During mid January to early February 2006, a series of explosive eruptions occurred at the Augustine volcanic island off the southern coast of Alaska. By early February a plume of volcanic ash was transported northward into the interior of Alaska. Satellite imagery and Puff volcanic ash transport model predictions confirm that the aerosol plume passed over a polarization lidar (0.694 mm wavelength) site at the Arctic Facility for Atmospheric Remote Sensing at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. For the first time, lidar linear depolarization ratios of 0.10 – 0.15 were measured in a fresh tropospheric volcanic plume, demonstrating that the nonspherical glass and mineral particles typical of volcanic eruptions generate strong laser depolarization. Thus, polarization lidars can identify the volcanic ash plumes that pose a threat to jet air traffic from the ground, aircraft, or potentially from Earth orbit.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2006GL027237","usgsCitation":"Sassen, K., Zhu, J., Webley, P.W., Dean, K., and Cobb, P., 2007, Volcanic ash plume identification using polarization lidar: Augustine eruption, Alaska: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027237.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027237","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":322284,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Southwestern Cook Inlet in the Kenai Peninsula Borough of southcentral coastal Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -108.7811279296875,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -108.7811279296875,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -111.6485595703125,\n 43.35713822211053\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.6046600341797,\n 59.316549906490465\n ],\n [\n -153.6046600341797,\n 59.42167959499959\n ],\n [\n -153.32313537597656,\n 59.42167959499959\n ],\n [\n -153.32313537597656,\n 59.316549906490465\n ],\n [\n -153.6046600341797,\n 59.316549906490465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57569eb8e4b023b96ec28486","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sassen, Kenneth","contributorId":168686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sassen","given":"Kenneth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":632975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhu, Jiang","contributorId":170401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhu","given":"Jiang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":632976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webley, Peter W.","contributorId":71937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webley","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":632977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dean, K.","contributorId":42767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dean","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13097,"text":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":632978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cobb, Patrick","contributorId":170402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cobb","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":632979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170377,"text":"70170377 - 2007 - Explosive eruptive record in the Katmai region, Alaska Peninsula: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T11:15:57.959014","indexId":"70170377","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-28T01:15:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Explosive eruptive record in the Katmai region, Alaska Peninsula: An overview","docAbstract":"At least 15 explosive eruptions from the Katmai cluster of volcanoes and another nine from other volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula are preserved as tephra layers in syn- and post-glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) loess and soil sections in Katmai National Park, AK. About 400 tephra samples from 150 measured sections have been collected between Kaguyak volcano and Mount Martin and from Shelikof Strait to Bristol Bay (∼8,500 km2). Five tephra layers are distinctive and widespread enough to be used as marker horizons in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes area, and 140 radiocarbon dates on enclosing soils have established a time framework for entire soil–tephra sections to 10 ka; the white rhyolitic ash from the 1912 plinian eruption of Novarupta caps almost all sections. Stratigraphy, distribution and tephra characteristics have been combined with microprobe analyses of glass and Fe–Ti oxide minerals to correlate ash layers with their source vents. Microprobe analyses (typically 20–50 analyses per glass or oxide sample) commonly show oxide compositions to be more definitive than glass in distinguishing one tephra from another; oxides from the Kaguyak caldera-forming event are so compositionally coherent that they have been used as internal standards throughout this study. Other than the Novarupta and Trident eruptions of the last century, the youngest locally derived tephra is associated with emplacement of the Snowy Mountain summit dome (<250 14C years B.P.). East Mageik has erupted most frequently during Holocene time with seven explosive events (9,400 to 2,400 14C years B.P.) preserved as tephra layers. Mount Martin erupted entirely during the Holocene, with lava coulees (>6 ka), two tephras (∼3,700 and ∼2,700 14C years B.P.), and a summit scoria cone with a crater still steaming today. Mount Katmai has three times produced very large explosive plinian to sub-plinian events (in 1912; 12–16 ka; and 23 ka) and many smaller pyroclastic deposits show that explosive activity has long been common there. Mount Griggs, fumarolically active and moderately productive during postglacial time (mostly andesitic lavas), has three nested summit craters, two of which are on top of a Holocene central cone. Only one ash has been found that is (tentatively) correlated with the most recent eruptive activity on Griggs (<3,460 14C years B.P.). Eruptions from other volcanoes NE and SW beyond the Katmai cluster represented in this area include: (1) coignimbrite ash from Kaguyak’s caldera-forming event (5,800 14C years B.P.); (2) the climactic event from Fisher caldera (∼9,100 14C years B.P.—tentatively correlated); (3) at least three eruptions most likely from Mount Peulik (∼700, ∼7,700 and ∼8,500 14C years B.P.); and (4) a phreatic fallout most likely from the Gas Rocks (∼2,300 14C years B.P.). Most of the radiocarbon dating has been done on loess, soil and peat enclosing this tephra. Ash correlations supported by stratigraphy and microprobe data are combined with radiocarbon dating to show that variably organics-bearing substrates can provide reliable limiting ages for ash layers, especially when data for several sites is available.
No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water-rock interaction: proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, WRI-12, Kunming, China, 31 July-5 August 2007","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"12th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, WRI-12","conferenceDate":"July 31 - August 5, 2007","conferenceLocation":"Kunming, China","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1201/NOE0415451369.ch12","usgsCitation":"Bergfeld, D., Evans, W., Hunt, A., and McGimsey, R.G., 2007, Magmatic gas efflux at the Ukinrek Maars, Alaska, in Water-rock interaction: proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, WRI-12, Kunming, China, 31 July-5 August 2007, v. 1, Kunming, China, July 31 - August 5, 2007, p. 65-69, https://doi.org/10.1201/NOE0415451369.ch12.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"69","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-03-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756dee4b0ef3b7caa6260","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627013,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Y.","contributorId":64213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627014,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bergfeld, Deborah 0000-0003-4570-7627 dbergfel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4570-7627","contributorId":152531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergfeld","given":"Deborah","email":"dbergfel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, W. C.","contributorId":115466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"W. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, A.G.","contributorId":68691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGimsey, R. G.","contributorId":93921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70170807,"text":"70170807 - 2007 - Late pleistocene and holocene caldera-forming eruptions of Okmok Caldera, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-03T22:42:34.794784","indexId":"70170807","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-26T06:15:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Late pleistocene and holocene caldera-forming eruptions of Okmok Caldera, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","docAbstract":"This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction
Geologic setting
Field and Analytical Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Mt. Veniaminof, Alaska Peninsula, is a stratovolcano with a summit ice-filled caldera containing a small intracaldera cone and active vent. From January 2 to February 21, 2005, Mt. Veniaminof erupted. The eruption was characterized by numerous small ash emissions (VEI 0 to 1) and accompanied by low-frequency earthquake activity and volcanic tremor. We have performed spectral analyses of the seismic signals in order to characterize them and to constrain their source. Continuous tremor has durations of minutes to hours with dominant energy in the band 0.5– 4.0 Hz, and spectra characterized by narrow peaks either irregularly (non-harmonic tremor) or regularly spaced (harmonic tremor). The spectra of non-harmonic tremor resemble those of low-frequency events recorded simultaneously with surface ash explosions, suggesting that the source mechanisms might be similar or related. We propose that non-harmonic tremor at Mt. Veniaminof results from the coalescence of gas bubbles while low-frequency events are related to the disruption of large gas pockets within the conduit. Harmonic tremor, characterized by regular and quasisinusoidal waveforms, has duration of hours. Spectra containing up to five harmonics suggest the presence of a resonating source volume that vibrates in a longitudinal acoustic mode. An interesting feature of harmonic tremor is that frequency is observed to change over time; spectral lines move towards higher or lower values while the harmonic nature of the spectra is maintained. Factors controlling the variable characteristics of harmonic tremor include changes in acoustic velocity at the source and variations of the effective size of the resonator.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Link","publisherLocation":"Berlin","doi":"10.1007/s00445-007-0119-4","usgsCitation":"De Angelis, S., and McNutt, S.R., 2007, Observations of volcanic tremor during January-February 2005 eruption of Mt. Veniaminof, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 69, p. 927-940, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-007-0119-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"927","endPage":"940","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320171,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","county":"Lake and Peninsula Borough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.862060546875,\n 55.88763544617004\n ],\n [\n -159.862060546875,\n 56.4078233698268\n ],\n [\n -158.829345703125,\n 56.4078233698268\n ],\n [\n -158.829345703125,\n 55.88763544617004\n ],\n [\n -159.862060546875,\n 55.88763544617004\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-03-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756e5e4b0ef3b7caa6280","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Angelis, Slivio","contributorId":52055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Angelis","given":"Slivio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNutt, Stephen R.","contributorId":38133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171027,"text":"70171027 - 2007 - Swarms of repeating long-period earthquakes at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 2001-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T10:48:44","indexId":"70171027","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-13T01:30:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Swarms of repeating long-period earthquakes at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 2001-2004","docAbstract":"During 2001–2004, a series of four periods of elevated long-period seismic activity, each lasting about 1–2 months, occurred at Shishaldin Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The time periods are termed swarms of repeating events, reflecting an abundance of earthquakes with highly similar waveforms that indicate stable, non-destructive sources. These swarms are characterized by increased earthquake amplitudes, although the seismicity rate of one event every 0.5–5 min has remained more or less constant since Shishaldin last erupted in 1999. A method based on waveform cross-correlation is used to identify highly repetitive events, suggestive of spatially distinct source locations. The waveform analysis shows that several different families of similar events co-exist during a given swarm day, but generally only one large family dominates. A network of hydrothermal fractures may explain the events that do not belong to a dominant repeating event group, i.e. multiple sources at different locations exist next to a dominant source. The dominant waveforms exhibit systematic changes throughout each swarm, but some of these waveforms do reappear over the course of 4 years indicating repeatedly activated source locations. The choked flow model provides a plausible trigger mechanism for the repeating events observed at Shishaldin, explaining the gradual changes in waveforms over time by changes in pressure gradient across a constriction within the uppermost part of the conduit. The sustained generation of Shishaldin's long-period events may be attributed to complex dynamics of a multi-fractured hydrothermal system: the pressure gradient within the main conduit may be regulated by temporarily sealing and reopening of parallel flow pathways, by the amount of debris within the main conduit and/or by changing gas influx into the hydrothermal system. The observations suggest that Shishaldin's swarms of repeating events represent time periods during which a dominant source is activated.
\nOn 11 January 2006, Mount Augustine volcano in southern Alaska began erupting after 20- year repose. The Anchorage Forecast Office of the National Weather Service (NWS) issued an advisory on 28 January for Kodiak City. On 31 January, Alaska Airlines cancelled all flights to and from Anchorage after multiple advisories from the NWS for Anchorage and the surrounding region. The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) had reported the onset of the continuous eruption. AVO monitors the approximately 100 active volcanoes in the Northern Pacific. Ash clouds from these volcanoes can cause serious damage to an aircraft and pose a serious threat to the local communities, and to transcontinental air traffic throughout the Arctic and sub-Arctic region. Within AVO, a dispersion model has been developed to track the dispersion of volcanic ash clouds. The model, Puff, was used operational by AVO during the Augustine eruptive period. Here, we examine the dispersion of a volcanic ash (or aerosol) cloud from Mount Augustine across Alaska from 29 January through the 2 February 2006. We present the synoptic meteorology, the Puff predictions, and measurements from aerosol samplers, laser radar (or lidar) systems, and satellites. Aerosol samplers revealed the presence of volcanic aerosols at the surface at sites where Puff predicted the ash clouds movement. Remote sensing satellite data showed the development of the ash cloud in close proximity to the volcano consistent with the Puff predictions. Two lidars showed the presence of volcanic aerosol with consistent characteristics aloft over Alaska and were capable of detecting the aerosol, even in the presence of scattered clouds and where the ash cloud is too thin/disperse to be detected by remote sensing satellite data. The lidar measurements revealed the different trajectories of ash consistent with the Puff predictions. Dispersion models provide a forecast of volcanic ash cloud movement that might be undetectable by any other means but are still a significant hazard. Validation is the key to assessing the accuracy of any predictions. The study highlights the use of multiple and complementary observations used in detecting the trajectory ash cloud, both at the surface and aloft in the atmosphere.
","publisher":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","publisherLocation":"Tokyo, Japan","usgsCitation":"Collins, R.L., Fochesatto, J., Sassen, K., Webley, P.W., Atkinson, D.E., Dean, K.G., Cahill, C.F., and Mizutani, K., 2007, Predicting and validating the motion of an ash cloud during the 2006 eruption of Mount Augustine volcano: Journal of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, v. 54, no. 1-2, p. 17-28.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320166,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nict.go.jp/publication/shuppan/kihou-journal/journal-vol54no1_2.htm","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","county":"Kenai Peninsula Borough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.59779357910156,\n 59.314272285806524\n ],\n [\n -153.59779357910156,\n 59.42342608667134\n ],\n [\n -153.31214904785156,\n 59.42342608667134\n ],\n [\n -153.31214904785156,\n 59.314272285806524\n ],\n [\n -153.59779357910156,\n 59.314272285806524\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576913e4e4b07657d19ff228","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Richard L.","contributorId":168685,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collins","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fochesatto, Javier","contributorId":168682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fochesatto","given":"Javier","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sassen, Kenneth","contributorId":168686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sassen","given":"Kenneth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webley, Peter W.","contributorId":71937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webley","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Atkinson, David E.","contributorId":168687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atkinson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dean, Kenneson G.","contributorId":44512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Kenneson","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cahill, Catherine F.","contributorId":168688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cahill","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mizutani, Kohei","contributorId":168683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mizutani","given":"Kohei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70171029,"text":"70171029 - 2007 - Seismo-acoustic signals associated with degassing explosions recorded at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 2003-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T12:30:59","indexId":"70171029","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T02:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismo-acoustic signals associated with degassing explosions recorded at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 2003-2004","docAbstract":"In summer 2003, a Chaparral Model 2 microphone was deployed at Shishaldin Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The pressure sensor was co-located with a short-period seismometer on the volcano’s north flank at a distance of 6.62 km from the active summit vent. The seismo-acoustic data exhibit a correlation between impulsive acoustic signals (1–2 Pa) and long-period (LP, 1–2 Hz) earthquakes. Since it last erupted in 1999, Shishaldin has been characterized by sustained seismicity consisting of many hundreds to two thousand LP events per day. The activity is accompanied by up to ∼200 m high discrete gas puffs exiting the small summit vent, but no significant eruptive activity has been confirmed. The acoustic waveforms possess similarity throughout the data set (July 2003–November 2004) indicating a repetitive source mechanism. The simplicity of the acoustic waveforms, the impulsive onsets with relatively short (∼10–20 s) gradually decaying codas and the waveform similarities suggest that the acoustic pulses are generated at the fluid–air interface within an open-vent system. SO2 measurements have revealed a low SO2 flux, suggesting a hydrothermal system with magmatic gases leaking through. This hypothesis is supported by the steady-state nature of Shishaldin’s volcanic system since 1999. Time delays between the seismic LP and infrasound onsets were acquired from a representative day of seismo-acoustic data. A simple model was used to estimate source depths. The short seismo-acoustic delay times have revealed that the seismic and acoustic sources are co-located at a depth of 240±200 m below the crater rim. This shallow depth is confirmed by resonance of the upper portion of the open conduit, which produces standing waves with f=0.3 Hz in the acoustic waveform codas. The infrasound data has allowed us to relate Shishaldin’s LP earthquakes to degassing explosions, created by gas volume ruptures from a fluid–air interface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Link","publisherLocation":"New York City","doi":"10.1007/s00445-006-0088-z","usgsCitation":"Petersen, T., 2007, Seismo-acoustic signals associated with degassing explosions recorded at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 2003-2004: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 69, p. 527-536, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-006-0088-z.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"527","endPage":"536","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Shishaldin Volcano, Unimak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.16595458984375,\n 54.680183097099984\n ],\n [\n -164.16595458984375,\n 54.856058604544806\n ],\n [\n -163.80340576171875,\n 54.856058604544806\n ],\n [\n -163.80340576171875,\n 54.680183097099984\n ],\n [\n -164.16595458984375,\n 54.680183097099984\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d664be4b07e28b6684e2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, T.","contributorId":104705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170349,"text":"70170349 - 2007 - Precursory seismicity associated with frequent, large ice avalanches on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-18T15:40:06","indexId":"70170349","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precursory seismicity associated with frequent, large ice avalanches on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"Since 1994, at least six major (volume>106 m3) ice and rock avalanches have occurred on Iliamna volcano, Alaska, USA. Each of the avalanches was preceded by up to 2 hours of seismicity believed to represent the initial stages of failure. Each seismic sequence begins with a series of repeating earthquakes thought to represent slip on an ice-rock interface, or between layers of ice. This stage is followed by a prolonged period of continuous ground-shaking that reflects constant slip accommodated by deformation at the glacier base. Finally the glacier fails in a large avalanche. Some of the events appear to have entrained large amounts of rock, while others comprise mostly snow and ice. Several avalanches initiated from the same source region, suggesting that this part of the volcano is particularly susceptible to failure, possibly due to the presence of nearby fumaroles. Although thermal conditions at the time of failure are not well constrained, it is likely that geothermal energy causes melting at the glacier base, promoting slip and culminating in failure. The frequent nature and predictable failure sequence of Iliamna avalanches makes the volcano an excellent laboratory for the study of ice avalanches. The prolonged nature of the seismic signal suggests that warning may one day be given for similar events occurring in populated regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge Journals","doi":"10.3189/172756507781833866","usgsCitation":"Caplan-Auerbach, J., and Huggel, C., 2007, Precursory seismicity associated with frequent, large ice avalanches on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, USA: Journal of Glaciology, v. 53, no. 180, p. 128-140, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756507781833866.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"128","endPage":"140","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/172756507781833866","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320154,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Iliamna","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.43505859375,\n 59.839295488500326\n ],\n [\n -153.43505859375,\n 60.2002509295016\n ],\n [\n -152.578125,\n 60.2002509295016\n ],\n [\n -152.578125,\n 59.839295488500326\n ],\n [\n -153.43505859375,\n 59.839295488500326\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"53","issue":"180","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-09-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5716053ee4b0ef3b7ca92055","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caplan-Auerbach, Jacqueline","contributorId":17848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caplan-Auerbach","given":"Jacqueline","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huggel, C.","contributorId":89347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huggel","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170391,"text":"70170391 - 2007 - Eruption and deposition of the Fisher Tuff (Alaska)--Evidence for the evolution of pyroclastic flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T14:55:35","indexId":"70170391","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-05T18:30:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eruption and deposition of the Fisher Tuff (Alaska)--Evidence for the evolution of pyroclastic flows","docAbstract":"Recognition that the Fisher Tuff (Unimak Island, Alaska) was deposited on the leeside of an ∼500–700‐m‐high mountain range (Tugamak Range) more than 10 km away from its source played a major role in defining pyroclastic flows as momentum‐driven currents. We reexamined the Fisher Tuff to evaluate whether deposition from expanded turbulent clouds can better explain its depositional features. We studied the tuff at 89 sites and sieved bulk samples from 27 of those sites. We find that the tuff consists of a complex sequence of deposits that record the evolution of the eruption from a buoyant plume (22 km) that deposited ∼0.2 km3 of dacite magma as a pyroclastic fall layer to erupting ∼10–100 km3 of andesitic magma as Scoria‐rich pyroclastic falls and flows that were mainly deposited to the north and northwest of the caldera, including those in valleys within the Tugamak Range. The distribution of the flow deposits and their welding, internal stratification, and the occurrence of lithic breccia all suggest that the pyroclastic flows were fed from a fountaining column that vented from an inclined conduit, the first time such a conduit has been recognized during a large‐volume caldera eruption. Pyroclastic flow deposits before and after the mountain range and thin veneer deposits high in the range are best explained by a flow that was stratified into a dense undercurrent and an overriding dilute turbulent cloud, from which deposition before the range was mainly from the undercurrent. When the flow ran into the mountain range, however, the undercurrent was blocked, but the turbulent cloud continued on. As the flow continued north, it restratified, forming another undercurrent. The Fisher Tuff thus records the passing of a flow that was significantly higher (800–1100 m thick) than the mountain range and thus did not require excessive momentum.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","publisherLocation":"Chicago","doi":"10.1086/518050","usgsCitation":"Burgisser, A., Gardner, J., and Stelling, P., 2007, Eruption and deposition of the Fisher Tuff (Alaska)--Evidence for the evolution of pyroclastic flows: Journal of Geology, v. 115, p. 417-435, https://doi.org/10.1086/518050.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"435","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://insu.hal.science/insu-00160874","text":"External Repository"},{"id":320189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Unimak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.1519775390625,\n 54.374158445055734\n ],\n [\n -165.1519775390625,\n 55.07836723201515\n ],\n [\n -163.004150390625,\n 55.07836723201515\n ],\n [\n -163.004150390625,\n 54.374158445055734\n ],\n [\n -165.1519775390625,\n 54.374158445055734\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"115","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"571756b3e4b0ef3b7caa5fe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burgisser, Alain","contributorId":152269,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burgisser","given":"Alain","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18894,"text":"Universite de Savoie- CNRS, ISTerre","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, J.E.","contributorId":7456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stelling, P.","contributorId":58820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelling","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170345,"text":"70170345 - 2007 - Glacier-volcano interactions in the north crater of Mt. Wrangell, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-18T15:13:14","indexId":"70170345","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glacier-volcano interactions in the north crater of Mt. Wrangell, Alaska","docAbstract":"Glaciological and related observations from 1961 to 2005 at the summit of Mt Wrangell (62.008 N, 144.028W; 4317 m a.s.l.), a massive glacier-covered shield volcano in south-central Alaska, show marked changes that appear to have been initiated by the Great Alaska Earthquake (MW = 9.2) of 27 March 1964. The 4 x 6 km diameter, ice-filled Summit Caldera with several post-caldera craters on its rim, comprises the summit region where annual snow accumulation is 1–2 m of water equivalent and the mean annual temperature, measured 10 m below the snow surface, is –20°C. Precision surveying, aerial photogrammetry and measurements of temperature and snow accumulation were used to measure the loss of glacier ice equivalent to about 0.03 km3 of water from the North Crater in a decade. Glacier calorimetry was used to calculate the associated heat flux, which varied within the range 20–140W m–2; total heat flow was in the range 20–100 MW. Seismicity data from the crater’s rim show two distinct responses to large earthquakes at time scales from minutes to months. Chemistry of water and gas from fumaroles indicates a shallow magma heat source and seismicity data are consistent with this interpretation.
","conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Earth and Planetary Ice-Volcano Interactions","conferenceDate":"June 19-23, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Reykjavík, Iceland","language":"English","doi":"10.3189/172756407782282462","usgsCitation":"Abston, C., Motyka, R.J., McNutt, S., Luthi, M., and Truffer, M., 2007, Glacier-volcano interactions in the north crater of Mt. Wrangell, Alaska: Annals of Glaciology, v. 45, p. 48-57, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756407782282462.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"57","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/172756407782282462","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320152,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mt Wrangell","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -144.85748291015625,\n 61.61423180712503\n ],\n [\n -144.85748291015625,\n 62.43234536620008\n ],\n [\n -142.96783447265625,\n 62.43234536620008\n ],\n [\n -142.96783447265625,\n 61.61423180712503\n ],\n [\n -144.85748291015625,\n 61.61423180712503\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"45","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-09-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57160538e4b0ef3b7ca92002","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abston, Carl","contributorId":12559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abston","given":"Carl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Motyka, Roman J.","contributorId":68165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motyka","given":"Roman","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNutt, Stephen","contributorId":26196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luthi, Martin","contributorId":168658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luthi","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Truffer, Martin","contributorId":48065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Truffer","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70045707,"text":"70045707 - 2007 - Applying the scientific method when assessing the influence of migratory birds on the dispersal of H5N1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T12:38:16","indexId":"70045707","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3697,"text":"Virology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applying the scientific method when assessing the influence of migratory birds on the dispersal of H5N1","docAbstract":"The role of wild birds in the dispersal of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 continues to be the subject of considerable debate. However, some researchers functionally examining the same question are applying opposing null hypotheses when examining this issue.
\nI describe the correct method for establishing a null hypothesis under the scientific method. I suggest that the correct null hypothesis is that migratory birds can disperse this virus during migration and encourage researchers to design studies to falsify this null. Finally, I provide several examples where statements made during this debate, while strictly true, are not generally informative or are speculative.
\nBy adhering to the scientific method, definitive answers regarding the role of wild birds in the dispersal of highly pathogenic viruses will be reached more effectively.
\nWe describe a method to convert continuously collected time–depth data from archival time–depth recorders (TDRs) into activity budgets for a benthic-foraging marine mammal. We used data from 14 TDRs to estimate activity-specific time budgets in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) residing near Cross Sound, southeast Alaska, USA. From the TDRs we constructed a continuous record of behavior for each individual over 39–46 days during summer of 1999. Behaviors were classified as foraging (diving to the bottom), other diving (traveling, grooming, interacting), and nondiving (assumed resting). The overall average activity budget (proportion of 24-hr/d) was 0.37 foraging (8.9 hr/d), 0.11 in other diving (2.6 hr/d), and 0.52 nondiving time (12.5 hr/d). We detected significant differences in activity budgets among individuals and between groups within our sample. Historically, the sea otter population in our study area had been expanding and sequentially reoccupying vacant habitat since their reintroduction to the area in the 1960s, and our study animals resided in 2 adjacent yet distinct locations. Males (n = 5) and individuals residing in recently occupied habitat (n = 4) spent 0.28–0.30 of their time foraging (6.7–7.2 hr/d), 0.17–0.18 of their time in other diving behaviors (4.1–4.3 hr/d), and 0.53–0.54 of their time resting (12.7–13.0 hr/d). In contrast, females (n = 9) and individuals residing in longer occupied habitat (n = 10) spent 0.40 of their time foraging (9.6 hr/d), 0.08–0.09 of their time in other diving behaviors (1.9–2.2 hr/d), and 0.51–0.52 of their time resting (12.2–12.5 hr/d). Consistent with these differences, sea otters residing in more recently occupied habitat captured more and larger clams (Saxidomus spp., Protothaca spp., Macoma spp., Mya spp.,Clinocardium spp.) and other prey, and intertidal clams were more abundant and larger in this area. We found that TDRs provided data useful for measuring activity time budgets and behavior patterns in a diving mammal over long and continuous time periods. Fortuitous contrasts in time budgets between areas where our study animals resided suggest that activity time budgets estimated from TDRs may be a sensitive indicator of population status, particularly in relation to prey availability.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2193/2006-258","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., Monson, D., and Esslinger, G.G., 2007, Activity budgets derived from time-depth recorders in a diving mammal: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 71, no. 6, p. 2034-2044, https://doi.org/10.2193/2006-258.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2034","endPage":"2044","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699cdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":346360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":346361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esslinger, George G. 0000-0002-3459-0083 gesslinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-0083","contributorId":131009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esslinger","given":"George","email":"gesslinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":346362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70000581,"text":"70000581 - 2007 - Use of the Beaufort Sea by king eiders breeding on the North Slope of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:38","indexId":"70000581","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:26","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of the Beaufort Sea by king eiders breeding on the North Slope of Alaska","docAbstract":"We estimated areas used by king eiders (Somateria spectabilis) in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, how distributions of used areas varied, and characteristics that explained variation in the number of days spent at sea, to provide regulatory agencies with baseline data needed to minimize impacts of potential offshore oil development. We implanted sixty king eiders with satellite transmitters at nesting areas on the North Slope of Alaska, USA, in 2002-2004. More than 80% of marked eiders spent >2 weeks staging offshore prior to beginning a postbreeding molt migration. During postbreeding staging and migration, male king eiders had much broader distributions in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea than female eiders, which were concentrated in Harrison and Smith Bays. Distribution did not vary by sex during spring migration in the year after marking. Shorter residence times of eiders and deeper water at locations used during spring migration suggest the Alaskan Beaufort Sea might not be as critical a staging area for king eiders during prebreeding as it is postbreeding. Residence time in the Beaufort Sea varied by sex, with female king eiders spending more days at sea than males in spring and during postbreeding. We conclude the Alaskan Beaufort Sea is an important staging area for king eiders during postbreeding, and eider distribution should be considered by managers when mitigating for future offshore development. We recommend future studies examine the importance of spring staging areas outside the Alaskan Beaufort Sea.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2005-636","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Phillips, L.M., Powell, A., Taylor, E., and Rexstad, E., 2007, Use of the Beaufort Sea by king eiders breeding on the North Slope of Alaska: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 71, no. 6, p. 1892-1898, https://doi.org/10.2193/2005-636.","startPage":"1892","endPage":"1898","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18964,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2005-636"}],"volume":"71","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604302","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Laura M.","contributorId":49497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":346365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, A.N.","contributorId":66194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, E.J.","contributorId":9752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rexstad, E.A.","contributorId":47063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rexstad","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97239,"text":"ofr20071359AD - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":97239,"text":"ofr20071359AD - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","indexId":"ofr20071359AD","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"chapter":"A-D","displayTitle":"Chemical Data for Rock, Sediment, Biological, Precipitate, and Water Samples from Abandoned Copper Mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":80624,"text":"ofr20071359 - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","indexId":"ofr20071359","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":80624,"text":"ofr20071359 - 2007 - Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","indexId":"ofr20071359","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T21:34:59.259644","indexId":"ofr20071359AD","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1359","chapter":"A-D","displayTitle":"Chemical Data for Rock, Sediment, Biological, Precipitate, and Water Samples from Abandoned Copper Mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","title":"Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"In the early 20th century, approximately 6 million metric tons of copper ore were mined from numerous deposits located along the shorelines of fjords and islands in Prince William Sound, Alaska. At the Beatson, Ellamar, and Threeman mine sites (fig. 1), rocks containing Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb sulfide minerals are exposed to chemical weathering in abandoned mine workings and remnant waste piles that extend into the littoral zone. Field investigations in 2003 and 2005 as well as analytical data for rock, sediment, precipitate, water, and biological samples reveal that the oxidation of sulfides at these sites is resulting in the generation of acid mine drainage and the transport of metals into the marine environment (Koski and others, 2008; Stillings and others, 2008). \r\n\r\nAt the Ellamar and Threeman sites, plumes of acidic and metal-enriched water are flowing through beach gravels into the shallow offshore environment. Interstitial water samples collected from beach sediment at Ellamar have low pH levels (to ~3) and high concentrations of metals including iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, and mercury. The abundant precipitation of the iron sulfate mineral jarosite in the Ellamar gravels also signifies a low-pH environment. At the Beatson mine site (the largest copper mine in the region) seeps containing iron-rich microbial precipitates drain into the intertidal zone below mine dumps (Foster and others, 2008). A stream flowing down to the shoreline from underground mine workings at Beatson has near-neutral pH, but elevated levels of zinc, copper, and lead (Stillings and others, 2008). Offshore sediment samples at Beatson are enriched in these metals. Preliminary chemical data for tissue from marine mussels collected near the Ellamar, Threeman, and Beatson sites reveal elevated levels of copper, zinc, and lead compared to tissue in mussels from other locations in Prince William Sound (Koski and others, 2008). \r\n\r\nThree papers presenting results of this ongoing investigation of sulfide oxidation in Prince William Sound are in press. Koski and others (2008) provide an overview of rock alteration, surface water chemistry, and the distribution of metals at the Ellamar, Threeman, and Beatson mine sites. Based on a 60-day, stream-discharge experiment at Beatson in 2005, Stillings and others (2008) analyze changes in water chemistry during storm events and the flux of metals to the shoreline. Foster and others (2008) investigate the biomass and diversity of microbial communities present in surface waters (streams, seeps, pore waters) using fatty acid methyl ester (FAMES) data and principal component analysis. The publications cited above contain a subset of the total chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples collected from the three mine sites in 2003 and 2005. The purpose of this report is the presentation of complete chemical data sets for all samples collected during the two field periods of fieldwork. Data for a small number of samples collected at two other mines (Schlosser and Fidalgo, fig. 1), visited in 2003, are also included in the tables.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071359AD","usgsCitation":"Koski, R.A., and Munk, L., 2007, Chemical data for rock, sediment, biological, precipitate, and water samples from abandoned copper mines in Prince William Sound, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1359, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071359AD.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12290,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1359/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,59.5 ], [ -150,61.25 ], [ -145,61.25 ], [ -145,59.5 ], [ -150,59.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, Randolph A. rkoski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"Randolph","email":"rkoski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":301458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munk, LeeAnn","contributorId":9727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munk","given":"LeeAnn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":301459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81245,"text":"ofr20071285 - 2007 - Digital mapping techniques '06 - Workshop proceedings","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180392,"text":"70180392 - 2007 - USGS national surveys and analysis projects: Preliminary compilation of integrated geological datasets for the United States: A section in Digital mapping techniques '06 - Workshop proceedings","indexId":"70180392","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"USGS national surveys and analysis projects: Preliminary compilation of integrated geological datasets for the United States: A section in Digital mapping techniques '06 - Workshop proceedings"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":81245,"text":"ofr20071285 - 2007 - Digital mapping techniques '06 - Workshop proceedings","indexId":"ofr20071285","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"title":"Digital mapping techniques '06 - Workshop proceedings"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-01T08:47:47","indexId":"ofr20071285","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1285","title":"Digital mapping techniques '06 - Workshop proceedings","docAbstract":"The Digital Mapping Techniques '06 (DMT'06) workshop was attended by more than 110 technical experts from 51 agencies, universities, and private companies, including representatives from 27 state geological surveys (see Appendix A of these Proceedings). This workshop was similar in nature to the previous nine meetings, which were held in Lawrence, Kansas (Soller, 1997), Champaign, Illinois (Soller, 1998), Madison, Wisconsin (Soller, 1999), Lexington, Kentucky (Soller, 2000), Tuscaloosa, Alabama (Soller, 2001), Salt Lake City, Utah (Soller, 2002), Millersville, Pennsylvania (Soller, 2003), Portland, Oregon (Soller, 2004), and Baton Rouge, Louisiana (Soller, 2005). This year's meeting was hosted by the Ohio Geological Survey, from June 11-14, 2006, on the Ohio State University campus in Columbus, Ohio. As in the previous meetings, the objective was to foster informal discussion and exchange of technical information. It is with great pleasure that I note that the objective was successfully met, as attendees continued to share and exchange knowledge and information, and renew friendships and collegial work begun at past DMT workshops.
Each DMT workshop has been coordinated by the Association of American State Geologists (AASG) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Data Capture Working Group, the latter of which was formed in August 1996 to support the AASG and the USGS in their effort to build a National Geologic Map Database (see Soller, this volume, and http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/info/standards/datacapt/). The Working Group was formed because increased production efficiencies, standardization, and quality of digital map products were needed for the database - and for the State and Federal geological surveys - to provide more high-quality digital maps to the public.
At the 2006 meeting, oral and poster presentations and special discussion sessions emphasized: 1) methods for creating and publishing map products (here, \"publishing\" includes Web-based release); 2) field data capture software and techniques, including the use of LIDAR; 3) digital cartographic techniques; 4) migration of digital maps into ArcGIS Geodatabase format; 5) analytical GIS techniques; and 6) continued development of the National Geologic Map Database.
","conferenceTitle":"Digital mapping techniques '06","conferenceDate":"June 11-14, 2006","conferenceLocation":"Columbus, OH","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071285","usgsCitation":"2007, Digital mapping techniques '06 - Workshop proceedings: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1285, vi, 217 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071285.","productDescription":"vi, 217 p.","numberOfPages":"223","temporalStart":"2006-06-11","temporalEnd":"2006-06-14","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":362514,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1285/pdf/ofr2007-1285hr.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":11288,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1285/contents.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"publicComments":"Convened by the Association of American State Geologists and the United States Geological Survey; Hosted by the Ohio Geological Survey","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d58d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Soller, David R. 0000-0001-6177-8332 drsoller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-8332","contributorId":2700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"David","email":"drsoller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661510,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81246,"text":"pp1739D - 2007 - Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous Fortress Mountain and Torok Formations exposed along the Siksikpuk River, North-Central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-31T13:10:57","indexId":"pp1739D","displayToPublicDate":"2008-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1739","chapter":"D","title":"Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous Fortress Mountain and Torok Formations exposed along the Siksikpuk River, North-Central Alaska","docAbstract":"An exposure of the Lower Cretaceous Fortress Mountain and Torok Formations along the Siksikpuk River in north-central Alaska provides a rare opportunity to observe the stratigraphic contact between these two formations and to interpret the depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy of the exposed strata. The Fortress Mountain Formation at the base of the measured section includes braided-fluvial and coastal-plain facies deposited in a lowstand-systems tract, and an overlying succession of mostly shallow marine facies deposited in the basal part of a transgressive-systems tract. The overlying Torok Formation includes a thick, upward-deepening succession of marine-shelf to marine-slope facies deposited in the upper part of the transgressive-systems tract. The upper part of the section includes marine-slope and incised-slope-channel turbidite deposits of the Torok Formation, interpreted as a highstand-systems tract. \r\n\r\nConsideration of the balance between accommodation and sediment flux inferred from the sequence-stratigraphic analysis suggests that both tectonics and eustasy may have influenced deposition of the lowstand-systems and transgressive-systems tracts. In contrast, the highstand-systems tract may have been primarily influenced by progradation of a regional sediment-dispersal system and by subsidence induced by sediment loading.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2006","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1739D","usgsCitation":"Houseknecht, D.W., Schenk, C.J., and Wartes, M.A., 2007, Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous Fortress Mountain and Torok Formations exposed along the Siksikpuk River, North-Central Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1739, Report: 20 p.; Plate: 40 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1739D.","productDescription":"Report: 20 p.; Plate: 40 x 36 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11289,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1739/d/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Siksikpuk River","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fcfcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houseknecht, David W. 0000-0002-9633-6910 dhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"David","email":"dhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schenk, Christopher J. 0000-0002-0248-7305 schenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7305","contributorId":826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Christopher","email":"schenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":294952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wartes, Marwan A.","contributorId":47476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wartes","given":"Marwan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":294953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80941,"text":"pp1748 - 2007 - Stratigraphy and facies of Cretaceous Schrader Bluff and Prince Creek Formations in Colville River Bluffs, North Slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T11:49:17","indexId":"pp1748","displayToPublicDate":"2008-02-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1748","title":"Stratigraphy and facies of Cretaceous Schrader Bluff and Prince Creek Formations in Colville River Bluffs, North Slope, Alaska","docAbstract":"Stratigraphic and sedimentologic studies of facies of the Upper Cretaceous rocks along the Colville River Bluffs in the west-central North Slope of Alaska identified barrier shoreface deposits consisting of vertically stacked, coarsening-upward parasequences in the Schrader Bluff Formation. This vertical stack of parasequence deposits represents progradational sequences that were affected by shoaling and deepening cycles caused by fluctuations of sea level. Further, the vertical stack may have served to stabilize accumulation of voluminous coal deposits in the Prince Creek Formation, which formed braided, high-sinuosity meandering, anastomosed, and low-sinuosity meandering fluvial channels and related flood plain deposits. The erosional contact at the top of the uppermost coarsening-upward sequence, however, suggests a significant drop of base level (relative sea level) that permitted a semiregional subaerial unconformity to develop at the contact between the Schrader Bluff and Prince Creek Formations. This drop of relative sea level may have been followed by a relative sea-level rise to accommodate coal deposition directly above the unconformity. This rise was followed by a second drop of relative sea level, with formation of incised valley topography as much as 75 ft deep and an equivalent surface of a major marine erosion or mass wasting, or both, either of which can be traced from the Colville River Bluffs basinward to the subsurface in the west-central North Slope. The Prince Creek fluvial deposits represent late Campanian to late Maastrichtian depositional environments that were affected by these base level changes influenced by tectonism, basin subsidence, and sea-level fluctuations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1748","isbn":"9781411320239","usgsCitation":"Flores, R.M., Myers, M., Houseknecht, D.W., Stricker, G.D., Brizzolara, D.W., Ryherd, T.J., and Takahashi, K., 2007, Stratigraphy and facies of Cretaceous Schrader Bluff and Prince Creek Formations in Colville River Bluffs, North Slope, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1748, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1748.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10796,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1748/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -170,67.5 ], [ -170,71.5 ], [ -149,71.5 ], [ -149,67.5 ], [ -170,67.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab785","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flores, Romeo M. rflores@usgs.gov","contributorId":71984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"Romeo","email":"rflores@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":293913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, Mark D.","contributorId":29072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Mark D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Houseknecht, David W. 0000-0002-9633-6910 dhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"David","email":"dhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stricker, Gary D. gstricker@usgs.gov","contributorId":87163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"Gary","email":"gstricker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":293915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brizzolara, Donald W.","contributorId":37016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brizzolara","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ryherd, Timothy J.","contributorId":24863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryherd","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Takahashi, Kenneth I.","contributorId":85954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"Kenneth I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":80940,"text":"pp1747 - 2007 - Sentinel Hill Core Test 1: Facies descriptions and stratigraphic reinterpretations of the Prince Creek and Schrader Bluff Formations, North Slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T20:01:49.038133","indexId":"pp1747","displayToPublicDate":"2008-02-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1747","title":"Sentinel Hill Core Test 1: Facies descriptions and stratigraphic reinterpretations of the Prince Creek and Schrader Bluff Formations, North Slope, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Sentinel Hill Core Test 1 well penetrated an intertonguing sequence of (1) the marine Schrader Bluff Formation in the depth intervals 950–1,180 ft and 690–751 ft, which consists of shoreface and offshore deposits that accumulated along a storm-dominated, barred shoreline; and (2) the nonmarine Prince Creek Formation in the depth intervals 751–950 ft and surface to 690 ft, which consists of fluvial channel, crevasse splay, backswamp, and ash fall deposits. The strata range in age from early Campanian to early Maastrichtian.
An erosional contact at a depth of 690 ft at the base of the upper unit of the Prince Creek Formation is interpreted as a major regional sequence boundary, and the overlying conglomeratic fluvial channel deposits are interpreted to have accumulated in a paleovalley. In its more proximal reaches along the Colville River, channels of this paleovalley cut down 75 ft into the lowermost Prince Creek Formation and the uppermost Schrader Bluff Formation. Farther offshore, the equivalent surface to the aforementioned paleovalley appears to be a subtle discontinuity between middle and lower Schrader Bluff Formation shelfal marine strata. Still farther offshore, the equivalent paleovalley surface is interpreted as a marine mass-wasting surface that locally cuts through the lowermost Schrader Bluff Formation and into the underlying Seabee Formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1747","isbn":"9781411320222","usgsCitation":"Flores, R.M., Stricker, G.D., Decker, P.L., and Myers, M., 2007, Sentinel Hill Core Test 1: Facies descriptions and stratigraphic reinterpretations of the Prince Creek and Schrader Bluff Formations, North Slope, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1747, vi, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1747.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10795,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1747/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463445,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_83307.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope, Prince Creek and Schrader Bluff Formations","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.3,\n 69.75\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 69.75\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -151.3,\n 69.5\n ],\n [\n -151.3,\n 69.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688a57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flores, Romeo M. rflores@usgs.gov","contributorId":71984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"Romeo","email":"rflores@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":293906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stricker, Gary D. gstricker@usgs.gov","contributorId":87163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"Gary","email":"gstricker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":293907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Decker, Paul L.","contributorId":106582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Myers, Mark D.","contributorId":29072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Mark D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":80853,"text":"cir1319 - 2007 - Regional Fluid Flow and Basin Modeling in Northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-01T15:42:20","indexId":"cir1319","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1319","title":"Regional Fluid Flow and Basin Modeling in Northern Alaska","docAbstract":"The foothills of the Brooks Range contain an enormous accumulation of zinc (Zn) in the form of zinc sulfide and barium (Ba) in the form of barite in Carboniferous shale, chert, and mudstone. Most of the resources and reserves of Zn occur in the Red Dog deposit and others in the Red Dog district; these resources and reserves surpass those of most deposits worldwide in terms of size and grade. In addition to zinc and lead sulfides (which contain silver, Ag) and barite, correlative strata host phosphate deposits. Furthermore, prolific hydrocarbon source rocks of Carboniferous and Triassic to Early Jurassic age generated considerable amounts of petroleum that may have contributed to the world-class petroleum resources of the North Slope.
Deposits of Zn-Pb-Ag or barite as large as those in the Brooks Range are very rare on a global basis and, accordingly, multiple coincident favorable factors must be invoked to explain their origins. To improve our understanding of these factors and to contribute to more effective assessments of resources in sedimentary basins of northern Alaska and throughout the world, the Mineral Resources Program and the Energy Resources Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) initiated a project that was aimed at understanding the petroleum maturation and mineralization history of parts of the Brooks Range that were previously poorly characterized. The project, titled “Regional Fluid Flow and Basin Modeling in Northern Alaska,” was undertaken in collaboration with industry, academia, and other government agencies. This Circular contains papers that describe the results of the recently completed project. The studies that are highlighted in these papers have led to a better understanding of the following:
Augustine volcano is an active stratovolcano located at the southwest of Anchorage, Alaska. Augustine volcano had experienced seven significantly explosive eruptions in 1812, 1883, 1908, 1935, 1963, 1976, and 1986, and a minor eruption in January 2006. We measured the surface displacements of the volcano by radar interferometry and GPS before and after the eruption in 2006. ERS-1/2, RADARSAT-1 and ENVISAT SAR data were used for the study. Multiple interferograms were stacked to reduce artifacts caused by different atmospheric conditions. Least square (LS) method was used to reduce atmospheric artifacts. Singular value decomposition (SVD) method was applied for retrieval of time sequential deformations. Satellite radar interferometry helps to understand the surface displacements system of Augustine volcano.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2007","conferenceDate":"June 23-28, 2007","conferenceLocation":"Barcelona, Spain","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423901","usgsCitation":"Lee, C., Lu, Z., and Kwoun, O., 2007, SAR measurements of surface displacements at Augustine Volcano, Alaska from 1992 to 2005, in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Barcelona, Spain, June 23-28, 2007, p. 4671-4674, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423901.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"4671","endPage":"4674","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":240015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Augustine Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.67950439453125,\n 59.25745766248799\n ],\n [\n -153.2647705078125,\n 59.25745766248799\n ],\n [\n -153.2647705078125,\n 59.44996166902811\n ],\n [\n -153.67950439453125,\n 59.44996166902811\n ],\n [\n -153.67950439453125,\n 59.25745766248799\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf04e4b0c8380cd8733f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, C.-W.","contributorId":31901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"C.-W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwoun, Oh-Ig","contributorId":41945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwoun","given":"Oh-Ig","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":80767,"text":"ofr20071390 - 2007 - Water Quality in the Tanana River Basin, Alaska, Water Years 2004-06","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:38","indexId":"ofr20071390","displayToPublicDate":"2007-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1390","title":"Water Quality in the Tanana River Basin, Alaska, Water Years 2004-06","docAbstract":"OVERVIEW\r\n\r\nThis report contains water-quality data collected from 84 sites in Tanana River basin during water years 2004 through 2006 (October 2003 through September 2006) as part of a cooperative study between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) Alaska Monitoring and Assessment Program (AKMAP), supported in part through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Office of Water, Cooperative Assistance Agreement X7-97078801. A broad range of chemical analyses are presented for 93 sets of samples collected at 59 tributaries to the Tanana River and at 25 locations along the mainstem. These data are to provide a means to assess baseline characteristics and establish indicators that are ecologically important, affordable, and relevant to society.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071390","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation","usgsCitation":"Moran, E.H., 2007, Water Quality in the Tanana River Basin, Alaska, Water Years 2004-06: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1390, iv, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071390.","productDescription":"iv, 7 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2003-10-01","temporalEnd":"2006-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192329,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10612,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1390/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -153,61.5 ], [ -153,66 ], [ -139,66 ], [ -139,61.5 ], [ -153,61.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a2e4b07f02db5beca5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, Edward H. emoran@usgs.gov","contributorId":5445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Edward","email":"emoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":80722,"text":"ofr20071284 - 2007 - Map and data for Quaternary faults and fault systems on the Island of Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T20:17:04.036892","indexId":"ofr20071284","displayToPublicDate":"2007-12-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-1284","displayTitle":"Map and Data for Quaternary Faults and Fault Systems on the Island of Hawai'i","title":"Map and data for Quaternary faults and fault systems on the Island of Hawai'i","docAbstract":"Introduction\r\n\r\nThis report and digitally prepared, GIS-based map is one of a series of similar products covering individual states or regions of United States that show the locations, ages, and activity rates of major earthquake-related features such as faults and fault-related folds. It is part of a continuing the effort to compile a comprehensive Quaternary fault and fold map and database for the United States, which is supported by the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Earthquake Hazards Program.\r\n\r\nGuidelines for the compilation of the Quaternary fault and fold maps for the United States were published by Haller and others (1993) at the onset of this project. This compilation of Quaternary surface faulting and folding in Hawai`i is one of several similar state and regional compilations that were planned for the United States. Reports published to date include West Texas (Collins and others, 1996), New Mexico (Machette and others, 1998), Arizona (Pearthree, 1998), Colorado (Widmann and others, 1998), Montana (Stickney and others, 2000), Idaho (Haller and others, 2005), and Washington (Lidke and others, 2003). Reports for other states such as California and Alaska are still in preparation.\r\n\r\nThe primary intention of this compilation is to aid in seismic-hazard evaluations. The report contains detailed information on the location and style of faulting, the time of most recent movement, and assigns each feature to a slip-rate category (as a proxy for fault activity). It also contains the name and affiliation of the compiler, date of compilation, geographic and other paleoseismologic parameters, as well as an extensive set of references for each feature. The map (plate 1) shows faults, volcanic rift zones, and lineaments that show evidence of Quaternary surface movement related to faulting, including data on the time of most recent movement, sense of movement, slip rate, and continuity of surface expression.\r\n\r\nThis compilation is presented as a digitally prepared map product and catalog of data, both in Adobe Acrobat PDF format. The senior authors (Eric C. Cannon and Roland Burgmann) compiled the fault data as part of ongoing studies of active faulting on the Island of Hawai`i. The USGS is responsible for organizing and integrating the State or regional products under their National Seismic Hazard Mapping project, including the coordination and oversight of contributions from individuals and groups (Michael N. Machette and Anthony J. Crone), database design and management (Kathleen M. Haller), and digitization and analysis of map data (Richard L. Dart). After being released an Open-File Report, the data in this report will be available online at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/qfaults/, the USGS Quaternary Fault and Fold Database of the United States.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20071284","usgsCitation":"Cannon, E.C., Burgmann, R., Crone, A.J., Machette, M., and Dart, R.L., 2007, Map and data for Quaternary faults and fault systems on the Island of Hawai'i (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1284, Report: iv, 81 p.; 1 Plate: 24 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071284.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 81 p.; 1 Plate: 24 x 36 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10583,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1284/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":389175,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_82941.htm"}],"scale":"1","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Island of Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.346435546875,\n 18.763313394613416\n ],\n [\n -154.5391845703125,\n 18.763313394613416\n ],\n [\n -154.5391845703125,\n 20.347202168291595\n ],\n [\n -156.346435546875,\n 20.347202168291595\n ],\n [\n -156.346435546875,\n 18.763313394613416\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64948e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, Eric C.","contributorId":77250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burgmann, Roland","contributorId":95128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"Roland","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crone, Anthony J. 0000-0002-3006-406X crone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-406X","contributorId":790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"Anthony","email":"crone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Machette, Michael N.","contributorId":28963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"Michael N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":293452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dart, Richard L. dart@usgs.gov","contributorId":1209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"Richard","email":"dart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":293451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":80714,"text":"sim2986 - 2007 - Geologic Map and Engineering Properties of the Surficial Deposits of the Tok Area, East-Central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:37","indexId":"sim2986","displayToPublicDate":"2007-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2986","title":"Geologic Map and Engineering Properties of the Surficial Deposits of the Tok Area, East-Central Alaska","docAbstract":"The Tok area 1:100,000-scale map, through which the Alaska Highway runs, is in east-central Alaska about 160 km west of the Yukon border. The surficial geologic mapping in the map area is in support of the 'Geologic Mapping in support of land, resources, and hazards issues in Alaska' Project of the USGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program. The Tok map area contains parts of three physiographic provinces, the Alaska Range, the Yukon-Tanana Upland, and the Northway-Tanana Lowland. The high, rugged, glaciated landscape of the eastern Alaska Range dominates the southwestern map area. The highest peak, an unnamed summit at the head of Cathedral Rapids Creek No. 2, rises to 2166 m. The gently rolling hills of the Yukon-Tanana Upland, in the northern map area, rise to about 1000 m. The Northway-Tanana Lowland contains the valley of the westerly flowing Tanana River. Elevations along the floor of the lowland generally range between 470 and 520 m. The dominant feature within the map is the Tok fan, which occupies about 20 percent of the map area. This large (450 km2), nearly featureless fan contains a high percentage of volcanic clasts derived from outside the present-day drainage of the Tok River.\r\n\r\nBecause the map area is dominated by various surficial deposits, the map depicts 26 different surficial units consisting of man-made, alluvial, colluvial, eolian, lacustrine, organic, glaciofluvial, glacial, and periglacial deposits. The accompanying table provides information concerning the various units including their properties, characteristics, resource potential, and associated hazards in this area of the upper Tanana valley.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/sim2986","usgsCitation":"Carrara, P.E., 2007, Geologic Map and Engineering Properties of the Surficial Deposits of the Tok Area, East-Central Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2986, Map Sheet: 57 x 32 inches; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim2986.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 57 x 32 inches; Downloads Directory","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110760,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_82937.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"82937"},{"id":193239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10574,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2986/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -144,63.25 ], [ -144,63.5 ], [ -142.5,63.5 ], [ -142.5,63.25 ], [ -144,63.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrara, Paul E. pcarrara@usgs.gov","contributorId":1342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"Paul","email":"pcarrara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":293429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}