The epilimnion of hypersaline, alkaline, meromictic Big Soda Lake contains an average 58 mmol sulfate liter−1 and 0.4 µmol dissolved iron liter−1. The monimolimnion, which is permanently anoxic, has a sulfide concentration ranging seasonally from 4 to 7 mmol liter−1. Depth profiles of sulfate reduction in the monimolimnion, assayed with a 35S tracer technique and in situ incubations, demonstrated that sulfate reduction occurs within the water column of this extreme environment. The average rate of reduction in the monimolimnion was 3 µmol sulfate liter−1 d−1in May compared to 0.9 in October. These values are comparable to rates of sulfate reduction reported for anoxic waters of more moderate environments. Sulfate reduction also occurred in the anoxic zone of the mixolimnion, though at significantly lower rates (0.025–0.090 µmol liter−1 d−1 at 25 m). Additions of FeS (1.0 mmol liter−1) doubled the endogenous rate of sulfate reduction in the monimolimnion, while MnS and kaolinite had no effect. These results suggest that sulfate reduction in Big Soda Lake is iron limited and controlled by seasonal variables other than temperature. Estimates of the organic carbon mineralized by sulfate reduction exceed measured fluxes of particulate organic carbon sinking from the mixolimnion. Thus, additional sources of electron donors (other than those derived from the sinking of pelagic autotrophs) may also fuel monimolimnetic sulfate reduction in the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASLO","doi":"10.4319/lo.1987.32.4.0794","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., and Oremland, R.S., 1987, Big Soda Lake (Nevada). 2. Pelagic sulfate reduction: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 32, no. 4, p. 794-803, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1987.32.4.0794.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"794","endPage":"803","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325058,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada ","otherGeospatial":"Big Soda Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.90914916992188,\n 39.499802162332884\n ],\n [\n -118.85559082031249,\n 39.499802162332884\n ],\n [\n -118.85559082031249,\n 39.544293973019904\n ],\n [\n -118.90914916992188,\n 39.544293973019904\n ],\n [\n -118.90914916992188,\n 39.499802162332884\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5784c337e4b0e02680be5910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121882,"text":"70121882 - 1987 - Response of wetland herbaceous communities to gradients of light and substrate following disturbance by thermal pollution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T15:27:27.61683","indexId":"70121882","displayToPublicDate":"1987-06-01T08:55:32","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3676,"text":"Vegetatio","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of wetland herbaceous communities to gradients of light and substrate following disturbance by thermal pollution","docAbstract":"The influence of thermal disturbance and site characteristics on distribution of herbs was studied in portions of a 3020 ha wetland in the southeastern USA. Presence-absence of 52 species in 130 0.25 m2 plots was determined from four sites with different disturbance histories and from an undisturbed site. Data from the four disturbed sites were ordinated by detrended correspondence analysis. Differences in species composition among sites (coarse scale) were associated with water depth, light, and substrate type. Within a site (at a fine scale), correlation of environmental variables with ordination scores at a chronically disturbed site was weakly correlated with light (r=0.50). At two sites with episodic disturbance, species composition correlated significantly and positively with substrate and water depth. At a recovering site, vegetation patterns were moderately correlated with water depth (r=−0.52). Species richness was correlated with substrate type along the disturbance gradient. Our results are consistent the intermediate disturbance hypothesis and the subsidy-stress gradient concept.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00041477","usgsCitation":"Dunn, C.P., and Scott, M.L., 1987, Response of wetland herbaceous communities to gradients of light and substrate following disturbance by thermal pollution: Vegetatio, v. 70, no. 2, p. 119-124, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00041477.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"124","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River floodplain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.85157775878906,\n 33.07485710280626\n ],\n [\n -81.40663146972656,\n 33.07485710280626\n ],\n [\n -81.40663146972656,\n 33.42571077612917\n ],\n [\n -81.85157775878906,\n 33.42571077612917\n ],\n [\n -81.85157775878906,\n 33.07485710280626\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"70","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fc4de2e4b0413fd75d6b44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunn, Christopher P.","contributorId":30924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, Michael L. scottm@usgs.gov","contributorId":1169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Michael","email":"scottm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206941,"text":"70206941 - 1987 - The 1875 eruption of Askja volcano, Iceland: Combined fractional crystallization and selective contamination in the generation of rhyolitic magma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-07T16:14:57.033424","indexId":"70206941","displayToPublicDate":"1987-06-01T07:41:58","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2748,"text":"Mineralogical Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1875 eruption of Askja volcano, Iceland: Combined fractional crystallization and selective contamination in the generation of rhyolitic magma","docAbstract":"Major and trace element and Sr, Nd and O isotopic data are presented for ferrobasalts, icelandites, rhyolites, mixed pumices and silicic xenoliths of the 1875 eruption of Askja. Trace element modelling and Sr and Nd data largely confirm previous major element calculations that fractional crystallization was dominant in the generation of the basalt-ferrobasalt-icelandite-rhyolite suite. Relative enrichment in Rb (and Th and U?), depletion in Cs, and low values of δ18O/16O, in the rhyolites are not explained by this mechanism alone. The silicic magmas were selectively contaminated by diffusion from partially molten granitic wall rocks, now found as xenoliths in the eruptive products, the process being particularly marked by lower δ18O and Cs/Rb ratios in the rhyolites than in the associated basalts. This is the first record of a combined fractional crystallization-selective contamination process in an Icelandic silicic complex.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1180/minmag.1987.051.360.01","usgsCitation":"Macdonald, R., Sparks, R., Sugurdsson, H., Mattey, D., Mcgarvie, D., and Smith, R., 1987, The 1875 eruption of Askja volcano, Iceland: Combined fractional crystallization and selective contamination in the generation of rhyolitic magma: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 51, no. 360, p. 183-202, https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1987.051.360.01.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"202","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","otherGeospatial":"Askja volcano","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-14.5087,66.45589],[-14.73964,65.80875],[-13.60973,65.12667],[-14.90983,64.36408],[-17.79444,63.67875],[-18.65625,63.49638],[-19.97275,63.64363],[-22.76297,63.96018],[-21.77848,64.40212],[-23.95504,64.89113],[-22.1844,65.08497],[-22.22742,65.37859],[-24.32618,65.61119],[-23.65051,66.26252],[-22.13492,66.41047],[-20.57628,65.73211],[-19.05684,66.2766],[-17.79862,65.99385],[-16.16782,66.52679],[-14.5087,66.45589]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iceland\"}}]}","volume":"51","issue":"360","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-07-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macdonald, R.","contributorId":92402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparks, R.S.J.","contributorId":149550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sugurdsson, H.","contributorId":220960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sugurdsson","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mattey, D.P.","contributorId":62349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattey","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mcgarvie, D.W.","contributorId":220955,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mcgarvie","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, R.L.","contributorId":47422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70175107,"text":"70175107 - 1987 - Propogation of tides in south, central and San Pablo Bays, California - comparison of model results and field observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-08T13:02:46","indexId":"70175107","displayToPublicDate":"1987-05-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Propogation of tides in south, central and San Pablo Bays, California - comparison of model results and field observations","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, workshop on hydrodynamics of San Francisco Bay/delta","conferenceTitle":"Workshop on hydrodynamics of San Francisco Bay/delta","conferenceDate":"May 22-23, 1987","conferenceLocation":"Sausalito, Calif.","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gartner, J.W., and Cheng, R.T., 1987, Propogation of tides in south, central and San Pablo Bays, California - comparison of model results and field observations, in Proceedings, workshop on hydrodynamics of San Francisco Bay/delta, Sausalito, Calif., May 22-23, 1987.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326231,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a9ad6de4b05e859bdfbab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gartner, J. W.","contributorId":81903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gartner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210067,"text":"70210067 - 1987 - Petrology and geochemistry of alkali gabbronorites from Lunar Breccia 67975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T21:10:24.500561","indexId":"70210067","displayToPublicDate":"1987-05-12T16:02:50","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology and geochemistry of alkali gabbronorites from Lunar Breccia 67975","docAbstract":"Clasts of an unusual type of lunar highlands igneous rock, alkali gabbronorite, have been found in Apollo 16 breccia 67975. The alkali gabbronorites form two distinct subgroups, magnesian and ferroan. Modes and bulk compositions are highly varied. The magnesian alkali gabbronorites are composed of bytownitic plagioclase (OrAn), hypersthene (WoEn), augite (WoEn), a silica mineral, and trace Ba‐rich K‐feldspar. The ferroan alkali gabbronorites are composed of ternary plagioclase (OrAn), pigeonite (WoEn), augite (WoEn), Ba‐rich K‐feldspar, and a silica mineral. Trace minerals in both subgroups are apatite, REE‐rich whitlockite, and zircon. The magnesian and ferroan alkali gabbronorites appear to have formed by progressive differentiation of the same, or closely related, parent magmas; the compositional data indicate that these magmas were REE‐rich. The ternary plagioclase is probably a high‐temperature metastable phase formed during crystallization. In composition and mineralogy, the 67975 alkali gabbronorites show many similarities to Apollo 12 and 14 alkali norites, alkali gabbronorites, and alkali anorthosites, and all these rocks together constitute a distinctive alkali suite. In addition, the alkali gabbronorites show some similarities to KREEP basalts, Mg‐norites, and some felsites. These data suggest genetic links between some or all of these types of pristine rocks. Two types of relationships are possible. The first is that alkali‐suite rocks crystallized in plutons of KREEP basalt magma, and KREEP basalts are their extrusive equivalents. The second is that the alkali‐suite rocks and some felsites all crystallized in plutons of Mg‐norite parent magmas, and KREEP basalt magmas formed by remelting of these plutons. Additional studies are needed to resolve which of these hypotheses is correct.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB04p0E314","usgsCitation":"James, O., Lindstrom, M., and Flohr, M., 1987, Petrology and geochemistry of alkali gabbronorites from Lunar Breccia 67975: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B4, p. 314-330, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB04p0E314.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"314","endPage":"330","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":374711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, O.B.","contributorId":100526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"O.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindstrom, M.M.","contributorId":224652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindstrom","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flohr, M.K.","contributorId":80012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flohr","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70210024,"text":"70210024 - 1987 - A geologic interpretation of seismic-refraction results in northeastern California ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-11T20:42:56.640536","indexId":"70210024","displayToPublicDate":"1987-05-11T15:37:45","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geologic interpretation of seismic-refraction results in northeastern California ","docAbstract":"In 1981, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a seismic-refraction experiment in northeastern California designed to study the Klamath Mountains, Cascade Range, Modoc Plateau, and Basin and Range provinces. Key profiles include 135-km-long, north-south lines in the Klamath Mountains and Modoc Plateau provinces and a 260-km-long, east-west line crossing all of the provinces.
The seismic-velocity models for the Klamath and Modoc lines are comparatively homogeneous laterally but are quite different from each other. The Klamath model is finely layered from the surface to at least 14-km depth, consisting of a series of high-velocity layers (6.1–6.7 km/s), ranging in thickness from 1 to 4 km, with alternating positive and negative velocity gradients. A layer with an unreversed velocity of 7.0 km/s extends from 14 km to an unknown depth. The Modoc model, in contrast, is relatively thickly layered and has lower velocities than does the Klamath model at all depths down to 25 km. An upper layer, 4.5 km thick, of low-velocity material (2.1–4.4 km/s) overlies a basement with a considerably higher velocity (6.2 km/s). Velocity increases slowly with depth, with a small velocity step (to 6.4 km/s) at 11 km and a 7.0-km/s layer beginning at 25-km depth. Moho is probably 38–45 km deep under the Modoc Plateau, but its depth is unknown under the Klamath Mountains. A combined velocity-density model for the east-west line consists of a western part similar in configuration to the Klamath velocity model, an eastern part similar to the Modoc velocity model, and laterally changing velocity-density structure in between, in the Cascade Range.
Beneath its upper layer, the velocity model for the Modoc Plateau is similar to that determined by other researchers for the adjacent Sierra Nevada. The velocity model is unlike those for rift areas, to which the Modoc Plateau has been compared by some authors. We theorize that beneath a veneer of volcanic and sedimentary rocks (the upper layer), the Modoc Plateau is underlain by a basement of granitic and metamorphic rocks that, like rocks in the Sierra Nevada, are the roots of one or more magmatic arcs.
The fine layering in the Klamath seismic-velocity model is consistent with the geologic structure of the Klamath Mountains, characterized by imbricate thrusting of oceanic rock layers of various compositions and ages. Independent modeling of aeromagnetic data indicates that the base of the Trinity ultramafic sheet, the second major rock layer down in the structural sequence, corresponds to a velocity step to 6.7 km/s at 7-km depth in our model. The 6.7-km/s layer beneath the Trinity ultramafic sheet apparently corresponds to rocks of the central metamorphic belt, which are mafic schists. Rock units structurally deeper than rocks of the central metamorphic belt can be correlated with velocity layers below the 6.7-km/s layer, but with less certainty.
In the model for the east-west line, the region of laterally changing velocity structure beneath the Cascade Range includes a 10-km step down to the east in the top of the 7.0-km/s layer. This region of lateral velocity change we interpret to be a fault, fold, or intrusive contact (or some combination of the three) between the stack of oceanic rock layers that underlie the Klamath Mountains and the buried roots of magmatic arcs inferred to underlie the Modoc Plateau. Magmas forming the modern Cascade Range arc apparently rise through this region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<53:AGIOSR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fuis, G.S., Zucca, J., Mooney, W.D., and Milkereit, B., 1987, A geologic interpretation of seismic-refraction results in northeastern California : GSA Bulletin, v. 98, no. 1, p. 53-65, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<53:AGIOSR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 .p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"65","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374606,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Northeastern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 38.34165619279595\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 38.34165619279595\n ],\n [\n -119.88281249999999,\n 42.22851735620852\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 42.22851735620852\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 38.34165619279595\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zucca, J.J.","contributorId":104914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zucca","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milkereit, Bernd","contributorId":62752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Milkereit","given":"Bernd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70210009,"text":"70210009 - 1987 - 15N/14N variations in Cretaceous Atlantic sedimentary sequences: Implication for past changes in marine nitrogen biogeochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-11T12:19:03.94695","indexId":"70210009","displayToPublicDate":"1987-05-08T13:46:12","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"15N/14N variations in Cretaceous Atlantic sedimentary sequences: Implication for past changes in marine nitrogen biogeochemistry","title":"15N/14N variations in Cretaceous Atlantic sedimentary sequences: Implication for past changes in marine nitrogen biogeochemistry","docAbstract":"At two locations in the Atlantic Ocean (DSDP Sites 367 and 530) early to middle Cretaceous organic-carbon-rich beds (“black shales”) were found to have significantly lower δ15N values (lower15N/14N ratios) than adjacent organic-carbon-poor beds (white limestones or green claystones). While these lithologies are of marine origin, the black strata in particular have °15N values that are significantly lower than those previously found in the marine sediment record and most contemporary marine nitrogen pools. In contrast, black, organic-carbon-rich beds at a third site (DSDP Site 603) contain predominantly terrestrial organic matter and have C- and N-isotopic compositions similar to organic matter of modern terrestrial origin.
The recurring15N depletion in the marine-derived Cretaceous sequences prove that the nitrogen they contain is the end result of an episodic and atypical biogeochemistry. Existing isotopic and other data indicate that the low15N relative abundance is the consequence of pelagic rather than post-depositional processes. Reduced ocean circulation, increased denitrification, and, hence, reduced euphotic zone nitrate availability may have led to Cretaceous phytoplankton assemblages that were periodically dominated by N2-fixing blue-green algae, a possible source of this sediment15N-depletion. Lack of parallel isotopic shifts in Cretaceous terrestrially-derived nitrogen (Site 603) argues that the above change in nitrogen cycling during this period did not extend beyond the marine environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(87)90201-9","usgsCitation":"Rau, G.H., Arthur, M., and Dean, W.E., 1987, 15N/14N variations in Cretaceous Atlantic sedimentary sequences: Implication for past changes in marine nitrogen biogeochemistry: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 82, no. 3-4, p. 269-279, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(87)90201-9.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"279","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374586,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rau, Greg H.","contributorId":78963,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rau","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":788790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014886,"text":"70014886 - 1987 - Shocked quartz in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clays: Evidence for a global distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-25T15:11:10.732859","indexId":"70014886","displayToPublicDate":"1987-05-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shocked quartz in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clays: Evidence for a global distribution","docAbstract":"Shocked quartz grains displaying planar features were isolated from Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary clays at five sites in Europe, a core from the north-central Pacific Ocean, and a site in New Zealand. At all of these sites, the planar features in the shocked quartz can be indexed to rational crystallographic planes of the quartz lattice. The grains display streaking indicative of shock in x-ray diffraction photographs and also show reduced refractive indices. These characteristic features of shocked quartz at several sites worldwide confirm that an impact event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary distributed ejecta products in an earth-girdling dust cloud, as postulated by the Alvarez impact hypothesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.236.4802.705","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Bohor, B., Modreski, P., and Foord, E.E., 1987, Shocked quartz in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clays: Evidence for a global distribution: Science, v. 236, no. 4802, p. 705-709, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.236.4802.705.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"705","endPage":"709","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"236","issue":"4802","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e80e4b08c986b31899c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohor, Bruce F.","contributorId":104823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"Bruce F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Modreski, P.J.","contributorId":98335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modreski","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foord, Eugene E.","contributorId":96319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170505,"text":"70170505 - 1987 - Quantitative studies of biodegradation of petroleum and some model hydrocarbons in ground water and sediment environments: Chapter 20","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T12:23:39","indexId":"70170505","displayToPublicDate":"1987-05-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"title":"Quantitative studies of biodegradation of petroleum and some model hydrocarbons in ground water and sediment environments: Chapter 20","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground-water quality and agricultural practices","language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","usgsCitation":"Chang, F., Hult, M.F., and Noben, N., 1987, Quantitative studies of biodegradation of petroleum and some model hydrocarbons in ground water and sediment environments: Chapter 20, chap. of Ground-water quality and agricultural practices, p. 295-318.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"318","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":321361,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.crcpress.com/Ground-Water-Quality-and-Agricultural-Practices/Fairchild/p/book/9780873710367"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571b4b33e4b071321fe31cc6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Fairchild, Deborah M.","contributorId":169441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fairchild","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629666,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Chang, Fu-Hsian","contributorId":168848,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chang","given":"Fu-Hsian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hult, M. F.","contributorId":29817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hult","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noben, N.N.","contributorId":168849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Noben","given":"N.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70231356,"text":"70231356 - 1987 - Applications of spatial postclassification models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-06T17:46:59.838606","indexId":"70231356","displayToPublicDate":"1987-05-01T12:41:47","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Applications of spatial postclassification models","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"21st International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment","conferenceDate":"October 26-30, 1987","conferenceLocation":"Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States","language":"English","publisher":"University of Michigan","usgsCitation":"Fosnight, E.A., 1987, Applications of spatial postclassification models, in Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 1, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, October 26-30, 1987, p. 469-485.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"469","endPage":"485","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400301,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fosnight, Eugene A. 0000-0002-8557-3697 fosnight@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8557-3697","contributorId":2961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fosnight","given":"Eugene","email":"fosnight@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014695,"text":"70014695 - 1987 - Remote sensing of the Fram Strait marginal ice zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-25T15:39:31.221069","indexId":"70014695","displayToPublicDate":"1987-04-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing of the Fram Strait marginal ice zone","docAbstract":"Sequential remote sensing images of the Fram Strait marginal ice zone played a key role in elucidating the complex interactions of the atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice. Analysis of a subset of these images covering a 1-week period provided quantitative data on the mesoscale ice morphology, including ice edge positions, ice concentrations, floe size distribution, and ice kinematics. The analysis showed that, under light to moderate wind conditions, the morphology of the marginal ice zone reflects the underlying ocean circulation. High-resolution radar observations showed the location and size of ocean eddies near the ice edge. Ice kinematics from sequential radar images revealed an ocean eddy beneath the interior pack ice that was verified by in situ oceanographic measurements.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.236.4800.429","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Shuchman, R., Burns, B., Johannessen, O., Josberger, E., Campbell, W.J., Manley, T., and Lannelongue, N., 1987, Remote sensing of the Fram Strait marginal ice zone: Science, v. 236, no. 4800, p. 429-431, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.236.4800.429.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"431","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225332,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"236","issue":"4800","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa708e4b0c8380cd851b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shuchman, R.A.","contributorId":27204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shuchman","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, B.A.","contributorId":91249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johannessen, O.M.","contributorId":30766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johannessen","given":"O.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Campbell, W. J.","contributorId":8614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Manley, T.O.","contributorId":36300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manley","given":"T.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lannelongue, N.","contributorId":58031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lannelongue","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70185922,"text":"70185922 - 1987 - Increased solubility of quartz in water due to complexing by organic compounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:43:05","indexId":"70185922","displayToPublicDate":"1987-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increased solubility of quartz in water due to complexing by organic compounds","docAbstract":"Quartz is the most stable natural solid phase of silica. It weathers extremely slowly at the Earth's surface1, and often resists weathering even after all other silicate minerals have been degraded. However, there is ample evidence from both ancient and modern environments indicating enhanced dissolution and mobility of silica under conditions that cannot easily be explained by the inorganic controls of quartz solubility2. Increased solubility of quartz has been observed particularly in soils rich in organic material; however, no direct link between dissolved organic carbon and dissolved silica has been identified3. Here we present evidence for an increase in the solubility of quartz in a natural water brought about by dissolved organic compounds. These compounds were produced by the biodegradation of petroleum, and consist largely of a complex mixture of organic acids. We propose that silica is being complexed and mobilized by these organic acids in waters having close to neutral pH.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/326684a0","usgsCitation":"Bennett, P., and Siegel, D.I., 1987, Increased solubility of quartz in water due to complexing by organic compounds: Nature, v. 326, p. 684-686, https://doi.org/10.1038/326684a0.","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"684","endPage":"686","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"326","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc822e4b02ff32c68575c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, P.","contributorId":189730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bennett","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Siegel, D. I.","contributorId":77562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siegel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015125,"text":"70015125 - 1987 - Velocity control as a tool for optimal plume containment in the Equus Beds aquifer, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-21T16:36:14.053275","indexId":"70015125","displayToPublicDate":"1987-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocity control as a tool for optimal plume containment in the Equus Beds aquifer, Kansas","docAbstract":"A ground-water-management model was developed to investigate the best management options for the containment of an oil-field-brine plume in the Equus Beds aquifer in south-central Kansas. The main purpose of the management model was to find the optimal locations and minimum rates of pumpage of a set of plume-interception wells, to successfully reverse the velocity vectors at observation wells located along the plume front, and also to satisfy freshwater demands from supply wells. The effects of the calculated minimum withdrawals from the interception wells on the migration of contaminants throughout the ground-water system were evaluated utilizing a solute-transport model. This latter analysis was carried out to ensure the containment of the plume. Whereas application of the management model to the study area achieves the management objectives, the implementation of the results is believed to be impractical and expensive. This is because a considerable amount of water must be pumped out to reverse the velocity vectors in the vicinity of the plume. In general, the proposed technique of pollutant containment may be effective when applied to aquifers having low hydraulic gradients and/or to aquifers with hazardous plumes whose containment is not subject to economic constraints.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00812.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Heidari, M., Sadeghipour, J., and Drici, O., 1987, Velocity control as a tool for optimal plume containment in the Equus Beds aquifer, Kansas: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 23, no. 2, p. 325-335, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00812.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"335","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224290,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Equus Beds aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.84257394157574,\n 38.0524318705408\n ],\n [\n -97.84257394157574,\n 37.67003816300236\n ],\n [\n -97.2633826777882,\n 37.67003816300236\n ],\n [\n -97.2633826777882,\n 38.0524318705408\n ],\n [\n -97.84257394157574,\n 38.0524318705408\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1f6e4b08c986b32a858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heidari, M.","contributorId":26430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heidari","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sadeghipour, J.","contributorId":83277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadeghipour","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drici, O.","contributorId":90886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drici","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121884,"text":"70121884 - 1987 - Community models for wildlife impact assessment: a review of concepts and approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-25T09:21:38","indexId":"70121884","displayToPublicDate":"1987-03-01T09:08:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Community models for wildlife impact assessment: a review of concepts and approaches","docAbstract":"The first two sections of this paper are concerned with defining and bounding communities, and describing those attributes of the community that are quantifiable and suitable for wildlife impact assessment purposes. Prior to the development or use of a community model, it is important to have a clear understanding of the concept of a community and a knowledge of the types of community attributes that can serve as outputs for the development of models. Clearly defined, unambiguous model outputs are essential for three reasons: (1) to ensure that the measured community attributes relate to the wildlife resource objectives of the study; (2) to allow testing of the outputs in experimental studies, to determine accuracy, and to allow for improvements based on such testing; and (3) to enable others to clearly understand the community attribute that has been measured.
\nThe third section of this paper described input variables that may be used to predict various community attributes. These input variables do not include direct measures of wildlife populations. Most impact assessments involve projects that result in drastic changes in habitat, such as changes in land use, vegetation, or available area. Therefore, the model input variables described in this section deal primarily with habitat related features.
\nSeveral existing community models are described in the fourth section of this paper. A general description of each model is provided, including the nature of the input variables and the model output. The logic and assumptions of each model are discussed, along with data requirements needed to use the model.
\nThe fifth section provides guidance on the selection and development of community models. Identification of the community attribute that is of concern will determine the type of model most suitable for a particular application. This section provides guidelines on selected an existing model, as well as a discussion of the major steps to be followed in modifying an existing model or developing a new model. Considerations associated with the use of community models with the Habitat Evaluation Procedures are also discussed.
\nThe final section of the paper summarizes major findings of interest to field biologists and provides recommendations concerning the implementation of selected concepts in wildlife community analyses.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.L., 1987, Community models for wildlife impact assessment: a review of concepts and approaches, v. 87, no. 2, vii, 41 p.","productDescription":"vii, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292931,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fc4dc6e4b0413fd75d6a6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Richard L.","contributorId":10368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222178,"text":"5222178 - 1987 - The Husting dilemma: A methodological note","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T16:56:50.644573","indexId":"5222178","displayToPublicDate":"1987-02-01T12:19:03","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Husting dilemma: A methodological note","docAbstract":"Recently, Gill (1985) discussed the interpretation of capture history data resulting from his own studies on the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens , and work by Husting (1965) on spotted salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum. Gill (1985) noted that gaps in capture histories (years in which individuals were not captured, preceded and followed by years in which they were) could result from either of two very different possibilities: (1) failure of the animal to return to the fenced pond to breed (the alternative Husting (1965) favored), or (2) return of the animal to the breeding pond, but failure of the investigator to capture it and detect its presence. The authors agree entirely with Gill (1985) that capture history data such as his or those of Husting (1965) should be analyzed using models that recognize the possibility of 'census error,' and that it is important to try to distinguish between such 'error' and skipped breeding efforts. The purpose of this note is to point out the relationship between Gill's (1985:347) null model and certain capture-recapture models, and to use capture-recapture models and tests to analyze the original data of Husting (1965).","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1938822","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J.D., Hepp, G.R., Pollock, K.H., and Hines, J.E., 1987, The Husting dilemma: A methodological note: Ecology, v. 68, no. 1, p. 213-217, https://doi.org/10.2307/1938822.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"217","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c2ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":140652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":335719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hepp, Gary R.","contributorId":8191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hepp","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, Kenneth H.","contributorId":8590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, James E. 0000-0001-5478-7230 jhines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":146530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70201411,"text":"70201411 - 1987 - I. Thermal evolution of Ganymede and implications for surface features. II. Magnetohydrodynamic constraints on deep zonal flow in the giant planets. III. A fast finite-element algorithm for two-dimensional photoclinometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T15:18:10.64313","indexId":"70201411","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-09T14:46:20","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"I. Thermal evolution of Ganymede and implications for surface features. II. Magnetohydrodynamic constraints on deep zonal flow in the giant planets. III. A fast finite-element algorithm for two-dimensional photoclinometry","docAbstract":"The work is divided into three independent papers:
PAPER I:
Thermal evolution models are presented for Ganymede, assuming a mostly differentiated initial state of a water ocean overlying a rock layer. The only heat sources are assumed to be primordial heat (provided by accretion) and the long-lived radiogenic heat sources in the rock component. As Ganymede cools, the ocean thins, and two ice layers develop, one above composed of ice I, and the other below composed of high-pressure polymorphs of ice. Subsolidus convection proceeds separately in each ice layer, its transport of heat calculated using a simple parameterized convection scheme and the most recent data on ice rheology. The model requires that the average entropy of the deep ice layer exceed that of the ice I layer. If the residual ocean separating these layers becomes thin enough, then a Rayleigh-Taylor-like (\"diapiric\") instability may ensue, driven by the greater entropy of the deeper ice and merging the two ice mantles into a single convective layer. This instability is not predicted by linear analysis but occurs for plausible finite amplitude perturbations associated with large Rayleigh number convection. The resulting warm ice diapirs may lead to a dramatic \"heat pulse\" at the surface and to fracturing of the lithosphere, and may be directly or indirectly responsible for resurfacing and grooved terrain formation on Ganymede. The timing of this event depends rather sensitively on poorly known rheological parameters but could be consistent with chronologies deduced from estimated cratering rates. Irrespective of the occurrence or importance of the heat pulse, we find that lithospheric fracturing requires rapid stress loading (on a timescale ≾ 104) years). Such a timescale can be realized by warm ice diapirism, but not directly by gradual global expansion. In the absence of any quantitative and self-consistent model for the resurfacing of Ganymede by liquid water, we favor resurfacing by warm ice flows,which we demonstrate to be physically possible, a plausible consequence of our models, compatible with existing observations, and a hypothesis testable by Galileo. We discuss core formation as an alternative driver for resurfacing, and conclude that it is less attractive. We also consider anew the puzzle of why Callisto differs so greatly from Ganymede, offering several possible explanations. The models presented do not provide a compelling explanation for all aspects of Ganymedean geological evolution, since we have identified several potential problems, most notably the apparently extended period of grooved terrain formation (several hundred million years), which is difficult to reconcile with the heat pulse phenomenon.
PAPER II:
The observed zonal flows of the giant planets will, if they penetrate below the visible atmosphere, interact significantly with the planetary magnetic field outside the metalized core. The appropriate measure of this interaction is the Chandrasekhar number Q = (H2)/(4πρνα2λ) (where H = radial component of the magnetic field, ν = eddy viscosity, λ = magnetic diffusivity, α-1 = lengthscale on which λ varies); at depths where Q ≳ 1 the velocity will be forced to oscillate on a small lengthscale or decay to zero. We estimate the conductivity due to semiconduction in H2 (Jupiter, Saturn) and ionization in H2O (Uranus, Neptune) as a function of depth; the value λ ≃ 1010 cm2s-1 needed for Q = 1 is readily obtained well outside the metallic core (where λ ≃ 102 cm2s-1).
These assertions are quantified by a simple model of the equatorial zonal jet in which the flow is assumed uniform on cylinders concentric with the spin axis, and the viscous and magnetic torques on each cylinder are balanced. We solve this \"Taylor constraint\" simultaneously with the dynamo equation to obtain the velocity and magnetic field in the equatorial plane. With this model we reproduce the widely differing jet widths of Jupiter and Saturn (though not the flow at very high or low latitudes) using ν = 2500 cm2s-1, consistent with the requirement that viscous dissipation not exceed the specific luminosity. A model Uranian jet consistent with the limited Voyager data can also be constructed, with appropriately smaller ν, but only if one assumes a two-layer interior. We tentatively predict a wide Neptunian jet.
For Saturn (but not Jupiter or Uranus) the model has a large magnetic Reynolds number where Q = 1 and hence exhibits substantial axisymmetrization of the field in the equatorial plane. This effect may or may not persist at higher latitudes. The one-dimensional model presented is only a first step. Variation of the velocity and magnetic field parallel to the spin axis must be modeled in order to answer several important questions, including: 1) What is the behavior of flows at high latitudes, whose Taylor cylinders are interrupted by the region with Q ≳ 1? 2) To what extent is differential rotation in the envelope responsible for the spin-axisymmetry of Saturn's magnetic field?
PAPER III:
It is shown that the problem of two-dimensional photoclinometry (PC) -- the reconstruction of a surface z(x,y) from a brightness image B(x,y) -- may be formulated in a natural way in terms of finite elements. The resulting system of equations is underdetermined as a consequence of the lack of boundary conditions for z, but a unique solution may be chosen by minimizing a function S expressing the \"roughness\" of the surface. An efficient PC algorithm based on this formulation is presented, requiring ~ 10.66 (four-byte) memory locations and ~104 floating multiplications/additions per pixel, and incorporating: 1) Minimization of the roughness by the penalty method, which yields the smallest set of equations. 2) Iterative solution of the nonlinear equations by Newton's method. 3) Solution of the linearized equations by an inner iterative cycle of successive over-relaxation, which takes advantage of the extreme sparseness of the system. 4) Multigridding, in which the solutions to the smaller problems obtained by reducing the resolution are used recursively to greatly speed convergence at the higher resolutions, and 5) A rapid noniterative initial estimate of z obtained by exploiting the special symmetry of the equations obtained in the first linearization.
The algorithm is extensively demonstrated on 200 by 200 pixel synthetic \"images\" generated from digital topographic data for northern Utah over a range of phase angles. Rms error in the solution is ~ 22 m, out of ~ 660 m total relief. The error is dominated by \"stripes\" with the same azimuth as the light source, resulting from use of the roughness criterion in lieu of boundary conditions; the rms error along profiles parallel to the stripes is only ~ 2-8 m, depending on the phase angle. Satisfactory solutions are obtained even in the presence of quantization error, noise, and moderate blur in the image.
Applications of the PC algorithm to both remote sensing and photomicrography are sketched; a photoclinometric map of a low-relief Precambrian era fossil is presented as an example of the latter. Prospects for dealing with photometrically inhomogeneous surfaces, and an extension of the method to the analysis of side-looking radar data (\"radarclinometry\") are also discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"California Institute of Technology","publisherLocation":"Pasadena, California","doi":"10.7907/T5PT-S948","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., 1987, I. Thermal evolution of Ganymede and implications for surface features. II. Magnetohydrodynamic constraints on deep zonal flow in the giant planets. III. A fast finite-element algorithm for two-dimensional photoclinometry, 272 p., https://doi.org/10.7907/T5PT-S948.","productDescription":"272 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360219,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ganymede","publicComments":"Submitted for a Doctorate degree in Philosophy.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5de4b034bf6a856a40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28607,"text":"wri874142 - 1987 - Analysis of trends in water-quality data for water conservation area 3A, the Everglades, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T18:06:27.081865","indexId":"wri874142","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T20:50:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4142","title":"Analysis of trends in water-quality data for water conservation area 3A, the Everglades, Florida","docAbstract":"Rainfall and water-quality data bases from the South Florida Water Management District were used to evaluate water quality trends at 10 locations near or in Water Conservation Area 3A in The Everglades. The Seasonal Kendall test was applied to specific conductance, orthophosphate-phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total nitrogen regression residuals for the period 1978-82. Residuals of orthophosphate and nitrate quadratic models, based on antecedent 7-day rainfall at inflow gate S-11B, were the only two constituent-structure pairs that showed apparent significant (p < 0.05) increases in constituent concentrations. Elimination of regression models with distinct residual patterns and data outlines resulted in 17 statistically significant station water quality combinations for trend analysis. No water quality trends were observed.
The 1979 Memorandum of Agreement outlining the water quality monitoring program between the Everglades National Park and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers stressed collection four times a year at three stations, and extensive coverage of water quality properties. Trend analysis and other rigorous statistical evaluation programs are better suited to data monitoring programs that include more frequent sampling and that are organized in a water quality data management system. Pronounced areal differences in water quality suggest that a water quality monitoring system for Shark River Slough in Everglades National Park include collection locations near the source of inflow to Water Conservation Area 3A. (Author 's abstract)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri874142","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service and the South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Mattraw, H.C., Scheidt, D.J., and Federico, A.C., 1987, Analysis of trends in water-quality data for water conservation area 3A, the Everglades, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4142, iv, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874142.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57435,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4142/wri874142.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":123628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4142/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park, Water Conservation Area 3A","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.82916259765625,\n 25.759082934951692\n ],\n [\n -80.69732666015625,\n 25.762793355586627\n ],\n [\n -80.45974731445312,\n 26.061717616104055\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 26.0629512662096\n ],\n [\n -80.44464111328125,\n 26.11475283424124\n ],\n [\n -80.45974731445312,\n 26.149274465676672\n ],\n [\n -80.70968627929688,\n 26.152972606566966\n ],\n [\n -80.78521728515625,\n 26.159135914254378\n ],\n [\n -80.78109741210938,\n 25.98150251402977\n ],\n [\n -80.83740234375,\n 25.980268007469803\n ],\n [\n -80.83602905273436,\n 25.923466700919274\n ],\n [\n -80.8648681640625,\n 25.794945475649673\n ],\n [\n -80.82916259765625,\n 25.759082934951692\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Thermal evolution models are presented for Ganymede, assuming a mostly differentiated initial state of a water ocean overlying a rock layer. The only heat sources are assumed to be primordial heat (provided by accretion) and the long-lived radiogenic heat sources in the rock component. As Ganymede cools, the ocean thins, and two ice layers develop, one above composed of ice I, and the other below composed of high-pressure polymorphs of ice. Subsolidus convection proceeds separately in each ice layer, its transport of heat calculated using a simple parameterized convection scheme and the most recent data on ice rheology. The model requires that the average entropy of the deep ice layer exceeds that of the ice I layer. If the residual ocean separating these layers becomes thin enough, then a Rayleigh-Taylor-like (“diapiric”) instability may ensue, driven by the greater entropy of the deeper ice and merging the two ice mantles into a single convective layer. This instability is not predicted by linear analysis but occurs for plausible finite amplitude perturbations associated with large Rayleigh number convection. The resulting warm ice diapirs may lead to a dramatic “heat pulse” at the surface and to fracturing of the lithosphere, and may be directly or indirectly responsible for resurfacing and grooved terrain formation on Ganymede. The timing of this event depends rather sensitively on poorly known rheological parameters, but could be consistent with chronologies deduced from estimated cratering rates. Irrespective of the occurrence or importance of the heat pulse, we find that lithospheric fracturing requires rapid stress loading (on a time scale ⪅104 years). Such a time scale can be realized by warm ice diapirism, but not directly by gradual global expansion. In the absence of any quantitative and self-consistent model for the resurfacing of Ganymede by liquid water, we favor resurfacing by warm ice flows, which we demonstrate to be physically possible, a plausible consequence of our models, compatible with existing observations, and a hypothesis testable by Galileo. We discuss core formation as an alternative driver for resurfacing, and conclude that it is less attractive. We also consider anew the puzzle of why Callisto differs so greatly from Ganymede, offering several possible explanations. The models presented do not provide a compelling explanation for all aspects of Ganymedean geological evolution, since we have identified several potential problems, most notably the apparently extended period of grooved terrain formation (several hundred million years), which is difficult to reconcile with the heat pulse phenomenon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(87)90009-1","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., and Stevenson, D.J., 1987, Thermal evolution of a differentiated Ganymede and implications for surface features: Icarus, v. 69, no. 1, p. 91-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(87)90009-1.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Ganymede","volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5de4b034bf6a856a46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevenson, David J.","contributorId":211426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevenson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201403,"text":"70201403 - 1987 - Hydromagnetic constraints on deep zonal flows in the giant planets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T13:49:14","indexId":"70201403","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T13:48:19","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":917,"text":"Astrophysical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydromagnetic constraints on deep zonal flows in the giant planets","docAbstract":"The observed zonal flows of the giant planets will, if they penetrate below the visible atmosphere, interact significantly with the planetary magnetic field outside the metallized core. The appropriate measure of this interaction is the Chandrasekhar number Q = H^2 /4πρνα^2 λ (H = radial component of the magnetic field, ν = eddy viscosity, λ = magnetic diffusivity, α^-1 = length scale on which λ varies); at depths where Q ≳ 1, the velocity will be forced to oscillate on a small length scale or decay to zero. We estimate the conductivity due to semiconduction in H_2 (Jupiter, Saturn) and ionization in H_(2)0 (Uranus, Neptune) as a function of depth; the value λ ≈ 10^10 cm^2 s^-1 needed for Q = 1 is readily obtained well outside the metallic core (where A ≈ 10^2 cm^2 s^-1). These assertions are quantified by a simple model of the equatorial zonal jet in which the flow is assumed uniform on cylinders concentric with the spin axis, and viscous and magnetic torques on each cylinder are balanced. We solve this \"Taylor constraint\" simultaneously with the dynamo equation to obtain the velocity and magnetic field in the equatorial plane. With this model we reproduce the widely differing jet widths of Jupiter and Saturn (though not the flow at very high or low latitudes) using v = 2500 cm^2 s^-1, consistent with the requirement that viscous dissipation not exceed the specific luminosity. A model Uranian jet consistent with the limited Voyager data can also be constructed, with appropriately smaller v, but only if one assumes a two-layer interior. We tentatively predict a wide Neptunian jet. For Saturn (but not Jupiter or Uranus) the model has a large magnetic Reynolds number where Q = 1 and hence exhibits substantial axisymmetrization of the field in the equatorial plane. This effect may or may not persist at higher latitudes. The one-dimensional model presented is only a first step. Variation of the velocity and magnetic field parallel to the spin axis must be modeled in order to answer several important questions, including: (1) What is the behavior of flows at high latitudes, whose Taylor cylinders are interrupted by the region with Q > 1? (2) To what extent is differential rotation in the envelope responsible for the spinaxisymmetry of Saturn's magnetic field?
","language":"English","publisher":"American Astronomical Society","doi":"10.1086/165248","issn":"0004-637X","usgsCitation":"Kirk, R.L., and Stevenson, D.J., 1987, Hydromagnetic constraints on deep zonal flows in the giant planets: Astrophysical Journal, v. 316, no. 2, p. 836-846, https://doi.org/10.1086/165248.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"836","endPage":"846","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140312-094653599","text":"External Repository"},{"id":360215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Neptune; Saturn; Uranus","volume":"316","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5ee4b034bf6a856a4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":754051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevenson, David J.","contributorId":211426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevenson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":754052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121548,"text":"70121548 - 1987 - Instream water use in the United States: water laws and methods for determining flow requirements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-22T12:54:53","indexId":"70121548","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T12:48:30","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Water-Supply Paper 2350","title":"Instream water use in the United States: water laws and methods for determining flow requirements","docAbstract":"Water use generally is divided into two primary classes - offstream use and instream use. In offstream use, sometimes called out-of-stream or diversionary use, water is withdrawn (diverted) from a stream or aquifer and transported to the place of use. Examples are irrigated agriculture, municipal water supply, and industrial use. Each of these offstream uses, which decreases the volume of water available downstream from the point of diversion, is discussed in previous articles in this volume. Instream use, which generally does not diminish the flow downstream from its point of use, and its importance are described in this article.
\nOne of the earliest instream uses of water in the United States was to turn the water wheels that powered much of the Nation's industry in the 18th and 19th centuries. Although a small volume of water might have been diverted to a mill near streamside, that water usually was returned to the stream near the point of diversion and, thus, the flow was not diminished downstream from the mill. Over time, the generation of hydroelectric power replaced mill wheels as a means of converting water flow into energy. Since the 1920's, the generation of hydroelectric power increasingly has become a major instream use of water. By 1985, more than 3 billion acre-feet of water (3,050,000 million gallons per day) was used annually for hydropower generation (Solley and others, 1988, p. 45)-enough water to cover the State of Colorado to a depth of 51 feet.
\nNavigation is another instream use with a long history. The Lewis and Clark expedition journals and many of Mark Twain's novels illustrate the extent to which the Nation originally depended on adequate streamfiows for basic transportation. Navigation in the 1980's is still considered to be an instream use; however, it often is based upon a stream system that has been modified greatly through channelization, diking, and construction of dams and locks. The present (1987) inland water navigation system in the conterminous United States consists of about 12,000 miles of maintained waterways, over which about 500 million tons of cargo is carried each year (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1988, p. 16).
\nAlthough not so widely practiced in recent years, streams have been used to dispose of raw waste products from homes, communities, and factories. This use has been discouraged by law and public policy because of public health concerns and the damage it causes to the environment.
\nBeginning in the mid-1960's, other instream uses gained new prominence in the water-resources arena-the assertion of a legal right to a free-flowing stream for biological, recreational, and esthetic purposes. These uses themselves, however, are not new. Riverine habitat always has produced fish, and the beauty of flowing water always has evoked a strong sense of esthetic appreciation. What is new is the emerging legitimacy and awareness of these noneconomic uses under State and Federal laws and regulations. In the past, environmental uses of flowing water were ignored, for the most part, under a long-standing legal tradition that favored offstream uses and certain instream uses that had a strong economic basis.
\nThe history of instream-flow policy debate really concerns those recently recognized types of interim uses. Although the more transitional water uses have been protected by law, the recognition of other in stream uses has resulted in substantial changes in State water laws. Although methods for determining the volume of water needed for most traditional water uses are relatively straight-forward and well-established, methods for determining water requirements for the in stream uses have been developed only recently and are continuing to evolve.
\nWater laws that have favored the more traditional water uses, the inherent nature of conflict between instream and offstream water uses, and the special kinds of technological and philosophical problems posed by the \"newer\" types of instream uses are described below. Water laws that have been passed to accommodate the more recently recognized instream uses are summarized.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Water Summary 1987","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B., and Doerksen, H.R., 1987, Instream water use in the United States: water laws and methods for determining flow requirements, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292875,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f85963e4b03f038c5c1820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton L.","contributorId":24009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doerksen, Harvey R.","contributorId":25476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doerksen","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121392,"text":"70121392 - 1987 - Discussion of: 'Conceptual models of sediment transport in streams' by R. L. Beschta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T12:35:21","indexId":"70121392","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T12:34:27","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Discussion of: 'Conceptual models of sediment transport in streams' by R. L. Beschta","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sediment Transport in Gravel-Bed Rivers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","publisherLocation":"Chichester, UK","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 1987, Discussion of: 'Conceptual models of sediment transport in streams' by R. L. Beschta, chap. of Sediment Transport in Gravel-Bed Rivers, p. 411-415.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"415","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292781,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707d7e4b05ec1f2431bbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121522,"text":"70121522 - 1987 - Prospects for Yellowstone grizzly bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T15:00:24.756253","indexId":"70121522","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T11:49:55","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":978,"text":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prospects for Yellowstone grizzly bears","docAbstract":"Recent analyses of data on the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) population of Yellowstone National Park and its environs suggest the likelihood of a continuing decline in numbers if losses of fully adult females are not reduced. The size of the population is not known, and a simple projection model has been used to identify some inconsistencies in the available index data. Population dynamics calculations, based on Lotka's equation or a stochastic model, indicate a continuing decrease in numbers, although continued observations through radio-telemetry are needed to verify these trends. The margin between stabilizing the population and a continued decrease appears to be roughly the loss of 2 fully adult female bears per year. At present, the risk of extirpation of this population over the next 30 years appears to be small. Continued monitoring of survivorship will be needed, particularly because \"recovery\" of the population may be mainly characterized by a shift in the pattern of mortality, from adults to subadults, and not necessarily a reduction in absolute number of losses.","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","doi":"10.2307/3872606","usgsCitation":"Knight, R., and Eberhardt, L., 1987, Prospects for Yellowstone grizzly bears: Bears: Their Biology and Management, v. 7, p. 45-50, https://doi.org/10.2307/3872606.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292871,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.156,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,44.1324 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f85980e4b03f038c5c18a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knight, R.R.","contributorId":59063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberhardt, L.L.","contributorId":72313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhardt","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121885,"text":"70121885 - 1987 - Breeding bird response to cattle grazing of a cottonwood bottomland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-25T09:27:05","indexId":"70121885","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T09:24:33","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding bird response to cattle grazing of a cottonwood bottomland","docAbstract":"We studied avian habitat relationships and the impact of grazing on breeding densities of selected migratory birds in a plains cottonwood (Populus sargentii) bottomland in northeastern Colorado. Five 16-ha plots served as controls and 5 were fenced and fall-grazed October-November 1982-84 following a season of pre-treatment study in the spring of 1982. We focused our analysis on bird species directly dependent on the grass-herb-shrub layer of vegetation for foraging, nesting, or both. The guild included house wren (Troglodytes aedon), brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), American robin (Turdus migratorius), common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens), and rufous-sided towhee (Pipilo erythropthalmus). Moderate, late-fall grazing had no detectable impact on calculated densities of any of the 6 species, implying that proper seasonal grazing of a cottonwood floodplain is, at least initially (3 years), compatible with migratory bird use of a site for breeding. Habitat associations suggested that common yellowthroats and yellow-breasted chats were most unique and most likely to respond negatively to higher levels of grazing. We suggest that these latter 2 species are appropriate ecological indicators of the quality of ground-shrub vegetation as breeding bird habitats in lowland floodplains of the Great Plains.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/3801661","usgsCitation":"Sedgwick, J., and Knopf, F., 1987, Breeding bird response to cattle grazing of a cottonwood bottomland: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 51, no. 1, p. 230-237, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801661.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"230","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292934,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292932,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3801661"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53fc4dc5e4b0413fd75d6a61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedgwick, James A.","contributorId":55350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedgwick","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knopf, Fritz L.","contributorId":30549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"Fritz L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70243693,"text":"70243693 - 1987 - Incorporating activity time in harmonic home range analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-17T14:21:18.14813","indexId":"70243693","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T09:19:25","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Incorporating activity time in harmonic home range analysis","docAbstract":"The amount of time an animal spends in particular areas is an important aspect of estimating its home range and activity pattern. Calculations of home range using the harmonic mean can be modified to reflect the amount of time or the type of activity observed at each location. The relative time spent at each location may be used to calculate a time-weighted harmonic home range and associated use pattern. This time-weighted harmonic mean approach provides a method for incorporating bursts of relocation data into a home range analysis or identifying activity areas within the home range.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801664","usgsCitation":"Samuel, M.D., and Garton, E., 1987, Incorporating activity time in harmonic home range analysis: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 51, no. 1, p. 254-257, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801664.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"254","endPage":"257","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samuel, Michael D. msamuel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"Michael","email":"msamuel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garton, Edward O.","contributorId":272292,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garton","given":"Edward O.","affiliations":[{"id":39599,"text":"ui","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":872933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}