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Hydrographs of simulated sediment concentration generally have smaller peaks and longer recessions than do hydrographs of measured data. The attenuation of simulated peaks was partly caused by difficulties in designing a representative channel system. Simulated surface runoff during low-intensity rainfall was greater than measured surface runoff; this caused an overestimation of sediment concentration and discharge. Rainfalls of low intensity were mostly absorbed by the soil, but the model predicted that the amount of surface runoff from such storms would be large. The overly large volume of simulated surface runoff transported more sediment than actually occurred. The mean absolute error of mean sediment concentrations during storms is 45% of the measured average concentration. The error resulted from a combination of error in recording streamflow and rainfall, in simulating streamflows, and in simulating sedimentation processes. The largest percent errors are associated with simulated maximum streamflows and average sediment discharges. The root-mean-square errors are 93 and 102% of the measured maximum streamflow and average sediment discharges. (USGS)</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri884222","usgsCitation":"Arihood, L.D., 1989, Evaluation of a watershed model to simulate sediment transport in a small agricultural watershed in Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4222, iv, 40 p. :ill., one map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884222.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p. :ill., one map ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54710,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":26404,"text":"wri884126 - 1989 - A vertically averaged spectral model for tidal circulation in estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T16:38:54","indexId":"wri884126","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4126","title":"A vertically averaged spectral model for tidal circulation in estuaries","docAbstract":"<p>A frequency dependent computer model based on the two-dimensional vertically averaged shallow-water equations is described for general purpose application in tidally dominated embayments. This model simulates the response of both tides and tidal currents to user-specified geometries and boundary conditions. The mathematical formulation and practical application of the model are discussed in detail. Salient features of the model include the ability to specify: (1) stage at the open boundaries as well as within the model grid, (2) velocities on open boundaries (river inflows and so forth), (3) spatially variable wind stress, and (4) spatially variable bottom friction. Using harmonically analyzed field data as boundary conditions, this model can be used to make real time predictions of tides and tidal currents. (USGS)</p>","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri884126","usgsCitation":"Burau, J., and Cheng, R.T., 1989, A vertically averaged spectral model for tidal circulation in estuaries: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4126, iv, 31 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884126.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55194,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a52e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26413,"text":"wri884214 - 1989 - Calibration and use of an interactive-accounting model to simulate dissolved solids, streamflow, and water-supply operations in the Arkansas River basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri884214","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4214","title":"Calibration and use of an interactive-accounting model to simulate dissolved solids, streamflow, and water-supply operations in the Arkansas River basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"An interactive-accounting model was used to simulate dissolved solids, streamflow, and water supply operations in the Arkansas River basin, Colorado. Model calibration of specific conductance to streamflow relations at three sites enabled computation of dissolved-solids loads throughout the basin. To simulate streamflow only, all water supply operations were incorporated in the regression relations for streamflow. Calibration for 1940-85 resulted in coefficients of determination that ranged from 0.89 to 0.58, and values in excess of 0.80 were determined for 16 of 20 nodes. The model then incorporated 74 water users and 11 reservoirs to simulate the water supply operations for two periods, 1943-74 and 1975-85. For the 1943-74 calibration, coefficients of determination for streamflow ranged from 0.87 to 0.02. Calibration of the water supply operations resulted in coefficients of determination that ranged from 0.87 to negative for simulated irrigation diversions of 37 selected water users. Calibration for 1975-85 was not evaluated statistically, but average values and plots of reservoir contents indicated reasonableness of the simulation. To demonstrate the utility of the model, six specific alternatives were simulated to consider effects of potential enlargement of Pueblo Reservoir. Three general major alternatives were simulated: the 1975-85 calibrated model data, the calibrated model data with an addition of 30 cu ft/sec in Fountain Creek flows, and the calibrated model data plus additional municipal water in storage. These three major alternatives considered the options of reservoir enlargement or no enlargement. A 40,000-acre-foot reservoir enlargement resulted in average increases of 2,500 acre-ft in transmountain diversions, of 800 acre-ft in storage diversions, and of 100 acre-ft in winter-water storage. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884214","usgsCitation":"Burns, A., 1989, Calibration and use of an interactive-accounting model to simulate dissolved solids, streamflow, and water-supply operations in the Arkansas River basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4214, v, 116 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884214.","productDescription":"v, 116 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4214/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6892ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, A.W.","contributorId":65498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26457,"text":"wri864318 - 1989 - Hydrogeologic correlations for selected wells on Long Island, New York — A data base with retrieval program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T22:58:42.642616","indexId":"wri864318","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4318","title":"Hydrogeologic correlations for selected wells on Long Island, New York — A data base with retrieval program","docAbstract":"<p>Accurate delineation of the internal hydrogeologic structure of Long Island, NY is integral to the understanding and management of the groundwater system. This report presents a computerized data base of hydrogeologic correlations for 3,146 wells on Long Island and adjacent parts of New York City. The data base includes the well identification number, the latitude-longitude of the well location, the altitude of land surface at the well and of the bottom of the drilled hole, and the altitude of the top of the major hydrogeologic units penetrated by the well. A computer program is included that allows retrieval of selected types of data for all of, or any local area of, Long Island. These data retrievals are a valuable aid to the construction of hydrogeologic surface maps.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864318","usgsCitation":"Buxton, H., Shernoff, P., and Smolensky, D., 1989, Hydrogeologic correlations for selected wells on Long Island, New York — A data base with retrieval program: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4318, Report: iv, 107 p.; 3 Plates: 50.94 × 25.36 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864318.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 107 p.; 3 Plates: 50.94 × 25.36 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55278,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4318/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394553,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36638.htm"},{"id":55279,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4318/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55277,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4318/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55276,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4318/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4318/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.1522216796875,\n              40.30466538259176\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.04833984375,\n              40.30466538259176\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.04833984375,\n              41.261291493919884\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.1522216796875,\n              41.261291493919884\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.1522216796875,\n              40.30466538259176\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628ab9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buxton, H. T.","contributorId":67873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"H. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shernoff, P. K.","contributorId":22779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shernoff","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smolensky, D. A.","contributorId":46094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smolensky","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30620,"text":"wri884044 - 1989 - Salinity and flow relations and effects of reduced flow in the Chassahowitzka River and Homosassa River estuaries, southwest Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri884044","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4044","title":"Salinity and flow relations and effects of reduced flow in the Chassahowitzka River and Homosassa River estuaries, southwest Florida","docAbstract":"The Chassahowitzka and Homosassa Rivers Florida, are spring-fed streams flowing into the Gulf of Mexico that may be affected by future development of groundwaters. Reduction of streamflow may cause an upstream movement of saltwater in the rivers. Data on flow, tide, and salinity define the physical characteristics of both estuaries. Vertical and longitudinal salinity profiles indicate that the estuaries are reasonably well mixed for the streamflow and high-tide conditions observed during the study. Estimates of the daily maximum upstream locations of the vertically averaged 3-ppt and 5-ppt salinities in the Chassahowitzka River and the vertically averaged 2-ppt and 5-ppt salinities in the Homosassa River are described by multiple linear regression analysis using daily mean streamflow of each river and high-tide stage of the gulf. For the vertically averaged 3-ppt and 2-ppt salinities, the square of the correlation coefficient for the predictive equations ranged from 0.77 to 0.85. For the vertically averaged 5-ppt salinities, the square of the correlation coefficient for the predictive equations ranged from 0.73 to 0.88. Upstream movement of salt-water due to pumping 40 million gal/day from a well field near the headwater springs of the Chassahowitzka and Homosassa Rivers was determined. Pumping at this rate from the Chassahowitzka River would cause a 15% reduction of average spring flow, resulting in an upstream movement of both the vertically averaged 3-ppt and 5-ppt of about 0.3 mile. In the Homosassa River, pumping would cause a 13% reduction of average spring flow, resulting in an upstream movement of both the vertically averaged 2-ppt and 5-ppt salinities of about 0.1 mile. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri884044","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., and Knochenmus, L.A., 1989, Salinity and flow relations and effects of reduced flow in the Chassahowitzka River and Homosassa River estuaries, southwest Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4044, iv, 38 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884044.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59385,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa4c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, D. K.","contributorId":56622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knochenmus, L. A.","contributorId":60683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30618,"text":"wri884116 - 1989 - Effects of river discharge and high-tide stage on salinity intrusion in the Weeki Wachee, Crystal, and Withlacoochee River estuaries, southwest Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T19:20:43.62085","indexId":"wri884116","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4116","title":"Effects of river discharge and high-tide stage on salinity intrusion in the Weeki Wachee, Crystal, and Withlacoochee River estuaries, southwest Florida","docAbstract":"<p>The Weeki Wachee, Crystal, and Withlacoochee Rivers are coastal streams flowing into the Gulf of Mexico that may be affected by either future surface water or groundwater withdrawals. Reduction of river discharge will affect the upstream extent of saltwater intrusion in the rivers; however, under certain reduced low-flow discharges, the estimated change in upstream extent of saltwater intrusion is on the order of several tenths of a mile and frequently is within the range of predicted error. Data on flow, tides, and salinity describe the physical characteristics of the Weeki Wachee, Crystal, and Withlacoochee River systems. Vertical and longitudinal salinity profiles indicate that salinity of the rivers increases downstream and varies substantially at any given location. The Weeki Wachee River system is the best mixed of the three. The Crystal River system exhibited the next best mixed system, and the Withlacoochee River system exhibited the most variation in its salinity regime. The daily maximum upstream extent of salinity intrusion is described by multiple linear-regression analysis based on daily mean streamflow of each river and high-tide stage of the gulf. The equations are used to show the effects of discharge on the daily maximum upstream extent of salinity intrusion in the rivers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884116","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., and Knochenmus, L.A., 1989, Effects of river discharge and high-tide stage on salinity intrusion in the Weeki Wachee, Crystal, and Withlacoochee River estuaries, southwest Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4116, v, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884116.","productDescription":"v, 63 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411726,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47032.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59383,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4116/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123856,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4116/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Weekee, Crystal, and Withlacoochee River estuaries","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.75,\n              29.1167\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.75,\n              28.4364\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.4217,\n              28.4364\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.4217,\n              29.1167\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.75,\n              29.1167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae8ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, D. K.","contributorId":56622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knochenmus, L. A.","contributorId":60683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30614,"text":"wri894004 - 1989 - Water quality and supply on Cortina Rancheria, Colusa County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri894004","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4004","title":"Water quality and supply on Cortina Rancheria, Colusa County, California","docAbstract":"Cortina Rancheria covers an area of 1 sq mi in Colusa County, California, near the western edge of the Sacramento Valley. Local sources of water for residents of the rancheria are of poor quality or limited availability. Domestic needs are presently met by water from a hand-dug well and from a drilled well with a potential yield of 15 gal/min. Water from both wells fails to meet California State drinking-water standards, primarily because of high concentrations of chloride and dissolved solids. High concentrations of sodium and boron pose additional problems for agricultural use of the water. The dissolved ions originate in Upper Cretaceous marine sediments of the Cortina Formation, which occurs at or near land surface throughout the rancheria. Small quantities of fresh groundwater may occur locally in the Tehama Formation which overlies the Cortina Formation in the eastern part of the rancheria. Canyon Creek, the largest stream on the rancheria, flows only during winter and spring. Water from one of the rancheria 's three springs meet drinking water standards, but it almost stops flowing in summer. The generally poor quality of ground and surface water on the rancheria is typical of areas along the west side of the Sacramento Valley. Additional hydrologic information could indicate more precisely the quantity and quality of surface and groundwater on Cortina Rancheria. Principal features of a possible data-collection program would include monitoring of discharge and water quality in three springs and in Canyon Creek, electromagntic terrain conductivity surveys, and monitoring of water levels and quality in two existing wells and several proposed test wells. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies may be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri894004","usgsCitation":"Yates, E., 1989, Water quality and supply on Cortina Rancheria, Colusa County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4004, iv, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894004.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4004/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59381,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f323d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yates, E.B.","contributorId":77973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30594,"text":"wri884223 - 1989 - Geohydrology of the Escondido hydrologic subarea, San Diego County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:12","indexId":"wri884223","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4223","title":"Geohydrology of the Escondido hydrologic subarea, San Diego County, California","docAbstract":"The San Diego region of California is undergoing rapid growth with a corresponding increase in the demand for water. To update the basin plan developed in 1975 by the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Diego Region, water-level and water quality data for the 44-sq mi Escondido hydrologic subarea were collected and analyzed. Water-level measurements indicate that groundwater in most of the subarea was within 20 ft of land surface. Groundwater generally moves from the weathered crystalline rocks on hillsides into the alluvium. Groundwater moves from north to south in Reidy Canyon and from east to west in the alluvium along Escondido Creek. Water from all 20 wells sampled in 1987 had dissolved-solids concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended limit of 500 mg/L; concentrations ranged from 720 to 4,500 mg/L. Nitrate (as nitrogen) concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 86 mg/L. Water from 14 of the 20 wells had nitrate (as nitrogen) concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Agency recommended limit of 10 mg/L. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884223","usgsCitation":"Woolfenden, L.R., 1989, Geohydrology of the Escondido hydrologic subarea, San Diego County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4223, iv, 21 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884223.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4223/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59352,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4223/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a89b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woolfenden, L. R. 0000-0003-3500-4709","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-4709","contributorId":36945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolfenden","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26528,"text":"wri894050 - 1989 - Preliminary analysis for trends in selected water-quality characteristics, Powder River, Montana and Wyoming, water years 1952-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri894050","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4050","title":"Preliminary analysis for trends in selected water-quality characteristics, Powder River, Montana and Wyoming, water years 1952-85","docAbstract":"Selected water-quality data from two streamflow-gaging stations on the Powder River, Montana and Wyoming, were statistically analyzed for trends using the seasonal Kendall test. Data for water years 1952-63 and 1975-85 from the Powder River near Locate, Montana, and water years 1967-68 and 1976-85 from the Powder River at Sussex, Wyoming, were analyzed. Data for the earlier period near Locate were discharge-weighted monthly mean values, whereas data for the late period near Locate and at Sussex were from periodic samples. For data from water years 1952-63 near Locate, increasing trends were detected in sodium and sodium-adsorption ratio; no trends were detected in specific conductance, hardness, non-carbonate hardness, alkalinity, dissolved solids, or sulfate. For data from water years 1975-85 near Locate, increasing trends were detected in specific conductance, sodium, sodium-adsorption ratio, and chloride; no trends were detected in hardness, noncarbonate hardness, alkalinity, dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sulfate. At Sussex (water years 1967-68 and 1976-85), increasing trends were detected in sodium, sodium-adsorption ratio, and chloride, and a decreasing trend was detected in sulfate. No trends were detected in specific conductance, alkalinity, or dissolved solids. When the 1967-68 data were deleted and the analysis repeated for the 1976-85 data, only sodium-adsorption ratio displayed a significant (increasing) trend. Because the study was exploratory, causes and effects were not considered. The results might have been affected by sample size, number of seasons, heterogeneity, significance level, serial correlation, and data adjustment for changes in discharge. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri894050","usgsCitation":"Cary, L.E., 1989, Preliminary analysis for trends in selected water-quality characteristics, Powder River, Montana and Wyoming, water years 1952-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4050, iv, 25 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894050.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4050/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55390,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cary, L. E.","contributorId":47369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cary","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26532,"text":"wri894054 - 1989 - Trends in selected water-quality characteristics, Flathead River at Flathead, British Columbia, and at Columbia Falls, Montana, water years 1975-86","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T20:15:03.631286","indexId":"wri894054","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4054","title":"Trends in selected water-quality characteristics, Flathead River at Flathead, British Columbia, and at Columbia Falls, Montana, water years 1975-86","docAbstract":"Data for selected water quality variables were evaluated for trends at two sampling stations--Flathead River at Flathead, British Columbia (Flathead station) and Flathead River at Columbia Falls, Montana (Columbia Falls station). The results were compared between stations. The analyses included data from water years 1975-86 at the Flathead station and water years 1979-86 at the Columbia Falls station. The seasonal Kendall test was applied to adjusted concentrations for variables related to discharge and to unadjusted concentrations for the remaining variables. Slope estimates were made for variables with significant trends unless data were reported as less than the detection limit. At the Flathead station, concentrations of dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, sodium, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen (total and dissolved), total organic nitrogen, and total phosphorus increased during the study period. Concentrations of total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen and dissolved iron decreased during the same period. At the Columbia Falls station, concentrations increased for calcium and magnesium and decreased for sulfate and dissolved phosphorus. No trends were detected for 10 other variables tested at each station. Data for the Flathead station were reanalyzed for water years 1979-86. Trends in the data increased for magnesium and dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen and decreased for dissolved iron. Magnesium was the only variable that displayed a trend (increasing) at both stations. The increasing trends that were detected probably will not adversely affect the water quality of the Flathead River in the near future. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894054","usgsCitation":"Cary, L.E., 1989, Trends in selected water-quality characteristics, Flathead River at Flathead, British Columbia, and at Columbia Falls, Montana, water years 1975-86: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4054, iii, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894054.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393696,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47170.htm"},{"id":55394,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4054/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Flathead River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.75,\n              48.3167\n            ],\n            [\n              -114,\n              48.3167\n            ],\n            [\n              -114,\n              49.3833\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.75,\n              49.3833\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.75,\n              48.3167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e721f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cary, L. E.","contributorId":47369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cary","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30554,"text":"wri884129 - 1989 - Cost-effectiveness of the streamflow-gaging program in Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:11:57","indexId":"wri884129","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4129","title":"Cost-effectiveness of the streamflow-gaging program in Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>A three-step analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the streamflow-gaging program in Minnesota is documented in this report.</p>\n<p>In the first step of the analysis, the data uses and funding sources were identified for the 96 continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations operated in 1985. Nineteen sources of funding and 42 uses were identified for the data collected in this program. Two stations were identified as producing data no longer sufficiently needed to warrant continuing their operation. Three other stations were identified as having uses specific to short-term studies. One station was destroyed in 1985. It is recommended that the remaining 90 station be maintained in the program for the foreseeable future.</p>\n<p>In the second step, multiple-linear-regression analysis was investigated as a possible method for providing the data collected at 23 stations. The multiple-linear-regression method was not sufficiently accurate to provide the needed data, and it is recommended that the 23 stations remain in the program. It also is recommended that flow-routing methods be investigated to see if they could provide the needed data for stations on the Red Lake River, the upper Minnesota River, and on the Mississippi River in the Minneapolis-St Paul metropolitan area.</p>\n<p>In the third step, the cost-effectiveness of collecting data from 77 of the remaining 90 stations was determined for the open-water period, April 1 through October 30. Data for 13 stations are provided to the U.S. Geological Survey or are collected at fixed intervals and were, therefore, not used in the analysis. The average standard error per station for estimation of the streamflow records is about 24 percent for the statewide network, about 11 percent for the stations operated by the St. Paul field office, about 22 percent for the stations operated by the Grand Rapids field office, and about 37 percent for the stations operated by the Montevideo field office.</p>\n<p>The current policy for collecting data from the 77 stations during the open-water period cost $198,000 in 1985. The estimated average standard error per station for the statewide network could be reduced from 24.4 percent to 20.6 percent at the $198,000 budget, if the minimum number of discharge measurements at each station were reduced from five to three during the open-water period and the remaining budget were used to make additional discharge measurements at stations with large standard errors.</p>\n<p>It is recommended that, before this data-collection plan is implemented, the effects of the plan on the cost of collecting data be evaluated for (1) possible increased lost record because of the data collection plan, and (2) the possible need for additional trips to visit noncontinuous-record stations. It also is recommended that the data-accuracy needs of the funding agencies be considered before the plan is implemented.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri884129","usgsCitation":"Winterstein, T.A., and Arntson, A., 1989, Cost-effectiveness of the streamflow-gaging program in Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4129, v, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884129.","productDescription":"v, 94 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4129/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59321,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4129/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":30547,"text":"wri874178 - 1989 - Aquifers in Cretaceous rocks of the central Coastal Plain of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-04T00:26:17.399556","indexId":"wri874178","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4178","title":"Aquifers in Cretaceous rocks of the central Coastal Plain of North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>Aquifers in rocks of Cretaceous age are the major source of groundwater for public supplies in the central Coastal Plain. These aquifers consist of sand, gravel, and limestone beds of the Peedee, Black Creek, and the upper and lower Cape Fear aquifers, each separated by a confining unit composed of clay and silt beds. The aquifers and confining units (1) rest upon crystalline basement rocks; (2) dip and thicken to the east-southeast; and (3) are overlain by younger aquifers and confining units in deposits of Quaternary and Tertiary age. The top of the uppermost aquifer, the Peedee, ranges from 122 ft above to 595 ft below sea level. The maximum thickness of all aquifers and confining units in Cretaceous rocks is more than 1,600 ft. </p><p>Aquifers and confining units were defined and correlated for this report using 125 geophysical logs and accompanying drillers' logs, water level data, and water quality information regarding chloride concentrations in water. This analysis allowed the construction of seven hydrogeologic cross sections that depict the continuity of all the aquifers and confining units. These cross sections also show water levels and chloride concentrations in water from various test intervals and describe where chloride concentration in water exceeds 250 mg/L within each aquifer. </p><p>Detailed maps of each Cretaceous aquifer show altitude of its top, thickness, areas of selected sand percentages, transition zones from fresh to saltwater, and the thickness of the confining unit. H<span>ydrogeologic data for all </span><span>aquifers and confining units are presented in tabular form.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri874178","usgsCitation":"Winner, M.D., and Lyke, W., 1989, Aquifers in Cretaceous rocks of the central Coastal Plain of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4178, Report: v, 71 p.; 20 Plates: 34.00 x 24.96 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874178.","productDescription":"Report: v, 71 p.; 20 Plates: 34.00 x 24.96 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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D. Jr.","contributorId":51766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winner","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyke, W.L.","contributorId":75551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyke","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30523,"text":"wri894040 - 1989 - Selected water-quality characteristics and flow of ground water in the San Luis basin, including the Conejos River subbasin, Colorado and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri894040","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4040","title":"Selected water-quality characteristics and flow of ground water in the San Luis basin, including the Conejos River subbasin, Colorado and New Mexico","docAbstract":"Chemical analyses of water from 99 wells and 19 springs in the San Luis basin in Colorado and New Mexico were evaluated to determine selected water quality characteristics as an aid in understanding the flow of groundwater in the basin. The evaluation shows that the distribution of chemical water types in the basin is consistent with chemical changes to be expected along flow paths in rocks typical of those in the basin. The San Luis basin area is underlain by a surficial (&lt; 100-ft-thick) unconfined aquifer and, in turn, by a confining bed and a deeper confined aquifer. Previous studies have indicated that the groundwater system is recharged around the edges of the basin and that groundwater then moves toward discharge areas in the topographically closed part of the basin and along principal streams. The evaluation of water quality data showed that groundwater at the perimeter of the San Luis basin is primarily a calcium bicarbonate type, which is typical in recharge areas. Groundwater near the center of the basin is primarily a sodium bicarbonate type, which is typical of groundwater in downgradient areas. The change in principal cation from calcium to sodium indicates chemical evolution of the water along the groundwater flow path and supports previously developed concepts of groundwater movement in the basin. The exchange of calcium for sodium along the flow path also is assumed to occur in the Conejos River subbasin. Upgradient wells yield calcium bicarbonate type water, whereas downgradient wells yield sodium bicarbonate type water. However, an exception to this relation is found at McIntire Spring, which yields calcium bicarbonate type water from a downgradient location. The source of water discharging from the spring may be the confined aquifer, with hydraulic connection along the Manassa fault. The concentration of dissolved solids in water from both the unconfined and confined aquifers increases downgradient. The increase is dramatic in the closed basin, ranging from &lt; 500 mg/L to &gt; 30 ,000 mg/L. In this area, the normal increase in concentration by dissolution of minerals along the flow path is exceeded by the increase due to evapotranspiration from the shallow water table. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center,","doi":"10.3133/wri894040","usgsCitation":"Williams, R., and Hammond, S., 1989, Selected water-quality characteristics and flow of ground water in the San Luis basin, including the Conejos River subbasin, Colorado and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4040, iv, 43 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894040.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4040/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59302,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4040/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59303,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4040/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3d23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R.S. Jr.","contributorId":46102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, S.E.","contributorId":17607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30479,"text":"wri894039 - 1989 - Streamflow at selected gaging stations on the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota, 1953-82, with a section on climatology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T16:43:20","indexId":"wri894039","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4039","title":"Streamflow at selected gaging stations on the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota, 1953-82, with a section on climatology","docAbstract":"<p>Historic stream flow data were compiled and record extension techniques were used, when necessary, to develop a monthly stream flow record for 1953-82 at streamflow-gaging stations on the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota. The record extension techniques included both Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1 and Ordinary Least Squares. </p><p>In addition to the historic stream flow record, synthesized unregulated streamflow was computed for gaging stations on the James River for 1953-82 by eliminating the effects of Jamestown Reservoir, Pipestem Reservoir, Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, and the consumptive surface-water withdrawals. Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1, Ordinary Least Squares regression, water-balance procedures, and drainage-area ratio methods were used to compute the unregulated streamflows.</p><p>Mean annual historic stream flow of the James River at Jamestown is about 7,000 acre-feet less than the mean annual unregulated streamflow. Mean monthly unregulated streamflow is greater than mean monthly historic streamflow during March, April, and May; during all other months, unregulated stream flow is less than historic streamflow.</p><p>The climate during 1953-82 was compared to the climate records, which range in length from 53 to 102 years, in the James River basin to determine if the climate during 1953-82 was similar to the climate that has occurred during the last 90 years. On the basis of the climate analysis, the data-development period (1953-82) does not represent an abnormally wet or dry period. Thus, the streamflow during the data-development period represents a range of streamflows that might be expected to occur during the last 90 years.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894039","usgsCitation":"Wiche, G.J., Benson, R.D., and Emerson, D.G., 1989, Streamflow at selected gaging stations on the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota, 1953-82, with a section on climatology: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4039, Report: v, 99 p.; Plate: 10.34 x 16.30 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894039.","productDescription":"Report: v, 99 p.; Plate: 10.34 x 16.30 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4039/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59262,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4039/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59263,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4039/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4e91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, Rick D.","contributorId":60303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26749,"text":"wri884210 - 1989 - Water quality in Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek basins in the Greensboro area, North Carolina, 1986-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T09:34:12","indexId":"wri884210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4210","title":"Water quality in Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek basins in the Greensboro area, North Carolina, 1986-87","docAbstract":"Water and bottom-sediment samples were collected from April 1986 through September 1987 at 19 sites in Guilford County and the City of Greensboro, North Carolina. Sampling locations included 13 stream sites, two lakes that supply the City of Greensboro with drinking water, two City of Greensboro finished drinking-water filtration plants, and effluent from the two municipal wastewater plants prior to outfall into receiving streams. Water sampling consisted of six surveys during various stages of steady ground-water flow at all sites and high-flow-event sampling during two storms at six sites. Bottom-sediment samples were collected at three sites during two routine sampling surveys.\r\n\r\nA summary of nearly 22, 000 separate chemical or physical analyses of water samples or bottom sediment is presented and discussed as individual values, ranges of values, or median values with respect to the locations of sampling sites, streamflow conditions, or other information bearing on water-quality conditions under discussion. The results include discussions of general water-quality indicators; major ion, nutrient, and trace-element concentrations; acid and base/neutral extractable organic compounds; volatile organic compounds; and organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides detected at each sampling site. Loadings of selected constituents are also estimated on a yearly and daily basis.\r\n\r\nThe quality of the raw and finished water, municipal effluents, and streams in the Greensboro area are characterized by using State and Federal water-quality standards. Inorganic constituents most commonly found in excess of standards were iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, phosphorus, manganese, cyanide, and mercury. Relatively few organic compounds were detected; however, those consistently reported were phthalate, thihalomethane, organophosphorus pesticide, benzol, and phenolic compounds.\r\n\r\nSelected inorganic, physical, and total organic carbon data are used in a Wilcoxon test for two independent variables to statistically compare water-quality characteristics in selected rural, semideveloped and urban basins. During low-flow sampling, the constituents that differed significantly among all sites were calcium, magnesium, and chloride. During low flows, concentrations of orthophosphate, fluoride, sulfate, and TOC differed at the urban site from the rural and semideveloped and urban sites. There were no significant differences among sites in concentrations of sodium, suspended sediment, nickel, zinc, copper, and mercury during low flows. The Wilcoxon test performed on high-flow data indicated that concentrations of TOC, chloride, sulfate, suspended sediment, and nickel were not significantly different among the sites.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884210","usgsCitation":"Davenport, M., 1989, Water quality in Reedy Fork and Buffalo Creek basins in the Greensboro area, North Carolina, 1986-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4210, vii, 81 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884210.","productDescription":"vii, 81 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4210/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55625,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4210/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","city":"Greensboro","otherGeospatial":"Buffalo Creek basin, Reedy Fork basin ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.518798828125,\n              35.808904044068626\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.5517578125,\n              36.146746777814364\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.4254150390625,\n              36.25756282630298\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.2386474609375,\n              36.35495110643483\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.98596191406249,\n              36.4477991295848\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6234130859375,\n              36.38149043210595\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.0960693359375,\n              36.19995805932895\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.6236572265625,\n              35.572448615622804\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5689697265625,\n              34.4069096565206\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.706298828125,\n              34.27083595165\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.7557373046875,\n              34.21180215769026\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.8326416015625,\n              34.125447565116126\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.882080078125,\n              34.025347738147936\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.904052734375,\n              33.89321737944089\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.947998046875,\n              33.815666308702774\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.057861328125,\n              33.8430453147447\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.1512451171875,\n              33.87497640410958\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.31054687499999,\n              33.897777013859475\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.3929443359375,\n              33.86129311351553\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.475341796875,\n              33.86129311351553\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.518798828125,\n              35.808904044068626\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4908e4b07f02db56a678","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davenport, M.S.","contributorId":23553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davenport","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26769,"text":"wri884093 - 1989 - Hydrogeology and water quality near a solid- and hazardous-waste landfill, Northwood, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri884093","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4093","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality near a solid- and hazardous-waste landfill, Northwood, Ohio","docAbstract":"Hydrogeology and water quality of ground water and selected streams were evaluated near a landfill in northwestern Ohio. The landfill is used for codisposal of solid and hazardous waste. Water-level and geologic data were collected from 36 wells and 3 surface-water sites during the period November 1983 to November 1985. Water-quality samples were collected from 18 wells and 3 surface-water sites this during this same period.\r\n\r\nThe primary aquifers in the area are the Greenfield Dolomite and underlying Lockport Dolomite of Silurian age. These bedrock carbonates are overlain by two clay tills of Wisconsin age. The tills are capped by a glacial lake clay. The tills generally are saturated, but do not yield sufficient water to be considered an aquifer. Two wells in the study area yield water, in part, from discontinuous deposits of outwash sand and gravel at the lower till-bedrock interface.\r\n\r\nRegional ground-water flow is from southwest to northeast; local flow is influenced by a ground-water mound centered under the northernmost cells of the landfill. Water levels in wells penetrating refuse within the landfill and the presence of leachate seeps indicate that the refuse is saturated. Head relations among the landfill, till, and dolomite aquifer indicate a vertical component of flow downward from the landfill to the dolomite aquifer. Water levels near the landfill fluctuate as much as 14 feet per year, in contrast to fluctuations of less than 3 feet per year in wells upgradient landfill.\r\n\r\nGround waters from wells completed in the dolomite aquifer and glacial till were found to have major-iron concentrations controlled, in large part, by reaction with calcite, dolomite, and other minerals in the aquifer. Only minor departures from equilibrium mineral saturation were noted for ground water, except in wells affected by cement/grout contamination. Molal ratios of calcuim:magnesium in ground water suggest a similar chemical evolution of waters throughout the dolomite aquifer in the study area. Stable-isotope ratios of oxygen and hydrogen indicate the source of water in the till unit and dolomite aquifer is atmospheric precipitation.\r\n\r\nElevated levels of total dissolved solids, boron, ammonia, and iron in the leachate and in wells downgradient of the landfill may indicate mixing of ground water with leachate. Oxygen and hydrogen stable-isotope ratios were used to differentiate waters from the glacial till and dolomite aquifer. Isotope ratios also show a shift off the local mixing line for leachate and for a well just downgradient from the landfill. The shift to heavier values of o D in the well water may be indicative of leachate mixing with ground water.\r\n\r\nThe effect of this mixing denoted by hydrologic, isotopic, and chemical-quality data is limited mostly to elevated levels of the common ions. Analysis did not indicate significant levels of toxic metals or organic contaminants except phenol, which was present at concentrations of from 1 to 5 micrograms per liter in six wells. Analysis of water-quality data from nearby streams suggest that surface leaching from the landfill does not significantly affect stream-water quality, but may contribute to higher level of trace metals in the streambed sediments.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri884093","usgsCitation":"De Roche, J., and Breen, K.J., 1989, Hydrogeology and water quality near a solid- and hazardous-waste landfill, Northwood, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4093, v, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884093.","productDescription":"v, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4093/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55658,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4093/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625407","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Roche, J.T.","contributorId":66691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Roche","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breen, K. J.","contributorId":44176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breen","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30420,"text":"wri894168 - 1989 - Selected quality assurance data for water samples collected by the US Geological Survey, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, 1980 to 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri894168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4168","title":"Selected quality assurance data for water samples collected by the US Geological Survey, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, 1980 to 1988","docAbstract":"Multiple water samples from 115 wells and 3 surface water sites were collected between 1980 and 1988 for the ongoing quality assurance program at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. The reported results from the six laboratories involved were analyzed for agreement using descriptive statistics. The constituents and properties included: tritium, plutonium-238, plutonium-239, -240 (undivided), strontium-90, americium-241, cesium-137, total dissolved chromium, selected dissolved trace metals, sodium, chloride, nitrate, selected purgeable organic compounds, and specific conductance. Agreement could not be calculated for purgeable organic compounds, trace metals, some nitrates and blank sample analyses because analytical uncertainties were not consistently reported. However, differences between results for most of these data were calculated. The blank samples were not analyzed for differences. The laboratory results analyzed using descriptive statistics showed a median agreement between all useable data pairs of 95%. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894168","usgsCitation":"Wegner, S., 1989, Selected quality assurance data for water samples collected by the US Geological Survey, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, 1980 to 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4168, v, 91 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894168.","productDescription":"v, 91 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4168/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59188,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6df9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wegner, S.J.","contributorId":36950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wegner","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30396,"text":"wri894001 - 1989 - Hydraulic data for shallow open-channel flow in a high-gradient flume with large bed material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-12T12:03:49","indexId":"wri894001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4001","title":"Hydraulic data for shallow open-channel flow in a high-gradient flume with large bed material","docAbstract":"Hydraulic data for shallow open-channel flow in a high-gradient flume with large bed material are reported. The bed surface consists of natural rock having particle-size range of 0.15 to 0.75 ft. Two different bed-surface configuration (roughness) were tested. The bed material was stable for all discharges. The flume wall was composed of smooth plastic and aluminum, and the test channel was 6 ft wide and 108 ft long. Longitudinal test slopes ranged from 0.008 to 0.018. Hydraulic data are reported for 103 runs with surface flows ranging from 0.7 to 32.1 cu ft/sec and for 11 runs with subsurface flows ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 cu ft/sec. Hydraulic data for all runs include water surface elevation and average bed elevation at 10 cross sections and test discharge. Detail velocity measurements at two or more cross sections are reported for selected runs. The bed-material data include shape and size properties of the rock, detailed topographic measurements of the bed surface for each of the two roughnesses that were tested, and 14 statistical parameters computed from the topographic measurements. The statistical parameters include the mean elevation of the bed, the skew of the elevations, the kurtosis of the elevations, and the standard deviation from the arithmetic mean elevation for each station. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri894001","usgsCitation":"Watts, F.J., 1989, Hydraulic data for shallow open-channel flow in a high-gradient flume with large bed material: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4001, v, 108 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894001.","productDescription":"v, 108 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4001/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":276441,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4001/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628ab0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, Fred J.","contributorId":34971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26870,"text":"wri884203 - 1989 - Appraisal of ground-water quality in the Bunker Hill Basin of San Bernardino Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri884203","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4203","title":"Appraisal of ground-water quality in the Bunker Hill Basin of San Bernardino Valley, California","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected from 47 wells and analyzed for concentration of major inorganic ions, nitrogen species, and volatile (purgeable) organic priority pollutants to assess groundwater quality in the Bunker Hill basin, California. Data were supplemented with additional analysis of nitrate, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene made by other agencies. The organic quality of groundwater in the basin generally is suitable for most uses, although fluoride concentration exceeded the California public drinking water standard of 1.4 mg/L in water from 5 of 47 wells. Nitrate (as nitrogen) concentration equaled or exceeded the public drinking water standard of 10 mg/L in water from 13 of 47 wells sampled for this study and in an additional 19 of 120 samples analyzed by other agencies. Concentration generally decreased with increasing depth below land surface. Twenty-four of the 33 volatile organic priority pollutants were detected in water from wells sampled during this study. When supplemental data from other agencies are included, tetrachloroethylene concentration exceeded the standard of 5 micrograms/L in water from 49 of 128 wells. No basinwide relation between contamination by these two chemicals and well depth or land use was discerned. A network of 11 observation wells that could be sampled twice a year would enhance the monitoring of changes groundwater quality in the Bunker Hill basin. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies of this report can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri884203","usgsCitation":"Duell, L., and Schroeder, R.A., 1989, Appraisal of ground-water quality in the Bunker Hill Basin of San Bernardino Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4203, v, 69 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884203.","productDescription":"v, 69 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4203/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55760,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4203/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a3bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duell, L. F. Jr.","contributorId":39009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L. F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schroeder, R. A.","contributorId":15554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26898,"text":"wri894100 - 1989 - Geohydrology, simulation of ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills, Marion County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T08:14:13","indexId":"wri894100","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4100","title":"Geohydrology, simulation of ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills, Marion County, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data were collected at the Julietta and Tibbs-Banta landfills in Marion County. Both landfills were closed in the mid-1970's, and sewage sludge mixed with dirt was spread on the landfills in the mid-1980's as part of a revegetation project.</p>\n<p>The landfills were constructed in unconsolidated glacial sediments that consist of sand, gravel, silt, and clay. The maximum thickness of the sediments is 180 feet at Julietta and 100 feet at Tibbs-Banta. Both landfills are underlain by sand and gravel aquifers and are adjacent to gaining streams. Ground water flows toward and into the streams at each study area. Two sand and gravel aquifers were mapped at Julietta and four were mapped at TibbsBanta. The aquifers are separated in places by discontinuous clay layers.</p>\n<p>Ground-water-flow models, calibrated to simulate steady-state low-flow conditions, indicate that about 19,000 gallons of water per day move through the refuse at Julietta and 42,000 gallons per day move through the refuse at Tibbs-Banta. The Julietta model also indicates that recharge through the surface of the landfill is less than in the surrounding natural areas, probably because of the addition and compaction of the sludge/soil mixture.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of dissolved inorganic substances in ground-water samples indicate that leachate from both landfills is reaching the shallow aquifers. The effect on deeper aquifers is small because of the predominance of horizontal ground-water flow and discharge to the streams. Increases in almost all dissolved constituents were observed in shallow wells that are screened beneath and downgradient from the landfills. Several analyses, especially those for bromide, dissolved solids, and ammonia, were useful in delineating the plume of leachate at both landfills.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri894100","collaboration":"City of Indianapolis, Department of Public Works","usgsCitation":"Duwelius, R., and Greeman, T., 1989, Geohydrology, simulation of ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills, Marion County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4100, viii, 135 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894100.","productDescription":"viii, 135 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"143","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4100/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55779,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4100/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Marion","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.9369,39.9272],[-85.9379,39.87],[-85.9541,39.8696],[-85.9518,39.6969],[-85.9523,39.638],[-86.248,39.6335],[-86.3268,39.6318],[-86.3281,39.8526],[-86.328,39.8662],[-86.325,39.8662],[-86.3267,39.9238],[-86.2967,39.9246],[-86.2757,39.925],[-86.2385,39.9259],[-85.9801,39.9269],[-85.9411,39.9272],[-85.9369,39.9272]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Marion\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8763","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duwelius, R.F.","contributorId":28250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duwelius","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeman, T. K.","contributorId":58275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"T. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30350,"text":"wri884228 - 1989 - Statistical summaries of streamflow data in New Mexico through 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T21:06:20.470037","indexId":"wri884228","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4228","title":"Statistical summaries of streamflow data in New Mexico through 1985","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884228","usgsCitation":"Waltemeyer, S., 1989, Statistical summaries of streamflow data in New Mexico through 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4228, iv, 204 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884228.","productDescription":"iv, 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D.","contributorId":65857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waltemeyer","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30332,"text":"wri884215 - 1989 - Procedure for evaluating observation-well networks in Wyoming, and application to northeastern Wyoming, 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri884215","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4215","title":"Procedure for evaluating observation-well networks in Wyoming, and application to northeastern Wyoming, 1986","docAbstract":"A sequence of steps was developed for evaluating and modifying the existing, long-term, observation-well network in any part of Wyoming. The State was subdivided geographically into nine groundwater areas, including the northeastern Wyoming groundwater area, based on major structural features. Northeastern Wyoming was the first of the nine areas to be evaluated using these procedures. The stratigraphic units of Wyoming were grouped into five rock units on the basis of age, similar depositional environments, and water-yielding properties. Activities likely to affect groundwater in northeastern Wyoming were evaluated. The most important monitoring needs in the area are related to: (1) Oil-field waterflooding; (2) surface mining of coal; (3) increasing municipal use of groundwater, and (4) need for general resource information. The 18 observation wells in the existing (1986) network meet most of the needs identified. Seven additional wells need to be added to the network, whereas four wells in the network can be discontinued. Water level data from the 18 observation wells are presented by county. Maps and hydrographs are accompanied by brief discussions of information related to the records obtained. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri884215","usgsCitation":"Wallace, J., and Crist, M.A., 1989, Procedure for evaluating observation-well networks in Wyoming, and application to northeastern Wyoming, 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4215, iv, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884215.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4215/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59130,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4215/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a1b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, J.C.","contributorId":25944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crist, M. A.","contributorId":84799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crist","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30301,"text":"wri894161 - 1989 - Sediment-transport characteristics and effects of sediment transport on benthic invertebrates in the Fountain Creek drainage basin upstream from Widefield, southeastern Colorado, 1985-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri894161","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4161","title":"Sediment-transport characteristics and effects of sediment transport on benthic invertebrates in the Fountain Creek drainage basin upstream from Widefield, southeastern Colorado, 1985-88","docAbstract":"Sediment and benthic-invertebrate data were collected during water years 1985 through 1988 in the Fountain Creek drainage basin upstream from Widefield, Colorado. Sediment data collected include suspended-sediment concentrations and particle size analysis of suspended sediment, bedload, and bed material. Sediment-transport equations were derived for total suspended-sediment discharge and suspended-sand discharge at seven periodic sampling sites. Annual suspended-sediment loads for water years 1985 through 1988 and mean suspended-sediment yields were computed for the seven periodic sampling sites. Mean annual suspended-sediment yield for 1985 through 1988 increased about 73% downstream in the Fountain Creek drainage basin primarily as a result of sediment discharging from Monument Creek. Bedload discharge was computed at six of the periodic sampling sites and ranged from 2.6 to 3,570 tons/day. Bedload discharge, as a percentage of total sediment discharge, ranged from 6 to 92%, and the smaller values occurred during rainfall runoff. Number of taxa, species density, and similarity indices were determined for benthic invertebrates at five of the periodic sampling sites. Multiple comparison tests were used to test for similarity of benthic invertebrates between the five sites. Multiple-regression analysis was done to determine the effects of sediment transport on benthic-invertebrate densities. Median grain size of bed material collected in conjunction with benthic- invertebrate samples and flooding during the 30 days prior to sampling consistently accounted for the most variation in mean densities of total organisms and major taxa groups sampled. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri894161","usgsCitation":"Von Guerard, P., 1989, Sediment-transport characteristics and effects of sediment transport on benthic invertebrates in the Fountain Creek drainage basin upstream from Widefield, southeastern Colorado, 1985-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4161, xi, 225 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894161.","productDescription":"xi, 225 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4161/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4161/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3e64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Von Guerard, Paul","contributorId":40620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Guerard","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30296,"text":"wri884111 - 1989 - Quality of water from public-supply wells in principal aquifers of Illinois, 1984-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri884111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4111","title":"Quality of water from public-supply wells in principal aquifers of Illinois, 1984-87","docAbstract":"The quality of water from public-supply wells that tap the principal aquifers in Illinois are summarized. Water quality data collected during the study included inorganic and volatile organic constituents in 2,756 samples and soluble organic constituents in 330 samples from 2,080 public supply wells. Water quality differs among the aquifers as well as within each aquifer. Groundwater quality generally is suitable for most domestic uses; however, concentrations of iron, dissolved solids , and manganese commonly exceed the States 's general-use and public--and food-processing water supply standards. Water from some wells also contains concentrations of barium, chloride, fluoride, and sulfates that exceed those State standards. Most of these conditions are considered to be the result of natural processes. Volatile organic compounds occurred in more than 300 of the 2,756 samples collected. The sand and gravel aquifers generally are the most susceptible to human-induced contamination; 172 of the 1,047 samples from these aquifers indicate the presence of at least one volatile organic compound. Soluble organic compounds analyzed for included more than 30 pesticides, herbicides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). Of the 330 wells sampled, water from only 8 wells had quantifiable concentrations of soluble organic compounds. Water from five wells contained metolachlor, atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and metribuzin. Water from three wells contained detectable levels of PCB's. The presence of these soluble organics appears to be limited to wells located near sources of potential contamination. Soluble organic compounds were detected only in wells located near sources of potential contamination. Soluble organic compounds were detected only in wells open to the sand and gravel aquifers. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884111","usgsCitation":"Voelker, D.C., 1989, Quality of water from public-supply wells in principal aquifers of Illinois, 1984-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4111, v, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884111.","productDescription":"v, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2451,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=88-4111","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4111/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6862a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voelker, David C. dvoelker@usgs.gov","contributorId":278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"David","email":"dvoelker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27034,"text":"wri894119 - 1989 - Ground-water levels in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky, 1987-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri894119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4119","title":"Ground-water levels in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky, 1987-88","docAbstract":"Water-level data have been collected in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky by the U.S. Geological Survey since 1943. Summaries and analysis of these data are published periodically to update the record and to help public officials who must manage this groundwater supply. Maps and hydrographs are presented in this report to update the record for 1987-88 and to interpret recent trends in water levels. The data show that groundwater levels were stable for the period 1980-86 after rising rapidly in the 1970's. There has been a slight decline in the water levels during 1987-88 because of below normal precipitation for the period 1985-88. The decline has been about 1 to 3 ft in wells along the Ohio River and about 3 to 6 ft in wells away from the influence of the river. Groundwater withdrawals have also caused slight declines in the water table in three areas in Louisville. Declines in downtown Louisville due to pumpage seem to be stabilizing at or slightly below the normal pool stage of the Ohio River which indicates that water is probably being induced from the river into the aquifer. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894119","usgsCitation":"Faust, R., and Lyons, B., 1989, Ground-water levels in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky, 1987-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4119, iv, 15 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894119.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124234,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4119/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55913,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667504","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faust, R.J.","contributorId":80700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faust","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyons, B.E.","contributorId":92710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}