.","contributorId":40230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mades","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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