Results of more than 2,400 analyses of <0.25-mm fraction of stream sediments and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral concentrates from stream sediments from 1,217 sites in the Tonopah quadrangle demonstrate the existence of anomalous concentrations of many metals of economic interest in many areas. Single-element anomalies of As, Pb, or Sb in stream sediment provide general guides to possible mineralization, but multi-element suites are more reliable to characterize types of mineralization. Various combinations of Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, and W in stream sediments and concentrates provide guides to five general types of deposits and their geologic environments. Multi-element suites that recur in stream-sediment media resemble those observed in mineralized rock samples, and the distribution of the suites corresponds to the distribution of known types of deposits and to the general geology of the region.
Multi-element geochemical anomalies are prominent in the Pilot Mountains, Monte Cristo Range, Paradise Range, Lone Mountain, northeastern Toiyabe Range, Cedar Mountains, and Toquima Range. Strongest multi-element anomalies are associated with plutonic rocks in the western part of the quadrangle. Two base-metal suites are enriched in and around plutons: (1) Bi + W + Pb + Mo ± As, Cu, Sb, a suite that resembles metals enriched in rocks samples from skarn deposits; and (2) Pb + Mo ± As,Cu,Sb, which resembles base-metal enrichments in sulfide vein and replacement deposits, generally associated with intrusions. A third variety of base-metal enrichment that contains Ag is distinguished for its possible economic importance. This Ag-Pb-rich suite occurs both near plutons and in volcanic terrane and generally is near areas of known Ag-rich polymetallic deposits.
Many sites are characterized by modest enrichments of two to five elements in the suite As-Mo-Sb-Zn-Ag that resemble enrichments in epithermal ore deposits. Many anomalies of this type are from drainages underlain by Tertiary welded tuff, commonly lacking alteration and mineral prospects. Some of these anomalous sites correlate with areas of known epithermal deposits or siliceous alteration of calcareous rocks, thus this suite may be a guide to precious-metal deposits if there is supporting geologic evidence.
The results from regional sampling of stream sediments, utilizing the <0.25-mm fraction and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate media, effectively outline most areas of known deposits or alteration in the Tonopah quadrangle. Some clusters of anomalies are larger than the area of known mineral prospects, suggesting that other deposits remain to be discovered. This regional geochemical information is most effective for exploration and resource analysis when integrated with other geologic information, especially rock alteration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87595","usgsCitation":"Nash, J., 1987, Interpretation of the regional geochemistry of the Tonopah 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Nevada, based on analytical results from stream-sediment and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate samples: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-595, Report: 41 p.; 1 Plate: 35.84 x 26.34 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87595.","productDescription":"Report: 41 p.; 1 Plate: 35.84 x 26.34 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0595/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0595/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Tonopah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.35595703124999,\n 38.013476231041935\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 38.013476231041935\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 38.11727165830543\n ],\n [\n -117.35595703124999,\n 38.11727165830543\n ],\n [\n -117.35595703124999,\n 38.013476231041935\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e01ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. T.","contributorId":31751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15073,"text":"ofr86543 - 1987 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15073,"text":"ofr86543 - 1987 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","indexId":"ofr86543","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2333,"text":"wsp2338 - 1989 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","indexId":"wsp2338","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2333,"text":"wsp2338 - 1989 - Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","indexId":"wsp2338","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-27T10:47:25","indexId":"ofr86543","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-543","title":"Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer","docAbstract":"The highly permeable, unconfined, glacial drift aquifers that occupy most New England river valleys constitute the principal source of drinking water for many communities that obtain part or all of their public water supply from groundwater. Analytical , two-dimensional numerical and three-dimensional numerical models were used to delineate contributing areas of groundwater pollution. These methods of analysis were compared by applying them to hypothetical aquifer having the dimensions and geometry of a typical glacial drift, river valley aquifer. In the model analyses, factors that control the size and shape of a contributing area were varied over ranges of values common to glacial drift aquifers in New England. These controlling factors include the rate of well discharge, rate of recharge to the aquifer from precipitation and from adjacent till and bedrock uplands, distance of a pumping well from a stream or other potential source of induced recharge, degree of hydraulic connection of the aquifer with a stream, horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity, and degree of well penetration. Numerical models of valley aquifers are deemed best suited to determine the approximate contributing area of a well because of their capability to simulate more accurately the variable geohydrologic conditions typical of glacial drift valley aquifers. On the basis of results obtained with the two-dimensional numerical model, for which a wide range of hydrologic conditions were simulated, the contributing area in a typical glacial drift, river valley setting for a well pumped at a rate of 1.0 million gal/day--a common pumping rate--can be expected to range from about 0.9 to 1.8 sq mi. Model analysis also shows that the contributing area of pumped wells may be expected to extend to the opposite side of the river and to include significant areas of till uplands adjacent to the aquifer on both sides of the valley. Simulations with the three-dimensional model allow a full delineation of the zone of contribution for a pumped well. For the relatively thin (100 ft or less) unconfined aquifers considered in this analysis, the model showed that the zone of contribution extended throughout the entire saturated thickness of aquifer. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr86543","usgsCitation":"Morrissey, D.J., 1987, Estimation of the recharge area contributing water to a pumped well in a glacial-drift, river-valley aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-543, vi, 60 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86543.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369733,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0543/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0543/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa4e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrissey, D. J.","contributorId":51305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25928,"text":"wri874190 - 1987 - Cenozoic stratigraphy and geologic history of the Tucson Basin, Pima County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri874190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4190","title":"Cenozoic stratigraphy and geologic history of the Tucson Basin, Pima County, Arizona","docAbstract":"This report was prepared as part of a geohydrologic study of the Tucson basin conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the city of Tucson. Geologic data from more than 500 water supply and test wells were analyzed to define characteristics of the basin sediments that may affect the potential for land subsidence induced by groundwater withdrawal. The Tucson basin is a structural depression within the Basin and Range physiographic province. The basin is 1,000 sq mi in units area and trends north to northwest. Three Cenozoic stratigraphic unit--the Pantano Formation of Oligocene age, the Tinaja beds (informal usage) of Miocene and Pliocene age, and the Fort Lowell Formation of Pleistocene age--fill the basin. The Tinaja beds include lower, middle, and upper unconformable units. A thin veneer of stream alluvium of late Quaternary age overlies the Fort Lowell Formation. The Pantano Formation and the lower Tinaja beds accumulated during a time of widespread continental sedimentation, volcanism, plutonism, uplift, and complex faulting and tilting of rock units that began during the Oligocene and continued until the middle Miocene. Overlying sediments of the middle and upper Tinaja beds were deposited in response to two subsequent episodes of post-12-million-year block faulting, the latter of which was accompanied by renewed uplift. The Fort Lowell Formation accumulated during the Quaternary development of modern through-flowing the maturation of the drainage. The composite Cenozoic stratigraphic section of the Tucson basin is at least 20,000 ft thick. The steeply tilted to flat-lying section is composed of indurated to unconsolidated clastic sediments, evaporites, and volcanic rocks that are lithologically and structurally complex. The lithology and structures of the section was greatly affected by the uplift and exhumation of adjacent metamorphic core-complex rocks. Similar Cenozoic geologic relations have been identified in other parts of southern Arizona. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874190","usgsCitation":"Anderson, S.R., 1987, Cenozoic stratigraphy and geologic history of the Tucson Basin, Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4190, iv, 20 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874190.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54684,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54685,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54686,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54687,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, S. R.","contributorId":93518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3732,"text":"cir1009 - 1987 - Review of literature on the finite-element solution of the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:38","indexId":"cir1009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1009","title":"Review of literature on the finite-element solution of the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane","docAbstract":"Published literature on the application of the finite-element method to solving the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane is reviewed in this report. The finite-element method is ideally suited to modeling two-dimensional flow over complex topography with spatially variable resistance. A two-dimensional finite-element surface-water flow model with depth and vertically averaged velocity components as dependent variables allows the user great flexibility in defining geometric features such as the boundaries of a water body, channels, islands, dikes, and embankments. \r\n\r\nThe following topics are reviewed in this report: alternative formulations of the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane; basic concepts of the finite-element method; discretization of the flow domain and representation of the dependent flow variables; treatment of boundary conditions; discretization of the time domain; methods for modeling bottom, surface, and lateral stresses; approaches to solving systems of nonlinear equations; techniques for solving systems of linear equations; finite-element alternatives to Galerkin's method of weighted residuals; techniques of model validation; and preparation of model input data. References are listed in the final chapter.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/cir1009","usgsCitation":"Lee, J.K., and Froehlich, D.C., 1987, Review of literature on the finite-element solution of the equations of two-dimensional surface-water flow in the horizontal plane: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1009, vi, 61 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1009.","productDescription":"vi, 61 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/1009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30793,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/1009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Jonathan K.","contributorId":60186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Froehlich, David C.","contributorId":58617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froehlich","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13302,"text":"ofr8746 - 1987 - Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13302,"text":"ofr8746 - 1987 - Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","indexId":"ofr8746","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1271,"text":"wsp2345 - 1989 - Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","indexId":"wsp2345","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1271,"text":"wsp2345 - 1989 - Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","indexId":"wsp2345","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-11T21:54:49.788526","indexId":"ofr8746","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-46","title":"Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Four unsaturated zone monitoring sites and a meteorologic station were installed at the low level radioactive waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina, to investigate the geohydrologic and climatologic factors affecting water movement in the unsaturated zone. The study site is located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The unsaturated zone consists of a few centimeters to > 1 m of surface sand, underlain by up to 15 m of clayey sand. Two monitoring sites were installed in experimental trenches and two were installed in radioactive waste trenches. Two different trench designs were evaluated at the monitoring sites. A meteorologic station was used to measure precipitation and to calculate actual evapotranspiration using the Bowen ratio method. Soil-moisture tensiometers, soil-moisture conductance probes, and temperature sensors were used to monitor soil-water movement in and adjacent to the trenches. Tracer tests using sodium chloride were conducted at each monitoring site. Data collection at the monitoring sites began in January 1982 and continued until early May 1984. Tensiometer data show that the unsaturated materials had their highest percent saturations in the winter and spring. Saturations in the backfill sand varied from 20 to 100%. They varied from about 75 to 100% in the adjacent undisturbed and overlying compacted clayey sand. Additionally, because tensiometer data indicate negligible water storage changes in the unsaturated zone, it is estimated that approximately 43 cm of recharge reached the water table. During 1984, the rise and fall of ponded water in an experimental trench was continuously monitored with a digital recorder. A cross-sectional finite element model of variably saturated flow was used to test the conceptual model of water movement in the unsaturated zone and to illustrate the effect of trench design on water movement into the experimental trenches. Monitoring and model results show that precipitation on trenches infiltrated the trench cap and moved vertically into the trench backfill material. The trench construction practice of placing a compacted clayey-sand barrier around the trench greatly inhibits soil water from entering the trench. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr8746","usgsCitation":"Dennehy, K., and McMahon, P., 1987, Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-46, v, 66 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8746.","productDescription":"v, 66 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374612,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147371,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0046/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Barnwell","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.947021484375,\n 32.83575063295596\n ],\n [\n -81.947021484375,\n 33.65578083204097\n ],\n [\n -80.76599121093749,\n 33.65578083204097\n ],\n [\n -80.76599121093749,\n 32.83575063295596\n ],\n [\n -81.947021484375,\n 32.83575063295596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4922e4b07f02db577162","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennehy, K.F.","contributorId":41841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"K.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13294,"text":"ofr87383 - 1987 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in South Dakota; fiscal years 1986-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr87383","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-383","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in South Dakota; fiscal years 1986-87","docAbstract":"In South Dakota, the first collection of streamflow data by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was in 1903. Despite its early beginning, it was not until October 16, 1944, that the Bismarck District, comprising the states of North Dakota and South Dakota , was created to assess the water resources of the two states. The next major increase in collection of surface water records occurred during the mid-1940 's as a result of the Pick-Sloan Plan for Missouri Basin development. Since 1944, about 98 water resources studies have been made in South Dakota. These range from reconnaissance-type studies of counties and Indian reservations to research on small basin runoff and toxic wastes, the quality of water in lakes, the use of remote sensing for defining aquifers, and studies using digital models to describe the groundwater regimen and surface water hydraulics such as those currently underway in the James River basin and the Big Sioux River basin. During the past 20 years, 140 formal reports describing the studies and results of investigations have been prepared to inform the public and the scientific community. The location of surface water stations and observation wells in bedrock are tabulated. Brief (1 page) descriptions of current water resources projects in South Dakota include information on the location, purpose, period of performance, cooperating agencies, project leader, and completed reports. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87383","usgsCitation":"Decker, E.M., 1987, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in South Dakota; fiscal years 1986-87: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-383, iv, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87383.","productDescription":"iv, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0383/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41713,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0383/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decker, E. M. (compiler)","contributorId":40228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"E.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14924,"text":"ofr87238 - 1987 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington: Project description","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T21:42:36.124756","indexId":"ofr87238","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-238","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington: Project description","docAbstract":"In April 1986, the U.S. Geological Survey began the National Water Quality Assessment program to: (1) provide a nationally consistent description of the current status of water quality, (2) define water quality trends that have occurred over recent decades, and (3) relate past and present water quality conditions to relevant natural features, the history of land and water use, and land management and waste management practices. At present (1987), The National Water Quality Assessment program is in a pilot studies phase, in which assessment concepts and approaches are being tested and modified to prepare for possible full implementation of the program. Seven pilot projects (four surface water projects and three groundwater projects) have been started. The Yakima River basin in Washington is one of the pilot surface water project areas. The Yakima River basin drains in area of 6,155 sq mi and contains about 1,900 river mi of perennial streams. Major land use activities include growing and harvesting timber, dryland pasture grazing, intense farming and irrigated agriculture, and urbanization. Water quality issues that result from these land uses include potentially large concentrations of suspended sediment, bacteria, nutrients, pesticides, and trace elements that may affect water used for human consumption, fish propagation and passage, contact recreation, livestock watering, and irrigation. Data will be collected in a nine year cycle. The first three years of the cycle will be a period of concentrated data acquisition and interpretation. For the next six years, sample collection will be done at a much lower level of intensity to document the occurrence of any gross changes in water quality. This nine year cycle would then be repeated. Three types of sampling activities will be used for data acquisition: fixed location station sampling, synoptic sampling, and intensive reach studies. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87238","usgsCitation":"McKenzie, S.W., and Rinella, J.F., 1987, Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington: Project description: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-238, Report: v, 35 p.; 1 Plate: 31.11 × 31.65 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87238.","productDescription":"Report: v, 35 p.; 1 Plate: 31.11 × 31.65 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":43737,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0238/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43738,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0238/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0238/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":393389,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17169.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.524,\n 45.972\n ],\n [\n -119.139,\n 45.972\n ],\n [\n -119.139,\n 47.615\n ],\n [\n -121.524,\n 47.615\n ],\n [\n -121.524,\n 45.972\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a4b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenzie, S. 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","language":"Spanish","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87486","usgsCitation":"1987, Modelos de yacimientos minerales (Mineral deposit models): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-486, 514 p. :ill. ;30 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87486.","productDescription":"514 p. :ill. ;30 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0486/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0486/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699746","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cox, Dennis P. dcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":2766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Dennis","email":"dcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":731023,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":731024,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodriguez, Eduardo A.","contributorId":83540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Eduardo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":731025,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14775,"text":"ofr86532 - 1987 - Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14775,"text":"ofr86532 - 1987 - Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts","indexId":"ofr86532","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2191,"text":"wsp2336A - 1988 - Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts","indexId":"wsp2336A","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2191,"text":"wsp2336A - 1988 - Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts","indexId":"wsp2336A","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T16:47:03.039489","indexId":"ofr86532","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-532","title":"Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts","docAbstract":"The Edwards aquifer is a complexly faulted, carbonate aquifer lying within the Balcones fault zone of south-central Texas. The aquifer is recharged mainly by streamflow losses in the outcrop area of the Edwards aquifer and is discharged by major springs located at considerable distances, as much as 150 mi, from the areas of recharge, and by wells. Groundwater flow within the Edwards aquifer of the San Antonio region was simulated to investigate concepts relating to the storage and flow characteristics. A general purpose, finite difference model, modified to provide the capability of representing barrier faults, was used to simulate groundwater flow and storage in the aquifer. The simulations investigated the effects of complex geologic structures and significant changes in transmissivity, anisotropy, and storage coefficient, with initial values based on concepts developed in previous studies. Results of the simulations confirmed the original estimates of transmissivity values (> 100 sq ft/sec) in the confined zone of the aquifer between San Antonio and Comal Springs. A storage coefficient of 0.05 in the unconfined zone of the aquifer produced the best simulation of water levels and springflow. A major interpretation resulting from the simulations is that two essentially independent areas of regional flow were identified in the west and central part of the study area. Flow from the two areas converges at Comal Springs. The directions of computed flux vectors reflected the presence of major barrier faults which locally deflect patterns of groundwater movement. The most noticeable deflection is the convergence of flow through the geologic structural opening, the Knippa gap, in eastern Uvalde County. A second significant interpretation is that groundwater flow in northeastern Bexar, Comal, and Hays Counties is diverted by barrier faults toward San Marcos Springs, a regional discharge point. (Lantz-PTT)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr86532","usgsCitation":"Maclay, R., and Land, L.F., 1987, Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-532, vii, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86532.","productDescription":"vii, 86 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374776,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0532/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0532/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"San Antonio","otherGeospatial":"Edwards 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R.W.","contributorId":72804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maclay","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Land, L. F.","contributorId":17253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14783,"text":"ofr87473 - 1987 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; project description","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:59","indexId":"ofr87473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-473","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; project description","docAbstract":"In 1986, the U.S. Geological Survey began a National Water-Quality Assessment program to (1) provide nationally consistent descriptions of the current status of water quality for a large, diverse, and geographically distributed part of the Nation's surface- and ground-water resources; (2) define, where possible, trends in water quality; and (3) identify and describe the relations of both status and trends in water quality to natural factors and the history of land use and land- and waste-management activities. The program is presently in a pilot phase that will test and modify, as necessary, concepts and approaches in preparation for possible full implementation of the program in the future.\r\nThe upper Illinois River basin is one of four basins selected to test the concepts and approaches of the surface-water-quality element of the national program. The basin drains 10,949 square miles of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. Three principal tributaries are the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers that join to form the Illinois River and the Fox River. Land use is predominantly agricultural; about 75 percent of the basin is cultivated primarily for production of corn and soybeans. About 13 percent of the basin is urban area, most of which is located in the Chicago metropolitan area. The population of the basin is about 7 million. About 6 million people live in the Des Plaines River basin.\r\n\r\nMany water-quality issues in the upper Illinois River basin are related to sediment, nutrients, potentially toxic inorganic and organic constituents, and to water-management practices. Occurrence of sediment and the chemical constituents in the rivers and lakes within the basin has the potential to adversely affect the water's suitability for aquatic life, recreation, or, through the consumption of fish, human health.\r\n\r\nThe upper Illinois River basin project consists of five major activities. The first activity--analysis of existing information and preparation of a report that describes recent water-quality conditions and trends--is currently underway. The second activity--fixed-station water-quality sampling at eight stations--began in April 1987 and will last at least 3 years. Water-quality data collected at these stations will be used to determine the frequency of occurrence of constituent concentrations, their annual and seasonal loads, and time trends in concentrations for a selected number of constituents. The third activity will be synoptic water-quality studies. Each study will involve sampling many sites at specific flow conditions and for selected water-quality constituents. Information gained from these studies will supplement informa tion gained from fixed-station sampling. A synoptic study of streambed sediments is tentatively planned for the summer of 1987 to describe the occurrence and distribution of trace elements in the basin. The fourth activity will consist of one or more topical subbasin or river-reach studies. The purpose of such studies is to better define certain water-quality conditions in specific areas and gain an understanding of the processes affecting the observed conditions. The fifth activity is the preparation of reports that will describe results from each of the first four activities.\r\n\r\nQuality assurance and coordination are being provided at both the national and pilot-project levels. A technical quality-assurance plan that addresses all aspects of sample collection, analysis, and reporting is being prepared at the national level. This plan will be appended as needed at the pilot-project level. A National Coordinating Work Group that functions under the auspices of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data and the Advisory Committee on Water Data for Public Use has been established at the national level. A local liaison committee consisting of representatives from Federal, State, and local agencies has been established to enhance communication and to ensure that the scientific information produced by the","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87473","usgsCitation":"Mades, D., 1987, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; project description: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-473, iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87473.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0473/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43552,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0473/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a413","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mades, D. M.","contributorId":40230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mades","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12330,"text":"ofr87105 - 1987 - Surface water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska; project description","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:27","indexId":"ofr87105","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-105","title":"Surface water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska; project description","docAbstract":"In 1986 the U.S. Geological Survey began a National Water-Quality Assessment Program to: (1) provide nationally consistent descriptions of the current status of water quality for a large, diverse, and geographically distributed part of the Nation 's surface water resources; (2) where possible, define trends in water quality; and (3) identify and describe the relation between water quality and natural and land use factors. This report describes the pilot study of the lower Kansas River basin, which is one of four surface water pilot studies that will be used to test, and modify as necessary, assessment concepts and approaches in preparation for future full implementation of the national program. Water quality issues in the lower Kansas River basin are dominated by possible nonpoint sources of contamination from agricultural land, with issues including: (1) large sediment discharge in the streams and sediment deposition in the reservoirs caused by intensive cultivation of row crops and subsequent erosion; (2) occurrence of pesticides in streams and reservoirs that could impair the suitability of water for aquatic life and has the potential for impairing the water 's suitability for public supply; (3) bacterial contamination caused by runoff from pastureland and feedlot operations and municipal wastewater discharges; and (4) nutrient enrichment of reservoirs. Data from fixed stations will be used to determine frequency distributions of constituent concentrations and mass balances of constituents between stations. Subbasin or river reach studies will provide a better understanding of the origin, movement, and fate of potential contaminants. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87105","usgsCitation":"Stamer, J., Jordan, P.R., Engberg, R., and Dugan, J.T., 1987, Surface water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska; project description: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-105, iv, 36 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87105.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0105/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40560,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0105/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db691473","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamer, J. K.","contributorId":47753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamer","given":"J. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jordan, P. R.","contributorId":7282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engberg, R. A.","contributorId":104876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engberg","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dugan, J. T.","contributorId":67890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":14753,"text":"ofr87571 - 1987 - Regional study of the Castle Hayne Aquifer of eastern North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-15T13:20:46","indexId":"ofr87571","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-571","title":"Regional study of the Castle Hayne Aquifer of eastern North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Castle Hayne aquifer is an eastward sloping and thickening wedge of limestone and sandstone, located in a 12,500 sq mi area in the eastern part of North Carolina. The Castle Hayne aquifer is the major source of freshwater for much of coastal North Carolina where the aquifers underlying the Castle Hayne contain saltwater. A regional study of the Castle Hayne aquifer was conducted to provide definitive information on the declines in water levels and of saltwater intrusion in the area. A series of geohydrologic maps produced from the study, show the altitude of the top of the aquifer, location of saltwater in the aquifer, aquifer thickness, aquifer transmissivity, and confining-unit thickness. The history of groundwater pumpage can be compared with historical water levels in the aquifer. These geohydrologic, pumpage, and water level data can be used to develop estimates of aquifer and confining-unit hydraulic coefficients and to develop a groundwater flow model for the Castle Hayne aquifer. The model will increase the understanding of the groundwater flow system and also can be used to assess various groundwater development scenarios for the entire Castle Hayne aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87571","usgsCitation":"Lyke, W., and Coble, R.W., 1987, Regional study of the Castle Hayne Aquifer of eastern North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-571, 2 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87571.","productDescription":"2 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":43523,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0571/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0571/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Castle Hayne Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.03564453124999,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -79.03564453124999,\n 36.633162095586556\n ],\n [\n -74.66308593749999,\n 36.633162095586556\n ],\n [\n -74.66308593749999,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -79.03564453124999,\n 33.65120829920497\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyke, W.L.","contributorId":75551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyke","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coble, R. W.","contributorId":49380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coble","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12526,"text":"ofr8750 - 1987 - WATEQ4F - a personal computer Fortran translation of the geochemical model WATEQ2 with revised data base","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12526,"text":"ofr8750 - 1987 - WATEQ4F - a personal computer Fortran translation of the geochemical model WATEQ2 with revised data base","indexId":"ofr8750","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"WATEQ4F - a personal computer Fortran translation of the geochemical model WATEQ2 with revised data base"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":18042,"text":"ofr91183 - 1991 - User's manual for WATEQ4F, with revised thermodynamic data base and text cases for calculating speciation of major, trace, and redox elements in natural waters","indexId":"ofr91183","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"User's manual for WATEQ4F, with revised thermodynamic data base and text cases for calculating speciation of major, trace, and redox elements in natural waters"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":18042,"text":"ofr91183 - 1991 - User's manual for WATEQ4F, with revised thermodynamic data base and text cases for calculating speciation of major, trace, and redox elements in natural waters","indexId":"ofr91183","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"User's manual for WATEQ4F, with revised thermodynamic data base and text cases for calculating speciation of major, trace, and redox elements in natural waters"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T17:46:43.480779","indexId":"ofr8750","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-50","title":"WATEQ4F - a personal computer Fortran translation of the geochemical model WATEQ2 with revised data base","docAbstract":"A FORTRAN 77 version of the PL/1 computer program for the geochemical model WATEQ2, which computes major and trace element speciation and mineral saturation for natural waters has been developed. The code (WATEQ4F) has been adapted to execute on an IBM PC or compatible microcomputer. Two versions of the code are available, one operating with IBM Professional FORTRAN and an 8087 or 89287 numeric coprocessor, and one which operates without a numeric coprocessor using Microsoft FORTRAN 77. The calculation procedure is identical to WATEQ2, which has been installed on many mainframes and minicomputers. Limited data base revisions include the addition of the following ions: AlHS04(++), BaS04, CaHS04(++), FeHS04(++), NaF, SrC03, and SrHCO3(+). This report provides the reactions and references for the data base revisions, instructions for program operation, and an explanation of the input and output files. Attachments contain sample output from three water analyses used as test cases and the complete FORTRAN source listing. U.S. Geological Survey geochemical simulation program PHREEQE and mass balance program BALANCE also have been adapted to execute on an IBM PC or compatible microcomputer with a numeric coprocessor and the IBM Professional FORTRAN compiler.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr8750","usgsCitation":"Ball, J., Nordstrom, D.K., and Zachmann, D., 1987, WATEQ4F - a personal computer Fortran translation of the geochemical model WATEQ2 with revised data base: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-50, iii, 108 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8750.","productDescription":"iii, 108 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":495467,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144525,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0050/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd588","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, J.W.","contributorId":67507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":166279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zachmann, D.W.","contributorId":30992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zachmann","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28729,"text":"wri864130 - 1987 - Effect of Niagara power project on ground-water flow in the upper part of the Lockport Dolomite, Niagara Falls area, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri864130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4130","title":"Effect of Niagara power project on ground-water flow in the upper part of the Lockport Dolomite, Niagara Falls area, New York","docAbstract":"The Niagara River Power Project near Niagara Falls, N.Y., has created recharge and discharge areas that have modified the direction of groundwater flow east and northeast of the falls. Before construction of the power project in 1962, the configuration of the potentiometric surface in the upper part of the Silurian Lockport Dolomite generally paralleled the buried upper surface of the bedrock. Ground water in the central and east parts of the city of Niagara Falls flowed south and southwestward toward the upper Niagara River (above the falls), and ground water in the western part flowed westward into Niagara River gorge. The power project consists of two hydroelectric powerplants separated by a forebay canal that receives water from the upper Niagara River through two 4-mi-long, parallel, buried conduits. During periods of nonpeak power demand, some water in the forebay canal is pumped to a storage reservoir for later release to generate electricity during peak-demand periods. Since the power project began operation in 1962, groundwater within 0.5 mi of the buried conduits has seeped into the drain system that surrounds the conduits, then flows both south from the forebay canal and north from the Niagara River toward the Falls Street tunnel--a former sewer that crosses the conduits 0.65 mi north of the upper Niagara River. Approximately 6 million gallons of ground water a day leaks into the Falls Street tunnel, which carries it 2.3 mi westward to the Niagara River gorge below the falls. Daily water-level fluctuations in the forebay canal affect water levels in the drain system that surrounds the conduits, and this , in turn, affects the potentiometric surface in the Lockport Dolomite within 0.5 mi of the conduits. The drains transmit changes in pressure head near the forebay canal southward at least as far as the Falls Street tunnel area and possibly to the upper Niagara River. Some water in the pumped-storage reservoir recharges ground water in the Lockport Dolomite by seepage through bedding joints, which are exposed in the unlined reservoir bottom, and through the grout curtain beneath the reservoir 's dike. Water-level fluctuations in the reservoir cause slight ground-water fluctuations near the reservoir. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864130","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.S., and Kappel, W.M., 1987, Effect of Niagara power project on ground-water flow in the upper part of the Lockport Dolomite, Niagara Falls area, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4130, vi, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864130.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57556,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4130/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57557,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625862","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Todd S.","contributorId":85623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kappel, William M.","contributorId":18754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"William","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206939,"text":"70206939 - 1987 - Geochemistry of high-silica peralkaline rhyolites, Naivasha, Kenya rift valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-02T06:38:23","indexId":"70206939","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-31T19:46:01","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of high-silica peralkaline rhyolites, Naivasha, Kenya rift valley","docAbstract":"The Recent (<15000 y) volcanic complex of southwest Naivasha, Kenya, consists of mildly peralkaline (comenditic) rhyolite domes, lava flows, air fall pumices, and lake sediments, with minor, peripheral, basalts and hawaiites. The comendites are either aphyric or sparsely porphyritic, few samples containing >5 per cent phenocrysts. Phenocryst minerals are quartz-sanidine-ferrohedenbergite-fayalite-titanomagnetite-ilmenite-riebeckite-arfvedsonite-aenigmatite-biotite-zircon. Ferrohedenbergite and zircon are restricted to less peralkaline, and amphibole, aenigmatite, and biotite to more peralkaline, rocks.The comendites show unusually strong enrichment in Cs, F, Hf, Nb, Rb, REE, Ta, Th, U, Y, Zn, and Zr, and extreme depletion in Mg, Ca, Ba, Co, and Sr. REE patterns are moderately LREE-enriched, with large, negative Eu anomalies. Values of LIL/HFS element ratios, such as Th/Ta and Rb/Zr, are unusually high for peralkaline rhyolites, and are consistent with a substantial crustal component in the comendites. Parameters such as LREE/HREE and Zr/Nb ratios indicate that the Naivasha rhyolites represent several pulses of closely related, but subtly different, magmas. Sanidine/glass partition coefficients for Ba, Pb, Rb, Sr, U, and the REE are presented for one specimen.Major and trace element modelling, and feldspar-rock relationships, show that closed system crystal fractionation cannot alone account for the overall compositional variations in the comendites. A model involving partial melting of variable crustal source rocks and migration of dissolved volatile-metal complexes may be appropriate at Naivasha. © 1987 Oxford University Press.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press ","doi":"10.1093/petrology/28.6.979","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Macdonald, R., Davies, G., Bliss, C., Leat, P., Bailey, D., and Smith, R., 1987, Geochemistry of high-silica peralkaline rhyolites, Naivasha, Kenya rift valley: Journal of Petrology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 979-1008, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/28.6.979.","productDescription":"30 p. ","startPage":"979","endPage":"1008","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369769,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kenya","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[40.993,-0.85829],[41.58513,-1.68325],[40.88477,-2.08255],[40.63785,-2.49979],[40.26304,-2.57309],[40.12119,-3.27768],[39.80006,-3.68116],[39.60489,-4.34653],[39.20222,-4.67677],[37.7669,-3.67712],[37.69869,-3.09699],[34.07262,-1.05982],[33.90371,-0.95],[33.89357,0.10981],[34.18,0.515],[34.6721,1.17694],[35.03599,1.90584],[34.59607,3.05374],[34.47913,3.5556],[34.005,4.24988],[34.6202,4.84712],[35.29801,5.506],[35.81745,5.33823],[35.81745,4.77697],[36.15908,4.44786],[36.85509,4.44786],[38.12091,3.59861],[38.43697,3.58851],[38.67114,3.61607],[38.89251,3.50074],[39.55938,3.42206],[39.85494,3.83879],[40.76848,4.25702],[41.1718,3.91909],[41.85508,3.91891],[40.98105,2.78452],[40.993,-0.85829]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kenya\"}}]}","volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macdonald, R.","contributorId":92402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davies, G.R.","contributorId":220957,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davies","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bliss, C.M.","contributorId":220958,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bliss","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leat, P.T.","contributorId":54511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leat","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bailey, D.K.","contributorId":36201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, R.L.","contributorId":47422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207383,"text":"70207383 - 1987 - The case for tectonic denudation by the Heart Mountain fault - A response","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T07:26:11","indexId":"70207383","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-31T13:41:32","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The case for tectonic denudation by the Heart Mountain fault - A response","docAbstract":"T
wo basic concepts pertaining to the history of the Heart Mountain fault of northwestern Wyoming have recently been challenged; one, that there was tectonic denudation, and two, that volcanic rock of the Wapiti Formation was deposited on the exposed fault surface. Tectonic denudation is believed to have occurred as a consequence of the upper plate having broken into numerous blocks that separated as movement progressed along a nearly horizontal fault surface, thus leaving the fault surface exposed between blocks. Volcanic rocks of the Wapiti Formation were then deposited both on the exposed fault surface and against and over the upper-plate blocks. Two formations of Eocene volcanic rocks are involved. The older volcanic unit, the Cathedral Cliffs Formation, and the Paleozoic carbonate rocks are part of the upper plate of the Heart Mountain fault and moved with it, whereas the younger Wapiti Formation was deposited on the fault surface after movement had ceased.
In an alternate interpretation recently advanced by T. A. Hauge, subdivisions of the Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup, of which the Cathedral Cliffs and Wapiti Formations are units, are not recognized. The upper plate of the Heart Mountain detachment is interpreted as having been a single, continuous allochthon composed largely of volcanic rocks with small amounts of Paleozoic rocks. During Heart Mountain faulting, extension of the once-continuous slab of Paleozoic sedimentary rock is alleged to have been accompanied by the formation of ten or more grabens, now filled predominantly by Absaroka volcanic rocks. This interpretation further proposes that the volcanic rocks were emplaced while the separating blocks of Paleozoic strata were still moving and that the basal part of the volcanic rock between these blocks is in fault contact rather than depositional contact with the strata beneath the Heart Mountain fault.
Many lines of geologic field evidence indicate that the Wapiti Formation is younger than the Heart Mountain fault and was deposited on the technically denuded fault surface. (1) Wapiti rocks bury the break-away fault. (2) Fault breccia at the base of the upper-plate carbonate blocks is composed entirely of carbonate fault breccia and has no volcanic component. (3) Small blocks of upper-plate rocks have been displaced by gravity from the upper part of the allochthon to the detachment fault surface. (4) Eocene stream-channel deposits locally cut into the surface of tectonic denudation and also have been displaced on the Heart Mountain fault. (5) The volume of Wapiti Formation filling the spaces between allochthonous blocks in proportion to the volume of those blocks is much too great for the Wapiti to have been allochthonous. (6) Clastic dikes of carbonate fault breccia penetrate Wapiti volcanic rocks. (7) Some of these clastic dikes of fault breccia contain Precambrian xenoliths and wood phenoclasts requiring surface exposures of the fault breccia before injection as dikes. (8) Wapiti volcanic rocks having chilled borders are in tightly bonded contact with upper-plate Paleozoic rocks. (9) Faults present in the upper-plate blocks do not penetrate the overlying Wapiti Formation. (10) Volcanic fault breccia is absent where volcanic rocks overlie carbonate fault breccia. (11) A mound of carbonate fault breccia is not mixed with overlying Wapiti Formation.
The continuous allochthon interpretation is based on several erroneous assumptions that cannot be supported by field observations. (1) Faults to transport and emplace the Wapiti Formation onto and along the Heart Mountain fault do not exist. (2) The contact between volcanic rocks and the allochthon west of Corral Creek at the west end of Cathedral Cliffs, cited by Hauge as a fault in an extending allochthon, is a depositional contact. (3) The volcanic rock adjoining allochthonous Paleozoic rocks north of Pilot Creek cannot be part of an extending allochthon because (a) it is Cathedral Cliffs Formation, which is pre–Heart Mountain fault, and (b) its direction of movement is horizontal rather than down dip, as required in an extending allochthon. (4) Most of the igneous dikes were intruded after the Heart Mountain fault movement ceased, and so they could not accommodate significant extension of the upper plate. (5) Striae reported as indicating fault emplacement of volcanic rock (Wapiti Formation) on the Heart Mountain fault actually lire flow features, formed as the Wapiti Formation was deposited on the exposed fault surface.
Tectonic denudation is the only model that is consistent with evidence observable in the field. Although the process by which tectonic denudation was accomplished remains enigmatic, tectonic denudation remains a constraining fact in any model for the origin of the Heart Mountain fault.
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\"}}]}","volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, W. G.","contributorId":11267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70236864,"text":"70236864 - 1987 - Methods and applications in surface depression analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T16:13:45.052548","indexId":"70236864","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-31T11:09:55","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Methods and applications in surface depression analysis","docAbstract":"Gridded surface data sets are often incorporated into digital data bases, but extracting information from the data sets requires specialized raster processing techniques different from those historically used on remotely sensed and thematic data. Frequently, the information desired of a gridded surface is directly related to the topologic peaks and pits of the surface. A method for isolating these peaks and pits has been developed, and two examples of its application are presented.
The perimeter of a pit feature is the highest-valued closed contour surrounding a minimum level. The method devised for finding all such contours is designed to operate on large raster surfaces. If the data are first inversely mapped, this algorithm will find surface peaks rather than pits.
In one example the depressions, or pits, expressed in Digital Elevation Model data, are hydrologically significant potholes. Measurement of their storage capacity is the objective. The potholes are found and labelled as polygons; their watershed boundaries are found and attributes are computed.
In the other example, geochemical surfaces, which were interpolated from chemical analyses of irregularly distributed stream sediment samples, were analyzed to determine the magnitude, morphology, and areal extent of peaks (geochemical anomalies).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Auto-Carto VIII: Proceedings of the international symposium on computer-assisted cartography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, 8th (Auto-Carto 8)","conferenceDate":"Mar 29- Apr 3, 1987","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, MD","language":"English","publisher":"Cartography and Geographic Information Society","usgsCitation":"Jenson, S.K., and Trautwein, C.M., 1987, Methods and applications in surface depression analysis, in Auto-Carto VIII: Proceedings of the international symposium on computer-assisted cartography, Baltimore, MD, Mar 29- Apr 3, 1987, p. 137-144.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"144","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cartogis.org/docs/proceedings/archive/auto-carto-8/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenson, Susan K.","contributorId":66859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenson","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":852396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trautwein, Charles M. trautwein@usgs.gov","contributorId":2861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trautwein","given":"Charles","email":"trautwein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":852397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193875,"text":"70193875 - 1987 - Effects of cover materials on leaching of constituents from dolomitic lead mine tailings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T10:46:10","indexId":"70193875","displayToPublicDate":"1987-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of cover materials on leaching of constituents from dolomitic lead mine tailings","docAbstract":"Five raised-bed test plots were used to study the effects of cover materials on the leaching of constituents from dolomitic Pb mine tailings over a 2-yr period. The cover materials studied were a fertilizer and seed mixture, anaerobically digested sewage sludge, loam and sod, and fallen leaves from silver maples (Acer Saccharinum); one plot was not covered. Fresh leachates and receiving pool waters were analyzed for ten metals, Si, P, inorganic anions, filterable organic carbon (FOC), and alkalinity. The mixture of fertilizer and seed decreased leaching of Pb and Zn during the first year. The leaf cover increased leaching of Pb during both years; this effect decreased as the leaves weathered. Sludge caused some increase in Pb leaching during the first year, and increased Cd leaching during both years. Concentrations of most leachate constituents decreased, and pH increased in the receiving pools. Concentrations of Pb remained higher in the receiving pool for the leaf-covered plot than in the other pools. Increases in leaching of Pb and Cd with a sludge cover were moderate, and the ability of the material to support plant growth on the tailings suggested that it may be a good medium for inducing growth of vegetative cover on the dolomitic tailings. Other organic materials may cause pronounced increase in the concentration of toxic trace metals in leachate from the tailings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00176865","usgsCitation":"Harwood, J., Koirtyohann, S.R., and Schmitt, C., 1987, Effects of cover materials on leaching of constituents from dolomitic lead mine tailings: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 34, no. 1, p. 31-43, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00176865.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348343,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Desloge","otherGeospatial":"Big River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.527099609375,\n 37.274052809979054\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 37.274052809979054\n ],\n [\n -90.3076171875,\n 38.58252615935333\n ],\n [\n -91.527099609375,\n 38.58252615935333\n ],\n [\n -91.527099609375,\n 37.274052809979054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a0826d5e4b09af898c8deff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harwood, J.J.","contributorId":200062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harwood","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koirtyohann, S. R.","contributorId":44287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koirtyohann","given":"S.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmitt, C.J.","contributorId":119731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}