The nesting range of Forster's terns hosts three allopatric breeding populations. The first and most important breeding area, in terms of the number of nes t i ng pairs, includes the western guIf coas t from the Louisiana-Mississippi border to northern Tamaulipas, Mexico (American Ornithologists' Union [AOUJ 1983). In addition, small numbers of Forster's terns have nested in Mobile County, Alabama (Imhof 1976). Although this species has not been recorded nesting in Mississippi (J. Jackson, Mississippi State University, Starkville; pers. comm.), it is observed in the coastal regions of that State every summer, and several thousand nest in adjacent Louisiana (Portnoy 1977; Clapp et ale 1983). The two largest colonies of Forster's terns documented in the literature were both in Louisiana: one of 2,750 pairs in Lake Borgne on the Louisiana-Mississippi border and one of 2,263 pairs in Calcasieu Lake (Portnoy 1977).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Martin, R.P., and Zwank, P.J., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Forster's tern (breeding) - Gulf and Atlantic coasts: FWS/OBS 82/10.131, vi, 21 p.","productDescription":"vi, 21 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64988e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Richard P.","contributorId":7372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zwank, Phillip J.","contributorId":11287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwank","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":80312,"text":"fwsobs82_10_142 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Plains sharp-tailed grouse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T17:12:41.824263","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_142","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.142","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Plains sharp-tailed grouse","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the plains sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus jamesi). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Prose, B.L., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Plains sharp-tailed grouse: FWS/OBS 82/10.142, viii, 31 p.","productDescription":"viii, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64979c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prose, Bart L.","contributorId":29521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prose","given":"Bart","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80324,"text":"fwsobs82_10_146 - 1987 - Habitat Suitability Index Models: Hairy woodpecker","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-28T17:10:55.343943","indexId":"fwsobs82_10_146","displayToPublicDate":"2007-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":20,"text":"FWS/OBS","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"82/10.146","subseriesTitle":"Habitat Suitability Index","title":"Habitat Suitability Index Models: Hairy woodpecker","docAbstract":"A review and synthesis of existing information were used to develop a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for the hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus). The model consolidates habitat use information into a framework appropriate for field application, and is scaled to produce an index between 0.0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1.0 (optimum habitat). HSI models are designed to be used with Habitat Evaluation Procedures previously developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Sousa, P.J., 1987, Habitat Suitability Index Models: Hairy woodpecker: FWS/OBS 82/10.146, vi, 19 p.","productDescription":"vi, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649834","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sousa, Patrick J.","contributorId":19206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sousa","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":292251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015249,"text":"70015249 - 1987 - The phytoplankton component of seston in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T16:11:32.512977","indexId":"70015249","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2853,"text":"Netherlands Journal of Sea Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The phytoplankton component of seston in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"Phytoplankton biomass (as carbon) was estimated from chlorophyll a concentrations (Chla) and a mean value for the ratio of phytoplankton carbon to chlorophyll a in San Francisco Bay. The ratio was determined as the slope of a Model II regression of POC' against (Chla), where POC' is total particulate organic carbon minus sediment-associated non-phytoplankton carbon. Samples from 30 fixed sites in the channel and lateral shoals of San Francisco Bay were collected once or twice a month from April to November 1980, and at irregular intervals in South Bay during 1984 and 1985. For all data the calculated mean value of phytoplankton C:Chla was 51 (95% confidence interval = 47–54). No significant differences were found in the C:Chla ratio between shallow and deep sites (where light availability differs) or between northern and southern San Francisco Bay (where phytoplankton community composition differs). Using the mean C:Chla ratio of 51, we calculated that phytoplankton biomass constitutes about one third of seston carbon under most circumstances, but this fraction ranges from about 95% during phytoplankton blooms to less than 20% during spring periods of low phytoplankton biomass and high suspended sediment concentration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0077-7579(87)90020-2","issn":"00777579","usgsCitation":"Wienke, S., and Cloern, J., 1987, The phytoplankton component of seston in San Francisco Bay: Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, v. 21, no. 1, p. 25-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(87)90020-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223591,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.75688629121268,\n 38.13697712688091\n ],\n [\n -122.75688629121268,\n 37.41058731586716\n ],\n [\n -121.70443147007661,\n 37.41058731586716\n ],\n [\n -121.70443147007661,\n 38.13697712688091\n ],\n [\n -122.75688629121268,\n 38.13697712688091\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae99e4b08c986b3241e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wienke, S.M.","contributorId":89902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wienke","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014794,"text":"70014794 - 1987 - North American nonmarine climates and vegetation during the Late Cretaceous","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-12T15:47:34.921436","indexId":"70014794","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North American nonmarine climates and vegetation during the Late Cretaceous","docAbstract":"Analyses of physiognomy of Late Cretaceous leaf assemblages and of structural adaptations of Late Cretaceous dicotyledonous woods indicate that megathermal vegetation was an open-canopy, broad-leaved evergreen woodland that existed under low to moderate amounts of rainfall evenly distributed through the year, with a moderate increase at about 40–45°N. Many dicotyledons were probably large, massive trees, but the tallest trees were evergreen conifers. Megathermal climate extended up to paleolatitude 45–50°N. Mesothermal vegetation was at least partially an open, broad-leaved evergreen woodland (perhaps a mosaic of woodland and forest), but the evapotranspirational stress was less than in megathermal climate. Some dicotyledons were large trees, but most were shrubs or small trees; evergreen conifers were the major tree element. Some mild seasonality is evidenced in mesothermal woods; precipitational levels probably varied markedly from year to year. Northward of approximately paleolatitude 65°N, evergreen vegetation was replaced by predominantly deciduous vegetation. This replacement is presumably related primarily to seasonality of light. The southern part of the deciduous vegetation probably existed under mesothermal climate. Comparisons to leaf and wood assemblages from other continents are generally consistent with the vegetational-climatic patterns suggested from North American data. Limited data from equatorial regions suggest low rainfall.
Late Cretaceous climates, except probably those of the Cenomanian, had only moderate change through time. Temperatures generally appear to have warmed into the Santonian, cooled slightly into the Campanian and more markedly into the Maastrichtian, and then returned to Santonian values by the late Maastrichtian. The early Eocene was probably warmer than any period of the Late Cretaceous. Latitudinal temperature gradients were lower than at present. For the Campanian and Maastrichtian, a gradient of about 0.3°C/1° latitude is inferred. Equability was high: a mean annual range of temperature of about 8°C is inferred for paleolatitude 51–56°N during the Campanian.
Most Late Cretaceous plants evolved in a climate characterized by absence of freezing and low to moderate amounts of precipitation. A brief, low-temperature excursion and a major, long-lasting increase in precipitation occurred at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. In megathermal climates, these events selected for plants that could exist in rainforest environments. In mesothermal climates, deciduousness and contamitant structural adaptations were selected. The events at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary had a major and long-lasting impact on the evolution of land plants and their ecosystems.
Low precipitation at low to middle Late Cretaceous latitudes is suggested to be the result of high levels of atmospheric CO2, which, in turn, are probably related to inability of warm, saline oceans to store large amounts of carbon. Conditions appear to have rapidly changed at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, when oceanic circulation and stratification may have been fundamentally altered. After the boundary, the oceans were apparently able to store much greater amounts of carbon, and the oceans withdrew large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. In turn, more precipitation fell at low to middle latitudes; the resulting high-biomass vegetation formed a second major carbon reservoir to keep atmospheric CO2 low relative to the Late Cretaceous. Changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation probably resulted from some factor external to the ocean-atmosphere system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(87)90040-X","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, J.A., and Upchurch, G., 1987, North American nonmarine climates and vegetation during the Late Cretaceous: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 61, p. 33-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(87)90040-X.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"77","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225852,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a67e8e4b0c8380cd73517","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, J. A.","contributorId":14026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Upchurch, G.R. Jr.","contributorId":70546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Upchurch","given":"G.R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015140,"text":"70015140 - 1987 - Spectral analysis of topography and gravity in the Basin and Range Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-25T16:00:03.868164","indexId":"70015140","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectral analysis of topography and gravity in the Basin and Range Province","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional spectral analysis has been carried out for the topography and the Bouguer gravity anomaly of the Basin and Range Province in western North America. The aim was to investigate the possible presence of dominant wavelengths in the deformation pattern at the surface and at the depth of compensation. The results suggest that a 200-km wavelength in the deep compensating mass distribution has been inherited from an early tectonic phase of extension at an azimuth N65??E. The corresponding surface topography exhibits prominent overtones at wavelength of 100, 75, and possibly 45 km. It is argued that these characterize the non-linear rheology of the upper crust. The short wavelengths in the topography reflect the present phase of deformation, mixed with the results of the older deformations. These results point to a need to extend the physical models of lithospheric stretching beyond the presently available one-phase scenario. However, they show that the boudinage instability concept is consistent with the data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(87)90262-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Ricard, Y., Froidevaux, C., and Simpson, R., 1987, Spectral analysis of topography and gravity in the Basin and Range Province: Tectonophysics, v. 133, no. 3-4, p. 175-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90262-9.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"187","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223640,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.03735943588883,\n 42.00862345299814\n ],\n [\n -120.39806789682876,\n 39.40064412979108\n ],\n [\n -115.38915301377308,\n 31.51632357488282\n ],\n [\n -109.63099281629341,\n 25.94233845042458\n ],\n [\n -108.15733396208881,\n 30.00462232811228\n ],\n [\n -104.29445090260016,\n 29.23368235277063\n ],\n [\n -112.90774565842592,\n 37.0909253903935\n ],\n [\n -110.9828809907067,\n 42.117270492737845\n ],\n [\n -120.03735943588883,\n 42.00862345299814\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"133","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9536e4b08c986b31add9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ricard, Y.","contributorId":62347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ricard","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Froidevaux, C.","contributorId":10933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froidevaux","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, R.","contributorId":49934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014703,"text":"70014703 - 1987 - Fault failure with moderate earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-25T16:14:20.941344","indexId":"70014703","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault failure with moderate earthquakes","docAbstract":"High resolution strain and tilt recordings were made in the near-field of, and prior to, the May 1983 Coalinga earthquake (ML = 6.7, Δ = 51 km), the August 4, 1985, Kettleman Hills earthquake (ML = 5.5, Δ = 34 km), the April 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake (ML = 6.1, Δ = 55 km), the November 1984 Round Valley earthquake (ML = 5.8, Δ = 54 km), the January 14, 1978, Izu, Japan earthquake (ML = 7.0, Δ = 28 km), and several other smaller magnitude earthquakes. These recordings were made with near-surface instruments (resolution 10−8), with borehole dilatometers (resolution 10−10) and a 3-component borehole strainmeter (resolution 10−9). While observed coseismic offsets are generally in good agreement with expectations from elastic dislocation theory, and while post-seismic deformation continued, in some cases, with a moment comparable to that of the main shock, preseismic strain or tilt perturbations from hours to seconds (or less) before the main shock are not apparent above the present resolution. Precursory slip for these events, if any occurred, must have had a moment less than a few percent of that of the main event. To the extent that these records reflect general fault behavior, the strong constraint on the size and amount of slip triggering major rupture makes prediction of the onset times and final magnitudes of the rupture zones a difficult task unless the instruments are fortuitously installed near the rupture initiation point. These data are best explained by an inhomogeneous failure model for which various areas of the fault plane have either different stress-slip constitutive laws or spatially varying constitutive parameters. Other work on seismic waveform analysis and synthetic waveforms indicates that the rupturing process is inhomogeneous and controlled by points of higher strength. These models indicate that rupture initiation occurs at smaller regions of higher strength which, when broken, allow runaway catastrophic failure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(87)90017-5","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M., Linde, A.T., Gladwin, M.T., and Borcherdt, R., 1987, Fault failure with moderate earthquakes: Tectonophysics, v. 144, no. 1-3, p. 189-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90017-5.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"206","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225526,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.02116382075675,\n 35.55400802086601\n ],\n [\n -121.02116382075675,\n 33.16372189729758\n ],\n [\n -118.23848206323959,\n 33.16372189729758\n ],\n [\n -118.23848206323959,\n 35.55400802086601\n ],\n [\n -121.02116382075675,\n 35.55400802086601\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"144","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f18e4b0c8380cd5376f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linde, A. T.","contributorId":21700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linde","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gladwin, M. T.","contributorId":30373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gladwin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borcherdt, R. D. 0000-0002-8668-0849","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":32165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014702,"text":"70014702 - 1987 - Nucleation and triggering of earthquake slip: Effect of periodic stresses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-25T16:18:23.027267","indexId":"70014702","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nucleation and triggering of earthquake slip: Effect of periodic stresses","docAbstract":"Results of stability analyses for spring and slider systems, with state variable constitutive properties, are applied to slip on embedded fault patches. Unstable slip may nucleate only if the slipping patch exceeds some minimum size. Subsequent to the onset of instability the earthquake slip may propagate well beyond the patch. It is proposed that the seismicity of a volume of the earth's crust is determined by the distribution of initial conditions on the population of fault patches that nucleate earthquake slip, and the loading history acting upon the volume. Patches with constitutive properties inferred from laboratory experiments are characterized by an interval of self-driven accelerating slip prior to instability, if initial stress exceeds a minimum threshold. This delayed instability of the patches provides an explanation for the occurrence of aftershocks and foreshocks including decay of earthquake rates by time−1. A population of patches subjected to loading with a periodic component results in periodic variation of the rate of occurrence of instabilities. The change of the rate of seismicity for a sinusoidal load is proportional to the amplitude of the periodic stress component and inversely proportional to both the normal stress acting on the fault patches and the constitutive parameter, A1, that controls the direct velocity dependence of fault slip. Values of A1 representative of laboratory experiments indicate that in a homogeneous crust, correlation of earthquake rates with earth tides should not be detectable at normal stresses in excess of about 8 MPa. Correlation of earthquakes with tides at higher normal stresses can be explained if there exist inhomogeneities that locally amplify the magnitude of the tidal stresses. Such amplification might occur near magma chambers or other soft inclusions in the crust and possibly near the ends of creeping fault segments if the creep or afterslip rates vary in response to tides. Observations of seismicity rate variations associated with seasonal fluctuations of reservoir levels appear to be consistent with the model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(87)90012-6","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Dieterich, J.H., 1987, Nucleation and triggering of earthquake slip: Effect of periodic stresses: Tectonophysics, v. 144, no. 1-3, p. 127-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90012-6.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"139","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225463,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"144","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a68d6e4b0c8380cd73a0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014783,"text":"70014783 - 1987 - Modelling aftershock migration and afterslip of the San Juan Bautista, California, earthquake of October 3, 1972","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-25T16:07:51.750625","indexId":"70014783","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling aftershock migration and afterslip of the San Juan Bautista, California, earthquake of October 3, 1972","docAbstract":"The San Juan Bautista earthquake of October 3, 1972 (ML = 4.8), located along the San Andreas fault in central California, initiated an aftershock sequence characterized by a subtle, but perceptible, tendency for aftershocks to spread to the northwest and southeast along the fault zone. The apparent dimension of the aftershock zone along strike increased from about 7–10 km within a few days of the earthquake, to about 20 km eight months later. In addition, the mainshock initiated a period of accelerated fault creep, which was observed at 2 creep meters situated astride the trace of the San Andreas fault within about 15 km of the epicenter of the mainshock. The creep rate gradually returned to the preearthquake rate after about 3 yrs. Both the spreading of the aftershocks and the rapid surface creep are interpreted as reflecting a period of rapid creep in the fault zone representing the readjustment of stress and displacement following the failure of a “stuck” patch or asperity during the San Juan Bautista earthquake. Numerical calculations suggest that the behavior of the fault zone is consistent with that of a material characterized by a viscosity of about 3.6×1014 P, although the real rheology is likely to be more complicated. In this model, the mainshock represents the failure of an asperity that slips only during earthquakes. Aftershocks represent the failure of second-order asperities which are dragged along by the creeping fault zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(87)90019-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Wesson, R.L., 1987, Modelling aftershock migration and afterslip of the San Juan Bautista, California, earthquake of October 3, 1972: Tectonophysics, v. 144, no. 1-3, p. 215-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90019-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"229","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225660,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Juan Bautista","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.69474215511903,\n 36.9015481210627\n ],\n [\n -121.69474215511903,\n 36.75214615258392\n ],\n [\n -121.46414306717881,\n 36.75214615258392\n ],\n [\n -121.46414306717881,\n 36.9015481210627\n ],\n [\n -121.69474215511903,\n 36.9015481210627\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"144","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c5fe4b0c8380cd6fc3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesson, R. L.","contributorId":51752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014143,"text":"70014143 - 1987 - Origins of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer - A case study of the Pajaro Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-23T15:44:13.963955","indexId":"70014143","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origins of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer - A case study of the Pajaro Valley, California","docAbstract":"Seawater may enter and contaminate stratified coastal aquifers through a number of different pathways. These pathways and their relative contribution are examined in the Pajaro Valley, California, a coastal area with extensive groundwater development. This study considers three pathways of possible intrusion of the primary confined aquifer: (1) onshore leakage from brackish sources, the estuary and sloughs, through the confining layer; (2) near-shore leakage from the ocean through the confining layer; and (3) offshore flow from the ocean through the submarine canyon outcrop of the aquifer. Groundwater flow and seawater intrusion are simulated using an areal, two-dimensional solute-transport computer model. This analysis indicates that leakage through confining layers is the principal mechanism of recharge to the aquifer. Although lateral flow through the offshore outcrop contaminates the aquifer, as a whole, at a higher rate, vertical leakage through the sea floor initially is the main pathway of seawater intrusion to the onshore portion of the aquifer. It is likely that leakage generally is the dominant mechanism of recharge and initial cause of seawater intrusion for poorly-confined, stratified coastal aquifers. This analysis suggests that a significant time interval follows the initial observation of seawater intrusion, during which remedial action can be taken to control lateral flow through the offshore outcrop, which ultimately will be the largest component of future intrusion in these aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(87)90024-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Bond, L., and Bredehoeft, J., 1987, Origins of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer - A case study of the Pajaro Valley, California: Journal of Hydrology, v. 92, no. 3-4, p. 363-388, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90024-2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"363","endPage":"388","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pajaro Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.88202839563803,\n 36.968105555446215\n ],\n [\n -121.88202839563803,\n 36.80615338085174\n ],\n [\n -121.6545197946362,\n 36.80615338085174\n ],\n [\n -121.6545197946362,\n 36.968105555446215\n ],\n [\n -121.88202839563803,\n 36.968105555446215\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a711ae4b0c8380cd76464","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bond, L.D.","contributorId":41153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bredehoeft, J.D.","contributorId":12836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014659,"text":"70014659 - 1987 - Analysis of saltwater upconing beneath a pumping well","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-23T15:18:51.265884","indexId":"70014659","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of saltwater upconing beneath a pumping well","docAbstract":"Aquifer systems that contain freshwater and saltwater are usually stratified, with the more dense saltwater underlying the freshwater. A groundwater well discharging from the freshwater zone causes the saltwater to move upwards towards the well. This phenomenon is known as saltwater upconing.
Two methods of analysis, the sharp-interface method and the fluid-density-dependent solute-transport method, are used to simulate saltwater upconing. Numerical experiments including comparisons of the two methods indicate: (1) for low to moderate pumpages the 50% isochlor and sharp interface correlate well; (2) the well can discharge significant concentrations of saltwater, even though a stable cone (according to the sharp-interface method) exists below the well screen; (3) an almost linear relationship exists between the well discharge rate and the concentration of the discharge at low pumping rates that maintain a stable cone; and (4) upconing is sensitive to transverse dispersivity, whereas it is insensitive to longitudinal dispersivity.
A simulation of upconing at Test Site No. 4, Truro, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, indicates that the appropriate field value of transverse dispersivity is very small. This supports the validity of the sharp-interface assumption for analyzing the behavior of systems with thin saltwater-freshwater transition zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(87)90179-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., and Goodman, A., 1987, Analysis of saltwater upconing beneath a pumping well: Journal of Hydrology, v. 89, no. 3-4, p. 169-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90179-X.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"204","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb2de4b0c8380cd48c7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, T. E.","contributorId":79460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodman, A.S.","contributorId":37901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodman","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014872,"text":"70014872 - 1987 - Regional regression of flood characteristics employing historical information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-23T16:06:44.687118","indexId":"70014872","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional regression of flood characteristics employing historical information","docAbstract":"Streamflow gauging networks provide hydrologic information for use in estimating the parameters of regional regression models. The regional regression models can be used to estimate flood statistics, such as the 100 yr peak, at ungauged sites as functions of drainage basin characteristics. A recent innovation in regional regression is the use of a generalized least squares (GLS) estimator that accounts for unequal station record lengths and sample cross correlation among the flows. However, this technique does not account for historical flood information.
A method is proposed here to adjust this generalized least squares estimator to account for possible information about historical floods available at some stations in a region. The historical information is assumed to be in the form of observations of all peaks above a threshold during a long period outside the systematic record period. A Monte Carlo simulation experiment was performed to compare the GLS estimator adjusted for historical floods with the unadjusted GLS estimator and the ordinary least squares estimator. Results indicate that using the GLS estimator adjusted for historical information significantly improves the regression model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(87)90157-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., and Stedinger, J., 1987, Regional regression of flood characteristics employing historical information: Journal of Hydrology, v. 96, no. 1-4, p. 255-264, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90157-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"264","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225919,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a54fe4b0e8fec6cdbdea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":83097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stedinger, J.R.","contributorId":90733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stedinger","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015251,"text":"70015251 - 1987 - Analysis of an anisotropic coastal aquifer system using variable-density flow and solute transport simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-23T15:28:33.2156","indexId":"70015251","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of an anisotropic coastal aquifer system using variable-density flow and solute transport simulation","docAbstract":"The groundwater system in southern Oahu, Hawaii consists of a thick, areally extensive freshwater lens overlying a zone of transition to a thick saltwater body. This system is analyzed in cross section with a variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport model on a regional scale. The simulation is difficult, because the coastal aquifer system has a saltwater transition zone that is broadly dispersed near the discharge area, but is very sharply defined inland. Steady-state simulation analysis of the transition zone in the layered basalt aquifer of southern Oahu indicates that a small transverse dispersivity is characteristic of horizontal regional flow. Further, in this system flow is generally parallel to isochlors and steady-state behavior is insensitive to the longitudinal dispersivity. Parameter analysis identifies that only six parameters control the complex hydraulics of the system: horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the basalt aquifer; hydraulic conductivity of the confining \"caprock\" layer; leakance below the caprock; specific yield; and aquifer matrix compressibility. The best-fitting models indicate the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is significantly greater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity. These models give values for specific yield and aquifer compressibility which imply a considerable degree of compressive storage in the water table aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(87)90087-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Souza, W.R., and Voss, C., 1987, Analysis of an anisotropic coastal aquifer system using variable-density flow and solute transport simulation: Journal of Hydrology, v. 92, no. 1-2, p. 17-41, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90087-4.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223593,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Oahu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.19265890021177,\n 21.483771368447663\n ],\n [\n -158.19265890021177,\n 21.263781938220575\n ],\n [\n -157.78785453824213,\n 21.263781938220575\n ],\n [\n -157.78785453824213,\n 21.483771368447663\n ],\n [\n -158.19265890021177,\n 21.483771368447663\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb05e4b0c8380cd48b6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Souza, W. R.","contributorId":102114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souza","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, C.I.","contributorId":79515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":33521,"text":"b1639 - 1987 - The Morgan Hill, California, earthquake of April 24, 1984","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7352,"text":"ofr84498A - 1984 - The Morgan Hill, California earthquake of April 24, 1984; a preliminary report; Volume I","indexId":"ofr84498A","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"The Morgan Hill, California earthquake of April 24, 1984; a preliminary report; Volume I"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33521,"text":"b1639 - 1987 - The Morgan Hill, California, earthquake of April 24, 1984","indexId":"b1639","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"The Morgan Hill, California, earthquake of April 24, 1984"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":17400,"text":"ofr84498B - 1984 - The Morgan Hill, California earthquake of April 24, 1984; a preliminary report; Volume II","indexId":"ofr84498B","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"The Morgan Hill, California earthquake of April 24, 1984; a preliminary report; Volume II"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":33521,"text":"b1639 - 1987 - The Morgan Hill, California, earthquake of April 24, 1984","indexId":"b1639","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"The Morgan Hill, California, earthquake of April 24, 1984"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T19:13:22","indexId":"b1639","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1639","title":"The Morgan Hill, California, earthquake of April 24, 1984","docAbstract":"The\nMorgan\nHill\nearthquake,\na\nmoderate-size\n(M_g=6.1,\nML\n=6.2,\nM=6.2)\nevent,\nwas\nfelt\nthroughout\ncentral\nCalifornia\non\nApril\n24,\n1984.\nThe\nepicenter\nof\nthe\nearthquake\nwas\nlocated\nnear\nHalls\nValley\nsouthwest\nof\nMount\nHamilton,\nand\nthe\nevent\nis\npresumed\nto\nhave\noccurred\non\nthe\nCalaveras\nfault.\nDamage,\nhowever,\nwas\nconcentrated\nnear\nthe\nsouth\nend\nof\nthe\nAnderson\nReservoir\nand\nin\nthe\ntown\nof\nMorgan\nHill.\nA\npreliminary\nassessment\nby\nthe\nCalifornia\nOffice\nof\nEmergency\nServices\nestimated\ndamage\nto\nprivate\nproperty\nat\n$7.0\nmillion\nand\nto\nlocal-government\nfacilities\nat\n$0.5\nmillion,\nfor\na\ntotal\nof\n$7.5\nmillion\nin\ndamage.\nAcknowledgments.--!\nappreciate\nthe\nhelpful\nsuggestions\nof\nJoseph\nI.\nZiony\nand\nRobert\nD.\nBrown,\nJr.\nThese\nstudies\nwere\naided\nby\nthe\ngenerous\ncooperation\nof\nthe\nmany\nlandowners\nwho\npermitted\naccess\nto\ntheir\nproperties.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/b1639","usgsCitation":"1987, The Morgan Hill, California, earthquake of April 24, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1639, Report: iii, 256 p.; Plate: 31.50 inches x 36.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1639.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 256 p.; Plate: 31.50 inches x 36.50 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":61423,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1639/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61424,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1639/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":166599,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1639/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Morgan Hill","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.75,37.25 ], [ -121.75,37.375 ], [ -121.625,37.375 ], [ -121.625,37.25 ], [ -121.75,37.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b395","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoose, Seena N.","contributorId":21867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoose","given":"Seena N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747035,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27093,"text":"wri874073 - 1987 - Estimation of streamflow characteristics and assessment of trends in the Niobrara River at Mariaville, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri874073","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4073","title":"Estimation of streamflow characteristics and assessment of trends in the Niobrara River at Mariaville, Nebraska","docAbstract":"A computer model was used to synthesize a long-term streamflow record for the Niobrara River at Mariaville, Nebraska. The record was developed on the basis of 30-plus years of streamflow data from 3 upstream sites, and the U. S. Geological Survey 's CONROUT model was calibrated using 294 days of measured flow at Mariaville; for the calibration period, 87% of the synthesized daily discharges were within 15% of the measured values. The synthesized record was analyzed for trends in streamflow characteristics. A marked decrease in the average consecutive-day, low-flow discharges was detected after 1964, ranging between 162 cu ft/sec less for the 1-day low flow and 200 cu ft/sec less for the 14-day low flow. The decrease probably was caused by the start-up of operations at Merritt Reservoir. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874073","usgsCitation":"Fischer, E., 1987, Estimation of streamflow characteristics and assessment of trends in the Niobrara River at Mariaville, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4073, iv, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874073.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55959,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4073/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb188","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, E.E.","contributorId":102480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28190,"text":"wri864158 - 1987 - Geohydrology and water quality of the Inyan Kara, Minnelusa, and Madison aquifers of the northern Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:45","indexId":"wri864158","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4158","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of the Inyan Kara, Minnelusa, and Madison aquifers of the northern Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The Inyan Kara, Minnelusa, and Madison aquifers are the principal sources of ground water in the northern Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming. The aquifers are exposed in the Bear Lodge Mountains and the Black Hills and are about 3,000 to 5,000 ft below the land surface in the northeast corner of the study area. The direction of groundwater movement is from the outcrop area toward central South Dakota. Recharge is by infiltration of precipitation and streamflow is by springs and well withdrawals. All three aquifers yield water to flowing wells in some part of the area. Measured and reported well yields in each of the three aquifers exceed 100 gal/min (gpm). A well open to the Minnelusa Formation and the upper part of the Madison Limestone yielded more than 2 ,000 gpm. Water from the Inyan Kara aquifer may require treatment for gross alpha radiation, iron, manganese, sulfate, and hardness before use in public water systems. Water from the Minnelusa aquifer in the northern one-half of the study area may require treatment for sulfate and hardness before use in public water systems. Water from the Madison aquifer in the northern one-half of the study area may require treatment of fluoride, gross alpha radiation, sulfate, and hardness before use in public water systems. Water from the Minnelusa and Madison aquifers in the southern one-half of the study area, though very hard (more than 180 mg/L hardness as calcium carbonate), is suitable for public water systems and irrigation. Flow between the Minnelusa and the Inyan Kara aquifers appears to be insignificant, based on the results of a digital model results. The model indicated there may be significant recharge to the Minnelusa and Madison aquifers by leakage between these two aquifers and perhaps deeper aquifers. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri864158","usgsCitation":"Kyllonen, D., and Peter, K.D., 1987, Geohydrology and water quality of the Inyan Kara, Minnelusa, and Madison aquifers of the northern Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4158, v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864158.","productDescription":"v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4158/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57027,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4158/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kyllonen, D.P.","contributorId":20791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyllonen","given":"D.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peter, K. D.","contributorId":94319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peter","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48977,"text":"ofr87213A - 1987 - Forward-modeling computer program for the inductive electromagnetic ground-conductivity method; EM34.FOR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T07:48:41","indexId":"ofr87213A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-213","chapter":"A","title":"Forward-modeling computer program for the inductive electromagnetic ground-conductivity method; EM34.FOR","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87213A","usgsCitation":"Grantham, D.G., Ellefsen, K., and Haeni, F., 1987, Forward-modeling computer program for the inductive electromagnetic ground-conductivity method; EM34.FOR: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-213, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87213A.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0213a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":85859,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0213a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab6ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grantham, Deborah G.","contributorId":10467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantham","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":238755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl","contributorId":19588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":238756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":238757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29378,"text":"wri854291 - 1987 - Possible changes in ground-water flow to the Pecos River caused by Santa Rosa Lake, Guadalupe County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri854291","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4291","title":"Possible changes in ground-water flow to the Pecos River caused by Santa Rosa Lake, Guadalupe County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"In 1980 Santa Rosa Dam began impounding water on the Pecos River about 7 miles north of Santa Rosa, New Mexico, to provide flood control, sediment control, and storage for irrigation. Santa Rosa Lake has caused changes in the groundwater flow system, which may cause changes in the streamflow of the Pecos River that cannot be detected at the present streamflow gaging stations. Data collected at these stations are used to measure the amount of water available for downstream users. A three-dimensional groundwater flow model for a 950 sq mi area between Anton Chico and Puerto de Luna was used to simulate the effects of Santa Rosa Lake on groundwater flow to a gaining reach of the Pecos River for lake levels of 4,675, 4,715, 4,725, 4,750, 4,776, and 4,797 feet above sea level and durations of impoundment of 30, 90, 182, and 365 days for all levels except 4 ,797 feet. These simulations indicated that streamflow in the Pecos River could increase by as much as 2 cu ft/sec between the dam and Puerto de Luna if the lake level were maintained at 4 ,797 feet for 90 days or 4,776 feet for 1 year. About 90% of this increased streamflow would occur < 0.5 mi downstream from the dam, some of which would be measured at the streamflow gaging station located 0.2 mile downstream from the dam. Simulations also indicated that the lake will affect groundwater flow such that inflow to the study area may be decreased by as much as 1.9 cu ft/sec. This water may leave the Pecos River drainage basin or be diverted back to the Pecos River downstream from the gaging station near Puerto de Luna. In either case, this quantity represents a net loss of water upstream from Puerto de Luna. Most simulations indicated that the decrease in groundwater flow into the study area would be of about the same quantity as the simulated increase in streamflow downstream from the dam. Therefore, the net effect of the lake on the flow of the Pecos River in the study area appears to be negligible. Model simulations indicated that effect of lake levels below 4 ,750 feet on water levels in observation wells completed in the San Andres Limestone could not be distinguished from the effects of other hydrologic stresses. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854291","usgsCitation":"Risser, D.W., 1987, Possible changes in ground-water flow to the Pecos River caused by Santa Rosa Lake, Guadalupe County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4291, viii, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854291.","productDescription":"viii, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4291/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58223,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4291/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0fe4b07f02db6a0372","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risser, D. W.","contributorId":48211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30300,"text":"wri874227 - 1987 - Hydrology of the U.S. Army Pinon Canyon maneuver site, Las Animas County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri874227","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4227","title":"Hydrology of the U.S. Army Pinon Canyon maneuver site, Las Animas County, Colorado","docAbstract":"The U.S. Department of the Army (Fort Carson Military Reservation) has acquired 381 sq mi of semiarid rangeland in southeastern Colorado for mechanized military maneuvers. The study area, known as the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, drains into the Purgatoire River, a major tributary of the upper Arkansas River. A multidisciplined hydrologic investigation began in October 1982. The primary aquifer in the Maneuver Site is the Dakota-Purgatoire. Well yields generally range from 10 to 500 gal/min. Dissolved solids concentrations in groundwater ranged from 195 to 6,150 mg/L. Streamflow in the Purgatoire River is perennial. Tributaries draining the Maneuver Site are intermittent or ephemeral and contribute only about 4.4% of the streamflow of the Purgatoire River downstream from the Maneuver Site. Flood frequencies were calculated by using the log Pearson III procedure and compared well with a regional estimating technique that was developed that uses physical drainage-basin characteristics. Calcium and sulfate are the predominant ions in the surface water of the area. Time-series plots indicate that instream water-quality standards for nitrate and metals are exceeded. About 80% of the suspended-sediment load is transported by rainfall runoff, which occurs less than 8% of the time. Ephermal tributaries contributed less than 25% of the suspended-sediment load transported to the Purgatoire River downstream from the Maneuver Site. Historic annual mean sediment yields were measured for 29 small watersheds. Sediment yields were measured for 29 small watersheds. Sediment yields ranged from 9.5 to 1,700 tons/sq mi. Sediment yields were estimated by a multiple-linear-regression model developed by using physical drainage-basin characteristics and by the Pacific Southwest Interagency Committee method. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874227","usgsCitation":"Von Guerard, P., Abbott, P., and Nickless, R.C., 1987, Hydrology of the U.S. Army Pinon Canyon maneuver site, Las Animas County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4227, x, 117 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874227.","productDescription":"x, 117 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4227/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59090,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4227/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59091,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4227/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59092,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4227/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67ca42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Von Guerard, Paul","contributorId":40620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Guerard","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abbott, P.O.","contributorId":21154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"P.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nickless, Raymond C.","contributorId":69609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nickless","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28345,"text":"wri874092 - 1987 - Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and the possible effects of a hypothetical radioactive-water spill, Plainsboro Township, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T20:40:50.25744","indexId":"wri874092","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4092","title":"Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and the possible effects of a hypothetical radioactive-water spill, Plainsboro Township, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Princeton University, under contract to the Department of Energy , maintains a Tokamak fusion test reactor in New Jersey. The U.S. Geological Survey investigated groundwater flow and estimated the effects of a hypothetical spill of radioactive water at the site on the local groundwater system. The study included test drilling; aquifer testing; measurement of water levels, infiltration capacity, and stream discharge; and a simulation of the hypothetical spill. The Triassic Stockton Formation-a water supply aquifer composed primarily of jointed siltstone and sandstone-underlies the site. The aquifer is confined by overlying weathered bedrock and underlying unjointed rock. Weathered bedrock is overlain by unconsolidated, partially saturated material which ranges from 6 to 39 ft in thickness. Groundwater recharge is by lateral flow into the study area, stream leakage, and precipitation. Discharge is by pumpage, evapotranspiration, stream inflow, and lateral flow out of the study area. Transmissivity of the aquifer is about 1,740 sq ft/day, and the storage coefficient is about 0.0002. The average linear velocity of groundwater at the site ranges from 100 to 270 ft/yr depending on location and time of year. The velocity over a large part of the site is controlled by on-site pumpage. Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for common ions, trace metals, and tritium. The analyses reported no concentrations of common ions or trace metals which exceeded the criteria for drinking water standards recommended by the EPA, except for some instances of moderately high concentrations of iron and manganese. Iron and manganese are common in groundwater and surface water in the area and are not indicative of an on-site source of contamination. Tritium concentrations in the collected samples were also considered representative of background levels and were well below the maximum concentration permitted by the EPA. The fate of spilled radioactive water after a hypothetical accident would depend on the nature of the accident and weather. If the on-site pumpage continued after a spill, groundwater leaving the site probably would have only minimal tritium concentrations, but stream water leaving the site could contain significant tritium concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874092","usgsCitation":"Lewis, J., and Spitz, F., 1987, Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and the possible effects of a hypothetical radioactive-water spill, Plainsboro Township, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4092, v, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874092.","productDescription":"v, 45 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395405,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46763.htm"},{"id":57153,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4092/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4092/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"Plainsboro Township","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.6056,\n 40.3417\n ],\n [\n -74.5917,\n 40.3417\n ],\n [\n -74.5917,\n 40.3528\n ],\n [\n -74.6056,\n 40.3528\n ],\n [\n -74.6056,\n 40.3417\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db614864","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, J. C.","contributorId":10057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spitz, F. J.","contributorId":56682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitz","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}