{"pageNumber":"1461","pageRowStart":"36500","pageSize":"25","recordCount":41022,"records":[{"id":20113,"text":"ofr87404 - 1987 - Sedimentary basin models documented on computer diskettes for USGS bulletin 1810 the muPETROL expert system for classifying world sedimentary basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:37","indexId":"ofr87404","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-404","title":"Sedimentary basin models documented on computer diskettes for USGS bulletin 1810 the muPETROL expert system for classifying world sedimentary basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87404","usgsCitation":"Miller, B., 1987, Sedimentary basin models documented on computer diskettes for USGS bulletin 1810 the muPETROL expert system for classifying world sedimentary basins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-404, 5 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87404.","productDescription":"5 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0404/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49657,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0404/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd71dfe4b0b29085107f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, B.M.","contributorId":73232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":14118,"text":"ofr87247 - 1987 - National and regional trends in water-well drilling in the United States, 1964-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-27T10:19:05","indexId":"ofr87247","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-247","title":"National and regional trends in water-well drilling in the United States, 1964-84","docAbstract":"<p>Information on national and regional water well drilling activity is important for water resource planning and management and for water related equipment marketing. A study was conducted to analyze drilling trends on the basis of data for selected years from 1964 through 1984. The study focused primarily on the years 1964 and 1980-84, but also included data from 1960. Approximately 397,000 water wells were drilled in the United States in 1984. Seven states--Florida, Texas, New York, Michigan, North Carolina, Virginia, and Ohio--accounted for 39% of all the wells drilled in the United States in 1984. Florida led the nation in drilling activity with 45,600 new wells. The 1984 national drilling total was 2.6% &gt; the total for 1980 (387,000) and 8.5% &lt; the total for 1964 (434,000). However, these moderate differences do not reflect substantial year-to-year fluctuations that may have occurred during that 20-yr period. Qualitative comparisons suggest that drilling activity for a given year is closely related to the number of housing starts for that year. If so, there may have been peaks in drilling activity in 1972 and 1977-78 (corresponding to peaks in housing starts) that are not identified in this study because of a lack of available well drilling data for those years. Well drilling data for 1964 and the 1980-84 period probably represent a low to moderate level of drilling activity, and, if compared to earlier data, suggest that there has been no substantial growth or decline in the water well industry as a whole since the 1940's. (Author's abstract)</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87247","usgsCitation":"Hindall, S.M., and Eberle, M., 1987, National and regional trends in water-well drilling in the United States, 1964-84: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-247, iv, 25 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87247.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. 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-117.03121,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -116.04818,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -113,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -110.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -107.05,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -104.04826,\n                48.99986\n              ],\n              [\n                -100.65,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -97.22872,\n                49.0007\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15907,\n                49\n              ],\n              [\n                -95.15609,\n                49.38425\n              ],\n              [\n                -94.81758,\n                49.38905\n              ]\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      },\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"name\": \"United States\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hindall, S. M.","contributorId":59414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hindall","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberle, Michael","contributorId":39770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberle","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":12288,"text":"ofr87577 - 1987 - Selected bibliography of epithermal precious metal mineralization for the IUGS/UNESCO deposit modeling workshop hydrothermal systems in volcanic centers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:31","indexId":"ofr87577","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-577","title":"Selected bibliography of epithermal precious metal mineralization for the IUGS/UNESCO deposit modeling workshop hydrothermal systems in volcanic centers","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87577","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C.G., Seay, D., and Ericksen, G.E., 1987, Selected bibliography of epithermal precious metal mineralization for the IUGS/UNESCO deposit modeling workshop hydrothermal systems in volcanic centers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-577, 50 leaves ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87577.","productDescription":"50 leaves ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0577/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40510,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0577/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa6d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, C. G.","contributorId":76741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seay, D.L.","contributorId":80538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seay","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ericksen, G. E.","contributorId":44538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericksen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":16161,"text":"ofr87507 - 1987 - Rb-Sr isotopic studies of postorogenic granites from the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-16T15:10:16","indexId":"ofr87507","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-507","title":"Rb-Sr isotopic studies of postorogenic granites from the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>Thirteen Rb-Sr whole-rock isochrons for postorogenic granites of the eastern Arabian Shield yield ages that range from 567 to 617 Ma, a similar range to that previously determined ages for leucocratic, evolved granites in that region. The dated plutons range widely in terms of degree of petrologic evolution from primitive (at Najran) to highly evolved (at Jabal al Caharra) and include several plutons that are anomalously enriched in tin and tungsten (Jabal Tarban, Jabal al Gaharra, Jabal Khinzir, and Jabal Minya). Although no uniform relationship was established between age or initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr and degree of petrologic evolution, the more evolved plutons tend to be younger and to have slightly higher initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr values. There is a tendency for metalliferous plutons to have elevated initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr values, but not all plutons with elevated <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr values are known to be metalliferous. Several of the dated plutons are situated within the Najd fault zone, and thus, some of the ages are useful in determining times of strike-slip fault activity. The youngest pluton cut by Najd faulting is at Jabal Tukhfah (573&plusmn;13 Ma). Displacement at this locality is about 2 km, and if normal rates of strike-slip movement are assumed, this displacement suggests that movement for one strand of the Najd faults ceased by about 560 Ma.</p>\n<p>Available data indicate that postorogenic granites tend to be older in the southern part of the Arabian Shield. This suggests that plutonism started in the south and progressed to the north. Initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr values also form a regional pattern. These ratios tend to be higher in the eastern part of the Arabian Shield, and suggest one source of continental affinity to the east and one of oceanic affinity to the west. The distribution of initial strontium isotope ratios does not clearly discriminate between the various models for Shield evolution; however, a sedimentary source region of mixed end members seems more compatible with the data pattern than models based on discrete boundaries between unrelated accreted blocks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87507","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., and Futa, K., 1987, Rb-Sr isotopic studies of postorogenic granites from the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-507, Report: i, 26 p., ill;, maps: 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87507.","productDescription":"Report: i, 26 p., ill;, maps: 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0507/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45088,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0507/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              42.4,\n              17\n            ],\n            [\n              42,\n              26\n            ],\n            [\n              46,\n              26\n            ],\n            [\n              46,\n              17\n            ],\n            [\n              42.4,\n              17\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648702","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Futa, Kiyoto 0000-0001-8649-7510 kfuta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-7510","contributorId":619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"Kiyoto","email":"kfuta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":172338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":12521,"text":"ofr87642 - 1987 - Modifications to the VAX/VMS DR11-W/DRV11-WA interface driver for high speed, real-time data acquisition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:36","indexId":"ofr87642","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-642","title":"Modifications to the VAX/VMS DR11-W/DRV11-WA interface driver for high speed, real-time data acquisition","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87642","usgsCitation":"Baker, L., 1987, Modifications to the VAX/VMS DR11-W/DRV11-WA interface driver for high speed, real-time data acquisition: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-642, 24 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87642.","productDescription":"24 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0642/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40775,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0642/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6994bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, L.M.","contributorId":40608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":15781,"text":"ofr87618 - 1987 - Two-dimensional finite element models of the variation of heat flow with depth caused by refraction at a low conductivity graben","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:13","indexId":"ofr87618","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-618","title":"Two-dimensional finite element models of the variation of heat flow with depth caused by refraction at a low conductivity graben","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87618","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., and Lachenbruch, A., 1987, Two-dimensional finite element models of the variation of heat flow with depth caused by refraction at a low conductivity graben: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-618, 11 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87618.","productDescription":"11 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0618/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44810,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0618/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db623964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lachenbruch, A.H.","contributorId":76737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"A.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2311,"text":"wsp2234E - 1987 - Shore erosion as a sediment source to the tidal Potomac River, Maryland and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:20","indexId":"wsp2234E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2234","chapter":"E","title":"Shore erosion as a sediment source to the tidal Potomac River, Maryland and Virginia","docAbstract":"The shoreline of the tidal Potomac River attained its present form as a result of the Holocene episode of sea-level rise; the drowned margins of the system are modified by wave activity in the shore zone and by slope processes on banks steepened by basal-wave erosion. Shore erosion leaves residual sand and gravel in shallow water and transports silt and clay offshore to form a measurable component of the suspended-sediment load of the tidal Potomac River. \r\n\r\nErosion rates were measured by comparing digitized historical shoreline maps and modern maps, and by comparing stereopairs of aerial photographs taken at different points in time, with the aid of an interactive computer-graphics system and a digitizing stereoplotter. Cartographic comparisons encompassed 90 percent of the study reach and spanned periods of 38 to 109 years, with most measurements spanning at least 84 years. Photogrammetric comparisons encompassed 49 percent of the study reach and spanned 16 to 40 years. Field monitoring of erosion rates and processes at two sites, Swan Point Neck, Maryland, and Mason Neck, Virginia, spanned periods of 10 to 18 months. \r\n\r\n\r\nEstimated average recession rates of shoreline in the estuary, based on cartographic and photogrammetric measurements, were 0.42 to 0.52 meter per annum (Virginia shore) and 0.31 to 0.41 meter per annum (Maryland shore). Average recession rates of shoreline in the tidal river and transition zone were close to 0.15 meter per annum. Estimated average volume-erosion rates along the estuary were 1.20 to 1.87 cubic meters per meter of shoreline per annum (Virginia shore) and 0.56 to 0.73 cubic meter per meter of shoreline per annum (Maryland shore); estimated average volume-erosion rates along the shores of the tidal river and transition zone were 0.55 to 0.74 cubic meter per meter of shoreline per annum. \r\n\r\nEstimated total sediment contributed to the tidal Potomac River by shore erosion was 0.375 x 10 6 to 0.565 x 10 6 metric tons per annum; of this, the estimated amount of silt and clay ranged from 0.153x10 6 to 0.226x10 6 metric tons per annum. Between 49 and 60 percent of the sediment was derived from the Virginia shore of the estuary; 14 to 18 percent was derived from the Maryland shore of the estuary; and 23 to 36 percent was derived from the shores of the tidal river and transition zone. The adjusted modern estimate of sediment eroded from the shoreline of the estuary is about 55 percent of the historical estimate.\r\n\r\nSediment eroded from the shoreline accounted for about 6 to 9 percent of the estimated total suspended load for the tidal Potomac River during water years 1979 through 1981 and for about 11 to 18 percent of the suspended load delivered to the estuary during the same period. Annual suspended-sediment loads derived from upland source areas fluctuated by about an order of magnitude during the 3 years of record (1979-81); shore erosion may have been a more important component of the sediment budget during periods of low flow than during periods of higher discharges. Prior to massive land clearance during the historical period of intensive agriculture in the 18th and 19th centuries, annual sediment loads from upland sources probably were smaller than they are at present; under these circumstances shore erosion would have been an important component of the sediment budget. \r\n\r\nAt current rates of sediment supply, relative sea-level rise, and shoreline recession, the landward parts of the tidal Potomac River are rapidly being filled by sediment. If these rates were to remain constant over time, and no sediment were to escape into Chesapeake Bay, the tidal river and transition zone would be filled within 600 years, and the total system would be filled in less than 4,000 years. Given a slower rate of sediment supply, comparable to the measured rate during the low-flow 1981 water year, the volume of the tidal Potomac River might remain relatively stable or even increase over time. Changes in rates","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2234E","usgsCitation":"Miller, A.J., 1987, Shore erosion as a sediment source to the tidal Potomac River, Maryland and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2234, vi, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2234E.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28141,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3e42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Andrew J.","contributorId":7559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":12329,"text":"ofr87234 - 1987 - Surface water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River basin, Kentucky: Project description","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T21:21:39.035116","indexId":"ofr87234","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-234","title":"Surface water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River basin, Kentucky: Project description","docAbstract":"In April 1986, the U.S. Geological Survey began the National Water Quality Assessment Program, which at present (1987) is in a pilot phase in which assessment concepts and approaches are being tested and modified to prepare for full implementation of the program in the future. Seven pilot projects (four surface water projects and three groundwater projects) have been started. The preliminary plans for the surface water quality assessment of the Kentucky River basin pilot project are described. The Kentucky River basin drains an area of approximately 7,000 sq mi in east central Kentucky and is underlain by rocks that range in composition from limestone to sandstone and shale. Because greater than 95% of the basin population relies on surface water, surface water quality is of great concern. Land use practices that affect the surface water quality in the basin include agriculture, forestry, oil and gas production, coal mining, and urbanization. Water quality concerns resulting from the various land uses include the effects of: oil and gas field brine discharges; agricultural chemicals; sedimentation caused by coal mining; and trace element impacts from industrial and urban environments. Assessment activity is designed to occur over a 9-year period of time. During the first 3-year period of the cycle, concentrated data acquisition and interpretation will occur. For the next 6 years, sample collection will occur at a much lower level of intensity to document the occurrence of any gross changes in water quality. This 9-year cycle will then be repeated. Historical data will be evaluated to provide, to the extent possible, a description of existing and past trends in water quality conditions and to develop conceptual models that relate the observed conditions to the sources and causes, both natural and human-controlled. New data will be collected to verify the water quality conditions documented by historic data, to track long-term trends in water quality, to intensify temporal and spatial sampling densities, and to improve the understanding of the relations between water quality conditions and causative factors. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87234","usgsCitation":"White, K.D., Smoot, J.L., Jackson, J.K., and Choquette, A., 1987, Surface water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River basin, Kentucky: Project description: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-234, v, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87234.","productDescription":"v, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393385,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17167.htm"},{"id":40559,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0234/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Kentucky River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.203,\n              36.862\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.638,\n              36.862\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.638,\n              38.764\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.203,\n              38.764\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.203,\n              36.862\n            ]\n          ]\n       ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db6913ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, K. D.","contributorId":45717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smoot, J. L.","contributorId":59794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, J. K.","contributorId":90312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Choquette, Anne F.","contributorId":98323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choquette","given":"Anne F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":12476,"text":"ofr87368 - 1987 - Modal compositions, whole-rock chemical data and normative mineralogy, and minor element data for rocks from alkaline intrusive complexes in northwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:45","indexId":"ofr87368","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-368","title":"Modal compositions, whole-rock chemical data and normative mineralogy, and minor element data for rocks from alkaline intrusive complexes in northwestern Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87368","usgsCitation":"Armbrustmacher, T., 1987, Modal compositions, whole-rock chemical data and normative mineralogy, and minor element data for rocks from alkaline intrusive complexes in northwestern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-368, ii, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87368.","productDescription":"ii, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0368/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40730,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0368/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armbrustmacher, T.J.","contributorId":92642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armbrustmacher","given":"T.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":12607,"text":"ofr86536 - 1987 - Documentation of a deep percolation model for estimating ground-water recharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:41","indexId":"ofr86536","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-536","title":"Documentation of a deep percolation model for estimating ground-water recharge","docAbstract":"A deep percolation model, which operates on a daily basis, was developed to estimate long-term average groundwater recharge from precipitation. It has been designed primarily to simulate recharge in large areas with variable weather, soils, and land uses, but it can also be used at any scale. The physical and mathematical concepts of the deep percolation model, its subroutines and data requirements, and input data sequence and formats are documented. The physical processes simulated are soil moisture accumulation, evaporation from bare soil, plant transpiration, surface water runoff, snow accumulation and melt, and accumulation and evaporation of intercepted precipitation. The minimum data sets for the operation of the model are daily values of precipitation and maximum and minimum air temperature, soil thickness and available water capacity, soil texture, and land use. Long-term average annual precipitation, actual daily stream discharge, monthly estimates of base flow, Soil Conservation Service surface runoff curve numbers, land surface altitude-slope-aspect, and temperature lapse rates are optional. The program is written in the FORTRAN 77 language with no enhancements and should run on most computer systems without modifications. Documentation has been prepared so that program modifications may be made for inclusions of additional physical processes or deletion of ones not considered important. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr86536","usgsCitation":"Bauer, H.H., and Vaccaro, J.J., 1987, Documentation of a deep percolation model for estimating ground-water recharge: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-536, iv, 180 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86536.","productDescription":"iv, 180 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0536/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41015,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0536/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b69b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauer, H. H.","contributorId":85142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaccaro, J. J.","contributorId":48173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaccaro","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":14542,"text":"ofr87471 - 1987 - Prediction of the effects of mine dewatering on four lakes near Crandon, Wisconsin, by use of a water-budget model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-04T21:35:07.28172","indexId":"ofr87471","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-471","title":"Prediction of the effects of mine dewatering on four lakes near Crandon, Wisconsin, by use of a water-budget model","docAbstract":"<p>The effects of dewatering a proposed zinc and copper mine on water levels of four lakes near Crandon, Wisconsin, were predicted by use of a digital water-budget model of the lakes.</p>\n<p>The average lake-stage reduction predicted by the model for expected ground-water levels after mine dewatering ranged from 0.21 feet for Duck Lake to 6.9 feet for Little Sand Lake. These stage reductions assume that no water is pumped into the lakes and that no changes are made to the outlet structures. The predicted flow augmentation to the lakes to offset lowering of ground-water levels by mine dewatering range from 8 gallons per minute for Duck Lake to 580 gallons per minute for Little Sand Lake.</p>\n<p>Because of uncertainty in variables used in the model and in the data used to calibrate the model, the predictions of the model are subject to an undetermined degree of uncertainty.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87471","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Krug, W.R., Ostenso, N.A., and Krohelski, J.T., 1987, Prediction of the effects of mine dewatering on four lakes near Crandon, Wisconsin, by use of a water-budget model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-471, v, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87471.","productDescription":"v, 63 p.","numberOfPages":"68","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404857,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17274.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":146593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0471/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43220,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0471/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Crandon","otherGeospatial":"Deephole Lake, Duck Lake, Little Sand Lake, Skunk Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.5001220703125,\n              45.27488643704891\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.37127685546875,\n              45.27488643704891\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.37127685546875,\n              45.744526980468436\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.5001220703125,\n              45.744526980468436\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.5001220703125,\n              45.27488643704891\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krug, William R.","contributorId":53381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ostenso, Nile A.","contributorId":59811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostenso","given":"Nile","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":169618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":12330,"text":"ofr87105 - 1987 - Surface water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska; project description","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:27","indexId":"ofr87105","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-105","title":"Surface water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska; project description","docAbstract":"In 1986 the U.S. Geological Survey began a National Water-Quality Assessment Program to: (1) provide nationally consistent descriptions of the current status of water quality for a large, diverse, and geographically distributed part of the Nation 's surface water resources; (2) where possible, define trends in water quality; and (3) identify and describe the relation between water quality and natural and land use factors. This report describes the pilot study of the lower Kansas River basin, which is one of four surface water pilot studies that will be used to test, and modify as necessary, assessment concepts and approaches in preparation for future full implementation of the national program. Water quality issues in the lower Kansas River basin are dominated by possible nonpoint sources of contamination from agricultural land, with issues including: (1) large sediment discharge in the streams and sediment deposition in the reservoirs caused by intensive cultivation of row crops and subsequent erosion; (2) occurrence of pesticides in streams and reservoirs that could impair the suitability of water for aquatic life and has the potential for impairing the water 's suitability for public supply; (3) bacterial contamination caused by runoff from pastureland and feedlot operations and municipal wastewater discharges; and (4) nutrient enrichment of reservoirs. Data from fixed stations will be used to determine frequency distributions of constituent concentrations and mass balances of constituents between stations. Subbasin or river reach studies will provide a better understanding of the origin, movement, and fate of potential contaminants. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87105","usgsCitation":"Stamer, J., Jordan, P.R., Engberg, R., and Dugan, J.T., 1987, Surface water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska; project description: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-105, iv, 36 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87105.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0105/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40560,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0105/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db691473","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamer, J. K.","contributorId":47753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamer","given":"J. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jordan, P. R.","contributorId":7282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engberg, R. A.","contributorId":104876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engberg","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dugan, J. T.","contributorId":67890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":3956,"text":"cir994 - 1987 - Uranium resource assessment by the Geological Survey; methodology and plan to update the national resource base","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"cir994","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"994","title":"Uranium resource assessment by the Geological Survey; methodology and plan to update the national resource base","docAbstract":"Based on the Memorandum of Understanding {MOU) of September 20, 1984, between the U.S. Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of Interior and the Energy Information Administration {EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy {DOE), the U.S. Geological Survey began to make estimates of the undiscovered uranium endowment of selected areas of the United States in 1985. A modified NURE {National Uranium Resource Evaluation) method will be used in place of the standard NURE method of the DOE that was used for the national assessment reported in October 1980. The modified method, here named the 'deposit-size-frequency' {DSF) method, is presented for the first time, and calculations by the two methods are compared using an illustrative example based on preliminary estimates for the first area to be evaluated under the MOU. The results demonstrate that the estimate of the endowment using the DSF method is significantly larger and more uncertain than the estimate obtained by the NURE method. We believe that the DSF method produces a more realistic estimate because the principal factor estimated in the endowment equation is disaggregated into more parts and is more closely tied to specific geologic knowledge than by the NURE method. \r\n\r\nThe DSF method consists of modifying the standard NURE estimation equation, U=AxFxTxG, by replacing the factors FxT by a single factor that represents the tonnage for the total number of deposits in all size classes. Use of the DSF method requires that the size frequency of deposits in a known or control area has been established and that the relation of the size-frequency distribution of deposits to probable controlling geologic factors has been determined. Using these relations, the principal scientist {PS) first estimates the number and range of size classes and then, for each size class, estimates the lower limit, most likely value, and upper limit of the numbers of deposits in the favorable area. Once these probable estimates have been refined by elicitation of the PS, they are entered into the DSF equation, and the probability distribution of estimates of undiscovered uranium endowment is calculated using a slight modification of the program by Ford and McLaren (1980). \r\n\r\nThe EIA study of the viability of the domestic uranium industry requires an annual appraisal of the U.S. uranium resource situation. During DOE's NURE Program, which was terminated in 1983, a thorough assessment of the Nation's resources was completed. A comprehensive reevaluation of uranium resource base for the entire United States is not possible for each annual appraisal. A few areas are in need of future study, however, because of new developments in either scientific knowledge, industry exploration, or both. Four geologic environments have been selected for study by the U.S. Geological Survey in the next several years: (1) surficial uranium deposits throughout the conterminous United States, (2) uranium in collapse-breccia pipes in the Grand Canyon region of Arizona, (3) uranium in Tertiary sedimentary rocks of the Northern Great Plains, and (4) uranium in metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont province in the eastern States. \r\n\r\nIn addition to participation in the National uranium resource assessment, the U.S. Geological Survey will take part in activities of the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and those of the International Atomic Energy Agency.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir994","usgsCitation":"Finch, W.I., and McCammon, R.B., 1987, Uranium resource assessment by the Geological Survey; methodology and plan to update the national resource base: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 994, iii, 31 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir994.","productDescription":"iii, 31 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0994/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31043,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0994/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6053d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finch, Warren Irvin","contributorId":55794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"Irvin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCammon, Richard B.","contributorId":107674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":4709,"text":"twri03B6 - 1987 - The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15611,"text":"ofr84459 - 1984 - The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics","indexId":"ofr84459","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4709,"text":"twri03B6 - 1987 - The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics","indexId":"twri03B6","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri03B6","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-B6","title":"The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics","docAbstract":"The principle of superposition, a powerful mathematical technique for analyzing certain types of complex problems in many areas of science and technology, has important applications in ground-water hydraulics and modeling of ground-water systems. The principle of superposition states that problem solutions can be added together to obtain composite solutions. This principle applies to linear systems governed by linear differential equations.\r\nThis report introduces the principle of superposition as it applies to ground-water hydrology and provides background information, discussion, illustrative problems with solutions, and problems to be solved by the reader.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/twri03B6","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., Franke, O.L., and Bennett, G.D., 1987, The principle of superposition and its application in ground-water hydraulics: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 03-B6, viii, 28 p. :ill ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri03B6.","productDescription":"viii, 28 p. :ill ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":298,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-b6/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a71e4b07f02db641cca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franke, O. Lehn","contributorId":63357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franke","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lehn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, Gordon D.","contributorId":18740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":4681,"text":"twri03B5 - 1987 - Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems - An introduction","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13663,"text":"ofr84458 - 1984 - Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems; an introduction","indexId":"ofr84458","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems; an introduction"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4681,"text":"twri03B5 - 1987 - Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems - An introduction","indexId":"twri03B5","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems - An introduction"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"twri03B5","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-B5","title":"Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems - An introduction","docAbstract":"Accurate definition of boundary and initial conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling ground-water flow systems. This report describes the properties of the seven most common boundary conditions encountered in ground-water systems and discusses major aspects of their application. It also discusses the significance and specification of initial conditions and evaluates some common errors in applying this concept to ground-water-system models. An appendix is included that discusses what the solution of a differential equation represents and how the solution relates to the boundary conditions defining the specific problem. This report considers only boundary conditions that apply to saturated ground-water systems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/twri03B5","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Franke, O.L., Reilly, T.E., and Bennett, G.D., 1987, Definition of boundary and initial conditions in the analysis of saturated ground-water flow systems - An introduction: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 03-B5, viii, 15 p. :ill ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri03B5.","productDescription":"viii, 15 p. :ill ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":242,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-b5/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":139153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672497","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franke, O. Lehn","contributorId":63357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franke","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lehn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, Gordon D.","contributorId":18740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":20705,"text":"ofr87373 - 1987 - Granitic-rocks modal data from the southern Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:53","indexId":"ofr87373","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-373","title":"Granitic-rocks modal data from the southern Sierra Nevada, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87373","usgsCitation":"Ross, D.C., 1987, Granitic-rocks modal data from the southern Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-373, 276 p.  :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87373.","productDescription":"276 p.  :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0373/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50263,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0373/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672520","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, D. C.","contributorId":103681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":13784,"text":"ofr87500 - 1987 - Gravity profiles across the Uyaijah Ring structure, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-16T20:47:11","indexId":"ofr87500","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-500","title":"Gravity profiles across the Uyaijah Ring structure, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"<p>Three detailed gravity profiles across parts of the Uyaijah ring structure have been completed using an average station spacing of 260 M (giving a total of 217 gravity stations) and level surveys for elevation control. When combined with regional gravity-anomaly data, the profiles are adequate for construction of a structural model of the ring complex based on gravity models.</p>\n<p>The resulting structural model, based on profile fits to gravity responses of three-dimensional models and excess-mass calculations, gives a depth estimate to the base of the complex of 4.75 km. The contacts of the complex are inferred to be steeply dipping inward along the southwest margin of the structure. To the north and east, however, the basal contact of the complex dips more gently inward (about 30 degrees). The ring structure appears to be composed of three laccolith-shaped plutons; two are granitic in composition and make up about 85 percent of the volume of the complex, and one is granodioritic and comprises the remaining 15 percent. The source area for the plutons appears to be in the southwest quadrant of the Uyaijah ring structure. A northwest-trending shear zone cuts the northern half of the structure and contains mafic dikes that have a small but identifiable gravity-anomaly response. The structural model agrees with models derived from geological interpretation except that the estimated depth to which the structure extends is decreased considerably by the gravity results.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87500","usgsCitation":"Gettings, M.E., and Andreasen, G.E., 1987, Gravity profiles across the Uyaijah Ring structure, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-500, i, 19 p., ill., maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87500.","productDescription":"i, 19 p., ill., maps","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":42355,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0500/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0500/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              43.5,\n              22\n            ],\n            [\n              43.5,\n              23\n            ],\n            [\n              45,\n              23\n            ],\n            [\n              45,\n              22\n            ],\n            [\n              43.5,\n              22\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db67210d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gettings, M. E.","contributorId":25148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andreasen, G. E.","contributorId":105315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":12666,"text":"ofr87272C - 1987 - Grade-tonnage model of hot-spring gold-silver; a supplement to U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:32","indexId":"ofr87272C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-272","chapter":"C","title":"Grade-tonnage model of hot-spring gold-silver; a supplement to U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87272C","usgsCitation":"Berger, B.R., and Singer, D., 1987, Grade-tonnage model of hot-spring gold-silver; a supplement to U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-272, 6 p. :chiefly ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87272C.","productDescription":"6 p. :chiefly ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0272c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41074,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0272c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673efa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berger, B. R.","contributorId":77914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":13294,"text":"ofr87383 - 1987 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in South Dakota;  fiscal years 1986-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr87383","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-383","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in South Dakota;  fiscal years 1986-87","docAbstract":"In South Dakota, the first collection of streamflow data by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was in 1903. Despite its early beginning, it was not until October 16, 1944, that the Bismarck District, comprising the states of North Dakota and South Dakota , was created to assess the water resources of the two states. The next major increase in collection of surface water records occurred during the mid-1940 's as a result of the Pick-Sloan Plan for Missouri Basin development. Since 1944, about 98 water resources studies have been made in South Dakota. These range from reconnaissance-type studies of counties and Indian reservations to research on small basin runoff and toxic wastes, the quality of water in lakes, the use of remote sensing for defining aquifers, and studies using digital models to describe the groundwater regimen and surface water hydraulics such as those currently underway in the James River basin and the Big Sioux River basin. During the past 20 years, 140 formal reports describing the studies and results of investigations have been prepared to inform the public and the scientific community. The location of surface water stations and observation wells in bedrock are tabulated. Brief (1 page) descriptions of current water resources projects in South Dakota include information on the location, purpose, period of performance, cooperating agencies, project leader, and completed reports. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87383","usgsCitation":"Decker, E.M., 1987, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in South Dakota;  fiscal years 1986-87: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-383, iv, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87383.","productDescription":"iv, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0383/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41713,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0383/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decker, E. M. (compiler)","contributorId":40228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"E.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2025,"text":"wsp2306 - 1987 - Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14452,"text":"ofr85678 - 1986 - Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior Coal Field, Alabama","indexId":"ofr85678","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior Coal Field, Alabama"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2025,"text":"wsp2306 - 1987 - Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama","indexId":"wsp2306","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2306","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2306","title":"Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama","docAbstract":"A deterministic precipitation-runoff model, the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, was applied in two small basins located in the Warrior coal field, Alabama. Each basin has distinct geologic, hydrologic, and land-use characteristics. Bear Creek basin (15.03 square miles) is undisturbed, is underlain almost entirely by consolidated coal-bearing rocks of Pennsylvanian age (Pottsville Formation), and is drained by an intermittent stream. Turkey Creek basin (6.08 square miles) contains a surface coal mine and is underlain by both the Pottsville Formation and unconsolidated clay, sand, and gravel deposits of Cretaceous age (Coker Formation). Aquifers in the Coker Formation sustain flow through extended rainless periods. \r\n\r\nPreliminary daily and storm calibrations were developed for each basin. Initial parameter and variable values were determined according to techniques recommended in the user's manual for the modeling system and through field reconnaissance. Parameters with meaningful sensitivity were identified and adjusted to match hydrograph shapes and to compute realistic water year budgets. When the developed calibrations were applied to data exclusive of the calibration period as a verification exercise, results were comparable to those for the calibration period. \r\n\r\nThe model calibrations included preliminary parameter values for the various categories of geology and land use in each basin. The parameter values for areas underlain by the Pottsville Formation in the Bear Creek basin were transferred directly to similar areas in the Turkey Creek basin, and these parameter values were held constant throughout the model calibration. Parameter values for all geologic and land-use categories addressed in the two calibrations can probably be used in ungaged basins where similar conditions exist. The parameter transfer worked well, as a good calibration was obtained for Turkey Creek basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2306","usgsCitation":"Kidd, R.E., and Bossong, C., 1987, Application of the precipitation-runoff model in the Warrior coal field, Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2306, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2306.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2306/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27494,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2306/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a5e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kidd, Robert E.","contributorId":21523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidd","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bossong, C. R.","contributorId":39762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bossong","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":13302,"text":"ofr8746 - 1987 - Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13302,"text":"ofr8746 - 1987 - Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","indexId":"ofr8746","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1271,"text":"wsp2345 - 1989 - Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","indexId":"wsp2345","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1271,"text":"wsp2345 - 1989 - Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","indexId":"wsp2345","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-11T21:54:49.788526","indexId":"ofr8746","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-46","title":"Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Four unsaturated zone monitoring sites and a meteorologic station were installed at the low level radioactive waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina, to investigate the geohydrologic and climatologic factors affecting water movement in the unsaturated zone. The study site is located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The unsaturated zone consists of a few centimeters to &gt; 1 m of surface sand, underlain by up to 15 m of clayey sand. Two monitoring sites were installed in experimental trenches and two were installed in radioactive waste trenches. Two different trench designs were evaluated at the monitoring sites. A meteorologic station was used to measure precipitation and to calculate actual evapotranspiration using the Bowen ratio method. Soil-moisture tensiometers, soil-moisture conductance probes, and temperature sensors were used to monitor soil-water movement in and adjacent to the trenches. Tracer tests using sodium chloride were conducted at each monitoring site. Data collection at the monitoring sites began in January 1982 and continued until early May 1984. Tensiometer data show that the unsaturated materials had their highest percent saturations in the winter and spring. Saturations in the backfill sand varied from 20 to 100%. They varied from about 75 to 100% in the adjacent undisturbed and overlying compacted clayey sand. Additionally, because tensiometer data indicate negligible water storage changes in the unsaturated zone, it is estimated that approximately 43 cm of recharge reached the water table. During 1984, the rise and fall of ponded water in an experimental trench was continuously monitored with a digital recorder. A cross-sectional finite element model of variably saturated flow was used to test the conceptual model of water movement in the unsaturated zone and to illustrate the effect of trench design on water movement into the experimental trenches. Monitoring and model results show that precipitation on trenches infiltrated the trench cap and moved vertically into the trench backfill material. The trench construction practice of placing a compacted clayey-sand barrier around the trench greatly inhibits soil water from entering the trench. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr8746","usgsCitation":"Dennehy, K., and McMahon, P., 1987, Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-46, v, 66 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8746.","productDescription":"v, 66 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374612,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0046/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Barnwell","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.947021484375,\n              32.83575063295596\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.947021484375,\n              33.65578083204097\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.76599121093749,\n              33.65578083204097\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.76599121093749,\n              32.83575063295596\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.947021484375,\n              32.83575063295596\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4922e4b07f02db577162","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennehy, K.F.","contributorId":41841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"K.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":14222,"text":"ofr87394 - 1987 - Base of moderately saline ground water in the Uinta Basin, Utah, with an introductory section describing the methods used in determining its position","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-01T14:49:05","indexId":"ofr87394","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-394","title":"Base of moderately saline ground water in the Uinta Basin, Utah, with an introductory section describing the methods used in determining its position","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87394","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil, Gas and Mining","usgsCitation":"Howells, L., Longson, M., and Hunt, G., 1987, Base of moderately saline ground water in the Uinta Basin, Utah, with an introductory section describing the methods used in determining its position: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-394, Report: 68 p. 2 Plates: 33.70 x 17.83 and 28.68 x 20.48 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87394.","productDescription":"Report: 68 p. 2 Plates: 33.70 x 17.83 and 28.68 x 20.48 inches","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367891,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0394/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":367890,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0394/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":367641,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0394/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0394/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Uinta Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.697998046875,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.697998046875,\n              41.008920735004885\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.039306640625,\n              41.008920735004885\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.039306640625,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.697998046875,\n              38.8225909761771\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64893d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howells, Lewis","contributorId":12081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howells","given":"Lewis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Longson, M.S.","contributorId":89398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longson","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, G.L.","contributorId":100244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":13885,"text":"ofr87142 - 1987 - Jabiluka-type gold deposits; text and slides for a talk presented at the international workshop on Gold deposit modeling in exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:38","indexId":"ofr87142","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-142","title":"Jabiluka-type gold deposits; text and slides for a talk presented at the international workshop on Gold deposit modeling in exploration","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87142","usgsCitation":"Grauch, R., and Nutt, C., 1987, Jabiluka-type gold deposits; text and slides for a talk presented at the international workshop on Gold deposit modeling in exploration: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-142, 17 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87142.","productDescription":"17 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0142/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42501,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0142/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5ed9c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grauch, R. I. 0000-0002-1763-0813","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-0813","contributorId":107698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"R. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nutt, C.J.","contributorId":52577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nutt","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1373,"text":"wsp2315 - 1987 - The effects of boundary conditions on the steady-state response of three hypothetical ground-water systems; results and implications of numerical experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:13","indexId":"wsp2315","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2315","title":"The effects of boundary conditions on the steady-state response of three hypothetical ground-water systems; results and implications of numerical experiments","docAbstract":"The most critical and difficult aspect of defining a groundwater system or problem for conceptual analysis or numerical simulation is the selection of boundary conditions . This report demonstrates the effects of different boundary conditions on the steady-state response of otherwise similar ground-water systems to a pumping stress. Three series of numerical experiments illustrate the behavior of three hypothetical groundwater systems that are rectangular sand prisms with the same dimensions but with different combinations of constant-head, specified-head, no-flow, and constant-flux boundary conditions. In the first series of numerical experiments, the heads and flows in all three systems are identical, as are the hydraulic conductivity and system geometry . However, when the systems are subjected to an equal stress by a pumping well in the third series, each differs significantly in its response . The highest heads (smallest drawdowns) and flows occur in the systems most constrained by constant- or specified-head boundaries. These and other observations described herein are important in steady-state calibration, which is an integral part of simulating many ground-water systems. Because the effects of boundary conditions on model response often become evident only when the system is stressed, a close match between the potential distribution in the model and that in the unstressed natural system does not guarantee that the model boundary conditions correctly represent those in the natural system . In conclusion, the boundary conditions that are selected for simulation of a ground-water system are fundamentally important to groundwater systems analysis and warrant continual reevaluation and modification as investigation proceeds and new information and understanding are acquired.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2315","usgsCitation":"Franke, O.L., and Reilly, T.E., 1987, The effects of boundary conditions on the steady-state response of three hypothetical ground-water systems; results and implications of numerical experiments: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2315, iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2315.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":13,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2315/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635b1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franke, O. Lehn","contributorId":63357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franke","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lehn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25928,"text":"wri874190 - 1987 - Cenozoic stratigraphy and geologic history of the Tucson Basin, Pima County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri874190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4190","title":"Cenozoic stratigraphy and geologic history of the Tucson Basin, Pima County, Arizona","docAbstract":"This report was prepared as part of a geohydrologic study of the Tucson basin conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the city of Tucson. Geologic data from more than 500 water supply and test wells were analyzed to define characteristics of the basin sediments that may affect the potential for land subsidence induced by groundwater withdrawal. The Tucson basin is a structural depression within the Basin and Range physiographic province. The basin is 1,000 sq mi in units area and trends north to northwest. Three Cenozoic stratigraphic unit--the Pantano Formation of Oligocene age, the Tinaja beds (informal usage) of Miocene and Pliocene age, and the Fort Lowell Formation of Pleistocene age--fill the basin. The Tinaja beds include lower, middle, and upper unconformable units. A thin veneer of stream alluvium of late Quaternary age overlies the Fort Lowell Formation. The Pantano Formation and the lower Tinaja beds accumulated during a time of widespread continental sedimentation, volcanism, plutonism, uplift, and complex faulting and tilting of rock units that began during the Oligocene and continued until the middle Miocene. Overlying sediments of the middle and upper Tinaja beds were deposited in response to two subsequent episodes of post-12-million-year block faulting, the latter of which was accompanied by renewed uplift. The Fort Lowell Formation accumulated during the Quaternary development of modern through-flowing the maturation of the drainage. The composite Cenozoic stratigraphic section of the Tucson basin is at least 20,000 ft thick. The steeply tilted to flat-lying section is composed of indurated to unconsolidated clastic sediments, evaporites, and volcanic rocks that are lithologically and structurally complex. The lithology and structures of the section was greatly affected by the uplift and exhumation of adjacent metamorphic core-complex rocks. Similar Cenozoic geologic relations have been identified in other parts of southern Arizona. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874190","usgsCitation":"Anderson, S.R., 1987, Cenozoic stratigraphy and geologic history of the Tucson Basin, Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4190, iv, 20 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874190.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54684,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54685,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54686,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54687,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, S. R.","contributorId":93518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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