Several methods for the analysis of remotely sensed reflectance data are compared, including empirical methods and scattering theories, both of which are important for solving remote sensing problems. The concept of the photon mean optical path length and the implications for use in modeling reflectance spectra are presented. It is shown that the mean optical path length in a particulate surface is in rough inverse proportion to the square root of the absorption coefficient. Thus, the stronger absorber a material is, the less photons will penetrate into the surface. The concept of apparent absorbance (‐In reflectance) is presented, and it is shown that absorption bands, which are Gaussian in shape when plotted as absorption coefficient (true absorbance) versus photon energy, are also Gaussians in apparent absorbance. However, the Gaussians in apparent absorbance have a smaller intensity and a width which is a factor of √2 larger. An apparent continuum in a reflectance spectrum is modeled as a mathematical function used to isolate a particular absorption feature for analysis. It is shown that a continuum should be removed by dividing it into the reflectance spectrum or subtracting it from the apparent absorbance and that the fitting of Gaussians to absorption features should be done using apparent absorbance versus photon energy. Kubelka‐Munk theory is only valid for materials with small total absorption and for bihemispherical reflectance, which are rarely encountered in geologic remote sensing. It is shown that the recently advocated bidirectional reflectance theories have the potential for use in deriving mineral abundance from a reflectance spectrum.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB089iB07p06329","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., and Roush, T.L., 1984, Reflectance spectroscopy: Quantitative analysis techniques for remote sensing applications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, no. B7, p. 6329-6340, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB07p06329.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"6329","endPage":"6340","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a43ae4b0e8fec6cdbad3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":365977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roush, T. L.","contributorId":77661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roush","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013580,"text":"70013580 - 1984 - SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE OF THE CARBONATITE COMPLEXES AT MOUNTAIN PASS, CALIFORNIA AND IRON HILL, COLORADO.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:35","indexId":"70013580","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE OF THE CARBONATITE COMPLEXES AT MOUNTAIN PASS, CALIFORNIA AND IRON HILL, COLORADO.","docAbstract":"This paper describes the distinctive spectral reflectance of these two carbonatites and their related rocks, and also discusses the possible use of spectral reflectance measurements for exploring carbonatites. Laboratory spectra recorded in the 0. 4-2. 5 micrometer wavelength range showed absorption features discussed in the abstract. High spectral-resolution airborne radiance measurements were obtained in the 0. 4-1. 0 micrometer and 2. 0-2. 5 micrometer wavelength ranges. Preliminary analysis of the airborne measurements at Mountain Pass showed neodymium-absorption bands over the mining area and in several undisturbed areas of carbonatite. The results indicate that spectral reflectance measurements may provide a rapid laboratory method for determining the presence of anomalously high rare earth (RE) content, and possibly, for estimating relative amounts of certain RE elements.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology.","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Research Inst of Michigan","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI, USA","usgsCitation":"Rowan, L.C., Collins, W., Kingston, M.J., and Crowley, J.K., 1984, SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE OF THE CARBONATITE COMPLEXES AT MOUNTAIN PASS, CALIFORNIA AND IRON HILL, COLORADO., Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Third Thematic Conference: Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology., Colorado Springs, CO, USA, p. 217-218.","startPage":"217","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf7ae4b0c8380cd875f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowan, Lawrence C.","contributorId":58629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, Williams","contributorId":8727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Williams","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kingston, Marguerite J.","contributorId":24088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingston","given":"Marguerite","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crowley, James K.","contributorId":10928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221870,"text":"5221870 - 1983 - Feeding habitats of nesting wading birds: Spatial use and social influences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-06T16:54:24.719373","indexId":"5221870","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:34","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feeding habitats of nesting wading birds: Spatial use and social influences","docAbstract":"In an effort to relate social interactions to feeding-habitat use, I observed six species of wading birds near a major colony site in coastal North Carolina. Three spatial scales of habitat use were considered: the general orientation to and from the colony (coarsest level), the habitat \"patch,\" and (at the finest level) the microhabitat. Departure-arrival directions of Great Egrets (Casmerodius albus), Snowy Egrets (Egretta thula), Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis), Little Blue Herons (Egretta caerulea), Tricolored Herons (Egretta tricolor), and Glossy Ibises (Plegadis falcinellus) were monitored at the colony site to document coarse patterns of feeding-habitat use. Added to these data were observations made at five different wetland sites to monitor between-habitat and within-habitat patterns for the five aquatic-feeding species.
The results indicated a broad and variable use of feeding habitat over time. At the coarsest scale (i.e. orientation at the colony), diffuse patterns, influenced little by either inter- or intraspecific social interaction, were found for all species. At the next level (habitat \"patch\"), only one of five wetland sites was relatively consistent in attracting feeding birds, and its use increased from May to June. Few groups were seen at four of the five sites. At the one \"attractive\" site, the within-habitat patterns again were spatially variable over time, except for those of the abundant Snowy Egret, whose microhabitat preference was fairly consistent. Glossy Ibises and Snowy Egrets frequently formed mixed-species groups, Little Blue Herons were the least social, and Great Egrets and Tricolored Herons generally occurred in groups of less than 10 birds but rarely in groups larger than 30. The close association between Snowy Egrets and Glossy Ibises appeared to be based on a \"beater-follower\" relationship, wherein the probing, nonvisually feeding ibises make prey more available to the followers. In the study area, local enhancement appeared to play a more important role than did any \"information-sharing\" at the colony.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1093/auk/100.4.960","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R.M., 1983, Feeding habitats of nesting wading birds: Spatial use and social influences: The Auk, v. 100, no. 4, p. 960-970, https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/100.4.960.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"960","endPage":"970","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193381,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"coastal North Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.71836419920679,\n 36.59247073328875\n ],\n [\n -78.52461648997445,\n 33.93852527879646\n ],\n [\n -77.93685621453332,\n 33.56982121405427\n ],\n [\n -75.52757524689643,\n 35.059607171343664\n ],\n [\n -75.53432659095449,\n 36.535806741794886\n ],\n [\n -76.71836419920679,\n 36.59247073328875\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5ce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R. Michael","contributorId":87854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223720,"text":"5223720 - 1983 - Distribution and ecology of marine turtles in waters off the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-10T16:52:56.256526","indexId":"5223720","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:34","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and ecology of marine turtles in waters off the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"Aerial surveys of marine waters up to 222 km from shore in the Gulf of Mexico and nearby Atlantic Ocean suggest that marine turtles are largely distributed in waters less than 100 m in depth. The loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) was observed nearly 50 times as often in waters off eastern and western Florida as in the western Gulf of Mexico. Loggerheads were present year round but the frequency of sightings in the winter months was lower than at other seasons. Green turtles (Chelonia rnydas) were infrequently observed but were most conspicuous in waters off eastern Florida. Kemp's ridleys (Lepidochelys kempi) were most frequently sighted off southwestern Florida and rarely observed in the western Gulf of Mexico. Leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) were more conspicuous on the continental shelf than in adjacent deeper waters. A concentration of leatherback and loggerhead turtles occurred west of the Gulf Stream Current in August 1980, near Brevard County, Florida.","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.2307/1563586","usgsCitation":"Fritts, T.H., Hoffman, W., and McGehee, M., 1983, Distribution and ecology of marine turtles in waters off the southeastern United States: Journal of Herpetology, v. 17, no. 4, p. 327-344, https://doi.org/10.2307/1563586.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"344","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199459,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649f16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritts, T. H.","contributorId":40147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritts","given":"T.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, W.","contributorId":50245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGehee, M.A.","contributorId":83181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGehee","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224569,"text":"5224569 - 1983 - Reduced fecundity in small populations of the rare plant Gentianopsis ciliate (Gentianaceae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:32","indexId":"5224569","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:16","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":708,"text":"American Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduced fecundity in small populations of the rare plant Gentianopsis ciliate (Gentianaceae)","docAbstract":"Habitat destruction is the main cause for the biodiversity crisis. Surviving populations are often fragmented, i.e., small and isolated from each other. Reproduction of plants in small populations is often reduced, and this has been attributed to inbreeding depression, reduced attractiveness for pollinators, and reduced habitat quality in small populations. Here we present data on the effects of fragmentation on the rare, self-compatible perennial herb Gentianopsis ciliata (Gentianaceae), a species with very small and presumably well-dispersed seeds. We studied the relationship between population size, plant size, and the number of flowers produced in 63 populations from 1996-1998. In one of the years, leaf and flower size and the number of seeds produced per fruit was studied in a subset of 25 populations. Plant size, flower size, and the number of seeds per fruit and per plant increased with population size, whereas leaf length and the number of flowers per plant did not. The effects of population size on reproduction and on flower size remained significant if the effects were adjusted for differences in plant size, indicating that they could not be explained by differences in habitat quality. The strongly reduced reproduction in small populations may be due to pollination limitation, while the reduced flower size could indicate genetic effects.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1983, Reduced fecundity in small populations of the rare plant Gentianopsis ciliate (Gentianaceae): American Birds, v. 37, no. 4.","productDescription":"519","startPage":"519","numberOfPages":"519","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17595,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119822609/abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615f13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210332,"text":"5210332 - 1983 - Effects of oil on avian reproduction: A review and discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:20","indexId":"5210332","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Effects of oil on avian reproduction: A review and discussion","docAbstract":"Oil pollution is a highly visible form of environmental contamination that affects avian reproduction in a variety of ways. Plumage oiling causes widespread and locally severe mortality of adult birds. Egg oiling can be a serious hazard for bird embryos but only a few field observationons of this have been reported. Oil ingestion seldom kills birds directly but it causes sublethal change~ in the bodily functions and behavior of adults and nestlings. Studies of the effects of oil on avian reproduction have produced varied and, in ingestion studies, sometimes conflicting results because of inconsistent experimental design and the use of different test species and types of oil. Field experimentation with the sublethal effects of ingested oil on avian reproduction has been limited. Simulation modelling of seabird populations has shown that (l) an occasional decrease in survival of breeding adults will have a greater impact on seabird populations than an occasional decrease in reproductive success, and (2) populations of long-lived seabirds with low reproductive potential have great difficulty recovering from high one-time mortality when experiencing even small sustained annual decreases in either natality or breeding adult survival. The impact of oil-related decreases in survival or reproduction will be more noticeable at the local or colony level than at the regional or species level. Immigration, surplus breeders, and possible compensatory changes in natality and mortality resulting from population reductions usually prevent local population reductions from lasting very long (unless the species is rare or at the edge of its range). A study of west European seabird populations indicates that the natural annual mortality of the region greatly exceeds the annual mortality due to plumage oiling; effects of oil ingestion and egg oiling were not measured but were thought to be less than the mortality from plu~age oiling. Oil-related mortality, even if in addition to expected mortality, would not have a detectable impact on regional populations if environmental conditions were favorable (increased natality, decreased mortality) for the birds.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Effects of Oil on Birds: Physiological Research, Clinical Applications and Rehabilitation. A Multi-discipline Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research, Inc.","publisherLocation":"Wilmington, Delaware","collaboration":"OCLC: 11500897","usgsCitation":"Albers, P., 1983, Effects of oil on avian reproduction: A review and discussion, chap. of The Effects of Oil on Birds: Physiological Research, Clinical Applications and Rehabilitation. A Multi-discipline Symposium, p. 78-96.","productDescription":"iv, 178","startPage":"78","endPage":"96","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611ae4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rosie, Don","contributorId":114014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosie","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506295,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, Stephen N.","contributorId":111980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506294,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Albers, P.H.","contributorId":26646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210314,"text":"5210314 - 1983 - Statistical problems arising from surveys of rare and endangered forest birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:13","indexId":"5210314","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Statistical problems arising from surveys of rare and endangered forest birds","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistical Ecology. 42nd Session of the International Statistical Institution, Manila, 1979","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, F.L., Scott, J.M., and Clark, R., 1983, Statistical problems arising from surveys of rare and endangered forest birds, chap. of Statistical Ecology. 42nd Session of the International Statistical Institution, Manila, 1979, p. 471-483.","startPage":"471","endPage":"483","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e1e39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, F. L.","contributorId":92379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"F.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, R.J.","contributorId":100498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":60251,"text":"mf1538 - 1983 - Map showing distribution of small-scale deformation structures in a part of the upper coastal plain of South Carolina and adjacent Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T15:37:48","indexId":"mf1538","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","title":"Map showing distribution of small-scale deformation structures in a part of the upper coastal plain of South Carolina and adjacent Georgia","docAbstract":"As a contribution to the assessment of neotectonics in the area of the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina, field traverses were made between Columbia, S.C., and Augusta, Ga., in 1975 and early 1976 in order to locate and describe small-scale deformation structures within exposed Coastal Plain rocks. The study covered most of the area between the Fall Line (northwest margin of the Coastal Plain) and the Orangeburg (Citronelle) escarpment (fig. 1).
\nFieldwork was done principally by vehicle along roads, but also included railroad cuts and excavation sites, such as quarries and landfills. Natural exposures are rare and provided no examples of deformation structures for this study. The geologic units exposed in the area are chiefly clastic sediments deposited in nearshore marine to continental environments. They include semi-consolidated sand, silt, clay, and rare thin impure limestone beds of Late Cretaceous to Eocene age (fig. 2). These sedimentary beds generally have a gentle regional dip to the southeast (Faye and Prowell, 1982, p. 6).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1538","usgsCitation":"McDowell, R., and Houser, B.B., 1983, Map showing distribution of small-scale deformation structures in a part of the upper coastal plain of South Carolina and adjacent Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1538, Plate: 30.15 x 45.16 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1538.","productDescription":"Plate: 30.15 x 45.16 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":326380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1538.JPG"},{"id":327341,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1538/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82,33 ], [ -82,34 ], [ -81,34 ], [ -81,33 ], [ -82,33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9fe4b07f02db660fa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDowell, R. C.","contributorId":30206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"R. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houser, B. B.","contributorId":46092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houser","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":263390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10253,"text":"ofr83156 - 1983 - Lake Ellen kimberlite, Michigan, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:26","indexId":"ofr83156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-156","title":"Lake Ellen kimberlite, Michigan, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The recently discovered Lake Ellen kimberlite, in northern Michigan, indicates that bedrock sources of diamonds found in glacial deposits in the Great Lakes area could lie within the northern U.S. Magnetic surveys show a main kimberlite 200 m in diameter and an adjacent body 25 x 90 m(?). The kimberlite cuts Proterozoic volcanic rocks that overlie Archean basement, but is post-Ordovician in age based on abundant Ordovician(?) dolomite inclusions. Xenocrysts and megacrysts are ilmenite (abundant, 12.5-19% MgO), pyropealmandine and Cr-pyrope (up to 9.3% Cr2O3), Cr-diopside (up to 4.5% Cr2O3), olivine (Fo 91), enstatite and phlogopite. The kimberlite contains fragments of crustal schist and granulite, as well as disaggregated crystals and rare xenoliths of eclogites, garnet pyroxenites and garnet peridotites from a heterogeneous upper mantle. Eclogites, up to 3 cm size, show granoblastic equant or tabular textures and consist of jadeitic cpx (up to 8.4% Na20, 15.3% Al2O3), pyrope-almandine, ? rutile ? kyanite ? sanidine ? sulfide. Garnet pyroxenite contains pyrope--(0.44% Cr2O3) + cpx (0.85% Na2O, 0.53% Cr2O3) + Mg-Al spinel. Mineral compositions of rare composite xenocrysts of garnet + cpx are distinctively peridotitic, pyroxenitic or eclogitic. Calculated temperatures of equilibration are 920-1060 ?C for the eclogites and 820-910?C for the garnet pyroxenite using the Ellis-Green method. Five peridotite garnet-clinopyroxene composite xenocrysts have calculated temperatures of 980-1120?C using the Lindsley-Dixon 20 kb solvus. Spinel pyroxenite and clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene composites have lower calculated temperatures of 735?C and 820-900?C, respectively. Kyanite-bearing eclogites must have formed at pressures greater than 18-20 kb. Using the present shield geotherm with a heat flow value of 44mW/m 2 for the time of kimberlite emplacement, the eclogite temperatures imply pressures of 35-48 kb (105-140 km) and the garnet pyroxenite temperatures indicate pressures of 24-29 kb (75-90 km). Temperatures of two peridotitic garnet-cpx composite xenocrysts if on a shield geotherm, imply pressures within the diamond stability field.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr83156","usgsCitation":"McGee, E.S., and Hearn, B., 1983, Lake Ellen kimberlite, Michigan, U.S.A.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-156, 24 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83156.","productDescription":"24 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0156/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38117,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0156/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4359","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, E. S.","contributorId":75927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hearn, B.C.","contributorId":7700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearn","given":"B.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48818,"text":"ofr83332 - 1983 - Reconnaissance geologic map of the Harrat Tuffil Quadrangle, sheet 20/39 B, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-11T14:00:30","indexId":"ofr83332","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-332","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of the Harrat Tuffil Quadrangle, sheet 20/39 B, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Harrat Tuffil quadrangle, sheet 20/39 B, is located between lat 20°30’ and 21°00’ N. and long 39°30’ and 40°00’ E. about 50 km southeast of Jiddah. A western belt of Proterozoic metapelites and related rocks, defined as the Sa’diyah formation, structurally underlies and locally is interlayered with Proterozoic metabasaltic rocks of oceanic chemical affinity to the east. The Sa’diyah formation and the metabasaltic rocks are tentatively correlated with the Sabya formation and Baish group. These rocks may represent a miogeosynclinal tectonic setting in the 800 to 850 Ma period of development of the southwestern Arabian Shield. The presence of aluminous metasediments suggest a continental source area, probably west of oceanic and (or) immature island-arc rocks of the Baish(?) igneous suite.
\nThe Sa’diyah formation and metabasaltic rocks are intruded by a granite gneiss batholith, probably about 600 Ma old, and by small plutons of granodiorite and syenogranite. Peraluminous monzogranite occurs within the western part of the Sa’diyah formation belt and may provide an alternate source for the aluminous politic rocks.
\nTentative correlation of an isolated exposure of Jurassic(?) dolomite with the Hanifa Formation significantly extends the areal range of possible Jurassic sedimentary rocks in the Tihamat province.
\nAn intense dike swarm intrudes all of the pre-Miocene rocks in the quadrangle. This Damm dike complex is named for Wadi ad Damm. Dike chemistry shows both subalkaline and alkaline bimodal suites. The Sita formation is broadly coeval with the Damm Dike complex and contains volcanic rocks with similar bimodal chemistry. The Sita formation conformably overlies and is locally interbedded with the Sumaysi formation, which is palynologically dated in the Makkah quadrangle as Eocene (~50 Ma). Potassium-argon dating indicated intrusion and volcanism over the period ~50Ma to ~20 Ma ago. The Tertiary volcanic, hypabyssal, and plutonic rocks are all light rare-earth element enriched as would be expected in a rift-related tectonic setting. These rocks represent proto-Red Sea igneous activity and are correlated with the Jizan group. Shama rhyolite near Harrat Tuffil is unconformably overlain by a boulder conglomerate correlated with the Bathan formation.
\nMiocene alkali basalt forms a large paleovalley-fill lava flow at Harrat ad Damm and small flow remnants north of Jabal Sita. Erosional downcutting at Harrat ad Damm averaged ~10 m per MA over the past 11 Ma. Pliocene alkali basalt unconformably overlies Bathan formation and Shama rhyolite at Harrat Tuffil.
\nThe uplift of Quaternary reef limestone along the Red Sea coast indicates recent faulting as shown in the adjoining Shu’ayba and Al Ghalah quadrangles.
\nA perlite deposit at Jabal Shama may be suitable as light aggregate for concrete. Sparse barite veins were discovered in the lower Shumaysi formation. Relatively small deposits of Sa’diyah formation marble may be of interest for local use in building or cement. The Jurassic dolomite is locally quite pure and may have economic applications.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr83332","collaboration":"Prepared by the US Geological Survey for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources","usgsCitation":"Pallister, J.S., 1983, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Harrat Tuffil Quadrangle, sheet 20/39 B, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-332, 3 Plates: 36.90 x 31.24 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83332.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 36.90 x 31.24 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":85640,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0332/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 1b","size":"6.38 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1b"},{"id":85641,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0332/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"2.03 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":85639,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0332/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1a","size":"3.28 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1a"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 40,\n 20.5 \n ],\n [\n 40,\n 21\n ],\n [\n 39.5,\n 21\n ],\n [\n 39.5,\n 20.5 \n ],\n [\n 40,\n 20.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a71e4b07f02db642753","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pallister, John S. 0000-0002-2041-2147 jpallist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-2147","contributorId":2024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pallister","given":"John","email":"jpallist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":238356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38630,"text":"pp1049D - 1983 - Geology and description of thorium and rare-earth deposits in the southern Bear Lodge Mountains, northeastern Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:36","indexId":"pp1049D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1049","chapter":"D","title":"Geology and description of thorium and rare-earth deposits in the southern Bear Lodge Mountains, northeastern Wyoming","docAbstract":"The Bear Lodge Mountains are a small northerly trending range approximately 16 km northwest of the Black Hills in the northeast corner of Wyoming. Thorium and rare-earth deposits occur over an area of 16 km 2 in the southern part of these mountains. These deposits occur in the core of the Bear Lodge dome in a large multiple intrusive body made up principally of trachyte and phonolite. Two types of deposits are recognized: disseminated deposits and veins. \r\n\r\nThe disseminated deposits are made up of altered igneous rocks cut by numerous crisscrossing veinlets. The disseminated deposits contain thorium and rare-earth minerals in a matrix consisting principally of potassium feldspar, quartz, and iron and manganese oxides. Total rare-earth content of these deposits is about 27 times that of the thorium content. \r\n\r\nThe general size and shape of the disseminated deposits were outlined by making a radiometric map using a scintillation counter of the entire Bear Lodge core, an area of approximately 30 km 2 . The most favorable part of this area, which was outlined by the 40 countJs (count-per-second) isograd on the radiometric map, was sampled in detail. A total of 341 samples were taken over an area of 10.6 km 2 and analyzed for as many as 60 elements. Rare earths and thorium are the principal commodities of interest in these deposits. Total rare-earth content of these samples ranged from 47 to 27,145 ppm (parts per million), and the thorium content from 9.3 to 990 ppm. The amount of total rare earths of individual samples shows little correlation with that of thorium. Contour maps were constructed using the analytical data for total rare earths, thorium, uranium, and potassium. The total rare-earth and thorium maps can be used to define the size of the deposits based on what cut-off grade may be needed during mining. The size is large as the 2,000 ppm total rare-earth isograd encloses several areas that total 3.22 km 2 in size, and the 200 ppm thorium isograd encloses several areas that total 1.69 km 2 . These deposits could be mined by open pit. The Bear Lodge disseminated deposits have one of the largest resources of both total rare earths and thorium in the United States, and although the grade of both commodities is lower than some other deposits, their large size and relative cheapness of mining make them an important future resource. \r\n\r\nVein deposits in the Bear Lodge Mountains include all tabular bodies at least 5 cm thick. Twenty-six veins were noted in this area. These veins are thin and short; the longest vein was traced for only 137 m. Minerals vary greatly in the amount present. Gangue minerals are commonly potassium feldspar, quartz, or cristobalite intermixed with varying amounts of limonite, hematite, and various manganese oxides. Rare earths and thorium occur in the minerals monazite, brockite, and bastnaesite. Thorium content of 35 samples ranged from 0.01 to 1.2 percent, and the total rare-earth content of 21 samples from 0.23 to 9.8 percent. Indicated reserves were calculated to a depth of one-third the exposed length of the vein. Inferred reserves lie in a block surrounding indicated reserves. Indicated reserves of all veins are only 50 t of Th0 2 and 1,360 t of total rare-earth oxides; inferred reserves are 250 t of Th0 2 and 6,810 t of total rare-earth oxides. \r\n\r\nThe Bear Lodge dome, which underlies the greater part of this area, is formed by multiple intrusive bodies of Tertiary age that dome up the surrounding sedimentary rocks. In the southern part of the core, the younger intrusive bodies surround and partly replace a granite of Precambrian age. This granite is approximately 2.6 b.y. old. The sedimentary rocks around the core are (from oldest to youngest): Deadwood Formation of Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician age, Whitewood Limestone of Late Ordovician age, Pahasapa Limestone of Early Mississippian age, Minnelusa Sandstone of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian age, Opeche Formation of Permian age, Minnek","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology and resources of thorium in the United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1049D","usgsCitation":"Staatz, M., 1983, Geology and description of thorium and rare-earth deposits in the southern Bear Lodge Mountains, northeastern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1049, p. D1-D52; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1049D.","productDescription":"p. D1-D52; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104542,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4702.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4702"},{"id":120497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1049d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65454,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1049d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65455,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1049d/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65456,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1049d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686276","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staatz, M.H.","contributorId":14411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staatz","given":"M.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37153,"text":"rp151 - 1983 - Avian use of forest habitats in the Pembina Hills of northeastern North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-16T13:33:48","indexId":"rp151","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"151","title":"Avian use of forest habitats in the Pembina Hills of northeastern North Dakota","docAbstract":"North Dakota has the least extensive total area of forested habitats of any of the 50 United States. Although occurring in limited area, forest communities add considerably to the total ecological diversity of the State. The forests of the Pembina Hills region in northeastern North Dakota are one of only three areas large enough to be considered of commercial value. During 1981 we studied the avifauna of the upper valley of the Pembina River in the Pembina Hills. Field work extended from 20 April to 23 July; breeding bird censuses were conducted 7 June to 2 July. Of the 120 bird species recorded during the study period, 79 species were recorded during the breeding season. The total breeding population was estimated at nearly 76,000 breeding pairs. The wood warblers (Parulidae) were the most numerous family, accounting for about 28,000 breeding pairs. The yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia) was the most abundant breeding species, making up 19.4% of the population. American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) was second in abundance, accounting for 10.5% of the breeding population. Largest breeding densities occurred in the willow (Salix sp.) shrub community. Although supporting the lowest mean breeding density, quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) forests supported the highest species diversity. First State breeding records were recorded for alder flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) and golden-winged warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera). Records were obtained for 12 species considered rare or unusual in North Dakota during the breeding season. The status of all species known to have occurred in the study area is described in an annotated species list.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Faanes, C.A., and Andrew, J.M., 1983, Avian use of forest habitats in the Pembina Hills of northeastern North Dakota: Resource Publication 151, 24 p.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ae59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faanes, Craig A.","contributorId":72433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faanes","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrew, Jonathan M.","contributorId":40644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrew","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10240,"text":"ofr83422 - 1983 - High-Resolution Seismic Profile and Sidescan-Sonar Data Collected During June 1980 Offshore New Jersey, Whitefoot Cruise 80-1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-18T14:51:00","indexId":"ofr83422","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-422","title":"High-Resolution Seismic Profile and Sidescan-Sonar Data Collected During June 1980 Offshore New Jersey, Whitefoot Cruise 80-1","docAbstract":"This survey (888 km), of the New Jersey nearshore area, extended between Corson Inlet to the south and Mlanasquan Inlet to the north and from about 8 m depth to about 25 m depth. The lines were located between latitudes 39° and 40°10'N and longitudes 73°50' and 74° 40'W. High-resolution seismicreflection data were collected using an EG&G Uniboom (400-4000 Hz) and an ORE Mode! 1035 (3.5 kHz) subbottom profiling system in conjunction with a Klein Sidescan Sonar System (100 kHz). While the quality of the data is variable, it is virtually all usable and generally of good quality but rarely excellent. Due to equipment failure, only 880 km of 3.5 kHz and 796 km of sidescan-sonar data were recorded. Navigation was by Loran-C. and fixes were recorded at 5-minute time intervals with some gaps in the data.
Analysis of the sidescan-sonar data shows five recognizable features in the study area. Megaripples (2-3 m crestal spacing) were recorded almost exclusively on coast parallel tracklines, and were most abundant at distances of 10 to 20 km offshore. Nonlinear light and dark patches were abundant in the northern half of the study area and offshore to the south. Two groups of linear light and dark bands were observed as being clearly parallel or oblique to the bathymetric contours and were noted throughout the survey area. Trawl marks were noted on only one line near the shore, just north of Barnegat Inlet.
These observations indicate widespread, perhaps frequent, movement of the surface sands on the Inner New Jersey continental shelf. Directions of sediment transport are suggested by the orientation of the alternating light and dark bands and the ripples, assuming a parallel and/or transverse relative movement. Asymmetry of the ripples was not observed on the sidescan sonographs.
The high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles indicate three distinct types of subbottom stratigraphy in the top 20 to 40 m of sediment. Reflectors in the area north of Barnegat Inlet dip gently (<1° ) to the south-southeast. The thirty plotted reflectors are 5 to 12 m apart (vertically), are essentially parallel, and are truncated on the updip (northern) limits where they outcrop or subcrop (under a 2-4 m overburden). Truncated by erosion, they are the dominant cause of N65° east-striking topographic ridges in this offshore region. The age of the reflectors is· inferred to be Tertiary from the strike and dip, which are the same as the Tertiary beds of adjacent New Jersey.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr83422","usgsCitation":"McClennen, C.E., 1983, High-Resolution Seismic Profile and Sidescan-Sonar Data Collected During June 1980 Offshore New Jersey, Whitefoot Cruise 80-1: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-422, 5 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83422.","productDescription":"5 p","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259852,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0422/ofr1983422.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.25 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1983-422"}],"contact":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Areas with mineral resource potential in the Harrat Nawasif, Ranyah, and Jabal Dalfa quadrangles in the central Precambrian Shield of Saudi Arabia have been identified by reconnaissance rock geochemistry and inspection of ancient prospects. Locally anomalous areas in perthitic, alkalic granite terrane in the Ranyah quadrangle possibly contain niobium, zirconium, thorium, fluorite, rare-earth, tin, molybdenum, or copper mineralization. The reconnaissance rock geochemical survey in layered volcanic and volcaniclastic terrane in the Jabal Dalfa quadrangle identified a zinc anomaly in quartzite and a nickel-copper zone that is an extension of the Jabal Judayr prospect, where a low-grade, nickel-copper sulfide deposit is known. The Precambrian terrane in the Harrat Nawasif quadrangle has no known mineral resource potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"United States","doi":"10.3133/ofr83372","usgsCitation":"Fenton, M.D., 1983, The mineral resource potential of the Harrat Nawasif, sheet 21/42 C, Ranyah, sheet 21/42 D, and Jabal Dalfa, sheet 21/43 C quadrangles, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-372, 2 maps :photocopy ;36 x 39 cm., on sheets 61 x 70 cm., and 61 x 63 cm. +1 pamphlet (24 p. ill. ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83372.","productDescription":"2 maps :photocopy ;36 x 39 cm., on sheets 61 x 70 cm., and 61 x 63 cm. +1 pamphlet (24 p. ill. ; 28 cm.)","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":83426,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0372/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83427,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0372/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83425,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0372/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":171250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0372/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 42,\n 21\n ],\n [\n 42,\n 22\n ],\n [\n 44,\n 22\n ],\n [\n 44,\n 21\n ],\n [\n 42,\n 21\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b495b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenton, Michael D. mfenton@usgs.gov","contributorId":2897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenton","given":"Michael","email":"mfenton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":233448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61519,"text":"mf1577C - 1983 - Geochemical map of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, Yavapai County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T10:40:39","indexId":"mf1577C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1577","chapter":"C","title":"Geochemical map of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, Yavapai County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The Wilderness Act (Public Law 88-577, September 3, 1964) and related acts require the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines to survey certain areas on Federal lands to determine their mineral resource potential. Results must be made available to the public and be submitted to the President and the Congress. This report presents the results of a geochemical survey of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area (U.S. Forest Service number 03092) in the Prescott and Tonto National Forests, Yavapai County, Arizona. The Arnold Mesa Roadless Area was classified as a further planning area during the Second Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II) by the U.S. Forest Service, January 1979.
\nDuring 1980 the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) conducted field investigations to evaluate the mineral resource potential of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, Yavapai County, Arizona. Field studies included geologic mapping (Wolrfe, 1983), aeromagnetic mapping (Davis and Wolfe, 1983), geochemical sampling (this report), and a survey of known mines and prospects (McColly and Korzeb, 1981).
\nThe Arnold Mesa Roadless Area comprises about 28,000 acres (11,300 hectares) in and along the flanks of the Black Hills south of Camp Verde, Arizona. The Black Hills form a northwest-trending drainage divide, between the Agua Fria drainage on the west and Verde River on the east, that extends through the roadless area. The crest and southwest flank of the divide within the study area are moderately dissected, gently rolling uplands. The northeast flank is steep terrain that forms the western wall of the Verde Valley. The northeast flank has a total relief within the study area of almost 4,000 ft (more than 1,200 m) and is deeply incised by the canyons of Gap and Chasm Creeks. Unpaved roads provide access to much of the perimeter of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, but the interior is accessible only by foot, horse, or helicopter.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1577C","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, E.W., 1983, Geochemical map of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, Yavapai County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1577, 58.63 x 40.35 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1577C.","productDescription":"58.63 x 40.35 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf1577C.PNG"},{"id":327607,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1577-C/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Yavapai County","otherGeospatial":"Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, Prescott National Forest, Tonto National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 34.2\n ],\n [\n -111.6,\n 34.2\n ],\n [\n -111.6,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 34.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae229","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, Edward W.","contributorId":79878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7771,"text":"ofr83800 - 1983 - Quartz-molybdenite veins in the Priestly Lake granodiorite, north-central Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-19T10:51:16","indexId":"ofr83800","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-800","title":"Quartz-molybdenite veins in the Priestly Lake granodiorite, north-central Maine","docAbstract":"Quartz-molybdenite veins up to 15 cm in width occur in fine to medium-grained porphyritic biotite-hornblende granodiorite at Priestly Lake north-central Maine. An area of about 150 m x 150 m contains quartz-molybdenite veins; a larger area is characterized by barren quartz veins. Quartz-molybdenite veins are concentrated within the most felsic variants of the intrusion as suggested by lower mafic mineral contents. The pluton has a narrow range in SiO2 (67-70 wt.%), major oxides, and in trace-element compositions.\r\n\r\nMolybdenite occurs as coarse grained clusters in pockets within the quartz veins, and fills fractures in the quartz veins and host rocks. Disseminated molybdenite in the granodiorite is relatively rare and occurs only in the area characterized by a high density of quartz veins (up to 50 veins per square meter). Alteration envelopes along the quartz veins are very thin or absent, although in some areas the granodiorite appears to be selectively and pervasively altered. Sericite, chlorite, epidote, calcite, pyrite, and quartz are concentrated near the quartz-molybdenite veins. \r\n\r\nMany of the field and geochemical characteristics of the Priestly Lake pluton are unlike those of major molybdenum-producing areas (Climax, Henderson, Urad). For example, the area of alteration seems to be of limited extent, the host rock is not intensely altered hydrothermally at the surface, the density of fractures is rather low in the mineralized area, and the amount of disseminated molybdenite appears to be small. However, the Priestly Lake pluton may be a small fraction of a concealed batholith as suggested by geophysical data. It is conceivable that the type of mineralization at the surface might be the expression of more extensive molybdenite mineralization at depth. \r\n\r\nThe quartz-molybdenite veins in the Priestly Lake pluton are significant because they indicate that potential molybdenum sources for producing mineralized granites were available at depth. Future studies should be aimed at delineating the area of quartz-molybdenite mineralization, documenting hydrothermal alteration and zonation, determining fracture density, and evaluating the sulfide assemblage.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr83800","usgsCitation":"Ayuso, R.A., and Shank, S.G., 1983, Quartz-molybdenite veins in the Priestly Lake granodiorite, north-central Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-800, i, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83800.","productDescription":"i, 12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":141446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0800/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35243,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0800/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":156568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shank, Stephen G.","contributorId":89892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shank","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":10920,"text":"ofr83465 - 1983 - Hornblende-rich, high grade metamorphic terranes in the southernmost Sierra Nevada, California, and implications for crustal depths and batholith roots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:21","indexId":"ofr83465","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-465","title":"Hornblende-rich, high grade metamorphic terranes in the southernmost Sierra Nevada, California, and implications for crustal depths and batholith roots","docAbstract":"The southernmost Sierra Nevaaa widely exposes hornblende-rich, gneissic to granoblastic, amphibolite- to granulite-grade, metamorphic rocks and associated magmatic rocks, all of mid-Cretaceous age. Locally, red garnet, in part in euhedral crystals as large as 10 cm, as well as strongly pleochroic hyperstnene, characterize these rocks. These hornblende-rich rocks dominate the north slopes of the southern tail of the Sierra Nevada, but are also present as inclusion masses of various sizes in the dominantly granitic terrane to She northeast. \r\n\r\nThe mafic, hornblende-rich rocks reflect a deeper crustal level than the dominantly granitic terrane to the northeast based on: 1) 'index' minerals (presence of hypersthene, coarse garnet, and brown hornblende; 2) textures (considerable ambivalence of whether individual samples are metamorphic or magmatic, 3) metamorphic grade (at least local granulite facies); and 4) the presence of migmatite, and the eviaence of local melting and mobilization. These rocks may be exposures of the upper part of the root zone and metamorphic substrate of the Sierra Nevada batholith. Xenoliths of gneiss, amphibolite, and granulite from sub-batholithic levels, that have been transported upward and preserved in volcanic rocks in the central Sierra Nevada, are similar to some exposed rocks of the southernmost Sierra Nevada. \r\n\r\nHypersthene-bearing granulite and tonalite, as well as distinctive granofels of mid-Cretaceous age, are exposed in the western part of the Santa Lucia Range (some 300 km to the northwest across the San Andreas fault). These rocks have much in common with some of the metamorphic and magmatic rocks in the southernmost Sierra Nevada, suggesting that the two areas record similar metamorphic conditions and crustal depth. Mid-Cretaceous hypersthene granulite is rare, which makes correlation of the Santa Lucia Range and the southernmost Sierra Nevada seem attractive. Nevertheless, possibly significant petrographic anm rock distribution differences between the two areas (particularly the relative abundances of carbonate rocks and amphibolite) dictate caution in suggesting the two terranes were once contiguous.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr83465","usgsCitation":"Ross, D., 1983, Hornblende-rich, high grade metamorphic terranes in the southernmost Sierra Nevada, California, and implications for crustal depths and batholith roots: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-465, 56 p. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83465.","productDescription":"56 p. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142457,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0465/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":38687,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0465/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688147","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Donald Clarence","contributorId":49768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Donald Clarence","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":162209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8726,"text":"ofr83389 - 1983 - Peralkaline and peraluminous granites and related mineral deposits of the Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-22T18:30:17","indexId":"ofr83389","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-389","title":"Peralkaline and peraluminous granites and related mineral deposits of the Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"
In the Precambrian Arabian Shield, granitoid plutonic rocks are widespread and range in age from 800 to 550 Ma old; but the mineral-resource potential associated with these plutonic rocks is restricted mainly to the younger, postorogenic granites. Two granite types of current economic interest are zirconium- niobium-enriched per alkaline granites and tin-tungsten-enriched peraluminous granites. Both types are highly evolved, are enriched in lithium, rubidium, and fluorine, and have distinctive mineralogy, textures, and chemistry. The zirconium-niobium-enriched granites are related to medium- to large-sized plutons and complexes of peralkaline granite, and the tin-tungsten-enriched granites are related to medium-sized plutons of biotite or biotite-muscovite granite.
\nExisting geochemical and geologic data for many parts of the Arabian Shield were compiled as a basis for evaluating the resource potential of the granites of the Shield. Commodities associated with granites that have potential for economic mineral deposits include tin, tungsten, molybdenum, beryllium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, uranium, thorium, rare-earth elements, and fluorite. Prospecting methods useful in discriminating those granites having significant economic potential include reconnaissance geologic mapping, petrographic and mineralogic studies, geochemical sampling of rock and wadi sediment, and radiometric surveying.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr83389","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J., 1983, Peralkaline and peraluminous granites and related mineral deposits of the Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-389, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83389.","productDescription":"39 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0389/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36297,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0389/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 42.5,\n 16\n ],\n [\n 34,\n 30\n ],\n [\n 46,\n 28\n ],\n [\n 47,\n 16\n ],\n [\n 42.5,\n 16\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b30e4b07f02db6b4089","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, James E.","contributorId":15595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"James E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18056,"text":"ofr83826 - 1983 - A surface vitrinite reflectance anomaly related to Bell Creek oil field, Montana, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:20","indexId":"ofr83826","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-826","title":"A surface vitrinite reflectance anomaly related to Bell Creek oil field, Montana, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Vitrinite reflectance measurements from surface samples of mudrock and coal show anomalously high values over the Bell Creek oil field. The average vitrinite reflectance (Rm) increases to a maximum of 0.9 percent over the field against background values of about 0.3 percent. The Rm anomaly coincides with a geochemical anomaly indicated by diagenetic magnetite in surface rocks and a geobiologic anomaly indicated by ethane-consuming bacteria. These samples were taken from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek and Paleocene Fort Union Formations which form an essentially conformable sequence. The depositional environment is similar in both formations, and we expect little variation in the source and composition of the organic matter. The surface R m should be approximately constant because of a uniform thermal history across the field. Temperature studies over local oil fields with similar geology suggest the expected thermal anomaly would be less than 10?C (50?F), which is too small to account for the significantly higher rank over the field. Coal clinkers are rare in the vicinity of Bell Creek and an Rm anomaly caused by burning of the thin, discontinuous coal seams is unlikely. The limited topographic relief, less than 305 m (1,000 ft), over the shallow-dipping homoclinal structure and the poor correlation between Rm and sample locality elevation (r = -0.2) indicate that the Rm anomaly is not due to burial, deformation and subsequent erosion.\r\n\r\nWe conjecture that activity by petroleum-metabolizing bacteria is a possible explanation of the Rm anomaly. Microseepage from oil reservoirs supports large colonies of these organisms, some of which can produce enzymes that can cleave hydrocarbon side-chains on the kerogen molecule. The loss of these side chains causes condensation of the ring structures (Stach and others, 1982) and consequently increases its reflectance. \r\n\r\nThese data indicate that vitrinite reflectance may be a useful tool to explore for stratigraphic traps in the Powder River Basin. Further, the large variation of R across the Bell Creek area suggests that vitrinite reflectance data from surface samples should be interpreted with caution.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr83826","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., Dalziel, M., and Pawlewicz, M., 1983, A surface vitrinite reflectance anomaly related to Bell Creek oil field, Montana, U.S.A.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-826, i, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83826.","productDescription":"i, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0826/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47409,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0826/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5ef8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dalziel, M.C.","contributorId":85964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalziel","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pawlewicz, M. J.","contributorId":75111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlewicz","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":8629,"text":"ofr83370 - 1983 - Mineral potential of selected felsic plutons in the eastern and southeastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-22T17:28:11","indexId":"ofr83370","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-370","title":"Mineral potential of selected felsic plutons in the eastern and southeastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"Sixteen well-defined geochemical anomalies associated with felsic plutons and (or) muscovite-bearing plutons of Proterozoic age have been identified in the eastern and southeastern Arabian Shield. The majority of these plutons are highly evolved, granitophile-element-enriched muscovite-bearing granites that are weakly peraluminous.
\nA followup study of the mineral potential of these plutons included detailed geologic mapping, extensive geochemical sampling, ground traverses, and petrographic and petrologic studies. A total of 212 samples were collected for geochemical analysis, and a lesser number were collected for petrographic studies.
\nMost of the plutons studied are similar to metallogenically specialized granites described elsewhere in the world and found associated with deposits of tin, tungsten, or molybdenum and other rare metals. Only four of the plutons, the Sitarah, Tarban, and Gaharra monzogranites and the Bwana granite, contained highly anomalous amounts of tin, tungsten, or molybdenum and altered zones- and (or) numerous quartz veins and otherwise appeared to have noteworthy mineral potential. Additional work on at least these four plutons is suggested.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr83370","usgsCitation":"du Bray, E.A., 1983, Mineral potential of selected felsic plutons in the eastern and southeastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-370, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83370.","productDescription":"60 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":36232,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0370/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0370/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 43,\n 18\n ],\n [\n 43,\n 24.5\n ],\n [\n 45,\n 24.5\n ],\n [\n 45,\n 18\n ],\n [\n 43,\n 18\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"du Bray, Edward A. 0000-0002-4383-8394 edubray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-8394","contributorId":755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"du Bray","given":"Edward","email":"edubray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":158055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59340,"text":"mf1577D - 1983 - Aeromagnetic map of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, Yavapai County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T10:15:54","indexId":"mf1577D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1577","chapter":"D","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, Yavapai County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The Wilderness Act (Public Law 88-577, September 3, 1964) and related acts require the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines to survey certain areas on Federal lands to determine their mineral resource potential. Results must be made available to the public and be submitted to the President and the Congress. This report presents the results of an aeromagnetic survey of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area (U.S. Forest Service number 03092) in the Prescott and Tonto National Forests, Yavapai County, Arizona. The Arnold Mesa Roadless Area was classified as a further planning area during the Second Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II) by the U.S. Forest Service, January 1979.
\nThe Arnold Mesa Roadless Area is within the transition zone between the Colorado Plateaus to the northeast and the Basin and Range province to the southwest. The transition zone is a belt about 701 miles (120 km) wide that extends diagonally from northwest to south east across central Arizona and parallels the topographic margin of the plateaus. The study area is underlain by Precambrian rocks and gently dipping Paleozoic strata that are largely covered by basaltic lavas and pyroclastic deposits of Miocene age ( McKee and Anderson, 1971). Dacite breccia and tuff are locally interbedded with the basaltic rocks. Sedimentary deposits of late Cenozoic age are dominant in the Verde Valley from about Chasm Creek north; they accumulated in a depositional basin bounded on the west by the Verde fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1577D","usgsCitation":"Davis, W., and Wolfe, E.W., 1983, Aeromagnetic map of the Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, Yavapai County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1577, 49.43 x 35.85 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1577D.","productDescription":"49.43 x 35.85 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/MF1577D.PNG"},{"id":327199,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1577-D/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Yavapai County","otherGeospatial":"Arnold Mesa Roadless Area, Prescott National Forest, Tonto National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 34.2\n ],\n [\n -111.6,\n 34.2\n ],\n [\n -111.6,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -112,\n 34.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6972f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Willard E.","contributorId":8549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Willard E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfe, Edward W.","contributorId":79878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":8628,"text":"ofr83369 - 1983 - Geochemical evaluation of felsic plutonic rocks in the eastern and southeastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:22","indexId":"ofr83369","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-369","title":"Geochemical evaluation of felsic plutonic rocks in the eastern and southeastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"In a geochemical evaluation of the eastern and southeastern Arabian Shield, which included collection of 696 rock samples and 694 pan concentrate samples, a province of tin-anomalous granitoid plutons was defined. Pan concentrates collected in and around these plutons were enriched in tin and tungsten relative to the concentrate population. Rock samples of these leucocratic, muscovite-bearing, peraluminous granites contained anomalously high concentrations of lithium, fluorine, beryllium, lead, rubidium, niobium, yttrium, tin, bismuth, silver, and tungsten. \r\n\r\nTen tin-anomalous plutons were located in the study area. The plutons are typically small, less than 10 km2 in areal extent, and circular to elliptical in plan view. The resource potential of these latest Proterozoic plutons has not been established; economically exploitable concentrations of tin, tungsten, molybdenum, or zinc may be present, and followup studies are warranted. Further, two of the plutons are characterized by higher than normal total-count radioactivity and have potential for uranium, thorium, or rare-earth element deposits.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr83369","usgsCitation":"Du Bray, E., Elliott, J., and Stoeser, D.B., 1983, Geochemical evaluation of felsic plutonic rocks in the eastern and southeastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-369, 57 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr83369.","productDescription":"57 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0369/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36228,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0369/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36229,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0369/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36230,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0369/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":36231,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1983/0369/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Du Bray, E. A.","contributorId":22333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Du Bray","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, James E.","contributorId":15595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"James E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stoeser, D. B.","contributorId":18735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}