The Recent (<15000 y) volcanic complex of southwest Naivasha, Kenya, consists of mildly peralkaline (comenditic) rhyolite domes, lava flows, air fall pumices, and lake sediments, with minor, peripheral, basalts and hawaiites. The comendites are either aphyric or sparsely porphyritic, few samples containing >5 per cent phenocrysts. Phenocryst minerals are quartz-sanidine-ferrohedenbergite-fayalite-titanomagnetite-ilmenite-riebeckite-arfvedsonite-aenigmatite-biotite-zircon. Ferrohedenbergite and zircon are restricted to less peralkaline, and amphibole, aenigmatite, and biotite to more peralkaline, rocks.The comendites show unusually strong enrichment in Cs, F, Hf, Nb, Rb, REE, Ta, Th, U, Y, Zn, and Zr, and extreme depletion in Mg, Ca, Ba, Co, and Sr. REE patterns are moderately LREE-enriched, with large, negative Eu anomalies. Values of LIL/HFS element ratios, such as Th/Ta and Rb/Zr, are unusually high for peralkaline rhyolites, and are consistent with a substantial crustal component in the comendites. Parameters such as LREE/HREE and Zr/Nb ratios indicate that the Naivasha rhyolites represent several pulses of closely related, but subtly different, magmas. Sanidine/glass partition coefficients for Ba, Pb, Rb, Sr, U, and the REE are presented for one specimen.Major and trace element modelling, and feldspar-rock relationships, show that closed system crystal fractionation cannot alone account for the overall compositional variations in the comendites. A model involving partial melting of variable crustal source rocks and migration of dissolved volatile-metal complexes may be appropriate at Naivasha. © 1987 Oxford University Press.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press ","doi":"10.1093/petrology/28.6.979","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Macdonald, R., Davies, G., Bliss, C., Leat, P., Bailey, D., and Smith, R., 1987, Geochemistry of high-silica peralkaline rhyolites, Naivasha, Kenya rift valley: Journal of Petrology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 979-1008, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/28.6.979.","productDescription":"30 p. ","startPage":"979","endPage":"1008","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369769,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kenya","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[40.993,-0.85829],[41.58513,-1.68325],[40.88477,-2.08255],[40.63785,-2.49979],[40.26304,-2.57309],[40.12119,-3.27768],[39.80006,-3.68116],[39.60489,-4.34653],[39.20222,-4.67677],[37.7669,-3.67712],[37.69869,-3.09699],[34.07262,-1.05982],[33.90371,-0.95],[33.89357,0.10981],[34.18,0.515],[34.6721,1.17694],[35.03599,1.90584],[34.59607,3.05374],[34.47913,3.5556],[34.005,4.24988],[34.6202,4.84712],[35.29801,5.506],[35.81745,5.33823],[35.81745,4.77697],[36.15908,4.44786],[36.85509,4.44786],[38.12091,3.59861],[38.43697,3.58851],[38.67114,3.61607],[38.89251,3.50074],[39.55938,3.42206],[39.85494,3.83879],[40.76848,4.25702],[41.1718,3.91909],[41.85508,3.91891],[40.98105,2.78452],[40.993,-0.85829]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kenya\"}}]}","volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macdonald, R.","contributorId":92402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davies, G.R.","contributorId":220957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davies","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bliss, C.M.","contributorId":220958,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bliss","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leat, P.T.","contributorId":54511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leat","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bailey, D.K.","contributorId":36201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, R.L.","contributorId":47422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207383,"text":"70207383 - 1987 - The case for tectonic denudation by the Heart Mountain fault - A response","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T07:26:11","indexId":"70207383","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-31T13:41:32","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The case for tectonic denudation by the Heart Mountain fault - A response","docAbstract":"T
wo basic concepts pertaining to the history of the Heart Mountain fault of northwestern Wyoming have recently been challenged; one, that there was tectonic denudation, and two, that volcanic rock of the Wapiti Formation was deposited on the exposed fault surface. Tectonic denudation is believed to have occurred as a consequence of the upper plate having broken into numerous blocks that separated as movement progressed along a nearly horizontal fault surface, thus leaving the fault surface exposed between blocks. Volcanic rocks of the Wapiti Formation were then deposited both on the exposed fault surface and against and over the upper-plate blocks. Two formations of Eocene volcanic rocks are involved. The older volcanic unit, the Cathedral Cliffs Formation, and the Paleozoic carbonate rocks are part of the upper plate of the Heart Mountain fault and moved with it, whereas the younger Wapiti Formation was deposited on the fault surface after movement had ceased.
In an alternate interpretation recently advanced by T. A. Hauge, subdivisions of the Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup, of which the Cathedral Cliffs and Wapiti Formations are units, are not recognized. The upper plate of the Heart Mountain detachment is interpreted as having been a single, continuous allochthon composed largely of volcanic rocks with small amounts of Paleozoic rocks. During Heart Mountain faulting, extension of the once-continuous slab of Paleozoic sedimentary rock is alleged to have been accompanied by the formation of ten or more grabens, now filled predominantly by Absaroka volcanic rocks. This interpretation further proposes that the volcanic rocks were emplaced while the separating blocks of Paleozoic strata were still moving and that the basal part of the volcanic rock between these blocks is in fault contact rather than depositional contact with the strata beneath the Heart Mountain fault.
Many lines of geologic field evidence indicate that the Wapiti Formation is younger than the Heart Mountain fault and was deposited on the technically denuded fault surface. (1) Wapiti rocks bury the break-away fault. (2) Fault breccia at the base of the upper-plate carbonate blocks is composed entirely of carbonate fault breccia and has no volcanic component. (3) Small blocks of upper-plate rocks have been displaced by gravity from the upper part of the allochthon to the detachment fault surface. (4) Eocene stream-channel deposits locally cut into the surface of tectonic denudation and also have been displaced on the Heart Mountain fault. (5) The volume of Wapiti Formation filling the spaces between allochthonous blocks in proportion to the volume of those blocks is much too great for the Wapiti to have been allochthonous. (6) Clastic dikes of carbonate fault breccia penetrate Wapiti volcanic rocks. (7) Some of these clastic dikes of fault breccia contain Precambrian xenoliths and wood phenoclasts requiring surface exposures of the fault breccia before injection as dikes. (8) Wapiti volcanic rocks having chilled borders are in tightly bonded contact with upper-plate Paleozoic rocks. (9) Faults present in the upper-plate blocks do not penetrate the overlying Wapiti Formation. (10) Volcanic fault breccia is absent where volcanic rocks overlie carbonate fault breccia. (11) A mound of carbonate fault breccia is not mixed with overlying Wapiti Formation.
The continuous allochthon interpretation is based on several erroneous assumptions that cannot be supported by field observations. (1) Faults to transport and emplace the Wapiti Formation onto and along the Heart Mountain fault do not exist. (2) The contact between volcanic rocks and the allochthon west of Corral Creek at the west end of Cathedral Cliffs, cited by Hauge as a fault in an extending allochthon, is a depositional contact. (3) The volcanic rock adjoining allochthonous Paleozoic rocks north of Pilot Creek cannot be part of an extending allochthon because (a) it is Cathedral Cliffs Formation, which is pre–Heart Mountain fault, and (b) its direction of movement is horizontal rather than down dip, as required in an extending allochthon. (4) Most of the igneous dikes were intruded after the Heart Mountain fault movement ceased, and so they could not accommodate significant extension of the upper plate. (5) Striae reported as indicating fault emplacement of volcanic rock (Wapiti Formation) on the Heart Mountain fault actually lire flow features, formed as the Wapiti Formation was deposited on the exposed fault surface.
Tectonic denudation is the only model that is consistent with evidence observable in the field. Although the process by which tectonic denudation was accomplished remains enigmatic, tectonic denudation remains a constraining fact in any model for the origin of the Heart Mountain fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<552:TCFTDB>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Pierce, W.G., 1987, The case for tectonic denudation by the Heart Mountain fault - A response: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, no. 4, p. 552-568, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<552:TCFTDB>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"552","endPage":"568","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370423,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, W. G.","contributorId":11267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70236864,"text":"70236864 - 1987 - Methods and applications in surface depression analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T16:13:45.052548","indexId":"70236864","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-31T11:09:55","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Methods and applications in surface depression analysis","docAbstract":"Gridded surface data sets are often incorporated into digital data bases, but extracting information from the data sets requires specialized raster processing techniques different from those historically used on remotely sensed and thematic data. Frequently, the information desired of a gridded surface is directly related to the topologic peaks and pits of the surface. A method for isolating these peaks and pits has been developed, and two examples of its application are presented.
The perimeter of a pit feature is the highest-valued closed contour surrounding a minimum level. The method devised for finding all such contours is designed to operate on large raster surfaces. If the data are first inversely mapped, this algorithm will find surface peaks rather than pits.
In one example the depressions, or pits, expressed in Digital Elevation Model data, are hydrologically significant potholes. Measurement of their storage capacity is the objective. The potholes are found and labelled as polygons; their watershed boundaries are found and attributes are computed.
In the other example, geochemical surfaces, which were interpolated from chemical analyses of irregularly distributed stream sediment samples, were analyzed to determine the magnitude, morphology, and areal extent of peaks (geochemical anomalies).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Auto-Carto VIII: Proceedings of the international symposium on computer-assisted cartography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, 8th (Auto-Carto 8)","conferenceDate":"Mar 29- Apr 3, 1987","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, MD","language":"English","publisher":"Cartography and Geographic Information Society","usgsCitation":"Jenson, S.K., and Trautwein, C.M., 1987, Methods and applications in surface depression analysis, in Auto-Carto VIII: Proceedings of the international symposium on computer-assisted cartography, Baltimore, MD, Mar 29- Apr 3, 1987, p. 137-144.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"144","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cartogis.org/docs/proceedings/archive/auto-carto-8/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenson, Susan K.","contributorId":66859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenson","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trautwein, Charles M. trautwein@usgs.gov","contributorId":2861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trautwein","given":"Charles","email":"trautwein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":852397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193875,"text":"70193875 - 1987 - Effects of cover materials on leaching of constituents from dolomitic lead mine tailings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T10:46:10","indexId":"70193875","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of cover materials on leaching of constituents from dolomitic lead mine tailings","docAbstract":"Five raised-bed test plots were used to study the effects of cover materials on the leaching of constituents from dolomitic Pb mine tailings over a 2-yr period. The cover materials studied were a fertilizer and seed mixture, anaerobically digested sewage sludge, loam and sod, and fallen leaves from silver maples (Acer Saccharinum); one plot was not covered. Fresh leachates and receiving pool waters were analyzed for ten metals, Si, P, inorganic anions, filterable organic carbon (FOC), and alkalinity. The mixture of fertilizer and seed decreased leaching of Pb and Zn during the first year. The leaf cover increased leaching of Pb during both years; this effect decreased as the leaves weathered. Sludge caused some increase in Pb leaching during the first year, and increased Cd leaching during both years. Concentrations of most leachate constituents decreased, and pH increased in the receiving pools. Concentrations of Pb remained higher in the receiving pool for the leaf-covered plot than in the other pools. Increases in leaching of Pb and Cd with a sludge cover were moderate, and the ability of the material to support plant growth on the tailings suggested that it may be a good medium for inducing growth of vegetative cover on the dolomitic tailings. Other organic materials may cause pronounced increase in the concentration of toxic trace metals in leachate from the tailings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00176865","usgsCitation":"Harwood, J., Koirtyohann, S.R., and Schmitt, C., 1987, Effects of cover materials on leaching of constituents from dolomitic lead mine tailings: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 34, no. 1, p. 31-43, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00176865.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348343,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Desloge","otherGeospatial":"Big River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.527099609375,\n 37.274052809979054\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 37.274052809979054\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 38.58252615935333\n ],\n [\n -91.527099609375,\n 38.58252615935333\n ],\n [\n -91.527099609375,\n 37.274052809979054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a0826d5e4b09af898c8deff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harwood, J.J.","contributorId":200062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harwood","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koirtyohann, S. R.","contributorId":44287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koirtyohann","given":"S.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmitt, C.J.","contributorId":119731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189635,"text":"70189635 - 1987 - Ground-water contamination near a uranium tailings disposal site in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-18T16:15:40","indexId":"70189635","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water contamination near a uranium tailings disposal site in Colorado","docAbstract":"Contaminants from uranium tailings disposed of at an active mill in Colorado have seeped into the shallow ground water onsite. This ground water discharges into the Arkansas River Valley through a superposed stream channel cut in the resistant sandstone ridge at the edge of a synclinal basin. In the river valley, seasonal surface-water irrigation has a significant impact on hydrodynamics. Water levels in residential wells fluctuate up to 20 ft and concentrations of uranium, molybdenum, and other contaminants also vary seasonally, with highest concentrations in the Spring, prior to irrigation, and lowest concentrations in the Fall. Results of a simple transient mixing cell model support the hypothesis that lateral ground-water inflow, and not irrigation recharge, is the source of ground-water contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1987.tb02884.x","usgsCitation":"Goode, D., and Wilder, R.J., 1987, Ground-water contamination near a uranium tailings disposal site in Colorado: Ground Water, v. 25, no. 5, p. 545-554, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1987.tb02884.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"554","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596f1e29e4b0d1f9f0640782","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goode, Daniel J. 0000-0002-8527-2456 djgoode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2456","contributorId":2433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djgoode@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilder, Russell J.","contributorId":194867,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilder","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207555,"text":"70207555 - 1987 - The significance of observations at active volcanoes; A review and annotated bibliography of studies at Kilauea and Mount St. Helens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T14:55:38.866338","indexId":"70207555","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-24T13:05:11","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5903,"text":"Geochemical Society Special Publication","onlineIssn":" 1073-217","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The significance of observations at active volcanoes; A review and annotated bibliography of studies at Kilauea and Mount St. Helens","docAbstract":"Study of active volcanoes yields information of much broader significance than to only the discipline of volcanology. Some applications are 1) interpretation of lava-flow structures, stratigraphic complexities, and petrologic relations in older volcanic units; 2) interpretation of bulk properties of the mantle and constraints on partial melting and deep magma transport; 3) interpretation of geophysical characteristics of potentially active volcanic systems; 4) direct determination of physical properties of molten and solidified basalt, and of intensive variables (e.g., oxygen fugacity and temperature) accompanying cooling and crystallization; 5) quantitative assessment of crystal fractionation and magma mixing, 6) tests of theoretical and experimental geochemical, geophysical, and rheologic models of volcanic behavior; and 7) confirmation in nature of laboratory experiments related to crystallization in igneous systems. The critical factors that make real-time study of volcanic activity valuable are that the location and timing of events are known, and that molten rock and gases are available for direct observation and sampling for subsequent study. Observations made over a period of time make it possible to calculate rates of magma transport, storage, and crystallization, as well as to quantitatively determine elastic and inelastic deformation and the build up and decay of stress within the active volcanic system. Discussion of these topics is keyed to an annotated bibliography from which quantitative information on properties and processes may be obtained. Emphasis is on Hawaii's active basaltic volcanoes for which the most information is available. Additional references are made to research at Mount St. Helens, one of the first real-time studies of an active volcano of dacitic composition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geochemical Society","isbn":"0-941-809-005","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., and Swanson, D., 1987, The significance of observations at active volcanoes; A review and annotated bibliography of studies at Kilauea and Mount St. Helens: Geochemical Society Special Publication, v. 1, p. 231-240.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"240","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370656,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano, Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.31509399414062,\n 19.381113715771875\n ],\n [\n -155.22171020507812,\n 19.381113715771875\n ],\n [\n -155.22171020507812,\n 19.44328437042322\n ],\n [\n -155.31509399414062,\n 19.44328437042322\n ],\n [\n -155.31509399414062,\n 19.381113715771875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.36022949218749,\n 46.14178273759234\n ],\n [\n -122.02239990234375,\n 46.14178273759234\n ],\n [\n -122.02239990234375,\n 46.30140615437332\n ],\n [\n -122.36022949218749,\n 46.30140615437332\n ],\n [\n -122.36022949218749,\n 46.14178273759234\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swanson, Don 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":168817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Don","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207099,"text":"70207099 - 1987 - Effect of crustal layering upon dislocation modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T15:19:13.484972","indexId":"70207099","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-06T09:40:39","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of crustal layering upon dislocation modeling","docAbstract":"Slip distribution at depth on a fault may be inferred from the deformation observed on the surface. In inverting the surface deformation data to obtain the slip distribution, the Earth is generally approximated by an elastic half‐space. Slip distributions inferred from a half‐space model may contain artifacts, including zones of reversed slip, due solely to effects of layering in the real Earth. This effect is demonstrated for a vertical strike‐slip fault in an Earth consisting of an elastic layer overlying an elastic half‐space. Slip on the fault is taken to be independent of the along‐strike coordinate (i.e., antiplane strain is assumed). For a given slip distribution in this model the slip distribution on a similar fault in an elastic half‐space is found that produces the identical surface deformation. Comparison of the two slip distributions reveals structure introduced into the half‐space equivalent slip profile by crustal layering. The comparisons suggest that low‐resolution inversion schemes (e.g., single screw dislocation models) are not drastically affected by Earth structure, but attempts at detailed inversion are likely to produce profiles contaminated by artifacts of Earth structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB10p10595","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., 1987, Effect of crustal layering upon dislocation modeling: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B10, p. 10595-10600, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB10p10595.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"10595","endPage":"10600","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb092ib10p10595","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370030,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014257,"text":"70014257 - 1987 - Real-time landslide warning during heavy rainfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-24T16:24:47.535765","indexId":"70014257","displayToPublicDate":"1987-11-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Real-time landslide warning during heavy rainfall","docAbstract":"A real-time system for issuing warnings of landslides during major storms is being developed for the San Francisco Bay region, California. The system is based on empirical and theoretical relations between rainfall and landslide initiation, geologic determination of areas susceptible to landslides, real-time monitoring of a regional network of telemetering rain gages, and National Weather Service precipitation forecasts. This system was used to issue warnings during the storms of 12 to 21 February 1986, which produced 800 millimeters of rainfall in the region. Although analysis after the storms suggests that modifications and additional developments are needed, the system successfully predicted the times of major landslide events. It could be used as a prototype for systems in other landslide-prone regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.238.4829.921","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Keefer, D.K., Wilson, R.C., Mark, R.K., Brabb, E.E., Brown, W.M., Ellen, S.D., Harp, E.L., Wieczorek, G.F., Alger, C., and Zatkin, R., 1987, Real-time landslide warning during heavy rainfall: Science, v. 238, no. 4829, p. 921-925, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4829.921.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"921","endPage":"925","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225562,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.6623705324246,\n 37.97712909139146\n ],\n [\n -122.6623705324246,\n 37.37256131063128\n ],\n [\n -121.91451351650927,\n 37.37256131063128\n ],\n [\n -121.91451351650927,\n 37.97712909139146\n ],\n [\n -122.6623705324246,\n 37.97712909139146\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"238","issue":"4829","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95a5e4b0c8380cd81b4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, David K.","contributorId":22405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, R. C.","contributorId":50889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mark, R. K.","contributorId":32159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brabb, E. E.","contributorId":43780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"E.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, W. M. III","contributorId":27060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"W.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ellen, S. D.","contributorId":12467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Harp, E. L.","contributorId":59026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Alger, C.S.","contributorId":103287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alger","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Zatkin, R.S.","contributorId":35194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zatkin","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70185538,"text":"70185538 - 1987 - Selective transport of hydrocarbons in the unsaturated zone due to aqueous and vapor phase partitioning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-17T17:24:09","indexId":"70185538","displayToPublicDate":"1987-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selective transport of hydrocarbons in the unsaturated zone due to aqueous and vapor phase partitioning","docAbstract":"Long-term groundwater contamination can result from vapors and solutes emanating from organic liquids spilled in the unsaturated zone. The mathematical modeling analysis presented in this paper demonstrates for gasoline-range hydrocarbons, and other volatile organics commonly spilled, that diffusive transport in the unsaturated zone is a significant transport mechanism which can cause aqueous and vapor plumes to spread away from the immiscible liquid source, resulting in increasing groundwater contaminating potential. An analytical solution to a one-dimensional version of the transport model allows for the definition of a retardation coefficient which is dependent on phase-partitioning coefficients and moisture content. Significant differences in migration rates should be anticipated between hydrocarbons. A numerical solution was developed for a radially symmetric version of the model defining transport for a multiconstituent contaminant like gasoline. Differences in anticipated migration rates between aromatic and nonaromatic hydrocarbons was clearly demonstrated. A simulation based on the composition of an actual gasoline revealed that aromatic constituents, although constituting a fraction of the initial gasoline composition, completely defined the groundwater contaminating potential. This potential changes in time as constituents are selectively removed from the unsaturated zone. Further, the groundwater contaminating potential is quite sensitive to the ground surface boundary characterization.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i010p01926","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., 1987, Selective transport of hydrocarbons in the unsaturated zone due to aqueous and vapor phase partitioning: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 10, p. 1926-1938, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i010p01926.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"1926","endPage":"1938","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338183,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df0ae4b05ec79911d1dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001263,"text":"1001263 - 1987 - A decoy trap for breeding-season mallards in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-15T16:06:37.257762","indexId":"1001263","displayToPublicDate":"1987-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A decoy trap for breeding-season mallards in North Dakota","docAbstract":"A modified decoy trap was effective for capturing wild adult male and female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) during the 1980-81 breeding seasons in North Dakota. Key features contributing to the trap's success included a central decoy cylinder, large capture compartments with spring-door openings, an adjustable trigger mechanism with a balanced door attachment that was resistant to trap movement, and the use of F1, wild-stock or game-farm female decoys.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801731","usgsCitation":"Sharp, D., and Lokemoen, J.T., 1987, A decoy trap for breeding-season mallards in North Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 51, no. 4, p. 711-715, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801731.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"711","endPage":"715","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133780,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"51","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1091","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharp, David E.","contributorId":12592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"David E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lokemoen, John T.","contributorId":15555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lokemoen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184266,"text":"70184266 - 1987 - Morphometric variability within the axial zone of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Interpretation from Sea MARC II, Sea MARC I, and deep-sea photography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T13:40:33","indexId":"70184266","displayToPublicDate":"1987-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Morphometric variability within the axial zone of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Interpretation from Sea MARC II, Sea MARC I, and deep-sea photography","docAbstract":"The morphometric characteristics of the axial regions of oceanic spreading centers are determined by (1) the type of volcanic flows, (2) the relation between primary volcanic relief (on a scale of a few meters to tens of meters) and degree of sediment cover, and (3) the extent of surficial expression and timing of tectonic disruption of the young oceanic crust. Even within a single, continuous, linear spreading-ridge segment with relatively uniform axial valley dimensions over a distance of 50 or more kilometers, such as along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge, the changes in morphometric characteristics along axis within the youngest crust indicate distinct variation in tectonic and volcanic activity over short distances within short time periods. An integrated analysis of Sea MARC I, Sea MARC II, and photographic data for the southernmost continuous segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge shows that generalizations about tectonic and volcanic processes at spreading ridges must consider both the temporal scale of processes as well as the physical scales of observations if predictive models are to be successful. Comparison of the morphometric expression within the major hydrothermal vent area and the rest of the southernmost ridge segment suggests that the mapped distribution of hydrothermal vents may reflect the extent of survey effort rather than uniqueness of geologic setting.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB11p11291","usgsCitation":"Kappel, E.S., and Normark, W.R., 1987, Morphometric variability within the axial zone of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Interpretation from Sea MARC II, Sea MARC I, and deep-sea photography: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B11, p. 11291-11302, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB11p11291.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"11291","endPage":"11302","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336882,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be8341e4b014cc3a3a9a35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kappel, Ellen S.","contributorId":71181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"Ellen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, William R.","contributorId":69570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70204064,"text":"70204064 - 1987 - FORFLO: A model to predict changes in bottomland hardwood forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-01T14:37:48","indexId":"70204064","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-30T14:27:45","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5330,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"FORFLO: A model to predict changes in bottomland hardwood forests","language":"English","publisher":"Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Brody, M.S., and Pendleton, E., 1987, FORFLO: A model to predict changes in bottomland hardwood forests: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":365257,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brody, Michael S.","contributorId":40651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brody","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pendleton, Edward","contributorId":103676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendleton","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175478,"text":"ofr87109C - 1987 - Movement and fate of crude-oil in contaminants in the subsurface environment at Bemidji, Minnesota: Chapter C in U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination: Proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70175478,"text":"ofr87109C - 1987 - Movement and fate of crude-oil in contaminants in the subsurface environment at Bemidji, Minnesota: Chapter C in U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination: Proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987","indexId":"ofr87109C","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Movement and fate of crude-oil in contaminants in the subsurface environment at Bemidji, Minnesota: Chapter C in U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination: Proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":12346,"text":"ofr87109 - 1987 - U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination; proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987","indexId":"ofr87109","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination; proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":12346,"text":"ofr87109 - 1987 - U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination; proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987","indexId":"ofr87109","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination; proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:08:39","indexId":"ofr87109C","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-27T16:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-109","chapter":"C","title":"Movement and fate of crude-oil in contaminants in the subsurface environment at Bemidji, Minnesota: Chapter C in U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination: Proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987","docAbstract":"On August 20, 1979, a pipeline break in a remote area near Bemidji, Minn. (fig. C-l), resulted in the release of 1.5x105 L (liters) of crude oil. Although about 1.1x105 L were removed from the site as part of the cleanup, some crude oil infiltrated the ground and percolated to the water table. The spill occurred in the recharge area of a local flow system that discharges to a small lake 300 m (meters) downgradient (Hult, 1984).
\nThe aquifer is a pitted and dissected outwash plain underlain at a depth of about 20 m by low-permeability till. Crude oil is floating on the water table about 8 m below land surface and has migrated about 20 m as a separate fluid phase. Soluble petroleum derivatives have dissolved in and are moving with ground water. Volatile constituents are migrating through the unsaturated zone by diffusion.
\nThe abstracts presented in this chapter provide an overview of ongoing efforts to combine the results of interdependent, interdisciplinary research into the comprehensive understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that will be needed to develop predictive models of contaminant mobilization, transport, and fate.
\nFranzi investigates the relationship between depositional and post-depositional processes and the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the aquifer. Post-depositional subsidence and collapse caused by melting of stagnant ice has created significant geomorphic and hydrogeologic structures. Miller describes a preliminary ground-water flow and chemical-transport model used to assess the effect of these hydrologic discontinuities, estimate aquifer properties, and to guide continuing field work.
\nAbstracts by Siegel, Bennett, and Berndt describe studies of dissolved inorganic constituents and parameters done to characterize the geochemical environments in and around the site. An anoxic zone, probably plume shaped, extends downgradient of the oil pool and into an oxic zone that surrounds the contamination. Carbonate minerals are actively dissolving in the oxic spray zone upgradient of the oil pool where oil is being mineralized, whereas quartz is dissolving underneath the oil by organic-acid complexation.
\nSelective leaching experiments show that fractionation of metals is also occurring where the aquifer matrix is contaminated. Morphological analysis of quartz sand grains clearly show unusual rock-water interactions are occurring in the anaerobic contaminant zone. Preliminary analysis indicates the possibility of an organic/quartz interaction that is significantly increasing the mobility of silica through the system.
\nPredictions of the evolution and ultimate geometry of contaminant plumes resulting from spills require quantitative descriptions of the rate of mass transfer from the organic fluid to ground water. Pfannkuch presents laboratory and field work that describe how the the rate of oil dissolution, and therefore the strength of the contaminant source, is controlled by fluctuations in ground-water velocity and water-table fluctuations.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination: Proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tallahassee, FL","doi":"10.3133/ofr87109C","usgsCitation":"Hult, M.F., 1987, Movement and fate of crude-oil in contaminants in the subsurface environment at Bemidji, Minnesota: Chapter C in U.S. Geological Survey program on toxic waste--ground-water contamination: Proceedings of the Third technical meeting, Pensacola, Florida, March 23-27, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-109, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87109C.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"C1","endPage":"C39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326466,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Bemidji","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57aef346e4b0fc09faae03dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hult, Marc F.","contributorId":18344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70247998,"text":"70247998 - 1987 - Evidence from gravity data for an intrusive complex beneath Mount St. Helens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-30T18:45:10.964292","indexId":"70247998","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-10T13:32:41","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence from gravity data for an intrusive complex beneath Mount St. Helens","docAbstract":"On the basis of gravity data, aided by aeromagnetic, magnetotelluric, side-looking radar, and geologic information, we tentatively identify a large, shallow intrusive complex beneath Mount St. Helens. The complex is roughly 5–6 km thick and has apparently intruded a buried and compressed Mesozoic forearc sedimentary sequence. The lateral extent of the intrusive complex is uncertain, and we give three alternative models varying from about 18 by 10 km to as much as 18 by 22 km. The western boundary of the inferred Mount St. Helens intrusion abuts several of a number of Tertiary and younger plutons that crop out in the area. The Mount St. Helens intrusion apparently is adjacent to sedimentary rock or shallow volcanic rock along most of the remainder of its boundary. A ringlike drainage pattern around Mount St. Helens suggests subsidence caused by removing magma from deep beneath Mount St. Helens and adding this mass to the Mount St. Helens edifice and its underlying intrusion. Our analysis indicates that the average bulk density of the volcanic rock comprising Mount St. Helens is about 2.15 g/cm3.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB10p10207","usgsCitation":"Williams, D.L., Abrams, G., Finn, C.A., Dzurisin, D., Johnson, D., and Denlinger, R.P., 1987, Evidence from gravity data for an intrusive complex beneath Mount St. Helens: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B10, p. 10207-10222, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB10p10207.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"10207","endPage":"10222","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420319,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mt. St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.20117243356593,\n 46.13503637197263\n ],\n [\n -122.18299447347565,\n 46.124013227423546\n ],\n [\n -122.13679215824533,\n 46.131887127208984\n ],\n [\n -122.1231586881776,\n 46.157600689517636\n ],\n [\n -122.10725297309838,\n 46.180680184437136\n ],\n [\n -122.13679215824533,\n 46.21580536085477\n ],\n [\n -122.11861419815503,\n 46.25405051644378\n ],\n [\n -122.0943769180345,\n 46.29802566099485\n ],\n [\n -122.12012902816267,\n 46.33359874152194\n ],\n [\n -122.20647433859234,\n 46.33569055553437\n ],\n [\n -122.28751774399562,\n 46.29802566099485\n ],\n [\n -122.30645311909012,\n 46.28755858930518\n ],\n [\n -122.26025080386017,\n 46.20322578908332\n ],\n [\n -122.25873597385254,\n 46.16599435359953\n ],\n [\n -122.20117243356593,\n 46.13503637197263\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, David L.","contributorId":10028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrams, Gerda","contributorId":16830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"Gerda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Daniel J.","contributorId":71970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Daniel J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":881467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70014214,"text":"70014214 - 1987 - Seismomagnetic observation during the 8 July 1986 magnitude 5.9 North Palm Springs earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-24T16:41:00.735239","indexId":"70014214","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismomagnetic observation during the 8 July 1986 magnitude 5.9 North Palm Springs earthquake","docAbstract":"A differentially connected array of 24 proton magnetometers has operated along the San Andreas fault since 1976. Seismomagnetic offsets of 1.2 and 0.3 nanotesla were observed at epicentral distances of 3 and 9 kilometers, respectively, after the 8 July 1986 magnitude 5.9 North Palm Springs earthquake. These seismomagnetic observations are the first obtained of this elusive but long-anticipated effect. The data are consistent with a seismomagnetic model of the earthquake for which right-lateral rupture of 20 centimeters is assumed on a 16-kilometer segment of the Banning fault between the depths of 3 and 10 kilometers in a region with average magnetization of 1 ampere per meter. Alternative explanations in terms of electrokinetic effects and earthquake-generated electrostatic charge redistribution seem unlikely because the changes are permanent and complete within a 20-minute period.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.237.4819.1201","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M., and Mueller, R., 1987, Seismomagnetic observation during the 8 July 1986 magnitude 5.9 North Palm Springs earthquake: Science, v. 237, no. 4819, p. 1201-1203, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.237.4819.1201.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1201","endPage":"1203","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225882,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"North Palm Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.6027373325376,\n 33.97986652678212\n ],\n [\n -116.6027373325376,\n 33.88203683324397\n ],\n [\n -116.462713619128,\n 33.88203683324397\n ],\n [\n -116.462713619128,\n 33.97986652678212\n ],\n [\n -116.6027373325376,\n 33.97986652678212\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"237","issue":"4819","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8bd2e4b08c986b317aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, R.J.","contributorId":77135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014123,"text":"70014123 - 1987 - Analysis of the U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-18T15:37:56.866473","indexId":"70014123","displayToPublicDate":"1987-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3724,"text":"Water Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of the U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging network","docAbstract":"This paper summarizes the results from the first 3 years of a 5-year cost-effectiveness study of the U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging network. The objective of the study is to define and document the most cost-effective means of furnishing streamflow information. In the first step of this study, data uses were identified for 3,493 continuous-record stations currently being operated in 32 States. In the second step, evaluation of alternative methods of providing streamflow information, flow-routing models, and regression models were developed for estimating daily flows at 251 stations of the 3,493 stations analyzed. In the third step of the analysis, relationships were developed between the accuracy of the streamflow records and the operating budget. The weighted standard error for all stations, with current operating procedures, was 19.9 percent. By altering field activities, as determined by the analyses, this could be reduced to 17.8 percent. The existing streamgaging networks in four Districts were further analyzed to determine the impacts that satellite telemetry would have on the cost effectiveness. Satellite telemetry was not found to be cost effective on the basis of hydrologic data collection alone, given present cost of equipment and operation.
","language":"English","publisher":"IWA Publishing","doi":"10.2166/wst.1987.0064","issn":"02731223","usgsCitation":"Scott, A.G., 1987, Analysis of the U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging network: Water Science and Technology, v. 19, no. 9, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0064.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ],\n [\n -129.9462890625,\n 55.36662484928637\n ],\n [\n -130.1220703125,\n 56.145549500679074\n ],\n [\n -131.9677734375,\n 56.9449741808516\n ],\n [\n -135.3076171875,\n 59.833775202184206\n ],\n [\n -136.38427734375,\n 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]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb3be4b0c8380cd48cd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, A. G.","contributorId":36552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121395,"text":"70121395 - 1987 - Results of a workshop concerning impacts of various activities on the functions of bottomland hardwoods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T13:04:30","indexId":"70121395","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T12:56:07","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"NEC-87/15","title":"Results of a workshop concerning impacts of various activities on the functions of bottomland hardwoods","docAbstract":"Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has regulatory responsibilities related to the discharge of dredged or fill material into the Nation’s waters. In addition to its advisory role in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' permit program, EPA has a number of specific authorities, including formulation of the Section 404(b)(1) guidelines, use of Section 404(c) to prohibit disposal at particular sites, and enforcement actions for unauthorized discharges. A number of recent court cases focus on the geographic scope of Section 404 jurisdiction in potential bottomland hardwood (BLH) wetlands and the nature of landclearing activities in these areas that require a permit under Section 404. Accordingly, EPA needs to establish the scientific basis for implementing its responsibilities under Section 404 in bottomland hardwoods.
\nEPA is approaching this task through a series of workshops designed to provide current scientific information on bottomland hardwoods and to organize that information in a manner pertinent to key policy questions. The first two workshops in the series were originally conceived as technically oriented meetings that would provide the information necessary to develop policy options at the third workshop. More specifically, the first workshop was designed to examine a zonation concept as a means of characterizing different BLH communities and describing variations in their functions along a soil moisture gradient. The second workshop was perceived as an attempt to evaluate the impacts of various activities on those functions.
\nHowever, one conclusion of the first workshop, which was held in December 1984 in St. Francisville, Louisiana, was that the zonation approach does not describe the variability in the functions performed by BLH ecosystems sufficiently well to allow its use as the sole basis for developing a regulatory framework. That is, factors other than zone were considered critical for an effective characterization of the structure and functions of bottomland hardwoods.
\nThe approach to the second workshop, the results of which are described in this report, was therefore modified in response to the conclusions from the first workshop. The focus of the second workshop remained an analysis of the impacts of various activities or the functions of BLH ecosystems. However, as a prerequisite to this analysis, participants were also asked to develop a list of characteristics that determine the extent to which BLH sites perform the important functions.
\nThe workshop was organized such that alternating plenary and workgroup sessions allowed ample time for communication while still maintaining a focus on the overall goal. In the initial session, various individuals gave presentations concerning methodologies for evaluating the functions performed by wetlands, factors influencing the conversion of BLH forests to other uses, and the impacts of conversion activities. These were followed by a series of case study presentations designed to familiarize participants with the kinds of issues that are dealt with in the Section 404 program. These presentations are cited in this report as (author, workshop presentation).
\nAt the conclusion of these presentations, participants were divided into six workgroups to examine the functions of BLH ecosystems in the areas of hydrology, water quality, fisheries, wildlife, ecosystem processes, and culture/recreation/economics. Each workgroup was asked to undertake the following tasks.
\n1. Developed a list of functions performed by BLH ecosystems from the perspective of the workgroup's expertise and area of responsibility.
\n2. Identify those activities (e.g., impoundment construction, conversion to soybean farming) that impact the major functions (e.g., sediment retention, detrital export) performed by BLH ecosystems.
\n3. Develop a list of characteristics that determine the extent to which a BLH site performs each function and describe the relationship of each characteristic to the function.
\nDevelop, with supporting evidence where possible, an analysis of the impact of each activity (Task 2) on each characteristic (Task 3) and on each function as a whole.
\nUpon completion of Task 2, in an effort to provide some uniformity in the analysis by the various workgroups, EPA personnel and several participants met and compiled a complete list of all the activities identified as having significant impacts in bottomland hardwoods (Table 1). From this list the group derived a set of seven activities, and a number of specific actions associated with each, for analysis by the workgroups (Table 2). These activities were selected on the basis of their perceived importance in BLH ecosystems and their interest from the perspective of EPA. Each workgroup was also encourage to ass any activities of particular important from its perspective.
\nThe workgroup reports that follow document the results of discussion concerning the above tasks. The WORKSHOP SUMMARY attempts to summarize these workgroup results, discuss availability of information, and identify some problems that must be addressed prior to the third workshop in this series.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlidfe Service, National Ecology Center","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Roelle, J.E., Auble, G.T., Hamilton, D.B., Horak, G.C., Johnson, R.L., and Segelquist, C.A., 1987, Results of a workshop concerning impacts of various activities on the functions of bottomland hardwoods, 171 p.","productDescription":"171 p.","numberOfPages":"171","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707e4e4b05ec1f2431c15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":499028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Horak, Gerald C.","contributorId":96322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horak","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Richard L.","contributorId":32626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Segelquist, Charles A.","contributorId":27368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segelquist","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70113270,"text":"70113270 - 1987 - Producing Alaska interim land cover maps from Landsat digital and ancillary data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T15:50:53.638501","indexId":"70113270","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T11:47:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Producing Alaska interim land cover maps from Landsat digital and ancillary data","docAbstract":"In 1985, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a research program to produce 1:250,000-scale land cover maps of Alaska using digital Landsat multispectral scanner data and ancillary data and to evaluate the potential of establishing a statewide land cover mapping program using this approach. The geometrically corrected and resampled Landsat pixel data are registered to a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection, along with arc-second digital elevation model data used as an aid in the final computer classification. Areas summaries of the land cover classes are extracted by merging the Landsat digital classification files with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management's Public Land Survey digital file. Registration of the digital land cover data is verified and control points are identified so that a laser plotter can products screened film separate for printing the classification data at map scale directly from the digital file.
\nThe final land cover classification is retained both as a color map at 1:250,000 scale registered to the U.S. Geological Survey base map, with area summaries by township and range on the reverse, and as a digital file where it may be used as a category in a geographic information system.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick-Lins, K., Doughty, E.F., Shasby, M., Loveland, T., and Benjamin, S., 1987, Producing Alaska interim land cover maps from Landsat digital and ancillary data, in Pecora XI Symposium, p. 339-348.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"348","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,51.2 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -130.0,71.4 ], [ -130.0,51.2 ], [ 172.5,51.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae77f6e4b0abf75cf2c60e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick-Lins, Katherine","contributorId":75906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick-Lins","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doughty, Eileen Flanagan","contributorId":83443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doughty","given":"Eileen","email":"","middleInitial":"Flanagan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shasby, Mark shasbym@usgs.gov","contributorId":69158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shasby","given":"Mark","email":"shasbym@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benjamin, Susan","contributorId":77938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benjamin","given":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70113258,"text":"70113258 - 1987 - Data integration using color space transforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T11:41:55","indexId":"70113258","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T11:32:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3023,"text":"Pecora XI Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Data integration using color space transforms","docAbstract":"The demand for increased spatial resolution without sacrificing spectral discrimination can be fulfilled by integration of data from different sensor systems and satellite programs. Data of high spatial resolution are frequently available in panchromatic (black-and-white) form rather than multispectral. Techniques gave been developed to combine the higher resolution panchromatic data with a multispectral data set of lower spatial resolution.
\nThe standard method of integration modulates the intensity of the mutispectral with the panchromatic data. A less subjective approach uses an algorithm that describes color in terms of intensity (I), hue (H), and saturation (S).
\nCombinations of high resolution panchromatic data (SPOT panchromatic) and lower resolution multispectral data [Landsat thematic mapper (TM), SPOT XS] have been developed. The SPOT data were acquired on April 3, 1986, and the Landsat TM data were acquired on April 5, 1986. The data sets were registered to each other and the multi-spectral data sets were contrast enhanced. The enhanced multispectral data sets were then transformed from red/green/blue (RGB) color space into IHS space. In each case (TM/SPOT panchromatic and SPOT XS/SPOT panchromatic), the SPOT panchromatic data were remapped on a cumulative histogram percentage basis to match the multispectral \"I\" data. These remapped SPOT panchromatic data were substituted for the original multispectral \"I\" and the hybrid IHS data transformed back into RGB space for display.
\nWhile this technique is experimental and still being refined, the results, to date, indicate that the IHS method will be valuable for generating improved images that effectively present both high resolution spatial digital data and multispectral data.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Feuquay, J.W., 1987, Data integration using color space transforms: Pecora XI Symposium, p. 326-326.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"326","endPage":"326","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7665e4b0abf75cf2bf61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feuquay, Jay W.","contributorId":108031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feuquay","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113240,"text":"70113240 - 1987 - Overview of the land analysis system (LAS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-18T16:30:02.983321","indexId":"70113240","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T10:31:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Overview of the land analysis system (LAS)","docAbstract":"The Land Analysis System (LAS) is a fully integrated digital analysis system designed to support remote sensing, image processing, and geographic information systems research. LAS is being developed through a cooperative effort between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center and the U. S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center.
\nLAS has over 275 analysis modules capable to performing input and output, radiometric correction, geometric registration, signal processing, logical operations, data transformation, classification, spatial analysis, nominal filtering, conversion between raster and vector data types, and display manipulation of image and ancillary data.
\nLAS is currently implant using the Transportable Applications Executive (TAE). While TAE was designed primarily to be transportable, it still provides the necessary components for a standard user interface, terminal handling, input and output services, display management, and intersystem communications. With TAE the analyst uses the same interface to the processing modules regardless of the host computer or operating system.
\nLAS was originally implemented at EROS on a Digital Equipment Corporation computer system under the Virtual Memorial System operating system with DeAnza displays and is presently being converted to run on a Gould Power Node and Sun workstation under the Berkeley System Distribution UNIX operating system.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Quirk, B.K., and Olseson, L.R., 1987, Overview of the land analysis system (LAS), in Pecora XI Symposium, p. 133-148.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"148","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7793e4b0abf75cf2c182","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quirk, Bruce K. quirk@usgs.gov","contributorId":4285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quirk","given":"Bruce","email":"quirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":495014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olseson, Lyndon R.","contributorId":94594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olseson","given":"Lyndon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70113239,"text":"70113239 - 1987 - New techniques for the quantification and modeling of remotely sensed alteration and linear features in mineral resource assessment studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T10:28:28","indexId":"70113239","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T10:24:35","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3023,"text":"Pecora XI Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New techniques for the quantification and modeling of remotely sensed alteration and linear features in mineral resource assessment studies","docAbstract":"Linear structural features and hydrothermally altered rocks that were interpreted from Landsat data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in regional mineral resource appraisals for more than a decade. In the past, linear features and alterations have been incorporated into models for assessing mineral resources potential by manually overlaying these and other data sets. Recently, USGS research into computer-based geographic information systems (GIS) for mineral resources assessment programs has produced several new techniques for data analysis, quantification, and integration to meet assessment objectives.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora XI Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Trautwein, C., and Rowan, L.C., 1987, New techniques for the quantification and modeling of remotely sensed alteration and linear features in mineral resource assessment studies: Pecora XI Symposium, p. 86-87.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288885,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7786e4b0abf75cf2c16e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trautwein, C. M.","contributorId":86748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trautwein","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014169,"text":"70014169 - 1987 - Calculation of nonlinear confidence and prediction intervals for ground-water flow models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-22T13:20:53.841412","indexId":"70014169","displayToPublicDate":"1987-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculation of nonlinear confidence and prediction intervals for ground-water flow models","docAbstract":"A method is derived to efficiently compute nonlinear confidence and prediction intervals on any function of parameters derived as output from a mathematical model of a physical system. The method is applied to the problem of obtaining confidence and prediction intervals for manually-calibrated ground-water flow models. To obtain confidence and prediction intervals resulting from uncertainties in parameters, the calibrated model and information on extreme ranges and ordering of the model parameters within one or more independent groups are required. If random errors in the dependent variable are present in addition to uncertainties in parameters, then calculation of prediction intervals also requires information on the extreme range of error expected. A simple Monte Carlo method is used to compute the quantiles necessary to establish probability levels for the confidence and prediction intervals. Application of the method to a hypothetical example showed that inclusion of random errors in the dependent variable in addition to uncertainties in parameters can considerably widen the prediction intervals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00834.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Cooley, R.L., and Vecchia, A.V., 1987, Calculation of nonlinear confidence and prediction intervals for ground-water flow models: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 23, no. 4, p. 581-599, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00834.x.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"581","endPage":"599","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225298,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2c4e4b0c8380cd4b355","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Richard L.","contributorId":8831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189595,"text":"cir10084 - 1987 - Preliminary results from a study of natural slope failures triggered by the storm of November 3.5.1985, Germany Valley, West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter 4 in Landslides of eastern North America","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70189595,"text":"cir10084 - 1987 - Preliminary results from a study of natural slope failures triggered by the storm of November 3.5.1985, Germany Valley, West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter 4 in Landslides of eastern North America","indexId":"cir10084","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"chapter":"4","displayTitle":"Preliminary results from a study of natural slope failures triggered by the storm of November 3.5.1985, Germany Valley, West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter 4 in Landslides of eastern North America","title":"Preliminary results from a study of natural slope failures triggered by the storm of November 3.5.1985, Germany Valley, West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter 4 in Landslides of eastern North America"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":4341,"text":"cir1008 - 1987 - Landslides of Eastern North America","indexId":"cir1008","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Landslides of Eastern North America"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":4341,"text":"cir1008 - 1987 - Landslides of Eastern North America","indexId":"cir1008","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Landslides of Eastern North America"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-18T11:23:40","indexId":"cir10084","displayToPublicDate":"1987-07-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1008","chapter":"4","displayTitle":"Preliminary results from a study of natural slope failures triggered by the storm of November 3.5.1985, Germany Valley, West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter 4 in Landslides of eastern North America","title":"Preliminary results from a study of natural slope failures triggered by the storm of November 3.5.1985, Germany Valley, West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter 4 in Landslides of eastern North America","docAbstract":"During the first five days of November 1985, a low-pressure system in the Ohio River valley combined with a low-pressure system referred to as Tropical Storm Juan to produce heavy rainfall in the Potomac, James, and Rappahannock River basins. Severe flooding accompanied the rainfall; 43 lives were lost and the flood was estimated to be the most expensive natural disaster of 1985 in the United States (Scatena, 1986).
The rainfall also triggered many slope failures. An especially large concentration of slope failures was associated with an area of moderate rainfall centered in the Germany Valley in Pendleton County, West Virginia (fig. 4.1A ). This report describes some preliminary results from our continuing research into the geological and meteorological controls on the distributions of slope failures in the Germany Valley area.
The Germany Valley is the first major anticlinal valley in the Valley and Ridge province east of the Allegheny structural front (Diecchio, 1986). Our interest is focused on the portion from near Mouth of Seneca, West Virginia, in the Onego 7 .5-minute quadrangle, to near Mill Gap, Virginia, in the Mustoe 7.5-minute quadrangle (patterned in figs. 4.1 and 4.2). This area was a natural experiment for studying the effects of the storm because rainfall varied systematically from southwest to northeast along the valley, while bedrock lithology and structure are nearly constant. Furthermore, variation of rock types across the valley allows comparisons among lithologies at given levels of precipitation.
The valley is floored by Ordovician carbonates of the Trenton, Black River, and St. Paul Groups and shales of the Martinsburg (Reedsville) Shale. The ridges are formed by sandstones of the Tuscarora and Oswego Sandstones, and the Juniata formation. The southwestern quarter of the valley is drained by Back Creek of the James River basin, and the remainder of the valley drains north and west to the North Fprk of the South Branch Potomac River.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landslides of eastern North America (Circular 1008)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir10084","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., Cron, E.D., and McGeehin, J.P., 1987, Preliminary results from a study of natural slope failures triggered by the storm of November 3.5.1985, Germany Valley, West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter 4 in Landslides of eastern North America: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1008, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir10084.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"16","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343985,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Germany Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.7,\n 37.4\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 37.4\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -80.7,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -80.7,\n 37.4\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596f1e2ae4b0d1f9f0640786","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cron, Elizabeth D.","contributorId":193169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cron","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGeehin, John P. mcgeehin@usgs.gov","contributorId":140956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185927,"text":"70185927 - 1987 - Fracture characterization by means of attenuation and generation of tube waves in fractured crystalline rock at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T09:50:14","indexId":"70185927","displayToPublicDate":"1987-07-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fracture characterization by means of attenuation and generation of tube waves in fractured crystalline rock at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Results are presented from experiments carried out in conjunction with the U. S. Geological Survey at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire. The study focuses on our ability to obtain orientation and transmissivity estimates of naturally occurring fractures. The collected data set includes a four-offset hydrophone vertical seismic profile, full waveform acoustic logs at 5, 15, and 34 kHz, borehole televiewer, temperature, resistivity, and self-potential logs, and borehole-to-borehole pump test data. Borehole televiewer and other geophysical logs indicate that permeable fractures intersect the Mirror Lake boreholes at numerous depths, but less than half of these fractures appear to have significant permeability beyond the annulus of drilling disturbance on the basis of acoustic waveform log analysis. The vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data indicate a single major permeable fracture near a depth of 44 m, corresponding to one of the most permeable fractures identified in the acoustic waveform log analysis. VSP data also indicate a somewhat less permeable fracture at 220 m and possible fractures at depths of 103 and 135 m; all correspond to major permeable fractures in the acoustic waveform data set. Pump test data confirm the presence of a hydraulic connection between the Mirror Lake boreholes through a shallow dipping zone of permeability at 44 m in depth. Effective fracture apertures calculated from modeled transmissivities correspond to those estimated for the largest fractures indicated on acoustic waveform logs but are over an order of magnitude larger than effective apertures calculated from tube waves in the VSP data set. This discrepancy is attributed to the effect of fracture stiffness. A new model is presented to account for the mechanical strength of asperities in resisting fracture closure during the passage of seismic waves during the generation of VSPs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB08p07989","usgsCitation":"Hardin, E., Cheng, C., Paillet, F., and Mendelson, J., 1987, Fracture characterization by means of attenuation and generation of tube waves in fractured crystalline rock at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B8, p. 7989-8006, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB08p07989.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"7989","endPage":"8006","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338670,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.26934051513672,\n 43.63359034903413\n ],\n [\n -71.279296875,\n 43.625886794606885\n ],\n [\n -71.26899719238281,\n 43.619673531511516\n ],\n [\n -71.25595092773438,\n 43.61097388438795\n ],\n [\n -71.2518310546875,\n 43.62340156642572\n ],\n [\n -71.2631607055664,\n 43.632844886919436\n ],\n [\n -71.26659393310547,\n 43.63334186269\n ],\n [\n -71.26934051513672,\n 43.63359034903413\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc821e4b02ff32c685758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardin, E.L.","contributorId":190068,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hardin","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, C.H.","contributorId":94443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paillet, F.L.","contributorId":189369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mendelson, J.D.","contributorId":190067,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mendelson","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70121408,"text":"70121408 - 1987 - Modeling potential impacts of the Garrison Diversion Unit project on Sand Lake and Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuges: a feasibility analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T14:14:19","indexId":"70121408","displayToPublicDate":"1987-07-01T13:56:03","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"NEC-87/17","title":"Modeling potential impacts of the Garrison Diversion Unit project on Sand Lake and Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuges: a feasibility analysis","docAbstract":"The Garrison Diversion Unit (GDU) of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin program was authorized in 1965, with the purpose of diverting Missouri River water to the James River for irrigation, municipal and industrial water supply, fish and wildlife habitat, recreation, and flood control. The project was reauthorized in 1986, with the specification that comprehensive studies be conducted to address a variety of issues. One of these ongoing studies addresses potential impacts of GDU construction and operation on lands of the National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) system, including Arrowwood and Sand Lake Refuges (the Refuges) on the James River. A number of concerns at these Refuges have been identified; the primary concerns addressed in this report include increased winter return flows, which would limit control of rough fish; increased turbidity during project construction, which would decrease production of sago pondweed; and increased water level fluctuations in the late spring and early summer, which would destroy the nests of some over-water nesting birds.
\nThe facilitated workshop described in this report was conducted February 18-20, 1987, under the joint sponsorship of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the North Dakota Game and Fish Department. The primary objectives of the workshop were to evaluate the feasibility of using simulation modeling techniques to estimate GDU impacts on Arrowwood and Sand Lake Refuges and to suggest enhancements to the James River Refuge monitoring program. The workshop was structured around the formulation of four submodels: a Hydrology and Water Quality submodel to simulate changes in Refuge pool elevations, turnover rates, and water quality parameters (e.g., total dissolved solids, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, water temperature, pesticides) due to GDU construction and operation; a Vegetation submodel to simulate concomitant changes in wetland communities (e.g., sago pondweed, wet meadows, deep and shallow marsh); a Fish submodel to estimate changes in abundance or biomass of rough fish (carp, buffalo) and sportfish (northern pike); and a Wildlife submodel to calculate indices of waterfowl abundance or habitat suitability (e.g., for mallards, western grebes, migrating diving ducks, white-faced ibis, egrets, over-water nesters). Submodels considered weekly to monthly changes in pools within a Refuge over a time horizon of 30-50 years.
\nBased on workshop discussions and past experience with impact analysis modeling, a phased modeling approach was recommended for the James River Refuges analysis. The first phase would involve two modeling efforts. The existing Sand Lake hydrology model, and a similar one developed for Arrowwood NWR, would be validated and used to predict changes on pool elevations and winter inflows to each pool for a variety of GDU alternatives. Outputs from simulations would then be evaluated in terms of potential fish and wildlife impacts. For example, the models could generate indices comparing the magnitude and timing of winter inflows for pre- and postproject conditions; fisheries biologists could then use these indices to better quantify their concerns relative to potential changes in the frequency of rough-fish control. The other modeling effort in the first phase would involve developing a sago pondweed growth model to integrate Refuge monitoring data and existing literature and perhaps to address some questions concerning turbidity impacts. A second phase of simulation modeling would be undertaken only if the initial analyses of hydrologic outputs indicated significant potential problems and if monitoring and research projects had clarified some of the biological and physical processes that cannot be modeled reliably at the present time (e.g., resuspension of sediments by carp, immigration and winter mortality of fish, loss of waterfowl nests due to wave action). The second phase would attempt to develop an integrated impact assessment model.
\nIn order to address some of the biological and physical processes that presently are not well understood, a number of studies and enhancements to the Refuge monitoring program were suggested. The Hydrology and Water Quality workgroup recommended increasing turbidity and dissolved oxygen sampling, dropping expensive analysis of some trace elements, adding more pesticide analysis (including some biological monitoring), and developing better area-capacity data for the Sand Lake hydrology model. The Vegetation workgroup suggested expanding the number of monitoring stations, monitoring photosynthetically active radiation by depth, and modifying the biomass sampling procedure and schedule. Also suggested were additional analyses of existing Refuge monitoring data and additional field studies concerning sago growth under a variety of environmental conditions and effects of rough fish density on sago. A careful examination of Refuge narrative reports was recommended by the Fish workgroup to characterize conditions that led to various rates of winter-kill. Monitoring enhancement related to a better understanding of fish population dynamics included increasing dissolved oxygen monitoring, continuing present monitoring of fish movement upstream from Jamestown Reservoir into Arrowwood NWR, initiating similar efforts for upstream movement into Sand Lake NWR and downstream movements into both Refuges, and augmenting the present gillnetting program (or replacing it) with sampling for population and age/size structure estimates. The Wildlife workgroup suggested estimating the relative density of mallard nests in over-water and wet meadow nesting areas, estimating the number of western grebe nests lost due to wave action, delineating wet meadows on the Refuge vegetation maps, estimating annual tuber consumption by birds, and monitoring insect/macroinvertebrate abundance. The workgroup also suggested research studies to better understand the relationships between food supplies and the growth and survival of ducklings and young grebes.
\nthe workshop discussions also helped identify some suggestions for modifying project features that, if feasible from an engineering and operational standpoint, would reduce impacts on Refuge lands. These suggestions included: designing drains with control structures or small \"reregulation\" reservoirs to hold winter return flows that might adversely affect rough fish control, spreading construction activities over a number of years to reduce potential impacts of turbidity on sago pondweed in any single year, scheduling construction to occur after the spring sprouting and elongation growth stages to reduce impacts on sago pondweed, and installing \"quick acting\" control structures at Arrowwood NWR to reduce pool level fluctuations that might destroy nests of some over-water nesting waterfowl.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Ecology Center","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, D.B., Auble, G.T., Farmer, A.H., and Roelle, J.E., 1987, Modeling potential impacts of the Garrison Diversion Unit project on Sand Lake and Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuges: a feasibility analysis, 79 p.","productDescription":"79 p.","numberOfPages":"79","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707dfe4b05ec1f2431c03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":499052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farmer, Adrian H.","contributorId":107759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}