Aeromagnetic data are used to better understand the geology and mineral resources near the Late Cretaceous Pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit in southwestern Alaska. The reduced-to-pole (RTP) transformation of regional-scale aeromagnetic data shows that the Pebble deposit is within a cluster of magnetic anomaly highs. Similar to Pebble, the Iliamna, Kijik, and Neacola porphyry copper occurrences are in magnetic highs that trend northeast along the crustal-scale Lake Clark fault. A high-amplitude, short- to moderate-wavelength anomaly is centered over the Kemuk occurrence, an Alaska-type ultramafic complex. Similar anomalies are found west and north of Kemuk. A moderate-amplitude, moderate-wavelength magnetic low surrounded by a moderate-amplitude, short-wavelength magnetic high is associated with the gold-bearing Shotgun intrusive complex.
The RTP transformation of the district-scale aeromagnetic data acquired over Pebble permits differentiation of a variety of Jurassic to Tertiary magmatic rock suites. Jurassic-Cretaceous basalt and gabbro units and Late Cretaceous biotite pyroxenite and granodiorite rocks produce magnetic highs. Tertiary basalt units also produce magnetic highs, but appear to be volumetrically minor. Eocene monzonite units have associated magnetic lows. The RTP data do not suggest a magnetite-rich hydrothermal system at the Pebble deposit.
The 10-km upward continuation transformation of the regional-scale data shows a linear northeast trend of magnetic anomaly highs. These anomalies are spatially correlated with Late Cretaceous igneous rocks and in the Pebble district are centered over the granodiorite rocks genetically related to porphyry copper systems. The spacing of these anomalies is similar to patterns shown by the numerous porphyry copper deposits in northern Chile. These anomalies are interpreted to reflect a Late Cretaceous magmatic arc that is favorable for additional discoveries of Late Cretaceous porphyry copper systems in southwestern Alaska.
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2013 - General weather conditions and precipitation contributing to the 2011 flooding in the Mississippi River and Red River of the North Basins, December 2010 through July 2011","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70044524,"text":"pp1798B - 2013 - General weather conditions and precipitation contributing to the 2011 flooding in the Mississippi River and Red River of the North Basins, December 2010 through July 2011","indexId":"pp1798B","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"General weather conditions and precipitation contributing to the 2011 flooding in the Mississippi River and Red River of the North Basins, December 2010 through July 2011"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70047427,"text":"pp1798 - 2013 - 2011 floods of the central United States","indexId":"pp1798","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"2011 floods of the central United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-18T13:18:06.557063","indexId":"pp1798B","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1798","chapter":"B","title":"General weather conditions and precipitation contributing to the 2011 flooding in the Mississippi River and Red River of the North Basins, December 2010 through July 2011","docAbstract":"Excessive precipitation produced severe flooding in the Mississippi River and Red River of the North Basins during spring and summer 2011. The 2011 flooding was caused by weather conditions that were affected in part by a La Niña climate pattern. During the 2010–11 climatological winter (December 2010–February 2011), several low pressure troughs from the Rocky Mountains into the Ohio River subbasin produced large amounts of precipitation. Precipitation was above normal to record amounts in parts of the Missouri River, Red River of the North, and upper Mississippi River subbasins, and mostly normal to below normal in the Ohio River and lower Mississippi River subbasins. During the 2011 climatological spring (March–May 2011), a large low pressure trough over the continental States and a high pressure ridge centered in the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico combined to produce storms with copious precipitation along frontal boundaries across the Central States. Rain totals recorded during the April 18–28, 2011, precipitation event were more than 8 inches at several locations, while an impressive total of 16.15 inches was recorded at Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Several locations in the Missouri River subbasin had rainfall totals that were nearly one-third to one-half of their 1971–2000 normal annual amounts during a May 16–31, 2011, precipitation event. 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This circular identifies several challenge themes and issues associated with life and the environment in the Borderlands, listed below. The challenges are not one-sided; they do not originate in one country only to become problems for the other. The issues and concerns of each challenge theme flow in both directions across the border, and both nations feel their effects throughout the Borderlands and beyond. The clear message is that our two nations, the United States and Mexico, face the issues in these challenge themes together, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) understands it must work with its counterparts, partners, and customers in both countries.
Though the mission of the USGS is not to serve as land manager, law enforcer, or code regulator, its innovation and creativity and the scientific and technical depth of its capabilities can be directly applied to monitoring the conditions of the landscape. The ability of USGS scientists to critically analyze the monitored data in search of signals and trends, whether they lead to negative or positive results, allows us to reach significant conclusions—from providing factual conclusions to decisionmakers, to estimating how much of a natural resource exists in a particular locale, to predicting how a natural hazard phenomenon will unfold, to forecasting on a scale from hours to millennia how ecosystems will behave.
None of these challenge themes can be addressed strictly by one or two science disciplines; all require well-integrated, cross-discipline thinking, data collection, and analyses. The multidisciplinary science themes that have become the focus of the USGS mission parallel the major challenges in the border region between Mexico and the United States. Because of this multidisciplinary approach, the USGS possesses a unique set of capabilities that can address these challenges. The USGS can apply geographical, geospatial, biological, hydrological, and geological sciences to these complex issues and thereby provide insight into the area’s natural systems and their relation to human activity.
As we come to better understand the complexities of the components of these challenge themes, we discover that each part is inextricably intertwined with other overarching issues. Because of the complex interactions of the human, ecological, political, and economic exigencies associated with this area, the status of the Borderlands has become an ever-present concern for most American citizens and for Mexican and United States Federal, State, and local governments. This circular is intended to provide you - citizen, local decisionmaker, government leader, or private entrepreneur—an overview of what the USGS considers the current and future challenges in the United States–Mexican border region and examples of how the USGS can make a difference in understanding and addressing these issues.
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2013 - The United States-Mexican Border - A land of conflict and opportunity: Chapter 1 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70044533,"text":"cir13801 - 2013 - The United States-Mexican Border - A land of conflict and opportunity: Chapter 1 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir13801","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"1","title":"The United States-Mexican Border - A land of conflict and opportunity: Chapter 1 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70044525,"text":"cir1380 - 2013 - United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir1380","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70044525,"text":"cir1380 - 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With the exception of the eastern segment of the border, which follows the course of the Rio Grande (known as the Rio Bravo in Mexico), the defining of this border was based on political decisions that had little concern for ecosystems, geologic features, or water—all of which span that imaginary line. However, the location of the border has had a remarkable effect on the biologic and physical systems in the border region and, in turn, has had a growing influence on what we now see as 21st century socioeconomic and environmental priorities. Because of the complex interactions of the human, ecological, political, and economic exigencies associated with this area, the status of the United States–Mexican border region, known as the Borderlands, has become an ever-present concern for most American citizens and for Mexican and United States Federal, State, and local governments.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science (Circular 1380)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir13801","usgsCitation":"Updike, R.G., 2013, The United States-Mexican Border - A land of conflict and opportunity: Chapter 1 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1380, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir13801.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":572,"text":"Southwest Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269105,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir13801.gif"},{"id":269104,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1380/"},{"id":269103,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1380/downloads/Chapter1.pdf"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"United States-Mexico Borderlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 24.246964554300924\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 25.918526162075153\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 27.254629577800063\n ],\n [\n -98.4375,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -99.931640625,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n -106.34765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -108.5009765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -110.302734375,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -112.939453125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 33.8339199536547\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -117.8173828125,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -110.8740234375,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -105.16113281249999,\n 28.22697003891834\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 27.488781168937997\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 25.363882272740256\n ],\n [\n -98.3056640625,\n 24.686952411999155\n ],\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 24.246964554300924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513eeee3e4b0dcc733969357","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Updike, Randall G. updike@usgs.gov","contributorId":334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Updike","given":"Randall","email":"updike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044534,"text":"cir13802 - 2013 - The Borderlands - A region of physical and cultural diversity: Chapter 2 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70044534,"text":"cir13802 - 2013 - The Borderlands - A region of physical and cultural diversity: Chapter 2 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir13802","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"2","title":"The Borderlands - A region of physical and cultural diversity: Chapter 2 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70044525,"text":"cir1380 - 2013 - United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir1380","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70044525,"text":"cir1380 - 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To assist in an accurate appraisal and understanding of this remarkable region, the Borderlands team has divided it into eight subareas based on the watershed subareas of the U.S. Geological Survey Border Environmental Health Initiative (http://borderhealth.cr.usgs.gov) (fig. 2–1), the boundaries of which are defined primarily by surface-water drainage basins. The drainage basins directly adjacent to or crossing the international boundary were automatically included in the defined border region, as were those basins that contain unconsolidated aquifers that extend to or cross the international boundary. Also, “protected areas” adjacent to included basins were selectively added to the defined border region. Though some geographic features are entirely within the Borderlands, many features—deserts, mountain ranges, rivers, etc.— extend beyond the region boundaries but are still influential to Borderlands environments (fig. 2–2). In some cases, the authors of the following chapters have made fine adjustments to the Borderlands boundaries, and they have described those alterations where necessary. By describing and studying these subareas individually and comparing them to one another, we can emphasize the physical and cultural diversity that makes the Borderlands such an important geographic area.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science (Circular 1380)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir13802","usgsCitation":"Parcher, J.W., Papoulias, D.M., Woodward, D., and Durall, R.A., 2013, The Borderlands - A region of physical and cultural diversity: Chapter 2 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1380, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir13802.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"14","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":572,"text":"Southwest Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269108,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir13802.gif"},{"id":269106,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1380/"},{"id":269107,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1380/downloads/Chapter2.pdf"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"United States-Mexico Borderlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 24.246964554300924\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 25.918526162075153\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 27.254629577800063\n ],\n [\n -98.4375,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -99.931640625,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n -106.34765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -108.5009765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -110.302734375,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -112.939453125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 33.8339199536547\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -117.8173828125,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -110.8740234375,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -105.16113281249999,\n 28.22697003891834\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 27.488781168937997\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 25.363882272740256\n ],\n [\n -98.3056640625,\n 24.686952411999155\n ],\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 24.246964554300924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513eeee2e4b0dcc733969353","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parcher, Jean W. jwparcher@usgs.gov","contributorId":2209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parcher","given":"Jean","email":"jwparcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papoulias, Diana M. 0000-0002-5106-2469 dpapoulias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":2726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"Diana","email":"dpapoulias@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodward, Dennis G. woody@usgs.gov","contributorId":232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Dennis G.","email":"woody@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Durall, Roger A.","contributorId":70225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durall","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70044535,"text":"cir13803 - 2013 - Challenge theme 1: Understanding and preserving ecological resources: Chapter 3 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70044535,"text":"cir13803 - 2013 - Challenge theme 1: Understanding and preserving ecological resources: Chapter 3 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir13803","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"3","title":"Challenge theme 1: Understanding and preserving ecological resources: Chapter 3 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70044525,"text":"cir1380 - 2013 - United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir1380","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70044525,"text":"cir1380 - 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Six diverse ecoregions cover the length of the border (fig. 3–1): California Coastal Sage, Chaparral, and Oak Woodlands; Sonoran Desert; Madrean Archipelago; Chihuahuan Desert; Southern\nTexas Plains; and Western Gulf Coastal Plain. The unique geology and many of the distinctive geographic features and climatic conditions that have given rise to the diverse populations of plants and animals found in the Borderlands also attract human populations. The number of people living in the Borderlands has increased dramatically over recent years, from about 7 million in 1980 to almost 12 million in 2003; the population is estimated to be more than 18 million by 2020 (Peach and Williams, 2003). The human population increase and associated change in land use have contributed to habitat fragmentation and habitat loss for native species, thus threatening their survival. Some ways in which humans negatively affect plants and animals in the Borderlands include dewatering of aquatic ecosystems, water pollution, introduction and spread of invasive species, outdoor lighting, military and border enforcement activity, and energy development and transmission.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science (Circular 1380)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir13803","usgsCitation":"Moring, J., Papoulias, D.M., and van Riper, C., 2013, Challenge theme 1: Understanding and preserving ecological resources: Chapter 3 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1380, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir13803.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"42","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":572,"text":"Southwest Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269111,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir13803.gif"},{"id":269109,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1380/"},{"id":269110,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1380/downloads/Chapter3.pdf"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"United States-Mexico Borderlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 24.246964554300924\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 25.918526162075153\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 27.254629577800063\n ],\n [\n -98.4375,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -99.931640625,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n -106.34765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -108.5009765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -110.302734375,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -112.939453125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 33.8339199536547\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -117.8173828125,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -110.8740234375,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -105.16113281249999,\n 28.22697003891834\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 27.488781168937997\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 25.363882272740256\n ],\n [\n -98.3056640625,\n 24.686952411999155\n ],\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 24.246964554300924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513eeecfe4b0dcc73396932b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moring, J. 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Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Papoulias, Diana M. 0000-0002-5106-2469 dpapoulias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":2726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"Diana","email":"dpapoulias@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70044520,"text":"sir20135003 - 2013 - Hydrologic data and groundwater flow simulations in the vicinity of Long Lake, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, near Gary, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T11:21:55","indexId":"sir20135003","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5003","title":"Hydrologic data and groundwater flow simulations in the vicinity of Long Lake, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, near Gary, Indiana","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected data and simulated groundwater flow to increase understanding of the hydrology and the effects of drainage alterations to the water table in the vicinity of Long Lake, near Gary, Indiana. East Long Lake and West Long Lake (collectively known as Long Lake) make up one of the largest interdunal lakes within the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The National Park Service is tasked with preservation and restoration of wetlands in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore along the southern shoreline of Lake Michigan. Urban development and engineering have modified drainage and caused changes in the distribution of open water, streams and ditches, and groundwater abundance and flow paths. A better understanding of the effects these modifications have on the hydrologic system in the area will help the National Park Service, the Gary Sanitary District (GSD), and local stakeholders manage and protect the resources within the study area.
This study used hydrologic data and steady-state groundwater simulations to estimate directions of groundwater flow and the effects of various engineering controls and climatic conditions on the hydrology near Long Lake. Periods of relatively high and low groundwater levels were examined and simulated by using MODFLOW and companion software. Simulated hydrologic modifications examined the effects of (1) removing the beaver dams in US-12 ditch, (2) discontinuing seepage of water from the filtration pond east of East Long Lake, (3) discontinuing discharge from US-12 ditch to the GSD sewer system, (4) decreasing discharge from US-12 ditch to the GSD sewer system, (5) connecting East Long Lake and West Long Lake, (6) deepening County Line Road ditch, and (7) raising and lowering the water level of Lake Michigan.
Results from collected hydrologic data indicate that East Long Lake functioned as an area of groundwater recharge during October 2002 and a “flow-through” lake during March 2011, with the groundwater divide south of US-12. Wetlands to the south of West Long Lake act as points of recharge to the surficial aquifer in both dry- and wet-weather conditions.
Among the noteworthy results from a dry-weather groundwater flow model simulation are (1) US-12 ditch does not receive water from East Long Lake or West Long Lake, (2) the filtration pond at the east end of East Long Lake, when active, contributed approximately 10 percent of the total water entering East Long Lake, and (3) County Line Road ditch has little effect on simulated water level.
Among the noteworthy results from a wet-weather groundwater flow simulation are (1) US-12 ditch does not receive water from East Long Lake or West Long Lake, (2) when the seepage from the filtration pond to the surficial aquifer is not active, sources of inflow to East Long Lake are restricted to only precipitation (46 percent of total) and inflow from the surficial aquifer (54 percent of total), and (3) County Line Road ditch bisects the groundwater divide and creates two water-table mounds south of US-12.
The results from a series of model scenarios simulating certain engineering controls and changes in Lake Michigan levels include the following: (1) The simulated removal of beaver dams in US-12 ditch during a wet-weather simulation increased discharge from the ditch to the Gary Sanitary system by 13 percent. (2) Discontinuation of seepage from the filtration pond east of East Long Lake decreased discharge from US-12 ditch to the Gary Sanitary system by 2.3 percent. (3) Simulated discontinuation of discharge from the US-12 ditch to the GSD sewer system increased the area where the water table was estimated to be above the land surface beyond the inundated area in the initial wet-weather simulation. (4) Simulated modifications to the control structure at the discharge point of US-12 ditch to the GSD sewer system can decrease discharge by as much as 61 percent while increasing the simulated inundated area during dry weather and decrease discharge as much as 6 percent while increasing the simulated inundated area during wet weather. (5) Deepening of County Line Road ditch can decrease the discharge from US-12 ditch by 26 percent during dry weather and 24 percent during wet weather, as well as decrease the extent of flooded areas south and east of the filtration pond near Ogden Dunes. (7) The increase of the Lake Michigan water level to match the historical maximum can increase the discharge from US-12 ditch by 14 percent during dry weather and by 9.6 percent during wet weather. (8) The decrease of the Lake Michigan water level to match the historical minimum can decrease the discharge from US-12 ditch by 7.4 percent during dry weather and by 3.1 percent during wet weather.
The results of this study can be used by water-resource managers to understand how surrounding ditches affect water levels in East and West Long Lake and in the surrounding wetlands and residential areas. The groundwater model developed in this study can be applied in the future to answer questions about how alterations to the drainage system in the area will affect water levels in East and West Long Lake and surrounding areas. The modeling methods developed in this study provide a template for other studies of groundwater flow and groundwater/surface-water interactions within the shallow surficial aquifer in northern Indiana, and in similar hydrologic settings that include surficial sand aquifers in coastal settings.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20135003","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Gary Sanitary District, the Lake Michigan Coastal Program, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Lampe, D.C., and Bayless, E.R., 2013, Hydrologic data and groundwater flow simulations in the vicinity of Long Lake, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, near Gary, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5003, Report: xii, 96 p.; Data releases, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20135003.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 96 p.; Data releases","numberOfPages":"112","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357924,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7ZP45D5","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"2018 - MODFLOW-NWT model scenarios used to evaluate potential effects of proposed drainage modifications on groundwater discharge in the vicinity of Long Lake, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, near Gary, Indiana"},{"id":349458,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7D21VS2","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"2017 - MODFLOW-NWT model used to evaluate potential effects of alterations to the hydrologic system in the vicinity of Long Lake, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, near Gary, Indiana"},{"id":269068,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20135003.jpg"},{"id":269066,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5003/"},{"id":269067,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5003/pdf/SIR2013-5003.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2013-5003"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Gary","otherGeospatial":"Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.1,37.8 ], [ -88.1,41.8 ], [ -84.8,41.8 ], [ -84.8,37.8 ], [ -88.1,37.8 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513eeee0e4b0dcc733969347","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lampe, David C. 0000-0002-8904-0337 dclampe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8904-0337","contributorId":2441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lampe","given":"David","email":"dclampe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635 ebayless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":1518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"ebayless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044499,"text":"sim3244 - 2013 - Flood-inundation maps for the Saluda River from Old Easley Bridge Road to Saluda Lake Dam near Greenville, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T14:25:53","indexId":"sim3244","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3244","title":"Flood-inundation maps for the Saluda River from Old Easley Bridge Road to Saluda Lake Dam near Greenville, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Digital flood-inundation maps for a 3.95-mile reach of the Saluda River from approximately 815 feet downstream from Old Easley Bridge Road to approximately 150 feet downstream from Saluda Lake Dam near Greenville, South Carolina, were developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation/, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels (stages) at the USGS streamgage at Saluda River near Greenville, South Carolina (station 02162500). Current conditions at the USGS streamgage may be obtained through the National Water Information System Web site at http://waterdata.usgs.gov/sc/nwis/uv/?site_no=02162500&PARAmeter_cd=00065,00060,00062. The National Weather Service (NWS) forecasts flood hydrographs at many places that are often collocated with USGS streamgages. Forecasted peak-stage information is available on the Internet at the NWS Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) flood-warning system Web site (http://water.weather.gov/ahps/) and may be used in conjunction with the maps developed in this study to show predicted areas of flood inundation.In this study, flood profiles were computed for the stream reach by means of a one-dimensional step-backwater model. The model was calibrated using the most current stage-streamflow relations at USGS streamgage station 02162500, Saluda River near Greenville, South Carolina. The hydraulic model was then used to determine water-surface profiles for flood stages at 1.0-foot intervals referenced to the streamgage datum and ranging from approximately bankfull to 2 feet higher than the highest recorded water level at the streamgage. The simulated water-surface profiles were then exported to a geographic information system, ArcGIS, and combined with a digital elevation model (derived from Light Detection and Ranging [LiDAR] data with a 0.6-foot vertical Root Mean Square Error [RMSE] and a 3.0-foot horizontal RMSE), using HEC-GeoRAS tools in order to delineate the area flooded at each water level. The availability of these maps, along with real-time stage data from the USGS streamgage station 02162500 and forecasted stream stages from the NWS, can provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical during flood-response and flood-recovery activities, such as evacuations, road closures, and disaster declarations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3244","usgsCitation":"Benedict, S., Caldwell, A.W., and Clark, J.M., 2013, Flood-inundation maps for the Saluda River from Old Easley Bridge Road to Saluda Lake Dam near Greenville, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3244, Pamphlet: v, 7 p.; 15 Sheets; Downloads directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3244.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: v, 7 p.; 15 Sheets; Downloads directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Transverse Mercator, zone 17","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Greenville","otherGeospatial":"Saluda Lake Dam, Saluda River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.494021,34.823984 ], [ -82.494021,34.852668 ], [ -82.473751,34.852668 ], [ -82.473751,34.823984 ], [ -82.494021,34.823984 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513eeedde4b0dcc73396933b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benedict, Stephen T. benedict@usgs.gov","contributorId":3198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"Stephen T.","email":"benedict@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, Andral W. 0000-0003-1269-5463 acaldwel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-5463","contributorId":3228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Andral","email":"acaldwel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Jimmy M. 0000-0002-3138-5738 jmclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3138-5738","contributorId":4773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Jimmy","email":"jmclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70044536,"text":"cir13804 - 2013 - Challenge theme 2: assuring water availability and quality in the 21st century: Chapter 4 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70044536,"text":"cir13804 - 2013 - Challenge theme 2: assuring water availability and quality in the 21st century: Chapter 4 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir13804","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"4","title":"Challenge theme 2: assuring water availability and quality in the 21st century: Chapter 4 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70044525,"text":"cir1380 - 2013 - United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir1380","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70044525,"text":"cir1380 - 2013 - United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir1380","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-26T14:54:38","indexId":"cir13804","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1380","chapter":"4","title":"Challenge theme 2: assuring water availability and quality in the 21st century: Chapter 4 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","docAbstract":"Along the United States–Mexican border, the health of communities, economies, and ecosystems is inextricably intertwined with the availability and quality of water, but effective water management in the Borderlands is complicated. Water users compete for resources, and their needs are increasing. Managers are faced with issues such as finding a balance between agriculture and rapidly growing cities or maintaining public supplies while ensuring sufficient resources for aquatic ecosystems. In addition to human factors, the dry climate of the Borderlands, as compared to more temperate regions, also increases the challenge of balancing water supplies between humans and ecosystems. Warmer, drier, and more variable conditions across the southwestern United States—the projected results of climate change (Seager and others, 2007)—would further stress water supplies.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science (Circular 1380)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir13804","usgsCitation":"Callegary, J., Langeman, J., Leenhouts, J., and Martin, P., 2013, Challenge theme 2: assuring water availability and quality in the 21st century: Chapter 4 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1380, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir13804.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"64","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":572,"text":"Southwest Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269114,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir13804.gif"},{"id":269112,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1380/downloads/Chapter4.pdf"},{"id":269113,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1380/"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"United States-Mexico Borderlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 24.246964554300924\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 25.918526162075153\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 27.254629577800063\n ],\n [\n -98.4375,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -99.931640625,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n -106.34765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -108.5009765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -110.302734375,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -112.939453125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 33.8339199536547\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -117.8173828125,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -110.8740234375,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -105.16113281249999,\n 28.22697003891834\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 27.488781168937997\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 25.363882272740256\n ],\n [\n -98.3056640625,\n 24.686952411999155\n ],\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 24.246964554300924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513eeedae4b0dcc73396932f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Callegary, James","contributorId":62558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callegary","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langeman, Jeff","contributorId":80564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langeman","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leenhouts, Jim","contributorId":13877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenhouts","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70044537,"text":"cir13805 - 2013 - Challenge theme 3: Protecting the environment and safeguarding human health: Chapter 5 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70044537,"text":"cir13805 - 2013 - Challenge theme 3: Protecting the environment and safeguarding human health: Chapter 5 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir13805","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"5","title":"Challenge theme 3: Protecting the environment and safeguarding human health: Chapter 5 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70044525,"text":"cir1380 - 2013 - United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir1380","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70044525,"text":"cir1380 - 2013 - United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir1380","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T13:01:27","indexId":"cir13805","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1380","chapter":"5","title":"Challenge theme 3: Protecting the environment and safeguarding human health: Chapter 5 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","docAbstract":"Many of the diverse, fragile ecosystems of the United States–Mexican border region are reaching unsustainable levels because of rapid population growth and changes in land use. Water shortages and pollution, poor air quality, increased soil salinities, and pesticides and heavy metal contaminants are some of the many stressors that are degrading the quality of life in the Borderlands. Lack of water treatment and wastewater infrastructure on both sides of the United States–Mexican border contributes to elevated rates of various communicable diseases most commonly found in developing countries: tuberculosis, intestinal infections, and hepatitis. Chronic diseases (diabetes, cancer, and heart disease) also prevail at high rates along the border, resembling trends observed in developed countries. In addition, the subtropical climate of the Borderlands is particularly suited for vectors of tropical diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science (Circular 1380)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir13805","usgsCitation":"Papoulias, D.M., and Parcher, J.W., 2013, Challenge theme 3: Protecting the environment and safeguarding human health: Chapter 5 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1380, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir13805.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[{"id":572,"text":"Southwest Region","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269117,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir13805.gif"},{"id":269115,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1380/downloads/Chapter5.pdf"},{"id":269116,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1380/"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"United States-Mexico Borderlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 24.246964554300924\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 25.918526162075153\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 27.254629577800063\n ],\n [\n -98.4375,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -99.931640625,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n -106.34765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -108.5009765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -110.302734375,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -112.939453125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 33.8339199536547\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -117.8173828125,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -110.8740234375,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -105.16113281249999,\n 28.22697003891834\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 27.488781168937997\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 25.363882272740256\n ],\n [\n -98.3056640625,\n 24.686952411999155\n ],\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 24.246964554300924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513eeedbe4b0dcc733969333","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Papoulias, Diana M. 0000-0002-5106-2469 dpapoulias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":2726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"Diana","email":"dpapoulias@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parcher, Jean W. jwparcher@usgs.gov","contributorId":2209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parcher","given":"Jean","email":"jwparcher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044541,"text":"cir13807 - 2013 - Challenge theme 5: Current and future needs of energy and mineral resources in the Borderlands and the effects of their development: Chapter 7 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70044541,"text":"cir13807 - 2013 - Challenge theme 5: Current and future needs of energy and mineral resources in the Borderlands and the effects of their development: Chapter 7 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir13807","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"chapter":"7","title":"Challenge theme 5: Current and future needs of energy and mineral resources in the Borderlands and the effects of their development: Chapter 7 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70044525,"text":"cir1380 - 2013 - United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir1380","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70044525,"text":"cir1380 - 2013 - United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","indexId":"cir1380","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"title":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-26T15:02:51","indexId":"cir13807","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1380","chapter":"7","title":"Challenge theme 5: Current and future needs of energy and mineral resources in the Borderlands and the effects of their development: Chapter 7 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science","docAbstract":"Exploration and extraction activities related to energy and mineral resources in the Borderlands—such as coal-fired power plants, offshore drilling, and mining—can create issues that have potentially major economic and environmental implications. Resource assessments and development projects, environmental studies, and other related evaluations help to understand some of these issues, such as power plant emissions and the erosion/denudation of abandoned mine lands. Information from predictive modeling, monitoring, and environmental assessments are necessary to understand the full effects of energy and mineral exploration, development, and utilization. The exploitation of these resources can negatively affect human health and the environment, its natural resources, and its ecological services (air, water, soil, recreation, wildlife, etc.). This chapter describes the major energy and mineral issues of the Borderlands and how geologic frameworks, integrated interdisciplinary (geobiologic) investigations, and other related studies can address the anticipated increases in demands on natural resources in the region.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science (Circular 1380)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir13807","usgsCitation":"Updike, R.G., Ellis, E.G., Page, W.R., Parker, M.J., Hestbeck, J.B., and Horak, W.F., 2013, Challenge theme 5: Current and future needs of energy and mineral resources in the Borderlands and the effects of their development: Chapter 7 in United States-Mexican Borderlands: Facing tomorrow's challenges through USGS science: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1380, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir13807.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"154","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":572,"text":"Southwest Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269126,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir13807.gif"},{"id":269124,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1380/downloads/Chapter7.pdf"},{"id":269125,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1380/"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"United States-Mexico Borderlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 24.246964554300924\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 25.918526162075153\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 27.254629577800063\n ],\n [\n -98.4375,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -99.931640625,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 31.015278981711266\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n -106.34765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -108.5009765625,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -110.302734375,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -112.939453125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 33.8339199536547\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -117.8173828125,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -117.20214843749999,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -114.9169921875,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -110.8740234375,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -105.16113281249999,\n 28.22697003891834\n ],\n [\n -103.71093749999999,\n 27.488781168937997\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -99.36035156249999,\n 25.363882272740256\n ],\n [\n -98.3056640625,\n 24.686952411999155\n ],\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 24.246964554300924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51404e6fe4b089809dbf4429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Updike, Randall G. updike@usgs.gov","contributorId":334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Updike","given":"Randall","email":"updike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, Eugene G. gellis@usgs.gov","contributorId":889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Eugene","email":"gellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, William R. 0000-0002-0722-9911 rpage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0722-9911","contributorId":1628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"William","email":"rpage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parker, Melanie J. mparker@usgs.gov","contributorId":670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Melanie","email":"mparker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hestbeck, Jay B. jay_hestbeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hestbeck","given":"Jay","email":"jay_hestbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Horak, William F.","contributorId":63280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horak","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70044402,"text":"70044402 - 2013 - Phenotypic plasticity in the spawning traits of bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) in novel ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-20T20:05:17","indexId":"70044402","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phenotypic plasticity in the spawning traits of bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) in novel ecosystems","docAbstract":"1. Bigheaded carp, including both silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead (H. nobilis) carp, are successful invasive fishes that threaten global freshwater biodiversity. High phenotypic plasticity probably contributes to their success in novel ecosystems, although evidence of plasticity in several spawning traits has hitherto been largely anecdotal or speculative.\n\n2. We collected drifting eggs from a Midwestern U.S.A. river from June to September 2011 and from April to June 2012 to investigate the spawning traits of bigheaded carp in novel ecosystems.\n\n3. Unlike reports from the native range, the presence of drifting bigheaded carp eggs was not related to changes in hydrological regime or mean daily water temperature. Bigheaded carp also exhibited protracted spawning, since we found drifting eggs throughout the summer and as late as 1 September 2011. Finally, we detected bigheaded carp eggs in a river reach where the channel is c. 30 m wide with a catchment area of 4579 km2, the smallest stream in which spawning has yet been documented.\n\n4. Taken with previous observations of spawning traits that depart from those observed within the native ranges of both bighead and silver carp, our findings provide direct evidence that bigheaded carp exhibit plastic spawning traits in novel ecosystems that may facilitate invasion and establishment in a wider range of river conditions than previously envisaged.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Freshwater Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/fwb.12106","usgsCitation":"Coulter, A.A., Keller, D., Amberg, J., Bailey, E.J., and Goforth, R.R., 2013, Phenotypic plasticity in the spawning traits of bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) in novel ecosystems: Freshwater Biology, v. 58, no. 5, p. 1029-1037, https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12106.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1029","endPage":"1037","ipdsId":"IP-042992","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268997,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268996,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12106"}],"volume":"58","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-02-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5173b8e7e4b0e619a5806eec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coulter, Alison A.","contributorId":90992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coulter","given":"Alison","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13186,"text":"Purdue University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":26877,"text":"Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":475515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keller, Doug","contributorId":102351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Doug","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amberg, Jon J. jamberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amberg","given":"Jon J.","email":"jamberg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":475513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bailey, Elizabeth J.","contributorId":35205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goforth, Reuben R.","contributorId":96169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goforth","given":"Reuben","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70044489,"text":"70044489 - 2013 - Using prairie restoration to curtail invasion of Canada thistle: the importance of limiting similarity and seed mix richness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T12:28:01","indexId":"70044489","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1018,"text":"Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using prairie restoration to curtail invasion of Canada thistle: the importance of limiting similarity and seed mix richness","docAbstract":"Theory has predicted, and many experimental studies have confirmed, that resident plant species richness is inversely related to invisibility. Likewise, potential invaders that are functionally similar to resident plant species are less likely to invade than are those from different functional groups. Neither of these ideas has been tested in the context of an operational prairie restoration. Here, we tested the hypotheses that within tallgrass prairie restorations (1) as seed mix species richness increased, cover of the invasive perennial forb, Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) would decline; and (2) guilds (both planted and arising from the seedbank) most similar to Canada thistle would have a larger negative effect on it than less similar guilds. Each hypothesis was tested on six former agricultural fields restored to tallgrass prairie in 2005; all were within the tallgrass prairie biome in Minnesota, USA. A mixed-model with repeated measures (years) in a randomized block (fields) design indicated that seed mix richness had no effect on cover of Canada thistle. Structural equation models assessing effects of cover of each planted and non-planted guild on cover of Canada thistle in 2006, 2007, and 2010 revealed that planted Asteraceae never had a negative effect on Canada thistle. In contrast, planted cool-season grasses and non-Asteraceae forbs, and many non-planted guilds had negative effects on Canada thistle cover. We conclude that early, robust establishment of native species, regardless of guild, is of greater importance in resistance to Canada thistle than is similarity of guilds in new prairie restorations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Invasions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s10530-013-0432-0","usgsCitation":"Larson, D.L., Bright, J., Drobney, P., Larson, J.L., Palaia, N., Rabie, P.A., Vacek, S., and Wells, D., 2013, Using prairie restoration to curtail invasion of Canada thistle: the importance of limiting similarity and seed mix richness: Biological Invasions, v. 15, no. 9, p. 2049-2063, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0432-0.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2049","endPage":"2063","ipdsId":"IP-032455","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268981,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268980,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0432-0"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.2,43.5 ], [ -97.2,49.4 ], [ -89.5,49.4 ], [ -89.5,43.5 ], [ -97.2,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"15","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"520a0403e4b0026c2bc11d1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Diane L. 0000-0001-5202-0634 dlarson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5202-0634","contributorId":2120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Diane","email":"dlarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bright, J.B.","contributorId":53547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bright","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drobney, Pauline","contributorId":67342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobney","given":"Pauline","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larson, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-6259-0101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6259-0101","contributorId":68144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Palaia, Nicholas","contributorId":25051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palaia","given":"Nicholas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rabie, Paul A. 0000-0003-4364-2268","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4364-2268","contributorId":74328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabie","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vacek, Sara","contributorId":37214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vacek","given":"Sara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wells, Douglas","contributorId":6346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Douglas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70043931,"text":"70043931 - 2013 - Wetland management reduces sediment and nutrient loading to the upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-02T13:52:43","indexId":"70043931","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wetland management reduces sediment and nutrient loading to the upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"Restored riparian wetlands in the Upper Mississippi River basin have potential to remove sediment and nutrients from tributaries before they flow into the Mississippi River. For 3 yr we calculated retention efficiencies of a marsh complex, which consisted of a restored marsh and an adjacent natural marsh that were connected to Halfway Creek, a small tributary of the Mississippi. We measured sediment, N, and P removal through a mass balance budget approach, N removal through denitrification, and N and P removal through mechanical soil excavation. The marsh complex had average retention rates of approximately 30 Mg sediment ha−1 yr−1, 26 kg total N ha−1 yr−1, and 20 kg total P ha−1 yr−1. Water flowed into the restored marsh only during high-discharge events. Although the majority of retention occurred in the natural marsh, portions of the natural marsh were hydrologically disconnected at low discharge due to historical over-bank sedimentation. The natural marsh removed >60% of sediment, >10% of P, and >5% of N loads (except the first year, when it was a N source). The marsh complex was a source of NH4+ and soluble reactive P. The average denitrification rate for the marsh complex was 2.88 mg N m−2 h−1. Soil excavation removed 3600 Mg of sediment, 5.6 Mg of N, and 2.7 Mg of P from the restored marsh. The marsh complex was effective in removing sediment and nutrients from storm flows; however, retention could be increased if more water was diverted into both restored and natural marshes before entering the river.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2134/jeq2012.0248","usgsCitation":"Kreiling, R.M., Schubauer-Berigan, J.P., Richardson, W.B., Bartsch, L., Hughes, P.E., and Strauss, E.A., 2013, Wetland management reduces sediment and nutrient loading to the upper Mississippi River: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 42, no. 2, p. 573-583, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0248.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"573","endPage":"583","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-041341","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268993,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268992,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0248"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi","volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7d89e4b0b2908510f703","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kreiling, Rebecca M. 0000-0002-9295-4156 rkreiling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9295-4156","contributorId":4234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreiling","given":"Rebecca","email":"rkreiling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":474507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schubauer-Berigan, Joseph P.","contributorId":106220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schubauer-Berigan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richardson, William B. 0000-0002-7471-4394 wrichardson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7471-4394","contributorId":3277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"William","email":"wrichardson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bartsch, Lynn 0000-0002-1483-4845 lbartsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1483-4845","contributorId":3342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch","given":"Lynn","email":"lbartsch@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":474505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hughes, Peter E. pehughes@usgs.gov","contributorId":876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Peter","email":"pehughes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":474503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Strauss, Eric A.","contributorId":54395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strauss","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":474506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70044498,"text":"ofr20131041 - 2013 - Fine-scale delineation of the location of and relative ground shaking within the San Andreas Fault zone at San Andreas Lake, San Mateo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-09T14:59:14","indexId":"ofr20131041","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1041","title":"Fine-scale delineation of the location of and relative ground shaking within the San Andreas Fault zone at San Andreas Lake, San Mateo County, California","docAbstract":"The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is seismically retrofitting the water delivery system at San Andreas Lake, San Mateo County, California, where the reservoir intake system crosses the San Andreas Fault (SAF). The near-surface fault location and geometry are important considerations in the retrofit effort. Because the SAF trends through highly distorted Franciscan mélange and beneath much of the reservoir, the exact trace of the 1906 surface rupture is difficult to determine from surface mapping at San Andreas Lake. Based on surface mapping, it also is unclear if there are additional fault splays that extend northeast or southwest of the main surface rupture. To better understand the fault structure at San Andreas Lake, the U.S. Geological Survey acquired a series of seismic imaging profiles across the SAF at San Andreas Lake in 2008, 2009, and 2011, when the lake level was near historical lows and the surface traces of the SAF were exposed for the first time in decades. We used multiple seismic methods to locate the main 1906 rupture zone and fault splays within about 100 meters northeast of the main rupture zone. Our seismic observations are internally consistent, and our seismic indicators of faulting generally correlate with fault locations inferred from surface mapping. We also tested the accuracy of our seismic methods by comparing our seismically located faults with surface ruptures mapped by Schussler (1906) immediately after the April 18, 1906 San Francisco earthquake of approximate magnitude 7.9; our seismically determined fault locations were highly accurate. Near the reservoir intake facility at San Andreas Lake, our seismic data indicate the main 1906 surface rupture zone consists of at least three near-surface fault traces. Movement on multiple fault traces can have appreciable engineering significance because, unlike movement on a single strike-slip fault trace, differential movement on multiple fault traces may exert compressive and extensional stresses on built structures within the fault zone. Such differential movement and resulting distortion of built structures appear to have occurred between fault traces at the gatewell near the southern end of San Andreas Lake during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake (Schussler, 1906). In addition to the three fault traces within the main 1906 surface rupture zone, our data indicate at least one additional fault trace (or zone) about 80 meters northeast of the main 1906 surface rupture zone. Because ground shaking also can damage structures, we used fault-zone guided waves to investigate ground shaking within the fault zones relative to ground shaking outside the fault zones. Peak ground velocity (PGV) measurements from our guided-wave study indicate that ground shaking is greater at each of the surface fault traces, varying with the frequency of the seismic data and the wave type (P versus S). S-wave PGV increases by as much as 5–6 times at the fault traces relative to areas outside the fault zone, and P-wave PGV increases by as much as 3–10 times. Assuming shaking increases linearly with increasing earthquake magnitude, these data suggest strong shaking may pose a significant hazard to built structures that extend across the fault traces. Similarly complex fault structures likely underlie other strike-slip faults (such as the Hayward, Calaveras, and Silver Creek Faults) that intersect structures of the water delivery system, and these fault structures similarly should be investigated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20131041","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., Rymer, M.J., Goldman, M.R., Prentice, C., and Sickler, R., 2013, Fine-scale delineation of the location of and relative ground shaking within the San Andreas Fault zone at San Andreas Lake, San Mateo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013-1041, v, 53 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131041.","productDescription":"v, 53 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268979,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20131041.GIF"},{"id":268977,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1041/"},{"id":268978,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1041/of2013-1041.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Mateo County","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.441235,37.579922 ], [ -122.441235,37.613771 ], [ -122.410036,37.613771 ], [ -122.410036,37.579922 ], [ -122.441235,37.579922 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5964e4b0b290850f8abc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Catchings, R. D.","contributorId":98738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rymer, M. J.","contributorId":90694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldman, M. R.","contributorId":106934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prentice, C.S.","contributorId":56667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prentice","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sickler, R.R.","contributorId":62102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sickler","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70042668,"text":"70042668 - 2013 - Effect of power plant emission reductions on a nearby wilderness area: a case study in northwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-01T11:05:24","indexId":"70042668","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of power plant emission reductions on a nearby wilderness area: a case study in northwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"This study evaluates the effect of emission reductions at two coal-fired power plants in northwestern Colorado on a nearby wilderness area. Control equipment was installed at both plants during 1999–2004 to reduce SO2 and NOx emissions. One challenge was separating the effects of local from regional emissions, which also declined during the study period. The long-term datasets examined confirm that emission reductions had a beneficial effect on air and water quality in the wilderness. Despite a 75 % reduction in SO2 emissions, sulfate aerosols measured in the wilderness decreased by only 20 %. Because the site is relatively close to the power plants (<75 km), the slow rate of conversion of SO2 to sulfate, particularly under conditions of low relative humidity, might account for this less than one-to-one response. On the clearest days, emissions controls appeared to improve visibility by about 1 deciview, which is a small but perceptible improvement. On the haziest days, however, there was little improvement perhaps reflecting the dominance of regional haze and other components of visibility degradation particularly organic carbon and dust. Sulfate and acidity in atmospheric deposition decreased by 50 % near the southern end of the wilderness of which 60 % was attributed to power plant controls and the remainder to reductions in regional sources. Lake water sulfate responded rapidly to trends in deposition declining at 28 lakes monitored in and near the wilderness. Although no change in the acid–base status was observed, few of the lakes appear to be at risk from chronic or episodic acidification.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s10661-013-3086-6","usgsCitation":"Mast, M.A., and Ely, D., 2013, Effect of power plant emission reductions on a nearby wilderness area: a case study in northwestern Colorado: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 185, no. 9, p. 7081-7095, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3086-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"7081","endPage":"7095","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-042812","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268991,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268990,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3086-6"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0,37.0 ], [ -109.0,41.0 ], [ -102.0,41.0 ], [ -102.0,37.0 ], [ -109.0,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"185","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51fbca71e4b04b00e3d88fb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ely, Daniel","contributorId":35204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044477,"text":"ds751 - 2013 - Chemical and isotopic data collected from groundwater, surface-water, and atmospheric precipitation sites in Upper Kittitas County, Washington, 2010-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-08T07:01:11","indexId":"ds751","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"751","title":"Chemical and isotopic data collected from groundwater, surface-water, and atmospheric precipitation sites in Upper Kittitas County, Washington, 2010-12","docAbstract":"As part of a multidisciplinary U.S. Geological Survey study of water resources in Upper Kittitas County, Washington, chemical and isotopic data were collected from groundwater, surface-water, and atmospheric precipitation sites from 2010 to 2012. These data are documented here so that interested parties can quickly and easily find those chemical and isotopic data related to this study. The locations of the samples are shown on an interactive map of the study area. This report is dynamic; additional data will be added to it as they become available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds751","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology and Kittitas County","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, S.R., and Ely, D.M., 2013, Chemical and isotopic data collected from groundwater, surface-water, and atmospheric precipitation sites in Upper Kittitas County, Washington, 2010-12: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 751, HTML Document: Abstract, Conversion Factors, Selected Abbreviations, Isotope Terminology, and Well Numbering System, Figure 1, Glossary, Appendix A, Appendix A CSV, Interactive Map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds751.","productDescription":"HTML Document: Abstract, Conversion Factors, Selected Abbreviations, Isotope Terminology, and Well Numbering System, Figure 1, Glossary, Appendix A, Appendix A CSV, Interactive Map","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-043011","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds751.gif"},{"id":268909,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/751/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Kittitas County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.46,46.73 ], [ -121.46,47.59 ], [ -119.92,47.59 ], [ -119.92,46.73 ], [ -121.46,46.73 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"513b085fe4b02bba6b717ecc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, Stephen R. srhinkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Stephen","email":"srhinkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ely, D. Matthew","contributorId":100052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044485,"text":"sir20135008 - 2013 - Nutrient concentrations and loads and Escherichia coli densities in tributaries of the Niantic River estuary, southeastern Connecticut, 2005 and 2008–2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-03T08:12:52","indexId":"sir20135008","displayToPublicDate":"2013-03-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2013","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-5008","title":"Nutrient concentrations and loads and Escherichia coli densities in tributaries of the Niantic River estuary, southeastern Connecticut, 2005 and 2008–2011","docAbstract":"Nutrient concentrations and loads and Escherichia coli (E. coli) densities were studied in 2005 and from 2008 through 2011 in water-quality samples from tributaries of the Niantic River Estuary in southeastern Connecticut. Data from a water-quality survey of the base flow of subbasins in the watershed in June 2005 were used to determine the range of total nitrogen concentrations (0.09 to 2.4 milligrams per liter), instantaneous loads (less than 1 to 62 pounds per day) and the yields of total nitrogen ranging from 0.02 to 11.2 pounds per square mile per day (less than 1 to 7.2 kilograms per hectare per year) from basin segments. Nitrogen yields were positively correlated with the amount of developed land in each subbasin. Stable isotope measurements of nitrate (δ15N) and oxygen (δ18O) ranged from 3.9 to 9.4 per mil and 0.7 to 4.1 per mil, respectively, indicating that likely sources of nitrate in base flow are soil nitrate and ammonium fertilizers, sewage or animal waste, or a mixture of these sources. Continuous streamflow and monthly water-quality sampling, with additional storm event sampling, were conducted at the three major tributaries (Latimer Brook, Oil Mill Brook, and Stony Brook) of the Niantic River from October 2008 through September 2011. Samples were analyzed for nitrogen and phosphorus constituents and E. coli densities. Total freshwater discharge from these tributaries, which is reduced by upstream withdrawals, ranged from 25.9 to 37.8 million gallons per day. Total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations generally were low, with the mean values below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended nutrient concentration values of 0.71 milligram per liter and 0.031 milligram per liter, respectively. Total nitrogen was predominantly in the form of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen at the Oil Mill Brook and Stony Brook sites and in the form of nitrate at Latimer Brook. Annual total nitrogen loads that flowed into the Niantic River estuary from the three major tributaries, calculated with the Load Estimator computer program, ranged from 41,400 to 60,700 pounds, with about 52 to 59 percent of the load as total ammonia plus organic nitrogen. Total phosphorus loads ranged from 1,770 to 3,540 pounds per year. Yields of total nitrogen were highest from Latimer Brook, with the range from the three tributaries between 1,100 and 2,720 pounds per square mile per year. Total phosphorus yields ranged from 52 to 185 pounds per square mile per year. The geometric means of E. coli densities in samples from the three Niantic River tributaries were less than the State of Connecticut water-quality standard of 126 colony-forming units per 100 milliliters; however, individual samples from all three tributaries had densities as high as 2,400 to 2,900 colony-forming units per 100 milliliters. High densities of E. coli were more likely to be present in samples collected during wet weather events.
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