A study was conducted to determine the value of triticale (a hybrid between rye and wheat) as a substitute for wheat middlings in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Data on growth and carcass composition of fish fed the experimental diets containing triticale were comparable to those of fish fed the control diet with wheat middlings. No differences in diet acceptability were apparent when triticale was substituted for wheat middlings in the basal ration. Though the effect of triticale substitution on pellet quality (i.e., durability) is not known, the results indicated that this hybrid grain can be used as a nutritional substitute for wheat middlings in the diet of salmonids, and that further evaluation of this potential feed ingredient is warranted.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0044-8486(90)90339-O","usgsCitation":"Hughes, S.G., 1990, Use of triticale as a replacement for wheat middlings in diets for Atlantic salmon: Aquaculture, v. 90, no. 2, p. 173-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90339-O.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132118,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604249","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, S. G.","contributorId":92200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016277,"text":"70016277 - 1990 - High-density volatiles in the system C-O-H-N for the calibration of a laser Raman microprobe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-11T16:34:08.504076","indexId":"70016277","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-density volatiles in the system C-O-H-N for the calibration of a laser Raman microprobe","docAbstract":"Three methods have been used to produce high-density volatiles in the system C-O-H-N for the calibration of a laser Raman microprobe (LRM): synthetic fluid-inclusion, sealed fused-quartz-tube, and high-pressure-cell methods. Because quantitative interpretation of a Raman spectrum of mixed-volatile fluid inclusions requires accurate knowledge of pressure- and composition-sensitive Raman scattering efficiencies or quantification factors for each species, calibrations of these parameters for mixtures of volatiles of known composition and pressure are necessary.
Two advantages of the synthetic fluid-inclusion method are that the inclusions can be used readily in complementary microthermometry (MT) studies and that they have sizes and optical properties like those in natural samples. Some disadvantages are that producing H2O-free volatile mixtures is difficult, the composition may vary from one inclusion to another, the exact composition and density of the inclusions are difficult to obtain, and the experimental procedures are complicated. The primary advantage of the method using sealed fused-quartz tubes is its simplicity. Some disadvantages are that exact compositions for complex volatile mixtures are difficult to predict, densities can be approximated only, and complementary MT studies on the tubes are difficult to conduct.
The advantages of the high-pressure-cell method are that specific, known compositions of volatile mixtures can be produced and that their pressures can be varied easily and are monitored during calibration. Some disadvantages are that complementary MT analysis is impossible, and the setup is bulky. Among the three methods for the calibration of an LRM, the high-pressure-cell method is the most reliable and convenient for control of composition and total pressure.
We have used the high-pressure cell to obtain preliminary data on
(1) the ratio of the Raman quantification factors for CH4 and N2 in an equimolar CH4N2 mixture and
(2) the spectral peak position of ν1 of CH4 in that mixture, as well as in pure CH4, at pressures up to 690 bars. These data were successfully applied to natural inclusions from the Duluth Complex in order to derive their compositions and total pressures.
The theory of the fission-track method and its application to sedimentary basin analysis is illustrated by a case study in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California. Fission tracks provide a powerful tool for studying the thermal history of sedimentary basins because the two minerals most commonly used in fission-track studies, apatite and zircon, occur as detrital constituents in many sedimentary rocks, and their annealing temperatures span the main temperature range for oil generation. Fission tracks also provide information on the sedimentation record and provenance of rocks in a basin.
We have used fission-track analysis to study the thermal and depositional history of the subsurface Tertiary sedimentary rocks on both sides of the active White Wolf reverse fault in the southern San Joaquin Valley. The distinctly different thermal histories of the rocks in the two structural blocks are clearly reflected in the apatite fission-track data, which suggest that rocks in the rapidly subsiding basin northwest of the fault have been near their present temperature for only about 1 m.y. compared with about 10 m.y. for rocks southeast of the fault. These estimates of heating time agree with previous estimates for these rocks.
Zircon fission-track data indicate that the Tertiary sediments were derived from parent rocks of more than one age. However, from at least the Eocene to late Miocene or Pliocene, the major sediment source was rocks related to the youngest Sierra Nevada Mesozoic intrusive complexes, which are presently exposed east and south of the southern San Joaquin Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/0C9B21F5-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Naeser, N.D., Naeser, C.W., and McCulloh, T.H., 1990, Thermal history of rocks in southern San Joaquin Valley, California: evidence from fission-track analysis: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, no. 1, p. 13-29, https://doi.org/10.1306/0C9B21F5-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223528,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.25,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 34.875\n ],\n [\n -118.875,\n 34.875\n ],\n [\n -118.875,\n 35.25\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 35.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb223e4b08c986b32560c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naeser, Nancy D.","contributorId":82753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naeser, Charles W.","contributorId":76281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCulloh, Thane H.","contributorId":100450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloh","given":"Thane","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015929,"text":"70015929 - 1990 - Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:23:10.162313","indexId":"70015929","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer","docAbstract":"Theory, laboratory experiments, and empirical observation suggest that many aqueous fluid inclusions in calcite reequilibrate during overheating, and therefore some homogenization temperatures (Th) record a temperature close to the maximum reached by the rock. This characteristic suggests that aqueous fluid inclusions in calcite can be used to establish maximum temperature (Tpeak). To test this hypothesis, we have compiled fluid inclusion Tpeak, mean random vitrinite reflectance (Rm), and present-day Tpeak from 46 diverse geologic systems that have been at Tpeak from 104 to 106 yr. Present Tpeak ranged from 65 to 345 °C, Th modes and means ranged from 59 to 350 °C, and Rm data ranged from 0.4% to 4.6%, spanning the temperature and thermal maturity range associated with burial diagenesis, hydrothermal alteration, and low-grade metamorphism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1003:FITFDM>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., and Goldstein, R., 1990, Fluid-inclusion technique for determining maximum temperature in calcite and its comparison to the vitrinite reflectance geothermometer: Geology, v. 18, no. 10, p. 1003-1006, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1003:FITFDM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1003","endPage":"1006","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223439,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a127be4b0c8380cd54317","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldstein, R.H.","contributorId":18908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016163,"text":"70016163 - 1990 - Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T09:52:24","indexId":"70016163","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment","docAbstract":"Remotely sensed surface temperature and reflectance in the visible and near infrared wavebands along with ancilliary meteorological data provide the capability of computing three of the four surface energy balance components (i.e., net radiation, soil heat flux, and sensible heat flux) at different spatial and temporal scales. As a result, under nonadvective conditions, this enables the estimation of the remaining term (i.e., the latent heat flux). One of the practical applications with this approach is to produce evapotranspiration (ET) maps for agricultural regions which consist of an array of fields containing different crops at varying stages of growth and soil moisture conditions. Such a situation exists in the semiarid southwest at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center, south of Phoenix. For one day (14 June 1987), surface temperature and reflectance measurements from an aircraft 150 m above ground level (agl) were acquired over fields from zero to nearly full cover at four times between 1000 MST and 1130 MST. The diurnal pattern of the surface energy balance was measured over four fields, which included alfalfa at 60% cover, furrowed cotton at 20% and 30% cover, and partially plowed what stubble. Instantaneous and daily values of ET were estimated for a representative area around each flux site with an energy balance model that relies on a reference ET. This reference value was determined with remotely sensed data and several meteorological inputs. The reference ET was adjusted to account for the different surface conditions in the other fields using only remotely sensed variables. A comparison with the flux measurements suggests the model has difficulties with partial canopy conditions, especially related to the estimation of the sensible heat flux. The resulting errors for instantaneous ET were on the order of 100 W m−2 and for daily values of order 2 mm day−1. These findings suggest future research should involve development of methods to account for the variability of meteorological parameters brought about by changes in surface conditions and improvements in the modeling of sensible heat transfer across the surface—atmosphere interface for partial canopy conditions using remote sensing information.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(90)90013-C","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Kustas, W.P., Moran, M.S., Jackson, R.D., Gay, L.W., Duell, L., Kunkel, K.E., and Matthias, A., 1990, Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 32, no. 2-3, p. 125-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(90)90013-C.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c28e4b0c8380cd62b09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, R. D.","contributorId":30758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jackson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":372712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gay, L. W.","contributorId":53526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gay","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duell, L.F.W.","contributorId":11765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L.F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunkel, K. E.","contributorId":83626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunkel","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Matthias, A.D.","contributorId":36296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthias","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70015974,"text":"70015974 - 1990 - Mudflow rheology in a vertically rotating flume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:44","indexId":"70015974","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mudflow rheology in a vertically rotating flume","docAbstract":"Joint research by the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Missouri-Rolla currently (1990) is being conducted on a 3.05 meters in diameter vertically rotating flume used to simulate mudflows under steady-state conditions. Observed mudflow simulations indicate flow patterns in the flume are similar to those occurring in natural mudflows. Variables such as mean and surface velocity, depth, and average boundary shear stress can be measured in this flume more easily than in the field or in a traditional tilting flume. Sensitive variables such as sediment concentration, grain-size distribution, and Atterberg limits also can be precisely and easily controlled. A known Newtonian fluid, SAE 30 motor oil, was tested in the flume and the computed value for viscosity was within 12.5 percent of the stated viscosity. This provided support that the data from the flume can be used to determine the rheological properties of fluids such as mud. Measurements on mud slurries indicate that flows with sediment concentrations ranging from 81 to 87 percent sediment by weight can be approximated as Bingham plastic for strain rates greater than 1 per second. In this approximation, the yield stress and Bingham viscosity were extremely sensitive to sediment concentration. Generally, the magnitude of the yield stress was large relative to the change in shear stress with increasing mudflow velocity.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands and 1990 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"30 July 1990 through 2 August 1990","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"0872627713","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R.R., Westphal, J.A., and Jobson, H.E., 1990, Mudflow rheology in a vertically rotating flume, in Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands, San Diego, CA, USA, 30 July 1990 through 2 August 1990, p. 212-217.","startPage":"212","endPage":"217","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f88e4b0c8380cd70feb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"French Richard H.","contributorId":128450,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"French Richard H.","id":536319,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999 bholmes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":1624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"bholmes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westphal, Jerome A.","contributorId":22500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westphal","given":"Jerome","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jobson, Harvey E.","contributorId":27032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016289,"text":"70016289 - 1990 - Adsorption of selenium by amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and manganese dioxide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-01T09:57:13","indexId":"70016289","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adsorption of selenium by amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and manganese dioxide","docAbstract":"This work compares and models the adsorption of selenium and other anions on a neutral to alkaline surface (amorphous iron oxyhydroxide) and an acidic surface (manganese dioxide). Selenium adsorption on these oxides is examined as a function of pH, particle concentration, oxidation state, and competing anion concentration in order to assess how these factors might influence the mobility of selenium in the environment. The data indicate that 1. 1) amorphous iron oxyhydroxide has a greater affinity for selenium than manganese dioxide, 2. 2) selenite [Se(IV)] adsorption increases with decreasing pH and increasing particle concentration and is stronger than selenate [Se(VI)] adsorption on both oxides, and 3. 3) selenate does not adsorb on manganese dioxide. The relative affinity of selenate and selenite for the oxides and the lack of adsorption of selenate on a strongly acidic surface suggests that selenate forms outer-sphere complexes while selenite forms inner-sphere complexes with the surfaces. The data also indicate that the competition sequence of other anions with respect to selenite adsorption at pH 7.0 is phosphate > silicate > molybdate > fluoride > sulfate on amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and molybdate ??? phosphate > silicate > fluoride > sulfate on manganese dioxide. The adsorption of phosphate, molybdate, and silicate on these oxides as a function of pH indicates that the competition sequences reflect the relative affinities of these anions for the surfaces. The Triple Layer surface complexation model is used to provide a quantitative description of these observations and to assess the importance of surface site heterogeneity on anion adsorption. The modeling results suggest that selenite forms binuclear, innersphere complexes with amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and monodentate, inner-sphere complexes with manganese dioxide and that selenate forms outer-sphere, monodentate complexes with amorphous iron oxyhydroxide. The heterogeneity of the oxide surface sites is reflected in decreasing equilibrium constants for selenite with increasing adsorption density and both experimental observations and modeling results suggest that manganese dioxide has fewer sites of higher energy for selenite adsorption than amorphous iron oxyhydroxide. Modeling and interpreting the adsorption of phosphate, molybdate, and silicate on the oxides are made difficult by the lack of constraint in choosing surface species and the fact that equally good fits can be obtained with different surface species. Finally, predictions of anion competition using the model results from single adsorbate systems are not very successful because the model does not account for surface site heterogeneity. Selenite adsorption data from a multi-adsorbate system could be fit if the equilibrium constant for selenite is decreased with increasing anion adsorption density.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(90)90369-V","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Balistrieri, L.S., and Chao, T.T., 1990, Adsorption of selenium by amorphous iron oxyhydroxide and manganese dioxide: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, no. 3, p. 739-751, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90369-V.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"739","endPage":"751","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6fee4b0c8380cd4779c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balistrieri, Laurie S. 0000-0002-6359-3849 balistri@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-3849","contributorId":1406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balistrieri","given":"Laurie","email":"balistri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016317,"text":"70016317 - 1990 - Effect of anelastic and scattering structures of the lithosphere on the shape of local earthquake coda","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:41","indexId":"70016317","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of anelastic and scattering structures of the lithosphere on the shape of local earthquake coda","docAbstract":"A simple model of single acoustic scattering is used to study the dependence of the shape of local earthquake coda on the anelastic and scattering structures of the lithosphere. The model is applied to the coda of earthquakes located near Stone Canyon, central California, and provides an explanation for the features observed in the data, which include an interesting temporal variation in the coda shape. A surficial layer with a Q of 50 and thickness of 10 or 25 km underlain by a zone with a Q of 1000 extending to the bottom of the lithosphere, together with a scattering scale length, a, that varies with depth z according to the relation a=0.3 exp[-(z/45)2] are found to constitute the simplest structure of the medium compatible with the coda data and with body and surface wave attenuation data. The profile of heterogeneity sizes implies that the scattering strength increases strongly with depth, a constraint required by the necessity to boost the energy of the later coda without forcing the intrinsic Q to be excessively high in the uppermost mantle. This constraint is viewed as an artifact of the single scattering model which overstimates the scattering coefficient due to the neglect of multiple scattering. The observed temporal variation of the signal is difficult to explain by a simple change of the intrinsic Q at some depth. Rather, it is suggested that the scattering properties at depth changed with time through a variation of the fractional rms velocity fluctuation on the order of one percent. ?? 1990 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00874367","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B., 1990, Effect of anelastic and scattering structures of the lithosphere on the shape of local earthquake coda: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 132, no. 1-2, p. 289-310, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874367.","startPage":"289","endPage":"310","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205373,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874367"},{"id":223464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05bfe4b0c8380cd50f2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016040,"text":"70016040 - 1990 - Climate factor for small-basin flood frequency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T14:18:18","indexId":"70016040","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate factor for small-basin flood frequency","docAbstract":"A climate factor, CT, (T = 2-, 25-, and 100-year recurrence intervals) that delineates regional trends in small-basin flood frequency was derived using data from 71 long-term rainfall record sites. Values of CT at these sites were developed by a regression analysis that related rainfall-runoff model estimates of T-year floods to a sample set of 50 model calibrations. CT was regionalized via kriging to develop maps depicting its geographic variation for a large part of the United States east of the 105th meridian. Kriged estimates of CT and basin-runoff characteristics were used to compute regionalized T-year floods for 200 small drainage basins. Observed T-year flood estimates also were developed for these sites. Regionalized floods are shown to account for a large percentage of the variability in observed flood estimates with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.89 for 2-year floods to 0.82 for 100-year floods. The relative importance of the factors comprising regionalized flood estimates is evaluated in terms of scale (size of drainage area), basin-runoff characteristics (rainfall-runoff model parameters), and climate (CT).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01395.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Lichty, R., and Karlinger, M., 1990, Climate factor for small-basin flood frequency: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 26, no. 4, p. 577-586, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01395.x.","startPage":"577","endPage":"586","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267740,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1990.tb01395.x"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f651e4b0c8380cd4c6b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichty, R.W.","contributorId":46987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichty","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlinger, M.R.","contributorId":95039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"M.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015755,"text":"70015755 - 1990 - The modernization program of the US Geological Survey's National Mapping Division","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T17:02:36","indexId":"70015755","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1192,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The modernization program of the US Geological Survey's National Mapping Division","docAbstract":"Discusses the components of the National Digital Cartographic Data Base of the USA, to be completed by the year 2000. Key tasks are; expand the digitising programme; modify data structures; develop digital revision capabilities; develop and adopt standards and implement quality control; support advanced analysis. -after Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1559/152304090783814168","usgsCitation":"Anderson, K.E., and Callahan, G., 1990, The modernization program of the US Geological Survey's National Mapping Division: Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, v. 17, no. 3, p. 243-248, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304090783814168.","startPage":"243","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269512,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304090783814168"}],"volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bade0e4b08c986b323e3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Kirk E.","contributorId":7750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Callahan, G.M.","contributorId":75695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callahan","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016321,"text":"70016321 - 1990 - Sediment thickness in the southern Canada Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-23T12:00:38.114909","indexId":"70016321","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment thickness in the southern Canada Basin","docAbstract":"Multichannel seismic reflection data are used, in conjunction with deep crustal seismic refraction data, to estimate the thickness of sediments in the southern Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean north of Alaska. The sediments are interpreted to be of Hauterivian (mid-Early Cretaceous) to Holocene age. Comparison of the seismic reflection character of seismic reflections in the study area with that in other basins indicates that a base-of-sediment—top of oceanic layer 2 reflection is not present above the depth at which the water-bottom multiple obscures all deeper arrivals, which is in conflict with the conclusions drawn from aeromagnetic, refraction, and other reflection studies. Seismic velocity structure, determined from the reflection data, indicates that the reflections above the multiple are from sedimentary strata. In the absence of seismic reflection evidence for the top of layer 2 above the multiple, we estimate total sediment thickness by using the layer 3 refractions and subtracting an average assumed layer 2 thickness from the top of layer 3. Assuming that an average thickness of oceanic layer 2 (1.4 km) overlies layer 3 in the southern Canada Basin, sediment thickness in the study area is estimated to range between 6.5 km where water depth is 3.8 km to greater than 11 km where the water depth is 2 km. This is nearly double that of any previous estimates and should have a significant effect on calculations such as the age of Canada Basin, regional heat flow, and long-term sedimentation rates.
The Anegada Passage (sensu lato) includes several basins and ridges from Southeast of Puerto Rico to the corner of the Virgin Islands Platform. Seabeam (Seacarib I) and Gloria long-range sidescan sonar surveys were carried out in this area. These new data allow us to propose an interpretation of the Anegada Passage. Most of the features described are related to wrench faulting: (a) St Croix and Virgin Islands Basins are pull-apart basins created in a right-lateral strike-slip environment based on their rhomboidal shape and seismic data (e.g. the flower structure). These two pull-aparts are divided into two sub-basins by a curvilinear normal fault in the Virgin Islands Basin and a right-lateral strike-slip fault in the St Croix Basin. (b) Tortola Ridge and a 'dog's leg' shaped structure are inferred to be restraining bends between two right-lateral strike-slip faults. (c) We identified two ENE-WSW volcanic lineaments in the eastern area and one volcano lying between Virgin Islands and St Croix Basins. (d) As shown by the seismic activity main wrench motion occurs along the north slope of Virgin Islands Basin and through Anegada Passage. A branching of this main fault transmits the transtensional motion to St Croix Basin. A two-stage story is proposed for the creation of the basins. A first extensional event during Eocene(?)-Oligocene-lower Miocene time created Virgin Islands, St Croix Basins and the tilted blocks of St Croix Ridge. A second transtensional event from Pliocene to Recent gave the present day pattern to this area. However, the displacement along the strike-slip faults is no more than 15 km long. The proposed geodynamic model is based on the separation of the northeastern Caribbean boundary into two blocks. In the West, the indenter of Beata Ridge gives a northeastern motion to Hispaniola Block. In the East, as a result of Hispaniola Block's motion, the Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands Block could escape in an east-northeast direction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02266712","usgsCitation":"Jany, I., Scanlon, K.M., and Mauffret, A., 1990, Geological interpretation of combined Seabeam, Gloria and seismic data from Anegada Passage (Virgin Islands, north Caribbean): Marine Geophysical Research, v. 12, no. 3, p. 173-196, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02266712.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"196","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Virgin Islands","otherGeospatial":"Anegada Passage","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -65.1708984375,\n 17.528820674552627\n ],\n [\n -64.0008544921875,\n 17.528820674552627\n ],\n [\n -64.0008544921875,\n 18.63583516062285\n ],\n [\n -65.1708984375,\n 18.63583516062285\n ],\n [\n -65.1708984375,\n 17.528820674552627\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2268e4b0c8380cd5700a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jany, I.","contributorId":29269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jany","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scanlon, Kathryn M.","contributorId":6816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mauffret, A.","contributorId":94921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mauffret","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016342,"text":"70016342 - 1990 - Stability of giant sand waves in eastern Long Island Sound, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-23T11:59:15.538811","indexId":"70016342","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stability of giant sand waves in eastern Long Island Sound, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"A combination of a highly accurate bathymetric surveying technique and in-situ submersible observations and measurements were used to assess the migrational trends and morphological changes of large sand waves (Ht ≤ 17 m) in eastern Long Island Sound. Although residing in a high-energy tidal environment characterized by a net westward sediment flux, the large bedforms are relatively stable over the short term. Over a 7 month period, 55.1% of a total 2942 m of sand wave crestline lengths migrated less than the horizontal accuracy limits of navigation (2 m). Approximately 35% of the remaining sand wave crests migrated less than 4 m. Net migration of the sand wave crests in the study area was 0.2 m. In addition, the bulk form (center of area in profile view) or the base of the sand waves showed little, if any, movement. These data, in conjunction with flow data within the sand wave field, suggest that net migration rates are greater than the time span of this study and/or the sand waves move in response to large residual flows created by high-energy, aperiodic storm events. The latter scenerio suggests that day to day processes only serve to rework and modify the sand waves.
In mountainous regions containing extensive glacier systems there is a lack of suitable material for conventional geochemical sampling. As a result, in most geochemical sampling programs a few stream-sediment samples collected at, or near, the terminus of valley glaciers are used to evaluate the mineral potential of the glaciated area. We have developed and tested a technique which utilizes the medial moraines of valley glaciers for systematic geochemical exploration of the glacial catchment area. Moraine sampling provides geochemical information that is site-specific in that geochemical anomalies can be traced directly up-ice to bedrock sources.
Traverses were made across the Trident and Susitna glaciers in the central Alaska Range where fine-grained (clay to sand size) samples were collected from each medial moraine. These samples were prepared and chemically analyzed to determine the concentration of specific elements. Fifty pebbles were collected at each moraine for archival purposes and for subsequent lithologic identification. Additionally, fifty cobbles and fifty boulders were examined and described at each sample site to determine the nature and abundance of lithologies present in the catchment area, the extent and nature of visible mineralization, the presence and intensity of hydrothermal alteration and the existence of veins, dikes and other minor structural features. Results from the central Alaska Range have delineated four distinct multi-element anomalies which are a response to potential mineralization up-ice from the medial moraine traverse. By integrating the lithologic, mineralogical and geochemical data the probable geological setting of the geochemical anomalies is determined.
Two North American contributions to the Global Geoscience Transects Program, the Quebec-Maine-Gulf of Maine transect and the Great Lakes portion of the United States-Canadian Border transect, are among the first to produce digital geology in a form that can be combined with gridded gravity and aeromagnetic data. Maps of shaded relief and color-composite bandpass-filtered potential-field data combined with overlays of digitized geologic contacts and faults reveal significant new geologic information, including the relative thickness of plutons, the structure of poorly exposed or concealed magnetic units, and possible evidence for mineralized ground. Mechanisms for capturing digital geology by use of scanners, commercial geographic information systems (GIS) software packages, and public-domain PC-based software packages are illustrated by examples from these two transects. The digital geology is combined with the potential field data by use of in-house raster-based image-processing software and commercial hardware. Geologic cross sections constructed along the transects may be tested and refined by using 2-D and 2.5-D magnetic- and gravity-modeling software. The integrated data sets ultimately allow construction of 3-D models of the crust within the transects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.5408/0022-1368-38.4.330","issn":"00221368","usgsCitation":"Phillips, J., 1990, Integration of potential-field and digital geologic data for two North American geoscience transects: Journal of Geological Education, v. 38, no. 4, p. 330-338, https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-38.4.330.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"330","endPage":"338","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480466,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5408/0022-1368-38.4.330","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":223020,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c95e4b0c8380cd62e6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, J. D. 0000-0002-6459-2821","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-2821","contributorId":22366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016212,"text":"70016212 - 1990 - Iberian plate kinematics: A jumping plate boundary between Eurasia and Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T15:12:25","indexId":"70016212","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Iberian plate kinematics: A jumping plate boundary between Eurasia and Africa","docAbstract":"THE rotation of Iberia and its relation to the formation of the Pyrenees has been difficult to decipher because of the lack of detailed sea-floor spreading data, although several models have been proposed1-7. Here we use detailed aeromagnetic measurements from the sea floor offshore of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland to show that Iberia moved as part of the African plate from late Cretaceous to mid-Eocene time, with a plate boundary extending westward from the Bay of Biscay. When motion along this boundary ceased, a boundary linking extension in the King's Trough to compression along the Pyrenees came into existence. Finally, since the late Oligocene, Iberia has been part of the Eurasian plate, with the boundary between Eurasia and Africa situated along the Azores-Gibraltar fracture zone.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/344756a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Srivastava, S., Schouten, H., Roest, W., Klitgord, K.D., Kovacs, L., Verhoef, J., and Macnab, R., 1990, Iberian plate kinematics: A jumping plate boundary between Eurasia and Africa: Nature, v. 344, no. 6268, p. 756-759, https://doi.org/10.1038/344756a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"756","endPage":"759","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -20.56640625,\n 27.21555620902969\n ],\n [\n 24.960937499999996,\n 27.21555620902969\n ],\n [\n 24.960937499999996,\n 47.989921667414194\n ],\n [\n -20.56640625,\n 47.989921667414194\n ],\n [\n -20.56640625,\n 27.21555620902969\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"344","issue":"6268","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37e7e4b0c8380cd6127b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Srivastava, S.P.","contributorId":89166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Srivastava","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schouten, Hans","contributorId":86892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schouten","given":"Hans","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roest, W.R.","contributorId":96421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roest","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":372852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kovacs, L.C.","contributorId":82462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kovacs","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Verhoef, J.","contributorId":45840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verhoef","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Macnab, R.","contributorId":92432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macnab","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70016197,"text":"70016197 - 1990 - Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016197","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes","docAbstract":"87Sr 86Sr ratios, trace element and REE compositions, and textural characteristics were determined for three hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts, one hydrothermal deposit, and two mixed hydrothermalhydrogenetic crusts from the Pacific. The Sr isotope data are compared to the Sr seawater curve for the Cenozoic to determine the ages and growth rates of the crusts. The 87Sr 86Sr in the crusts does not increase monotonically with depth as expected if the Sr were solely derived from seawater and perfectly preserved since deposition. This indicates post-depositional exchange of Sr or heterogeneous sources for the Sr originally contained in the crusts. Textures of hydrogenetic crusts generally correlate with Sr isotopic variations. The highest porosity intervals commonly exhibit the highest 87Sr 86Sr ratios, indicating exchange with younger seawater. Intervals with the lowest porosity commonly have lower 87Sr 86Sr and may preserve the original Sr isotopic ratios. Minimum ages of crust growth inception were calculated from dense, low porosity intervals. Growth of the hydrogenetic crusts began at or after 23 Ma, although their substrates are Cretaceous. Estimated average growth rates of the three hydrogenetic crusts vary between 0.9 and 2.7 mm/Ma, consistent with published rates determined by other techniques. Within the Marshall Islands crust, growth rates for individual layers varied greatly between 1.0 and 5.4 mm/Ma. For one crust, very low 87Sr 86Sr ratios occurred in detrital-rich intervals. Hydrothermal Fe-Mn oxide from the active Lau Basin back-arc spreading axis (Valu Fa Ridge) has an 87Sr 86Sr ratio with a predominantly seawater signature ( 87Sr 86Sr 0.709196), indicating a maximum age of 0.9 Ma. One crust from an off-axis seamount west of Gorda Ridge may have begun precipitating hydrogenetically at 0.5 Ma (0.709211), and had increasing hydrothermal or volcanic input in the top half of the crust, indicated by a significantly lower 87Sr 86Sr ratio (0.709052). ?? 1990.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ingram, B., Hein, J., and Farmer, G.L., 1990, Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, no. 6, p. 1709-1721.","startPage":"1709","endPage":"1721","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8eae4b0c8380cd47f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingram, B.L.","contributorId":51731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingram","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farmer, G. L.","contributorId":97251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016191,"text":"70016191 - 1990 - Spatial resolution requirements for automated cartographic road extraction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016191","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial resolution requirements for automated cartographic road extraction","docAbstract":"Ground resolution requirements for detection and extraction of road locations in a digitized large-scale photographic database were investigated. A color infrared photograph of Sunnyvale, California was scanned, registered to a map grid, and spatially degraded to 1- to 5-metre resolution pixels. Road locations in each data set were extracted using a combination of image processing and CAD programs. These locations were compared to a photointerpretation of road locations to determine a preferred pixel size for the extraction method. Based on road pixel omission error computations, a 3-metre pixel resolution appears to be the best choice for this extraction method. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Benjamin, S., and Gaydos, L., 1990, Spatial resolution requirements for automated cartographic road extraction: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 56, no. 1, p. 93-100.","startPage":"93","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94a4e4b08c986b31abc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benjamin, S.","contributorId":23474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benjamin","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaydos, L.","contributorId":101015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaydos","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016190,"text":"70016190 - 1990 - Conductivity and transit time estimates of a soil liner","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:40","indexId":"70016190","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Conductivity and transit time estimates of a soil liner","docAbstract":"A field-scale soil linear was built to assess the feasibilty of constructing a liner to meet the saturated hydraulic conductivity requirement of the U.S. EPA (i.e., less than 1 ?? 10-7 cm/s), and to determine the breakthrough and transit times of water and tracers through the liner. The liner, 8 ?? 15 ?? 0.9 m, was constructed in 15-cm compacted lifts using a 20,037-kg pad-foot compactor and standard engineering practices. Estimated saturated hydraulic conductivities were 2.4 ?? 10-9 cm/s, based on data from large-ring infiltrometers; 4.0 ?? 10-8 cm/s from small-ring infiltrometers; and 5.0 ?? 10-8 cm/s from a water-balance analysis. These estimates were derived from 1 year of monitoring water infiltration into the linear. Breakthrough of tracers at the base of the liner was estimated to be between 2 and 13 years, depending on the method of calculation and the assumptions used in the calculation.","conferenceTitle":"Optimizing the Resources for Water Management - Proceedings of the ASCE 17th Annual National Conference","conferenceDate":"17 April 1990 through 21 April 1990","conferenceLocation":"Fort Worth, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA, United States","isbn":"087262756X","usgsCitation":"Krapac, I., Cartwright, K., Panno, S., Hensel, B., Rehfeldt, K., and Herzog, B., 1990, Conductivity and transit time estimates of a soil liner, Optimizing the Resources for Water Management - Proceedings of the ASCE 17th Annual National Conference, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 17 April 1990 through 21 April 1990, p. 820-823.","startPage":"820","endPage":"823","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9bae4b0c8380cd4d759","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapac, I.G.","contributorId":33850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapac","given":"I.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Panno, S.V.","contributorId":102990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panno","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hensel, B.R.","contributorId":83669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensel","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rehfeldt, K.H.","contributorId":54739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehfeldt","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herzog, B.L.","contributorId":107030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016183,"text":"70016183 - 1990 - Cosmic ray exposure dating with in situ produced cosmogenic 3He: Results from young Hawaiian lava flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-28T12:21:56.574857","indexId":"70016183","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cosmic ray exposure dating with in situ produced cosmogenic 3He: Results from young Hawaiian lava flows","docAbstract":"In an effort to determine the in situ production rate of spallation-produced cosmogenic 3He, and evaluate its use as a surface exposure chronometer, we have measured cosmogenic helium contents in a suite of Hawaiian radiocarbon-dated lava flows. The lava flows, ranging in age from 600 to 13,000 years, were collected from Hualalai and Mauna Loa volcanoes on the island of Hawaii. Because cosmic ray surface-exposure dating requires the complete absence of erosion or soil cover, these lava flows were selected specifically for this purpose. The 3He production rate, measured within olivine phenocrysts, was found to vary significantly, ranging from 47 to 150 atoms g−1 yr−1 (normalized to sea level). Although there is considerable scatter in the data, the samples younger than 10,000 years are well-preserved and exposed, and the production rate variations are therefore not related to erosion or soil cover. Data averaged over the past 2000 years indicate a sea-level 3He production rate of 125 ± 30atoms g−1yr−1, which agrees well with previous estimates. The longer record suggests a minimum in sea level normalized 3He production rate between 2000 and 7000 years (55 ± 15atoms g−1yr−1), as compared to samples younger than 2000 years (125 ± 30 atoms g−1yr−1), and those between 7000 and 10,000 years (127 ± 19atoms g−1yr−1). The minimum in production rate is similar in age to that which would be produced by variations in geomagnetic field strength, as indicated by archeomagnetic data. However, the production rate variations (a factor of 2.3 ± 0.8) are poorly determined due to the large uncertainties in the youngest samples and questions of surface preservation for the older samples. Calculations using the atmospheric production model of O'Brien (1979) [35], and the method of Lal and Peters (1967) [11], predict smaller production rate variations for similar variation in dipole moment (a factor of 1.15–1.65). Because the production rate variations, archeomagnetic data, and theoretical estimates are not well determined at present, the relationship between dipole moment and production rate will require further study. Precise determination of the production rate is an important uncertainty in the surface-exposure technique, but the data demonstrate that it is feasible to date samples as young as 600 years of age providing that there has been no erosion or soil cover. Therefore, the technique will have important applications for volcanology, glacial geology, geomorphology and archaeology.