{"pageNumber":"1461","pageRowStart":"36500","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40841,"records":[{"id":70015311,"text":"70015311 - 1987 - Phytoplankton productivity in relation to light intensity: A simple equation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T00:18:10.023544","indexId":"70015311","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phytoplankton productivity in relation to light intensity: A simple equation","docAbstract":"

A simple exponential equation is used to describe photosynthetic rate as a function of light intensity for a variety of unicellular algae and higher plants where photosynthesis is proportional to (1-e−β1). The parameter β (=Ik−1\">=Ik−1) is derived by a simultaneous curve-fitting method, where I is incident quantum-flux density. The exponential equation is tested against a wide range of data and is found to adequately describe P vs. I curves. The errors associated with photosynthetic parameters are calculated. A simplified statistical model (Poisson) of photon capture provides a biophysical basis for the equation and for its ability to fit a range of light intensities. The exponential equation provides a non-subjective simultaneous curve fitting estimate for photosynthetic efficiency (a) which is less ambiguous than subjective methods: subjective methods assume that a linear region of the P vs. I curve is readily identifiable. Photosynthetic parameters β and a are used widely in aquatic studies to define photosynthesis at low quantum flux. These parameters are particularly important in estuarine environments where high suspended-material concentrations and high diffuse-light extinction coefficients are commonly encountered.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(87)90154-5","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.H., Perry, M., Bencala, K., and Talbot, M., 1987, Phytoplankton productivity in relation to light intensity: A simple equation: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 24, no. 6, p. 813-832, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(87)90154-5.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"813","endPage":"832","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b3be4b0c8380cd7931e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, M.J.","contributorId":105175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Talbot, M.C.","contributorId":22202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015310,"text":"70015310 - 1987 - Man-induced gradient adjustment of the South Fork Forked Deer River, west Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:58","indexId":"70015310","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1540,"text":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Man-induced gradient adjustment of the South Fork Forked Deer River, west Tennessee","docAbstract":"Channel modifications from 1968 to 1969 on the South Fork Forked Deer River in western Tennessee have caused upstream degradation, downstream aggradation, and bank failures along the altered channels, adjacent reaches, and tributaries. The result of these adjustments is a general decrease in gradient as the channel attempts to absorb the imposed increase in energy conditions created by channelization. Headward degradation at a rate of approximately 2.57 km/yr on the South Fork Forked Deer River caused from 1.52 m to about 3.14 m of incision over a 13.5 km reach from 1969 to 1981. As a consequence of substantially increased sediment supply, approximately 2.13 m of aggradation was induced downstream of this reach during the same period. This accumulation represents a 60% recovery of bed level at the downstream site since the completion of channel work in 1969. Gradient adjustment with time is described by exponential decay functions. The length of time required for adjustment to some new quasi-equilibrium condition is computed by these decay functions and is about 20 years from the completion of channel work. Adjusted slopes are less than predisturbed values, probably because straightened channels dissipate less energy by friction, allowing more energy for sediment transport. An equivalent sediment load, therefore, can be transported at a considerably gentler slope. The predisturbed slope exceeds the adjusted slope by an order of magnitude on the downstream reach of the South Fork Forked Deer River. ?? 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology and Water Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02449942","issn":"00990094","usgsCitation":"Simon, A., and Robbins, C.H., 1987, Man-induced gradient adjustment of the South Fork Forked Deer River, west Tennessee: Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, v. 9, no. 2, p. 109-118, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02449942.","startPage":"109","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205389,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449942"},{"id":223595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c5de4b0c8380cd69bd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, A.","contributorId":43501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, C. H.","contributorId":54210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015308,"text":"70015308 - 1987 - A study of metal ion adsorption at low suspended-solid concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-17T17:30:52","indexId":"70015308","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A study of metal ion adsorption at low suspended-solid concentrations","docAbstract":"

A procedure for conducting adsorption studies at low suspended solid concentrations in natural waters (<50 mg l−1) is described. Methodological complications previously associated with such experiments have been overcome. Adsorption of zinc ion onto synthetic colloidal titania (TiO2) was studied as a function of pH, supporting electrolyte (NaCl) concentration (0·1-0·002 m) and particle concentration (2–50 mg l−1). The lack of success of the Davis Leckie site bonding model in describing Zn(II) adsorption emphasizes the need for further studies of adsorption at low suspended-solid concentrations.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(87)90060-6","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Chang, C.C., Davis, J., and Kuwabara, J.S., 1987, A study of metal ion adsorption at low suspended-solid concentrations: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 24, no. 3, p. 419-424, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(87)90060-6.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"419","endPage":"424","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5bfe4b0c8380cd46f54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuwabara, James S. 0000-0003-2502-1601 kuwabara@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-1601","contributorId":3374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"James","email":"kuwabara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015300,"text":"70015300 - 1987 - Evolution, biogeography, and systematics of Puriana: evolution and speciation in Ostracoda, III.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-20T11:49:26.225289","indexId":"70015300","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution, biogeography, and systematics of Puriana: evolution and speciation in Ostracoda, III.","docAbstract":"

Three types of geographic isolation—land barriers, deep water barriers, and climatic barriers—resulted in three distinct evolutionary responses in Neogene and Quaternary species of the epineritic ostracode genus Puriana. Through systematic, paleobiogeographic, and morphologic study of several hundred fossil and Recent populations from the eastern Pacific, western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean, the phylogeny of the genus and the geography of speciation events were determined. Isolation of large populations by the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene did not lead to lineage splitting in species known to have existed before the Isthmus formed. Conversely, the establishment of small isolated populations on Caribbean islands by passive dispersal mechanisms frequently led to the evolution of new species or subspecies. Climatic changes along the southeastern United States during the Pliocene also catalyzed possible parapatric speciation as populations that immigrated to the northeastern periphery of the genus' range split to form new species. The results provide evidence that evolutionary models describing the influence of abiotic events on patterns of evolution and speciation can be tested using properly selected tectonic and climatic events and fossil groups amenable to species-level analysis. Two new species, P. bajaensis and P. paikensis, are described.

","language":"English","publisher":"Paleontological Society","doi":"10.1017/S0022336000060856","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., 1987, Evolution, biogeography, and systematics of Puriana: evolution and speciation in Ostracoda, III.: Journal of Paleontology, v. 61, no. 3 Supplement, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000060856.","productDescription":"71 p.","numberOfPages":"71","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224300,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3 Supplement","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-08-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d8fe4b0c8380cd530b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":370581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015287,"text":"70015287 - 1987 - Lungfish burrows in the Upper Triassic Chinle and Dolores Formations, Colorado Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-20T23:14:40.393645","indexId":"70015287","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lungfish burrows in the Upper Triassic Chinle and Dolores Formations, Colorado Plateau","docAbstract":"

Vertical-to-inclined, cylindrical trace fossils that occur in the Upper Triassic Chinle and Dolores Formations on the Colorado Plateau are interpreted to be the casts of lungfish burrows. The casts, which are as much as 11 cm in diameter and as much as 1.6 m long, were formed by passive silicilastic and carbonate sedimentation into apparently abandoned lungfish burrows. Locally, the burrow fillings are overwhelmingly abundant, and many intersect and have destroyed former burrow fillings. Superposition of bioturbation episodes has obliterated most primary sedimentary structures. This bioturbation has contributed to the mottled coloration and the knobby-weathering texture of the rocks. The burrow-fillings occur ubiquitously in three lithofacies, comprising 1) purple- and white-mottled, silicified sandstone and siltstone, 2) red and brown siltstone and mudstone, and 3) pink and green limestone. These strata were deposited in a continental environment that included fluvial channels and floodplains, sand sheets and playa mudflats, and lacustrine basins, marshes, and deltas. The identification of the trace fossils as the positive casts of lungfish burrows is based on their morphologic similarity to previously identified lungfish burrows and to available hand specimens. The widespread occurrence of the lungfish burrows in the Chinle and Dolores Formations attests to the extensive habitat that supported lungfish in the Late Triassic and to conditions favorable for burrow preservation. Analogy with the environments that support modern lungfish populations suggests that the Late Triassic climate in the study area provided sufficient moisture to support large populations of lungfish and that this climate was probably punctuated by seasonally dry periods.

","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM","doi":"10.1306/212F8B7A-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","issn":"00224472","usgsCitation":"Dubiel, R.F., Blodgett, R., and Bown, T.M., 1987, Lungfish burrows in the Upper Triassic Chinle and Dolores Formations, Colorado Plateau: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, no. 3, p. 512-521, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8B7A-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"512","endPage":"521","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224085,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a9ee4b0c8380cd68ee5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dubiel, R. F. 0000-0002-1280-0350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1280-0350","contributorId":41820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubiel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blodgett, R.H.","contributorId":48317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bown, T. M.","contributorId":106858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bown","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015282,"text":"70015282 - 1987 - Archean inheritance in zircon from late Paleozoic granites from the Avalon zone of southeastern New England: An African connection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:22:17.230371","indexId":"70015282","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Archean inheritance in zircon from late Paleozoic granites from the Avalon zone of southeastern New England: An African connection","docAbstract":"

In southeastern New England the Narragansett Pier Granite locally intrudes Carboniferous metasedimentary rocks of the Narragansett basin, and yields a monazite U\"singlePb Permian emplacement age of 273 ± 2Ma. Zircon from the Narragansett Pier Granite contains a minor but detectable amount of an older, inherited component, and shows modern loss of lead. Zircon from the late-stage, aplitic Westerly Granite exhibits a more pronounced lead inheritance —permitting the inherited component to be identified as Late Archean. Such old relict zircon has not been previously recognized in Proterozoic to Paleozoic igneous rocks in New England, and may be restricted to late Paleozoic rocks of the Avalon zone. We suggest that the Archean crustal component reflects an African connection, in which old Archean crust was underplated to the Avalon zone microplate in the late Paleozoic during collision of Gondwanaland with Avalonia.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(87)90204-4","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Zartman, R., and Don, H.O., 1987, Archean inheritance in zircon from late Paleozoic granites from the Avalon zone of southeastern New England: An African connection: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 82, no. 3-4, p. 305-315, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(87)90204-4.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"315","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224028,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed30e4b0c8380cd496a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Don, Hermes O.","contributorId":6594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Don","given":"Hermes","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015281,"text":"70015281 - 1987 - Depth-averaging effects on hydraulic head for media with stochastic hydraulic conductivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T11:07:39","indexId":"70015281","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depth-averaging effects on hydraulic head for media with stochastic hydraulic conductivity","docAbstract":"

Hydraulic conductivity of a porous medium frequently is considered to be a single realization of a three-dimensional spatial stochastic process. The most common observations of flow in porous media are hydraulic-head measurements obtained from wells which are screened over extensive sections of the medium. These measurements represent, approximately, a one-dimensional spatial average of the actual three-dimensional head distribution, the actual head distribution being a stochastic process resulting from flow through a random hydraulic-conductivity field. This paper examines, via ensemble averages, the effect of such spatial averages of groundwater flow on the spatial autocovariance function for a simple, yet viable, stochastic model of a bounded medium. The model is taken to be three-dimensional flow in a medium that is bounded above and below and in which the hydraulic conductivity is a second-order stationary stochastic process. Spatial averaging of the hydraulic heads is considered to take place over the entire thickness of the medium. Ensemble variances and autocorrelations for depth-averaged heads are computed for the resulting two-dimensional flow system and compared with those from a fully three-dimensional flow system.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i004p00561","usgsCitation":"Naff, R., and Vecchia, A.V., 1987, Depth-averaging effects on hydraulic head for media with stochastic hydraulic conductivity: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 4, p. 561-570, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i004p00561.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"570","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd41e4b0c8380cd4e708","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naff, R.L.","contributorId":86349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naff","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, A. V.","contributorId":23533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015279,"text":"70015279 - 1987 - The effects of early diagenesis on the chemical and stable carbon isotopic composition of wood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:45:56.160988","indexId":"70015279","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of early diagenesis on the chemical and stable carbon isotopic composition of wood","docAbstract":"

Studies of modern and ancient buried wood show that there is a linear correlation between carbohydrate content and the stable carbon isotope composition as carbohydrates are preferentially degraded during early diagenesis. As the carbohydrate content decreases, the &#x3B4;13C\">δ13C value of the degraded wood decreases 1 to 2 per mil, approaching the value of the residual lignin. These results indicate that carbohydrate degradation products are lost and not incorporated into the aromatic structure as lignin is selectively preserved during early diagenesis of wood. These results also indicate that attempts to quantify terrestrial inputs to modern sedimentary organic matter based on &#x3B4;13C\">δ13C values should consider the possibility of a 1 to 2 per mil decrease in the &#x3B4;13C\">δ13C value of degraded wood.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90323-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Spiker, E., and Hatcher, P.G., 1987, The effects of early diagenesis on the chemical and stable carbon isotopic composition of wood: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 6, p. 1385-1391, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90323-1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1385","endPage":"1391","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223977,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab74e4b08c986b322e5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spiker, E.C.","contributorId":103275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spiker","given":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatcher, Patrick G.","contributorId":93625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcher","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015267,"text":"70015267 - 1987 - Effect of transmitter turn-off time on transient soundings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T16:43:54.739798","indexId":"70015267","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1761,"text":"Geoexploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of transmitter turn-off time on transient soundings","docAbstract":"

A general procedure for computing the effect of non-zero turn-off time on the transient electromagnetic response is presented which can be applied to forward and inverse calculation methods for any transmitter-receiver configuration. We consider in detail the case of a large transmitter loop which has a receiver coil located at the center of the loop (central induction or in-loop array). For a linear turn-off ramp of width t0, the voltage response is shown to be the voltage due to an ideal step turn-off averaged over windows of width t0. Thus the effect is similar to that obtained by using averaging windows in the receiver. In general when time zero is taken to be the end of the ramp, the apparent resistivity increases for a homogeneous half-space over a limited time range. For time zero taken to be the start of the ramp the apparent resistivity is affected in the opposite direction. The effect of the ramp increases with increasing t0 and first-layer resistivity, is largest during the intermediate stage, and decreases with increasing time. It is shown that for a ramp turn-off, there is no effect in the early and late stages. For two-layered models with a resistive first layer (ρ1>ρ2), the apparent resistivity is increased in the intermediate stage. When the first layer is more conductive than the second layer (ρ1<ρ2) and the layer thickness is comparable or greater than the loop radius, similar results are obtained; however, when the layer is thin compared to the loop radius the apparent resistivity is initially decreased and then increases as time increases. Examples are presented which illustrate the strong influence of the geoelectrical section on the turn-off effect. Neglecting the turn-off ramp will affect data interpretation as shown by field examples; the influence is the greatest on near-surface layer parameters.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7142(87)90087-1","usgsCitation":"Fitterman, D.V., and Anderson, W.L., 1987, Effect of transmitter turn-off time on transient soundings: Geoexploration, v. 24, no. 2, p. 131-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7142(87)90087-1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223812,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0627e4b0c8380cd51112","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitterman, David V. dfitterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitterman","given":"David","email":"dfitterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Walter L.","contributorId":99133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015266,"text":"70015266 - 1987 - An oxygen isotope model for interpreting carbonate diagenesis in nonmarine rocks (Green River Basin, Wyoming, USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-17T00:43:21.564384","indexId":"70015266","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An oxygen isotope model for interpreting carbonate diagenesis in nonmarine rocks (Green River Basin, Wyoming, USA)","docAbstract":"

A closed-system model is used for predicting the δ18O of formation waters in the deep portions of the northern Green River basin, Wyoming. δ18Ocalcite is calculated from this modeled water and compared with the δ18O of measured calcites to help interpret diagenesis in the basin.

The modification of 18Owater, which may be caused by diagenetic reactions at elevated temperatures, is modeled from two mass-balance equations. Three diagenetic reactions used to modify δ18Owater include: detrital limestoneå calcite cement; detrital quartz→ quartz cement; and detrital clay å authigenic illite/smectite. A weighted average δ18Owater and δ18O of calcite, quartz and illite/smectite in equilibrium with this water are calculated at 500-m increments. For a closed-system model, calculated variables at one depth are used for input variables at the next depth. An open system can be crudely simulated by adjusting the input variables at each depth.

Petrographic and hydrologic data suggest that throughout much of the basin an open hydrochemical system overlies a relatively closed system which is below 3000 m. From the surface to 3000 m deep, δ18Ocalcite measured in sandstone cements deviates from calculated 18Ocalcite for the closed-system model. Below 3000 m, δ18Ocalcite of cement and bulk shale converge from opposite directions with increasing depth toward the calculated δ18Ocalcite. Adjusting the calculated δ18Ocalcite to match the measured δ18Ocalcite indicates that the deviation above 3000 m results from mixing of meteoric waters with 18O-rich formation water.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0168-9622(87)90067-4","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, W.W., 1987, An oxygen isotope model for interpreting carbonate diagenesis in nonmarine rocks (Green River Basin, Wyoming, USA): Chemical Geology, v. 65, no. 2, p. 103-116, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(87)90067-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223811,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eaafe4b0c8380cd489f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, W. W.","contributorId":97123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015263,"text":"70015263 - 1987 - Microprocessor-based data-acquisition system for a borehole radar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-25T17:22:27.740681","indexId":"70015263","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microprocessor-based data-acquisition system for a borehole radar","docAbstract":"

An efficient microprocessor-based system has been implemented that permits real-time acquisition, stacking, and digital recording of data generated by a borehole radar system. Although the system digitizes, stacks, and records independently of a computer, it is interfaced to a desktop computer for program control over system parameters such as sampling interval, number of samples, number of times the data are stacked prior to recording on nine-track tape, and for graphics display of the digitized data. The data can be transferred to the desktop computer during recording, or played back from a tape at a later time. Using the desktop computer, the operator can observe results while recording data and generate hard-copy graphics in the field. Thus, the radar operator can immediately evaluate the quality of data being obtained, modify system parameters, study the radar logs before leaving the field, and re-run borehole logs if necessary. The system has proven to be reliable in the field and has increased productivity both in the field and in the laboratory.

","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.1987.289855","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Bradley, J.A., and Wright, D.L., 1987, Microprocessor-based data-acquisition system for a borehole radar: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. GE-25, no. 4, p. 441-447, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.1987.289855.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"441","endPage":"447","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"GE-25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4ac6e4b0c8380cd69029","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Jerry A.","contributorId":37077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, David L. dwright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"David","email":"dwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":370490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015250,"text":"70015250 - 1987 - The distribution of nitrogen species and adsorption of ammonium in sediments from the tidal Potomac River and estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T00:27:14.872218","indexId":"70015250","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The distribution of nitrogen species and adsorption of ammonium in sediments from the tidal Potomac River and estuary","docAbstract":"

The distribution of dissolved ammonium, adsorbed ammonium and residual, organic and total nitrogen was measured in Potomac River tidal, transition zone and lower estuary sediments to a depth of 66 cm. For these sediments, exchangeable ammonium, and thereby adsorbed ammonium concentrations, were determined directly using an ammonia electrode in alkaline sediment suspensions. Ammonia electrode data were comparable to data obtained by KCl extraction of fresh sediment. The conventional unitless ammonium adsorption coefficient, calculated as the slope of the regression line drawn when sediment-adsorbed ammonium (μmol g−1 dry wt of sediment) is plotted against interstitial water ammonium (μmol g−1 dry wt sediment), is 1·5 for this system. When a modified ammonium adsorption coefficient is calculated from sediment-adsorbed ammonium concentrations and a ratio of interstitial water ammonium and potassium concentrations, the regression equation through the data has a zero intercept and is more nearly linear than the regression equation of data based on conventional calculations. The use of a ratio including ammonium and potassium concentrations in the interstitial water term takes into account ionic strength variations in the estuary and competition between ammonium and potassium for adsorption sites.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(87)90022-9","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Simon, N., and Kennedy, M., 1987, The distribution of nitrogen species and adsorption of ammonium in sediments from the tidal Potomac River and estuary: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 25, no. 1, p. 11-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(87)90022-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.34207852684263,\n 38.06886994683887\n ],\n [\n -76.40551007139837,\n 38.17781945022364\n ],\n [\n -76.42876830440225,\n 38.20606984048669\n ],\n 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N.S.","contributorId":103272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, M.M.","contributorId":10817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015241,"text":"70015241 - 1987 - PHYSICAL MODELING OF CONTRACTED FLOW.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015241","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"PHYSICAL MODELING OF CONTRACTED FLOW.","docAbstract":"Experiments on steady flow over uniform grass roughness through centered single-opening contractions were conducted in the Flood Plain Simulation Facility at the U. S. Geological Survey's Gulf Coast Hydroscience Center near Bay St. Louis, Miss. The experimental series was designed to provide data for calibrating and verifying two-dimensional, vertically averaged surface-water flow models used to simulate flow through openings in highway embankments across inundated flood plains. Water-surface elevations, point velocities, and vertical velocity profiles were obtained at selected locations for design discharges ranging from 50 to 210 cfs. Examples of observed water-surface elevations and velocity magnitudes at basin cross-sections are presented.","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Engineering, Proceedings of the 1987 National Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Williamsburg, VA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"0872626105","usgsCitation":"Lee, J.K., 1987, PHYSICAL MODELING OF CONTRACTED FLOW., Hydraulic Engineering, Proceedings of the 1987 National Conference., Williamsburg, VA, USA, p. 25-30.","startPage":"25","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7358e4b0c8380cd76f9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Jonathan K.","contributorId":60186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015240,"text":"70015240 - 1987 - SEA-ICE INFLUENCE ON ARCTIC COASTAL RETREAT.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:00","indexId":"70015240","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"SEA-ICE INFLUENCE ON ARCTIC COASTAL RETREAT.","docAbstract":"Recent studies document the effectiveness of sea ice in reshaping the seafloor of the inner shelf into sharp-relief features, including ice gouges with jagged flanking ridges, ice-wallow relief, and 2- to 6-m-deep strudel-scour craters. These ice-related relief forms are in disequilibrium with classic open-water hydraulic processes and thus are smoothed over by waves and currents in one to two years. Such alternate reworking of the shelf by ice and currents - two diverse types of processes, which in the case of ice wallow act in unison-contributes to sediment mobility and, thus, to sediment loss from the coast and inner shelf. The bulldozing action by ice results in coast-parallel sediment displacement. Additionally, suspension of sediment by frazil and anchor ice, followed by ice rafting, can move large amounts of bottom-derived materials. Our understanding of all these processes is insufficient to model Arctic coastal processes.","conferenceTitle":"Coastal Sediments '87, Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on Advances in Understanding of Coastal Sediment Processes.","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","usgsCitation":"Reimnitz, E., and Barnes, P.W., 1987, SEA-ICE INFLUENCE ON ARCTIC COASTAL RETREAT., Coastal Sediments '87, Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on Advances in Understanding of Coastal Sediment Processes., v. 2, New Orleans, LA, USA, p. 1578-1591.","startPage":"1578","endPage":"1591","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf1ae4b0c8380cd873bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reimnitz, Erk","contributorId":17963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"Erk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, P. W.","contributorId":8819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015237,"text":"70015237 - 1987 - Stable isotope compositions and water contents of boninite series volcanic rocks from Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:28:00.671934","indexId":"70015237","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope compositions and water contents of boninite series volcanic rocks from Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan","docAbstract":"

Measurements of stable isotope compositions and water contents of boninite series volcanic rocks from the island of Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan, confirm that a large amount (1.6–2.4 wt.%) of primary water was present in these unusual magmas. An enrichment of 0.6‰ in18O during differentiation is explained by crystallization of18O-depleted mafic phases. Silicic glasses have elevated δ18O values and relatively low δD values indicating that they were modified by low-temperature alteration and hydration processes. Mafic glasses, on the other hand, have for the most part retained their primary isotopic signatures since Eocene time. Primary δD values of −53 for boninite glasses are higher than those of MORB and suggest that the water was derived from subducted oceanic lithosphere.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(87)90108-7","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Dobson, P., and O’Neil, J.R., 1987, Stable isotope compositions and water contents of boninite series volcanic rocks from Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 82, no. 1-2, p. 75-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(87)90108-7.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487255,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(87)90108-7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224245,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b966de4b08c986b31b4d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dobson, P.F.","contributorId":68466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobson","given":"P.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014232,"text":"70014232 - 1987 - On predicting changes in the geomagnetic field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-24T16:57:26.664728","indexId":"70014232","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On predicting changes in the geomagnetic field","docAbstract":"

The present method of using constant secular variation rates to forecast magnetic components at a given site or to forecast spherical harmonic coefficients is known to be inaccurate. A new predictive method using trend and trigonometric functions fitted to known past values is used to extrapolate for a few years into the future. This provides an improvement over the usual linear extrapolation method. This method applied to the spherical harmonic coefficients (SHC) in the series of International Geomagnetic Reference Fields (IGRF) provides an analytic function for each SHC so that charts can be compiled for a few years in the future without using the idea of a constant secular variation. In this case, the trend and trigonometric functions utilize the same number of Fourier and trend coefficients as are now present in the IGRF models on which they are based so that they can completely replace the IGRF information.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB07p06331","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Alldredge, L., 1987, On predicting changes in the geomagnetic field: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B7, p. 6331-6338, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB07p06331.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"6331","endPage":"6338","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6da5e4b0c8380cd7524b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alldredge, L.R.","contributorId":53457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014231,"text":"70014231 - 1987 - Maestrichtian benthic foraminifers from Ocean Point, North Slope, Alaska ( USA).","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-24T12:08:42","indexId":"70014231","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2294,"text":"Journal of Foraminiferal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Maestrichtian benthic foraminifers from Ocean Point, North Slope, Alaska ( USA).","docAbstract":"Previous studies of fauna and flora from Ocean Point, Alaska, have suggested ages ranging from Campanian to early Eocene and that these assemblages are either highly endemic or commonplace. I demonstrate that the moderately abundant benthic foraminifers constitute early Maestrichtian boreal assemblages common to Canada and northern Europe. Paleoenvironmental analysis indicates that deposition took place in outer neritic settings (50 to 150m). The Ocean Point benthic foraminiferal assemblages contain species that migrated from the US Gulf Coast, North American Interior and Europe during the Campanian, and from Europe during the Maestrichtian. These faunal affinities suggest that seaways connected the Arctic to the North American Interior and Atlantic during the Campanian and that a shallow seaway connected the Arctic to the Atlantic during the early Maestrichtian. - from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Foraminiferal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsjfr.17.4.344","issn":"00961191","usgsCitation":"McDougall, K., 1987, Maestrichtian benthic foraminifers from Ocean Point, North Slope, Alaska ( USA).: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 17, no. 4, p. 344-366, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.17.4.344.","startPage":"344","endPage":"366","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269894,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.17.4.344"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b27e4b0c8380cd6932a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDougall, K.","contributorId":106260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougall","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014230,"text":"70014230 - 1987 - Geological setting of U.S. fossil fuels.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-17T20:35:39","indexId":"70014230","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1582,"text":"Episodes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geological setting of U.S. fossil fuels.","docAbstract":"The USA has a special position in terms of fossil fuel development. Not only is it one of the most important nations in terms of resources of oil, gas and coal, but it has also been by far the dominant producer and consumer. In this thorough review of the regional geological environments in which fossil fuels formed in the USA, the authors point to a variety of models of resource occurrence of global interest.-Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Episodes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07053797","usgsCitation":"Masters, C., and Mast, R., 1987, Geological setting of U.S. fossil fuels.: Episodes, v. 10, no. 4, p. 308-313.","startPage":"308","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265829,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.episodes.co.in/www/backissues/104/ARTICLES--308.pdf"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a227de4b0c8380cd570c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masters, C.D.","contributorId":96664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mast, R. F.","contributorId":102887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"R. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014227,"text":"70014227 - 1987 - Basin-ring spacing on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70014227","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1429,"text":"Earth, Moon and Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basin-ring spacing on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars","docAbstract":"Radial spacing between concentric rings of impact basins that lack central peaks is statistically similar and nonrandom on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars, both inside and outside the main ring. One spacing interval, (2.0 ?? 0.3)0.5D, or an integer multiple of it, dominates most basin rings. Three analytical approaches yield similar results from 296 remapped or newly mapped rings of 67 multi-ringed basins: least-squares of rank-grouped rings, least-squares of rank and ring diameter for each basin, and averaged ratios of adjacent rings. Analysis of 106 rings of 53 two-ring basins by the first and third methods yields an integer multiple (2 ??) of 2.00.5D. There are two exceptions: (1) Rings adjacent to the main ring of multi-ring basins are consistently spaced at a slightly, but significantly, larger interval, (2.1 ?? 0.3)0.5D; (2) The 88 rings of 44 protobasins (large peak-plus-inner-ring craters) are spaced at an entirely different interval (3.3 ?? 0.6)0.5D. The statistically constant and target-invariant spacing of so many rings suggests that this characteristic may constrain formational models of impact basins on the terrestrial planets. The key elements of such a constraint include: (1) ring positions may not have been located by the same process(es) that formed ring topography; (2) ring location and emplacement of ring topography need not be coeval; (3) ring location, but not necessarily the mode of ring emplacement, reflects one process that operated at the time of impact; and (4) the process yields similarly-disposed topographic features that are spatially discrete at 20.5D intervals, or some multiple, rather than continuous. These four elements suggest that some type of wave mechanism dominates the location, but not necessarily the formation, of basin rings. The waves may be standing, rather than travelling. The ring topography itself may be emplaced at impact by this and/or other mechanisms and may reflect additional, including post-impact, influences. ?? 1987 D. Reidel Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth, Moon and Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00054060","issn":"01679295","usgsCitation":"Pike, R., and Spudis, P.D., 1987, Basin-ring spacing on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars: Earth, Moon and Planets, v. 39, no. 2, p. 129-194, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00054060.","startPage":"129","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"66","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205683,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054060"},{"id":226139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efefe4b0c8380cd4a516","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, R.J.","contributorId":72814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spudis, P. D.","contributorId":58719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudis","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12445,"text":"Lunar and Planetary Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":367900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014112,"text":"70014112 - 1987 - The mobilization of aluminum in a natural soil system: Effects of hydrologic pathways","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T11:09:22","indexId":"70014112","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The mobilization of aluminum in a natural soil system: Effects of hydrologic pathways","docAbstract":"

A two-component soil water flow model was used in conjunction with an equilibrium speciation model WATEQF to study aluminum mobility in soils of a forested watershed, White Oak Run, in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Soil solution samples, taken from the O, E, B, C1, and C2horizons, were collected from zero-tension lysimeters designed to collect faster gravitational macropore flow and tension lysimeters designed to collect slower capillary micropore flow. Dissolved aluminum was fractionated into acid-soluble, inorganic monomeric, and organic monomeric aluminum. Soil water aluminum concentrations decreased with depth indicating that the deep soil is a sink for aluminum. All waters contained significant concentrations of acid-soluble aluminum and exhibited a negative correlation between pH and the inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations. Water in the shallow soil showed distinctly different chemical compositions for the two flow types, while C horizon micropore and macropore waters were more similar. Because of its shorter residence time, water flowing in deep soil macropores underwent less extensive neutralization and immobilization of aqueous aluminum than micropore water. The O horizon macropore waters were undersaturated for all hydroxide, silicate, and sulfate mineral phases considered. The C horizon samples from both flow types were near equilibrium with respect to kaolinite and synthetic gibbsite, indicating that mineral solubility controls water chemistry in the deep soil, while organic substances are the key control in the shallow macropore waters.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i005p00859","usgsCitation":"Cozzarelli, I.M., Herman, J.S., and Parnell, R.A., 1987, The mobilization of aluminum in a natural soil system: Effects of hydrologic pathways: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 5, p. 859-874, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i005p00859.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"859","endPage":"874","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baddee4b08c986b323e32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, Janet S.","contributorId":62138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parnell, Roderic A. Jr.","contributorId":108259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parnell","given":"Roderic","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014116,"text":"70014116 - 1987 - Modes of development of slope canyons and their relation to channel and levee features on the Ebro sediment apron, off-shore northeastern Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T15:30:27","indexId":"70014116","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modes of development of slope canyons and their relation to channel and levee features on the Ebro sediment apron, off-shore northeastern Spain","docAbstract":"Six submarine slope canyons in an area of the northwestern Mediterranean, offshore from the Ebro River and Delta, were surveyed with bathymetric swathmapping (SeaBeam) and mid-range side-looking sonar (SeaMARC I). All of the canyons have slightly winding paths with concave-upwards gradients that are relatively steep shallower than 1,200 m. Two major types of canyons are identified on the basis of their morphologic character at the base of the slope; Type-I canyons lead to an unchannelled base-of-slope deposit and Type-II canyons are continuous with channel-levee systems that cross the rise. Four Type-I canyons were surveyed in the area. Two of these are broad, U-shaped, steep (average gradients of 1:14), do not indent the shelf, and terminate downslope at debris-flow deposits. These two canyons, the most northern in the area, have rounded heads with extensive gullies separated by knife-edge ridges. Relief of the canyon walls is about equal on both sides of the canyons, although the right-hand walls (looking downslope) are generally steeper. The other two Type-I canyons in the area are similar in that they do not indent the shelf, but they are much smaller and shallower and coalesce before terminating in the base-of-slope region. The two Type-II canyons that feed leveed-channels are U-shaped with flatter floors, longer profiles and gentler gradients than Type-I canyons. They are closer to the Valencia Valley and have relatively small cross-sectional areas. We propose a four-stage evolutionary sequence to explain the development of the canyons observed in this section on the prograding Ebro margin. During the initial stage, slumping and erosion on the slope creates a network of small gullies. During the next stage, headward growth of one (or more) gully leads to a major indentation of the shelf. This is the critical factor for developing a channel that will incise the slope and provide a major conduit for moving sediment to the basin. Stage 3 is characterized by the development of a continuous channel accompanied by levee growth across the lobe. In the final stage, the channel-levee system becomes inactive either through destruction by mass wasting, infilling of the channel, or loss of the major sediment source. ?? 1987.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(87)90009-2","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"O'Connell, S., Ryan, W., and Normark, W.R., 1987, Modes of development of slope canyons and their relation to channel and levee features on the Ebro sediment apron, off-shore northeastern Spain: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 4, no. 4, Pages 308, IN1–IN2, 309–319, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(87)90009-2.","productDescription":"Pages 308, IN1–IN2, 309–319","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268654,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(87)90009-2"},{"id":225295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ca6e4b0c8380cd6fe5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O'Connell, S.","contributorId":37060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connell","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, William B. F.","contributorId":86486,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"William B. F.","affiliations":[{"id":7135,"text":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":367629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014118,"text":"70014118 - 1987 - Role of pressure in smectite dehydration: Effects on geopressure and smectite-to-illite transformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-16T16:32:13.027872","indexId":"70014118","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of pressure in smectite dehydration: Effects on geopressure and smectite-to-illite transformation","docAbstract":"

Evaluation of the effect of pressure on the temperature of interlayer water loss (dehydration) by smectites under diagenetic conditions indicates that smectites are stable as hydrated phases in the deep subsurface. Hydraulic and differential pressure conditions affect dehydration differently. Smectites under hydraulic pressure conditions, such as in the pores of a sandstone, will retain at least two water layers (basal spacing, d001 = 15A). Smectites under differential pressure for vertical effective stress conditions, such as in compacting shales, are stable as two-water-layer complexes to temperatures of 67°-81°C (153°-178°F), at which one water layer will be expelled. Loss of the remaining water layer requires temperatures of 172°-19 °C (342°-377°F).

The temperatures of dehydration increase with pore fluid pressure and interlayer water density. The stability of hydrated smectite under hydraulic-pressure conditions indicates that simple thermal dehydration of smectite is not important in the development of abnormally high subsurface fluid pressures. Loss of water by smectite in a shale of low permeability may cause overpressuring; however, the resulting increase in fluid pressure will inhibit further dehydration.

The temperatures of dehydration under differential-pressure conditions are inversely related to pressure and interlayer water density. The temperature range for interlayer water loss by smectite under differential-pressure conditions is approximately coincident with the beginning of the smectite-to-illite transformation and hydrocarbon generation. The model presented assumes the effects of pore fluid composition and 2:1 layer reactivity to be negligible. Agreement between theoretical and experimental results validate this assumption. However, changes in the chemical stability of the 2:1 layer with decreasing interlayer water content, increasing pressure and temperature, and changing pore-fluid chemistry may be important in initiating clay and organic matter transformations. Changes in clay stability with interlayer water loss may also be responsible for the different rates of smectite-to-illite transformation observed in interbedded sandstones and shales.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/703C8092-1707-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Colten-Bradley, V., 1987, Role of pressure in smectite dehydration: Effects on geopressure and smectite-to-illite transformation: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 71, no. 11, p. 1414-1427, https://doi.org/10.1306/703C8092-1707-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1414","endPage":"1427","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225358,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9369e4b0c8380cd80dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colten-Bradley, Virginia","contributorId":103418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colten-Bradley","given":"Virginia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014212,"text":"70014212 - 1987 - Modeling and analysis of direct-current electrical resistivity in the Durham Triassic basin, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T16:40:43.85911","indexId":"70014212","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1761,"text":"Geoexploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling and analysis of direct-current electrical resistivity in the Durham Triassic basin, North Carolina","docAbstract":"

Sixty-two Schlumberger electrical soundings were made in the Durham Triassic basin in an effort to determine basin structural geometry, depth of the sedimentary layers, and spatial distribution of individual rock facies. A digital computer program was used to invert the sounding curves of apparent resistivity versus distance to apparent resistivity versus depth. The apparent-resistivity-versus-depth data from the computer-modeling program were used to construct a geoelectric model of the basin that is believed to accurately represent the subsurface geology of the basin. The largest depth to basement in the basin along a resistivity profile (geoelectric section) was determined to be 1,800 m. A resistivity decrease was observed on certain soundings from depths of 100 to 1,000 m; below a 1,000-m depth, apparent resistivity increased to the bottom of the basin. Resistivity values for basement rocks were greater than 1,000 ohm-m and less than 350 ohm-m for the sedimentary layers in the basin. The data suggest that the basin contains a system of step faults near its eastern boundary.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7142(87)90012-3","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.E., 1987, Modeling and analysis of direct-current electrical resistivity in the Durham Triassic basin, North Carolina: Geoexploration, v. 24, no. 6, p. 429-440, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7142(87)90012-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"440","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225880,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Durham basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.11054032257658,\n 34.81424858901997\n ],\n [\n -78.71952572597303,\n 35.63369969562967\n ],\n [\n -78.29487040818577,\n 36.369481295510155\n ],\n [\n -78.80312574155963,\n 36.15648733554863\n ],\n [\n -79.43844490827757,\n 35.6255443614009\n ],\n [\n -80.1172332811392,\n 35.01166900462569\n ],\n [\n -80.28442253553915,\n 34.81424671856449\n ],\n [\n -80.11054032257658,\n 34.81424858901997\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bd4e4b0c8380cd6f828","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, C. Erwin","contributorId":96261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Erwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014242,"text":"70014242 - 1987 - Mid-Holocene climate in Northern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-26T07:14:27","indexId":"70014242","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-Holocene climate in Northern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Study of Holocene ostracodes and diatoms from Elk Lake, in North-Central Minnesota, indicates that the local climate of the mid-Holocene can be subdivided into three intervals. Throughout interval 1 (ca. 7800 to 6700 yr B.P.), climate was colder and much drier than today. During intervals 2 and 3 (ca. 6700 to 4000 yr B.P.) average mean-annual air temperatures approached the modern mean (3.7??C), but warm summers persisted throughout interval 2, whereas during interval 3 warm summers fell into discrete episodes. Furthermore, average mean-annual precipitation was about 85 and 90% of modern during intervals 2 and 3, respectively. Transition times between the principal intervals were less than 50 yr. The expected effects of a retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet that initially maintained a winter-style circulation, followed by transitional climate states, and finally a near-modern circulation pattern may explain these local climatic events. ?? 1987.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netheralnds","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(87)90064-0","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Forester, R.M., Delorme, L., and Bradbury, J., 1987, Mid-Holocene climate in Northern Minnesota: Quaternary Research, v. 28, no. 2, p. 263-273, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90064-0.","startPage":"263","endPage":"273","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266529,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90064-0"},{"id":225366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56b8e4b0c8380cd6d797","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delorme, L.D.","contributorId":63176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delorme","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, J.P.","contributorId":14431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014241,"text":"70014241 - 1987 - A model for tides and currents in the English Channel and southern North Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014241","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A model for tides and currents in the English Channel and southern North Sea","docAbstract":"The amplitude and phase of 11 tidal constituents for the English Channel and southern North Sea are calculated using a frequency domain, finite element model. The governing equations - the shallow water equations - are modifed such that sea level is calculated using an elliptic equation of the Helmholz type followed by a back-calculation of velocity using the primitive momentum equations. Triangular elements with linear basis functions are used. The modified form of the governing equations provides stable solutions with little numerical noise. In this field-scale test problem, the model was able to produce the details of the structure of 11 tidal constituents including O1, K1, M2, S2, N2, K2, M4, MS4, MN4, M6, and 2MS6.","largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","language":"English","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., 1987, A model for tides and currents in the English Channel and southern North Sea, in Advances in Water Resources, v. 10, no. 3, p. 138-148.","startPage":"138","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e47de4b0c8380cd4666e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, Roy A.","contributorId":74877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}