\"Choice of materials most suitable for ballast\", by Leo Maddalena, describes the properties needed for good railroad ballast material. Important rocks of Italy and general rock types, such as granite, syenite, lavas, sandstones and limestones, are considered with respect to their structure, texture, compaction, accessory elements, porosity, alteration, and strength.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4817A","usgsCitation":"Maddalena, L., 1948, Choice of materials most suitable for ballast: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-17, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4817A.","productDescription":"5 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0017-a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":483772,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0017-a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e240a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maddalena, Leo","contributorId":83543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maddalena","given":"Leo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55621,"text":"ofr486 - 1948 - Geology of the Paonia coal field, Delta and Gunnison Counties, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:56","indexId":"ofr486","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"48-6","title":"Geology of the Paonia coal field, Delta and Gunnison Counties, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr486","usgsCitation":"Johnson, V.H., Andrews, D., and Robeck, R., 1948, Geology of the Paonia coal field, Delta and Gunnison Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-6, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr486.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":100401,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0006/plate-1.pdf","size":"15949","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aedcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, V. H.","contributorId":79150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, D. A.","contributorId":83603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robeck, R.C.","contributorId":98783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robeck","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":57081,"text":"ofr4883 - 1948 - Ground water available in the Davenport area, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-25T07:11:17","indexId":"ofr4883","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"48-83","title":"Ground water available in the Davenport area, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This memorandum describes the ground-water resources in the vicinity of Davenport, Lincoln County, Oklahoma. It is based on a one-day trip to Davenport made by the writer on February 11, 1948, to obtain information in addition to that in the ground-water files in Norman on the availability of ground water for public supply or other uses in the Davenport area.
\nDavenport is a town of about 1,000 in east-central Lincoln County, Oklahoma, on U.S. Highway 66, about half way between Oklahoma City and Tulsa. It is in an area of undulating to gently rolling topography underlain by rocks of Pennsylvanian age. The area is drained into Deep Fork of the Canadian River, by Dry Creek and its tributary, Chuckaho Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4883","usgsCitation":"Schoff, S., 1948, Ground water available in the Davenport area, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-83, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4883.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286560,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286559,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0083/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","city":"Davenport","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.777025,35.69883 ], [ -96.777025,35.720612 ], [ -96.753745,35.720612 ], [ -96.753745,35.69883 ], [ -96.777025,35.69883 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoff, Stuart L.","contributorId":104467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoff","given":"Stuart L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57084,"text":"ofr4884 - 1948 - Ground water in the Anadarko area [Caddo County], Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T19:29:36.224537","indexId":"ofr4884","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"48-84","title":"Ground water in the Anadarko area [Caddo County], Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This report offers a preliminary interpretation of the geology and ground-water hydrology of the Anadarko area, Oklahoma. L.V. Davis prepared the accompanying map from aerial photographs and furnished much of the geologic information, and records of the State Mineral Survey (WPA) were used in the preparation of the section on the Rush Springs sandstone.\r\n(available as photostat copy only)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4884","usgsCitation":"Schoff, S., 1948, Ground water in the Anadarko area [Caddo County], Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-84, Report: 7 p.; 1 Plate: 8.93 x 6.17 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4884.","productDescription":"Report: 7 p.; 1 Plate: 8.93 x 6.17 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":375575,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0084/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":184134,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0084/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":375574,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0084/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Caddo County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-98.3181,35.5502],[-98.3187,35.5479],[-98.3193,35.5438],[-98.3193,35.5429],[-98.3142,35.5406],[-98.3119,35.5401],[-98.3085,35.541],[-98.3051,35.5437],[-98.305,35.3744],[-98.0985,35.3767],[-98.0906,34.8581],[-98.1937,34.8571],[-98.5091,34.8557],[-98.6206,34.8565],[-98.6177,35.0994],[-98.616,35.2038],[-98.6216,35.2038],[-98.6209,35.4639],[-98.6199,35.552],[-98.3181,35.5502]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Caddo\",\"state\":\"OK\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d93f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoff, Stuart L.","contributorId":104467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoff","given":"Stuart L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57083,"text":"ofr4882 - 1948 - Ground water in the Beggs area, Okmulgee County, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-25T07:07:48","indexId":"ofr4882","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"48-82","title":"Ground water in the Beggs area, Okmulgee County, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This memorandum discusses the geology of the Beggs area in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma, as it is related to the availability of ground water. Geological reports and unpublished data from the files of the Oklahoma Geological Survey, together with local information furnished by R.W. Steinman, Beggs Water Superintendent, are the basis for the statements that follow.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4882","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation between the Oklahoma Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Schoff, S., 1948, Ground water in the Beggs area, Okmulgee County, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-82, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4882.","productDescription":"7 p.","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":286558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286557,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0082/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Okmulgee County","otherGeospatial":"Beggs Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96.19284,35.376632 ], [ -96.19284,35.857341 ], [ -95.71264,35.857341 ], [ -95.71264,35.376632 ], [ -96.19284,35.376632 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69868f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoff, Stuart L.","contributorId":104467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoff","given":"Stuart L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53588,"text":"ofr4823 - 1948 - Preliminary report on an experimental aeromagnetic survey in northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:40","indexId":"ofr4823","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"48-23","title":"Preliminary report on an experimental aeromagnetic survey in northwestern Indiana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4823","usgsCitation":"Joesting, H.R., and Henderson, J.R., 1948, Preliminary report on an experimental aeromagnetic survey in northwestern Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-23, 11 leaves : ill., maps ; 29 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4823.","productDescription":"11 leaves : ill., maps ; 29 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0023/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87469,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0023/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":87470,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0023/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":87471,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0023/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cb55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joesting, Henry Rochambeau","contributorId":83204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joesting","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"Rochambeau","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson, J. R.","contributorId":78705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51798,"text":"ofr54333 - 1948 - Preliminary geologic report of Sadlerochit River area, 1948","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-16T17:52:13.652278","indexId":"ofr54333","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-333","title":"Preliminary geologic report of Sadlerochit River area, 1948","docAbstract":"\"The Sadlerochit River area\" is the name that has been applied for purposes of convenience to that portion of the eastern part of the northern Alaska shown in Figure 1. The map covers an area of about 1400 square miles. The center of this map is a point approximately 55 miles southwest of Barter Island, 90 miles west of the International Boundary, and 180 miles east of Umiat.
No abstract available.
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William","contributorId":12882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginter, Roy L.","contributorId":73240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginter","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alden, George P.","contributorId":69600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alden","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23172,"text":"ofr4835 - 1948 - Secondary-recovery possibilities of the western part of the Delaware-Childers field : Nowata County, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr4835","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"48-35","title":"Secondary-recovery possibilities of the western part of the Delaware-Childers field : Nowata County, Oklahoma","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr4835","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Fox, I.W., Ginter, R.L., and Alden, G.P., 1948, Secondary-recovery possibilities of the western part of the Delaware-Childers field : Nowata County, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-35, iv, 113 leaves (some folded) :ill.; plates; maps ;27 cm. (33 plates -- PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4835.","productDescription":"iv, 113 leaves (some folded) :ill.; plates; maps ;27 cm. (33 plates -- PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc1ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, I. William","contributorId":12882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginter, Roy L.","contributorId":73240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginter","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alden, George P.","contributorId":69600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alden","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":13775,"text":"ofr4837 - 1948 - Wells drilled for oil and gas in the state of Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13775,"text":"ofr4837 - 1948 - Wells drilled for oil and gas in the state of Utah","indexId":"ofr4837","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"title":"Wells drilled for oil and gas in the state of Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046196,"text":"70046196 - 1955 - Drilling records for oil and gas in Utah","indexId":"70046196","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Drilling records for oil and gas in Utah"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70046196,"text":"70046196 - 1955 - Drilling records for oil and gas in Utah","indexId":"70046196","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"title":"Drilling records for oil and gas in Utah"},"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-30T13:28:58","indexId":"ofr4837","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"48-37","title":"Wells drilled for oil and gas in the state of Utah","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr4837","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1948, Wells drilled for oil and gas in the state of Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-37, 16 leaves ;22 x 36 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4837.","productDescription":"16 leaves ;22 x 36 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4aac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13452,"text":"ofr4816 - 1948 - Geologic study of the landslide at Prattville, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:42","indexId":"ofr4816","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"48-16","title":"Geologic study of the landslide at Prattville, Alabama","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr4816","usgsCitation":"Eargle, D.H., 1948, Geologic study of the landslide at Prattville, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-16, 9 leaves :ill., map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4816.","productDescription":"9 leaves :ill., map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6880d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eargle, D. Hoye","contributorId":41432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eargle","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hoye","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57078,"text":"ofr4811 - 1948 - Preliminary report on the geology along the route of a proposed tunnel to develop hydroelectric power from Eklutna Lake, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-14T13:31:08","indexId":"ofr4811","displayToPublicDate":"1948-01-01T10:45:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"48-11","title":"Preliminary report on the geology along the route of a proposed tunnel to develop hydroelectric power from Eklutna Lake, Alaska","docAbstract":"A preliminary investigation of the geology of the ridge north-\nwest of the lower end of Eklutna Lake was made in the period\nJune 11-18, 1947, by the writer, assisted by L. A. Hale. The\npurpose of this study was to obtain geological information bearing\non the feasibility of constructing a tunnel through this ridge as\npart of a hydroelectric power development under consideration by\nthe city of Anchorage.
\nSeveral traverses were made up each side of the ridge in a\nbelt judged to include the most logical routes for the proposed\ntunnel. For the purpose of localizing the study two tentative\nroutes were selected, of which one would require the shortest possible\nlength of tunnel, and tho other would be somewhat longer but would\nplace the lower portal of the tunnel at a location considered to\nbe the most favorable for the construction of the penstock and\npower plant. The first route extends northwestward from tho most\nwesterly embayment on the north shore of the lake to the canyon\nabout half a wile east of Pioneer Creek (see map) . The second\nroute extends from tho same point in the lake to the nearest\npoint on the steep slope southwest of the mouth of Goat Creek.\nThe distance along the first route from the lake shore (elevation\n862 feet) to the 800-foot contour on the north side of the ridge is 4.3 miles. The distance between corresponding points along the\nsecond route is 4.5 miles. The length of the tunnel would exceed\nthese distances by amounts depending on the elevation and grade at\nwhich the tunnel is constructed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4811","usgsCitation":"Barnes, F., 1948, Preliminary report on the geology along the route of a proposed tunnel to develop hydroelectric power from Eklutna Lake, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 48-11, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4811.","productDescription":"9 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287143,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0011/report.pdf"},{"id":287144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1948/0011/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eklutna Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -149.333333,61.416667 ], [ -149.333333,61.583333 ], [ -149.166667,61.583333 ], [ -149.166667,61.416667 ], [ -149.333333,61.416667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53749073e4b0870f4d23cfd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, F.F.","contributorId":87198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"F.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179961,"text":"70179961 - 1948 - Flood of August 1942 in the Ontonagon River basin, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T14:10:22","indexId":"70179961","displayToPublicDate":"1947-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1948","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Flood of August 1942 in the Ontonagon River basin, Michigan","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/70179961","usgsCitation":"Noecker, M., and Wiitala, S., 1948, Flood of August 1942 in the Ontonagon River basin, Michigan: Open-File Report, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70179961.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Ontonagon River basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5883303be4b0d00231637832","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noecker, Max","contributorId":39349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noecker","given":"Max","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiitala, S.W.","contributorId":41806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiitala","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55540,"text":"ofr4732 - 1947 - Grande Ronde water diversion discussed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-14T13:26:21","indexId":"ofr4732","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-32","title":"Grande Ronde water diversion discussed","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4732","usgsCitation":"Helland, R., 1947, Grande Ronde water diversion discussed: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-32, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4732.","productDescription":"66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287141,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0032/report.pdf"},{"id":287142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0032/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Grande Ronde Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.960388,45.310622 ], [ -117.960388,45.326314 ], [ -117.928373,45.326314 ], [ -117.928373,45.310622 ], [ -117.960388,45.310622 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helland, R.O.","contributorId":72458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helland","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55539,"text":"ofr4712 - 1947 - Geologic features of dam sites in the Nehalem, Rogue, and Willamette River basins, Oregon, 1935-37","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T11:04:03","indexId":"ofr4712","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-12","title":"Geologic features of dam sites in the Nehalem, Rogue, and Willamette River basins, Oregon, 1935-37","docAbstract":"The present report comprises brief descriptions of geologic features at 19 potential dam sites in the Nehalem, Rogue, and Willamette River basins in western Oregon. The topography of these site and of the corresponding reservoir site was mapped in 1934-36 under an allocation of funds, by the Public Works Administration for river-utilization surveys by the Conservation Branch of the United States Geological Survey. The field program in Oregon has been under the immediate charge of R. O. Helland.
\nThe 19 dam sites are distributed as follows: three on the Nehalem River, on the west or Pacific slope of the Oregon Coast range; four on Little Butte Creek and two on Evans Creek, tributaries of the Rogue River in the eastern part of the Klamath Mountains; four on the South and Middle Santiam Rivers, tributaries of the Willamette River from the west slope of the Cascade mountains; and six on tributaries of the Willamette River from the east slope of the Coast Range.
\nExcept in the Evans Creek basin, all the rocks in the districts that were studied are of comparatively late geological age. They include volcanic rocks, crystalline rocks of several types, marine and nonmarine sedimentary rocks, and recent stream deposits.
\nThe study of geologic features has sought to estimate the bearing power and water-tightness of the rocks at each dam site, also to place rather broad limits on the type of dam for which the respective sites seem best suited. It was not considered necessary to study the corresponding reservoir sites in detail for excessive leakage appears to be unlikely. Except at three of the four site in the Santiam River basin, no test pits have been dug nor exploratory holes drilled, so that geologic features have been interpreted wholly from natural outcrops and from highway and railroad cuts. Because these outcrops and cuts are few, many problems related to the construction and maintenance of dams can not be answered at the this time and all critical features of the sites should be thoroughly explored by test pits and drilled holes before any dam is designed. This applied especially to sites in the Nehalem and Willamette River basins where commonly the cover of timber and brush is dense and the rocks are rather deeply weathered.
\nOn the Middle Santiam and South Santiam Rivers, the Cascadia, Greenpeter, and Sweet Home sits have been studies intensively by the United States Engineer Department, whose work included exploration by diamond-drill holes and test pits. Their conclusions as to geologic features are given in a report by McKitrick and have been reviewed by the writer. Data from this source have been used freely in the discussion of the respective sites in this report.
\nThe probability of destructive earthquakes in the region appears to be small but is not negligible. Prudence suggests that any high dam should embody features to assure stability against moderately strong earth motions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4712","usgsCitation":"Piper, A.M., 1947, Geologic features of dam sites in the Nehalem, Rogue, and Willamette River basins, Oregon, 1935-37: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-12, Report: 111 p.; 10 plates: 10.24 x 7.98 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4712.","productDescription":"Report: 111 p.; 10 plates: 10.24 x 7.98 inches","numberOfPages":"124","temporalStart":"1935-01-01","temporalEnd":"1937-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289620,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289609,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-1.pdf"},{"id":289611,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-3.pdf"},{"id":289613,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-4.pdf"},{"id":289614,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-5.pdf"},{"id":289615,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-b-1.pdf"},{"id":289608,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/report.pdf"},{"id":289612,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-a-2.pdf"},{"id":289616,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-c-1.pdf"},{"id":289617,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-c-2.pdf"},{"id":289618,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-d.pdf"},{"id":289619,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0012/sheet-unnumbered.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.261389,44.48366 ], [ -123.261389,44.754742 ], [ -123.071457,44.754742 ], [ -123.071457,44.48366 ], [ -123.261389,44.48366 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db610f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, A. M.","contributorId":102865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55593,"text":"ofr4720 - 1947 - Preliminary report on the gypsum deposits near Iyoukeen Cove, Chicagof Island, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55593,"text":"ofr4720 - 1947 - Preliminary report on the gypsum deposits near Iyoukeen Cove, Chicagof Island, southeastern Alaska","indexId":"ofr4720","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary report on the gypsum deposits near Iyoukeen Cove, Chicagof Island, southeastern Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":57001,"text":"b989B - 1953 - Gypsum deposits near Iyoukeen Cove, Chichagof Island, southeastern Alaska","indexId":"b989B","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Gypsum deposits near Iyoukeen Cove, Chichagof Island, southeastern Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":57001,"text":"b989B - 1953 - Gypsum deposits near Iyoukeen Cove, Chichagof Island, southeastern Alaska","indexId":"b989B","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Gypsum deposits near Iyoukeen Cove, Chichagof Island, southeastern Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-24T20:20:14.656101","indexId":"ofr4720","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-20","title":"Preliminary report on the gypsum deposits near Iyoukeen Cove, Chicagof Island, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"The only known gypsum deposits in Alaska are on northeastern Chichagof Island, southeastern Alaska, at Iyoukeen Cove (fig. 1). The area first developed and for a time worked by the Pacific Coast Gypsum Co. is approximately 1 mile upstream from the mouth of Gypsum Creek at an elevation of about 70 feet (fig. 2). The second deposit, known as the Gypsum-Camel property, is on tidewater 12 miles northeast of the mouth of Gypsum Creek (fig. 2). Iyoukeen Cove is about 35 air miles southwest of Juneau and is on both the mail-boat and the airline routes between Juneau and Sitka.
The two deposits were examined by a Geological Survey party during the summer of 1946. Topographic and geologic maps were made of the vicinity of both deposits (figs. 2 and 3). Accessible underground workings at the Gypsum-Camel property also were mapped,
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4720","usgsCitation":"Flint, G.W., and Cobb, E.H., 1947, Preliminary report on the gypsum deposits near Iyoukeen Cove, Chicagof Island, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-20, Report: 4 p.; 1 Plate: 18.63 x 19.38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4720.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; 1 Plate: 18.63 x 19.38 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":428098,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0020/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428097,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0020/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0020/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chicagof Island, southeastern Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -136.49179591669778,\n 58.14130089377099\n ],\n [\n -136.49179591669778,\n 57.43028598659512\n ],\n [\n -134.66569345458902,\n 57.43028598659512\n ],\n [\n -134.66569345458902,\n 58.14130089377099\n ],\n [\n -136.49179591669778,\n 58.14130089377099\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c82e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, George W. Jr.","contributorId":16085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cobb, Edward Huntington","contributorId":25916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"Huntington","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":42576,"text":"ofr4711 - 1947 - Preliminary geologic map of the Pleasant quadrangle, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:04","indexId":"ofr4711","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-11","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Pleasant quadrangle, North Dakota","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4711","usgsCitation":"Lemke, R., Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and Smith, J.H., 1947, Preliminary geologic map of the Pleasant quadrangle, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-11, 1 map :photocopy ;59 x 39 cm., on sheet 75 x 65 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4711.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;59 x 39 cm., on sheet 75 x 65 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":80347,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0011/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67adcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemke, Richard W.","contributorId":59409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemke","given":"Richard W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, J. Hiram","contributorId":82672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hiram","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":226741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55579,"text":"ofr4729 - 1947 - The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55579,"text":"ofr4729 - 1947 - The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada","indexId":"ofr4729","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"title":"The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35649,"text":"b997 - 1953 - The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River district, Lander County, Nevada","indexId":"b997","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River district, Lander County, Nevada"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35649,"text":"b997 - 1953 - The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River district, Lander County, Nevada","indexId":"b997","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River district, Lander County, Nevada"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:59","indexId":"ofr4729","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-29","title":"The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4729","usgsCitation":"Ross, C.P., 1947, The geology and ore deposits of the Reese River mining district, Lander County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-29, 136 p. :ill., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4729.","productDescription":"136 p. :ill.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, C. P.","contributorId":91545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55583,"text":"ofr4727A - 1947 - Electrochemical stabilization of clayey ground","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T11:15:23","indexId":"ofr4727A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-27","chapter":"A","title":"Electrochemical stabilization of clayey ground","docAbstract":"Recently developed new methods of stabilization of weak grounds (e.g. the silicate treatment) are based on injection of chemical solutions into the ground. Such methods are applicable accordingly only to the kinds of ground that have the coefficient of filtration higher than 2 meters per 24 hours and permit penetration of the chemical solutions under pressure. This limit, however, as it is shown by our experience in construction, excludes a numerous and an important class of grounds, stabilization of which is indispensable in many instances. For example, digging of trenches and pits in clayey, silty, or sandy ground shows that all these types act like typical \"floaters\" (sluds? -S) in the presence of the ground water pressure. There were several instances in the canalization of the city of Moskow where the laying of trenches below the ground water level has led to extreme difficulties with clayey and silty ground.
\nSimilar examples could be cited in mining, engineering hydrology, and railroad construction. For these reasons, the development of methods of stabilizing such difficult types of ground has become an urgent problem of our day.
\nIn 1936, the author began his investigations, at the ground Stabilization Laboratory of VODGEO Institute, with direct electrical current as the means of stabilization of grounds. Experiments had shown that a large number of clayey types, following passage of direct electrical current, undergoes a transformation of its physico-chemical properties. It was established that the (apparent -S) density of the ground is substantially increased in consequence of the application of direct electrical current. The ground loses also its capacity to swell and to soften in water. Later, after a more detailed study of the physico-chemical mechanism of the electrical stabilization, it became possible to develop the method so as to make it applicable to sandy and silty as well as to clayey ground. By this time (1941, S.), the method has already been tested in the field, was found satisfactory, and is being introduced into construction practice.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4727A","usgsCitation":"Rzhanitzin, B., and Sokoloff, V., 1947, Electrochemical stabilization of clayey ground: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-27, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4727A.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289623,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0027-A/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606e09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rzhanitzin, B.A.","contributorId":16921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rzhanitzin","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sokoloff, V.P. (translator)","contributorId":18773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokoloff","given":"V.P.","suffix":"(translator)","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55590,"text":"ofr4724 - 1947 - Aeromagnetic map of parts of Crawford, Washington, and St. Francois Counties, Missouri, showing total intensity anomalies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:53","indexId":"ofr4724","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-24","title":"Aeromagnetic map of parts of Crawford, Washington, and St. Francois Counties, Missouri, showing total intensity anomalies","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr4724","usgsCitation":"Keller, F., and Henderson, J.R., 1947, Aeromagnetic map of parts of Crawford, Washington, and St. Francois Counties, Missouri, showing total intensity anomalies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-24, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4724.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6977b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, F. Jr.","contributorId":52256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson, J. R.","contributorId":78705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":42832,"text":"ofr477 - 1947 - Preliminary geologic map of the Minot quadrangle, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:05","indexId":"ofr477","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-7","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Minot quadrangle, North Dakota","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr477","usgsCitation":"Lemke, R., Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and Smith, J.H., 1947, Preliminary geologic map of the Minot quadrangle, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-7, 1 map :photocopy ;58 x 39 cm., on sheet 74 x 65 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr477.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;58 x 39 cm., on sheet 74 x 65 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":80659,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0007/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6985ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemke, Richard W.","contributorId":59409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemke","given":"Richard W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, J. Hiram","contributorId":82672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hiram","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":227219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":55584,"text":"ofr4727B - 1947 - Electrochemical stabilization as a means of preventing ground failure in railroads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-09T11:19:44","indexId":"ofr4727B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1947","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"47-27","chapter":"B","title":"Electrochemical stabilization as a means of preventing ground failure in railroads","docAbstract":"Laboratory and field data on electrochemical stabilization of clays, by three Russian authors, are here presented in translation. Abstracts of the Russian papers were published in May 1947 issue of the Engineering News Record (pp. 100-101). There exists also a small body of literature, in German and English, dealing with the electrochemical stabilization and related subjects. Elements of the electrochemical process were patented by Casagrande in Germany, shortly before the last war.
\nResults of the Russians and of others, including the German patent, appear to be sound and interesting accordingly. Mechanism of the electrochemical stabilization, however, appears to be surmised rather than established. Unless the mechanism of such stabilization is understood in detail, little progress may be expected in field applications of the electrochemical method.
\nElectroosmosis, a poorly reversible coagulation of the soil colloids, and introduction of exchangeable aluminum into the clay complex have been given credit for the ground-stabilizing effects of direct electrical current. Much remains to be done, as the reader may see, in developing further the theory of the method. A critical study is indicated, in this connection, by agencies or individuals qualified and equipped for basic research in soil physics. Optimum schedules for field treatments need be ascertained with particular care, to suit any given kind of material and environment. A wide range of variation in such schedules, is most certainly to be encountered in dealing with materials as diverse in their composition and properties as are clays. Any generalization on relationships between soil, electrolytes, moisture, and current could be premature if based on the Russian work alone.
\nStabilization of ground is a major engineering geologic problem of national interest. Needless to say, perhaps, that failures are to be expected, in laboratory and in the field, in this as well as in any other kind of research. To minimize probabilities of such failures, it may be recommended that investigators develop the electrochemical stabilization problem not merely against the relatively narrow background of soil mechanics, but with a certain feeling for geology, mineralogy, pedology, soil physics, and soil chemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr4727B","usgsCitation":"Solntzev, D., Sorkov, V., and Sokoloff, V., 1947, Electrochemical stabilization as a means of preventing ground failure in railroads: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 47-27, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr4727B.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289626,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289625,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1947/0027-B/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606de9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solntzev, D.I.","contributorId":64565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solntzev","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorkov, V.S.","contributorId":31678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorkov","given":"V.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sokoloff, V.P. (translator)","contributorId":18773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sokoloff","given":"V.P.","suffix":"(translator)","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}